| NEW | Everything you need to start coding with Python in Linux wavatalele Book $ 50 ESSENTIAL PYTHON COMMANDS Learn to use Python « Program games « Get creative with PiWelcome to Python Book Python eanincrediby versatile expansivelanguagethat due totsimirtyto| everdylanquage ssurpshaly sy "olean even forinexpetenced programmers hasseen ahuge ncreaseln ponuarysinceheeleaseandiiseofthe RaspoeryP for which Python theofficial recognise programming language nths newedtion ‘of TheythonBook yulind plenty ofcreativepojets to helpyou ge tors wth combination of your Raspoerty land Python's powerulfunctonaltypluslets ‘of uoralsthatfocuson Python eectiveness away fromthe ry computer Youll lea about how tocode with Python fom astanding tar with ourcomprehensie masteras.then goontocomplete tuoi that vllensolidateyoursklsandhalp ou become uentinthelanguage Youllean how tormake Python werkoc you withtutoriakon coding with Django. Fak Pygeme andieven more seul thd party framewerks Getready to become true Pythonexpert withthe wealth ofiformation ‘containedthin these pages4 L FUTURE 4 rage eaitaaic Re eC oe eS Create with Python rr aoe ey Use Python code within your usual C i SO eee eer art Peete teat yoann ees Seeeeeu 108 Revisit arcade classic Pong fee tare ee eeu ne eet Peau PT NS Sere UE ea ec eens 32 Code rock, paper, scissors PCr eon) nee eas " restr nets ay K Mealy chia Rone mae earn ate eeeso eae Ca ee cen eb dba he Aneto Picea’ Bers Cale ae Pa Cr ee a cr EAA Ll irk leas eset Eerie tts a , SAS See Serpe Coe er Persea 56 Bring graphics to games , repent ts Soar eerie 90 Bug-sweep your code Keep your software project safe Dea ree) Develop alight version ofcpin Python 3 2 SO Un aa Penns areata eteDevelop with Python resect) Create dynamic templates ast ee Re) Cee ets) De oS ra) recat tne eT) Feast reas COT EE ence ad aa Penner eee ee ET eTaety Penne ionomers Teer og Part 1 Embed four hacks into a toy et et toner as DedHello World Let's get stuck in, and what better way than with the programmers bestfriend, the ‘Hello World’ application! Start by opening a terminal. its current working directory wil be your hhome directory. I's probably a good idea to make a directory for the files well be creating inthis tutorial rather than having them loose in your home directory. You can create a directory called Python using the command ‘You'll then want to change into that directory using the command ‘The next step isto create an empty file using the command “touch followed by the filename. Our expert used the command ‘The final and most important part of setting up the file ie making it executable, This allowe us to un Code inside the hello_worldpy file. We do this withthe command ‘Now that we have our file set up, we ‘can go ahead and open it up in nano, or any text editor of your choice. Geditis a great editor with syntax highlighting support that should be available on any distribution. Youll be able to intallitusing your package manager ifyou don't have i already. (ur Hello World program is very simple, i onlyneeds two tines. ‘Thefirstline begins witha ‘shebang’ (the symbol #!— also known as a hashbang) followed by the path to the Python interpreter. The program loader uses thisline towork out what the est of the lines need to be interpreted with. If you're running this in an IDE lke DLE, you don't necessariynoed todo this. The code thats actualy read by the Python interpreter is only 2 single tne. Were passing the value Hello World to the print function by placing tin brackets immediately efter we've called the print function. Helo Word is enclosed in quotation marks to indicate that tis teal value and should not be interpreted as source code. As expected, the prntfuntion in Python prints any value that gets passed tit from the console. ‘You can save the changes youve just made tothe fle innano Using tho key combination GAO, followed by Enter. Use HEX toexitnano. ‘You can run the Hello World program by prefixing its filename with J in this case you'd type: Fioumeuingagepid ‘siorncharon en ove cele raetieas feayeatbetecest 10 The Python Book Variables and datatypes Avarlabl isa name in source ode that is associated with an fra in memory tt you can se fo store deta, wich a then Called upon thoughout the code. The data can be one of many types including eres eee ees As wel as these main data types, there are sequence types: (technically, astringis a sequence type but is commonly used we've classed tas A tuple would be used for something like a co-ordinate, Containing anx and y value stored as a single variable, whereas 8 list is typically used to store larger collections. The data stored in @ tuple is immutable because you aren't able to change values of individual elements in a tuple. However, you ceandosoinalist. it will also be useful to know about Python's dictionary ‘ype. A dictionary is a mapped data type. It stores data in key-value pairs. This means that you access values stored in the dictionary using that value’s corresponding key, which is different to how you would do it with alist na ist, you would access an element of the list using that element's index (a ‘number representing the element's position inthe list. Let's work on a program we can use to demonstrate how to use variables and different data types. it's worth noting at this point that you don’t always have to specify data types in Python, Feat free to create thi fle in any editor you lke, Everything wil work jst fine as long as you remember to make ‘the file executable. We're going to call ours “A variable is a name in source code that is associated with an area in memory that you can use to store data”Get started with Python ‘Yusrfbin/env python’ ‘We create a variable by writing the name ofthe variable we want folloned 4 by an equals sign, which Is followed by the value we want to store n the Megervonsbieesied hate ine # variable, For example, the following line creates a variable called wrt fea of hence {hello str, containing the string Hello World suatonmans hrllo_str="Hello World” | hetlo_int = 21 Tresae pineal Booker volute | hello_bool =True We ete tiple nthe “helo tuple= (21,32) ices ay hello_l Adal ints way U (PHellog this "sa "ist") {This list now contains 5 strings. Notice that there are no spaces 4 between these strings so if you were to join therm up to make a sentence 4#yould have to add a space between each element. hhello_lst=list) hello_listappend(“Hello’) Youcout aio create the eee hhello_stappendi this") hhello_listappend's") hello_listappend(2") holo list append list?) {The ist line creates an empty list and the following lines use the append # function of the list type to add elements to the list. This way of using a ‘list ist really very useful when working with strings you know of in 4 advance, butt can be useful when working with dynamic data such as user 4 input. This list will overwrite the first list without any warning as we 4 are using the same variable name as the previous list Wemight swell ceatea (Seton whe were tt hello dict = (*fist_name":"Lam’ ates how weve atonad he “Tast_name® "Fraser, Sarid PEM eye colour") 4 Lets access some elements inside our collections 44 Well start by changing the value of the last sting in our hello_list and 4¥add an exclamation markt the end, The"Ist tring is the Sth element 4 in the list. However, indexes in Python are zero-based, which means the Notes tat here wilnow be 4 frst element has an index of ‘eprinetneclenent _____ printthello_st4)) hello lst] +=" ‘The above lineis the same as hhello_lst] = hello_ist(4} +" printthello_lista)| setae ‘planing any tetin TEeoteaane “Any text in a Python file that follows a # Scere Siecowe” character will be ignored” camer nyourcoeprintstrhello_tuple(O})) # We can't change the value of those elements like we just did withthe lis 4 Notice the use ofthe str function above to explicitly convert the integer 4 value inside the tuple toa string before printing it fernenbertatiis ae beabtopitnntcen rinthello_dct firstname’ ++ hello. dct ast name’ +*has* + fo eee helo_dit'ye. colour" +" eyes") Lees crests sentence wing the ‘daainourhato oct hello_dict(last_name”), hhello_dict!"eye_colour') Ati way of ing tis ‘nou betbuse Pyar Sina erate Control structures In programming, a contol strvetueis any king of statement that canchango the path that the code exacuton takes. For example. a ‘contol structure that decided to endthe program fa number was lessthan5 wouldleok somethingtke tis: ‘The path thatthe code takes wil depend on the value of he integer int-condtion, The code in the block wit ony be twecutes if the coniton is tue, The import statment ie used to loed the Python system library; the later provides the ext function, alloning you to ext the program, prising an error message. Notice that indentation (in this ease feur spaces per inden) is used to indieate which statement a block of code belongsta “statements are probably the most commonly wed control structures. Otherconte structures include: ‘Fee statements, which allow you to iterate over items in collections, or to repeat @ piece of code a certain number otis: ‘tile statements, a loop that continues wile the coniton ‘Were going to write a program that accepts user input fom the user to demonstrate how contre structures work We'e calling it ‘The fer loop i using a local copy ofthe current value, which ‘means any changes inside the loop won't make ary changes affecting the Uist. On the other hand however, the “whl” op Is weclyaccesing elements in thelist, you could changothe lit there should you want todo o, We wltakabout variable spin n¢ mare deal ater on. The output from the ove program is allo: 12 The Python Book print("(0}(1) has 2} eyes*formatthello_dict"rst_name"L “The ‘for’ loop uses a local copy, so changes in the loop won't affect the list”‘The numberofinteger we ‘ranch ‘Also tore the tgers ‘yustfbin/erw python’ ‘8 Wete going to write a program that will ask the user to input an arbitrary + numberof integers, store them in a collection, and then demonstrate how the # collection would be used with vatious control structures, Import sys # Used forthe sys.exit function “target i = raw_input("How many integers?) 1 By now, the variable target int contains a string representation of ' whatever the user typed. We need to try and corwert that to an integer but 1 be wady to-# deal with the eror fit’ not, Otherwise the program will crash, except Valuetror: sysexit("You must enter an integer") ‘hese aust ee tack thon many mteges ve fe above suceeds thn nt ow the werhas en up oF ee favea lt fed apes. ‘Wecanigopthowahtheseina hiplevoys Thefts Sereop ints =isto count =0 1 Keep asking for an integer until we have the required number while count < target_int: ‘new _Int= raw_input("Please enter integer (0: "format(count + 1)) isint = False print("You must enter an integer") 4# Only cary on if we have an integer. f not, well ]oop again f Notice below use ==, which s different from =. The single equalsisan ‘assignment operator whereas the double equalsis a comparison operator. ifisint ==True 4 Add the integer to the collection ints appendinew_int) # Increment the count by 1 count += 1 pint"Using afor loop") for value in ints: print(strivalue}) 04, G4 BEEZ! ,e7 Wy “The Python Book 13‘Youcan dtine tats # Or with a while loop: cenaeoetae print(“Using a while loop") Tinton witout passing # We already have the total above, but knowing the len function is very “anyarales through # useful al Youd this puting total = lenCints) “anequassignater {i ‘count ‘ppiasovcauce while count < total: print (str(intsfcount)) count += 1 Functions and variable scope Functions are used in programming to brsk processes down into smaller that they wl have in the scape ofthe function, regardless of what chunks. This often makes code much easier tread. Functions can alo be the variable thats paseed to the function is called, Lats see thie Feusable designed ina certain way. Functions can have variables passed inaction, ‘totem, Variables in Python are aways passed by value, hich means that Theoutpu rom the program opposites as follows: copy of tho variable is pasced tothe fneton thats only vain tho cope Wiles dewt Hee tate chee atneaaes wewiant FUNCTIONS are used in tinedivotecin ayant taentraet imeem POGraMMiIng to break conmae The utes grentotheveattesininee badetwartsemnee POTOCESSES Own in” Just /bin/eny python? 4 Below is a function called modify_string, which accepts a variable f that will be called original in the scope of the function. Anything # indented with 4 spaces under the function definition is in the 4 scope. def modify_string(original): original +=" that has been modified.” # At the moment, only the local copy of this string has been modified def modify_string_return(original): | original += * that has been modified. | # However, we can return our local copy to the caller. The function 4 ends as’ soon as the return statenent is used, regardless of where it 4 As in the Function. return original Weare now outside of ‘he acape ofthe most $trngonction ob, OFindentaton [Rest string = “This is a test string” ‘The est sing wort be modify_string(test_string) changed inthis code / prine(test_string) test_string = modify_string_return(test_string) print(test_string) 4 The function’s return value is stored in the variable test string, # overeriting the original and therefore changing the value that is # printed However wecan cathe ‘V4 The Python Book‘Scopes an important thing to get the hang of, etherviseitcan get you into some bed habits Let's wit a quick rogram to demonstrate thi. I's ping to have a Boolean variable called com, which wil decide @ umber wil be assigned to a varabo in an statement. However, tho variable hasnt been defined anywhere part frominthe scope ofthe i statement, Well fish off by ying prt thevariabl Inthe section of code above, Python wll anwar the integer oa ting before printing However, i's abways a good idea to expt convert things to strings ~ especialy when it comes to concatonating strings together Ifyou try to use the + operator on a string and an ntger, there wil be an eror because its ot explicit clear what needs to happen ‘The + operator would ususly ad two integers together. Having sid that, Python's string formatter that we demonstrated aries leaner way of >> here, from various 1g. Here is the collection of 50 gems to make your Python ‘onfiguration tools romembortrat Python takes taba very sorausly so yousrerecsungaryerorthatmentions tabs. caect eta soacing 03, in ova, Crs, and other statically Ope languages, you must specty the data ype of the funeton return value and each function argument. Python & a djmamicaly typed language, you never hae to ely spciy the data typeof anything Based on what value you assign, Python wil Kaan tack ofthe dts ‘ypeinernaty04 Python statements Setomntn, ee 8 Slot ed rion Sepunte etic: Mot of te cpl progurmingingages acheeConsGriioe toriodare to seperate suerts bd uy Braet boqwetocosbace O5 ==and = operators Pithen as “efor comparaen and Segment. Pytan does no suppor. ine scoping the lee wn yu uly art 6 Concatenating strings ‘Yucsnuse'+ to conateratestings. >>> prine(py'” thon’) python 07 The__init__method The _i_rntfodiaruveneon anc Gfadasobtetrtted Therevodiovet {oda tazton yeu nate dowith eur Chet tent robodisandcgstoa cenevaariner oF don Example: class Person ef init__(self, nae): selF.nane * none ef sayti(sel) print(‘Hello, my name is', self ome) b= Person(‘Inega') p.saytiO Output: [-/srefpython $21 python initmathod. py Hello, my nane is Inego 08 Modules Te too yur bopens Tamper Soa a sews ou pat aoe {etn crifon ino Ho on wr em Srerosie tat canbe mtd Wo oer Seven on propeme Thee Hos mut hae 8 4 file ny_function.py GF minnaxta,b): if ae: clse: return min, max Module Usage ‘import my_function ob ay 09 Module defined names 3y-Function.minmax(25, 6.3) “ha buttin function ‘it can be used to find out which names a module dees, fret a ‘ertedlatofstrng, >e> import ine de> dir(time) Tso. + package’_"7 ‘accept2dyear”, “Bltzone’, “asctine', ‘clock’, ‘etine’, ‘daylight’, "“gatine’, ‘Tocaltine', ‘nktime’, ‘sleep', ‘steftine’, “strptine’, ‘struct tine’, ‘tine’, ‘timezone", ‘tznane", stzset') Module internal 10 documentation You can see the internal documentation Gi traiate) of @ modula name by looking at ‘Example: >>> import tine >>> print(tine.clock.__doe_) clock() => floating point nusber This oxen return th CPU tine oral tine ‘See the start ofthe processor sce the fist fall tock. This hae as much precision athe systemroco Passing arguments 11 toaPython script Baton les you sees whsver you Fae fostedtoasorpticalingt To oman tne seco oobrdin woe art ‘nore sys prinecsys. rev) Loading modules or 12. commands at startuy Yor can ond pdt! modes a conmande a th ep of wy Fyn cbt by sng to, sure, vee SevTHoNSWTUP ou case enormert Colao SHONSTARTUP too Tw Cotto the retwcore bad pceoeey mredubecreomrcs Converting a strin; 13 todateobject = : he function DateTia tcomver a stringtoagstecoject From DateTine inport DateTine dateobj = Daterine(string) >>> mylist = C‘span’, ‘han’, ‘eggs'] >>> print(+, *Jein(aylist)) am, han, eggs >>> print( ‘Nat Jein(aylist)) span bam ees Tab completion 15 in Python interpreter jou can sb astocovitin nade Ban errr by acing these ines 1. Yr yer ie bro Pyne on aarug inport looser, restne rene pre bin tab: comet’) ‘all ale Fyn comets paral ped Tieton mefe an rule names whee preset tees 16 documentation tool You con pon up 8 goptica cease Br toring th yon deouraaton whe he cre $ pydoe -— ‘onunlreed pte tpicagetrbistor 17 documentation server cn tho eal nace, THs wl ge you ace ling scone 1 ali yeh socom, incite parymadlecroameratn $ pyc “» “portNanber> 41g Python development Tere re plenty of toda w Felp with yibon oiopment Hereara fon mporantones: WHE The Python buitin IDE with ‘utoconplation, firetin signe popup hel eateasire, TBR arctherentanced Python shel with tebcomistonandothe estes JBHGS & GU! Python IDE wth sxtocompetion onset bultinshaland dbase WINGO: Comerercial Python IDE with freo ooce aalabie to opensource dovlopersoveryere Python Bock 27°Built-in modules Executing functions at the time of Python 19 interpreter termination Seumec Oyun erpeerermnaon def sua) rine cars) ef message) rine “Executing Now") Snport atexit atexit-register(sus) ‘atexit. register (message) Executing Now ° integer to binary, 20 hexadecimal and octal Usebs >>> bin(24) *ob11000" >>> hex(24) “ont >>> oct(24) ‘030 Convertin, 21 charset toUTF-8 ChaeetouTr data decode(“input. charset. here”) sreodeutts8) Removing 22 duplicates from lists Ty vert to enor leis fon © BE jut ut erry seta to © Ky Cor Settee ere der astinet() a0 nopcetiten, (4,)len(), 1, 0) Fees 28 The Python ook 23 Do-while loops Src Btn fs 10 drive 0 GOT tmrawuss Gah yu cor we olen rrbeteteve neat thite Tes do sonethine) {f condition: ca 22, Detzeting system A peton ms atl tadetect th platfomonuhcnthaPton ierrtrsuring Youcan ve 2st tafiadou cure lator. >>> import sys >>> sys.platform “tine?! >>> ingort sys >o> sysiplatform ‘darwin’ Disabling and enabling 25 garbage collection Serine you ay wart enable oF dale the gum colo’ at urine You can >>> deport gc >>> gc-enable built-in function enable> >o> ge.disable “built-in function disable> Using C-based modules for better 26 performance rrduis Using tees rol theo snieartpe bree Pickle instead of Pickle, cStringIO instead of String] Calculating maximum, = i sum out of any list or 27 iterable Youcenusethefollsingbuit-infunctons. Reruns he argestelomentinth at Autusthesmalastlarentsthelst ig function rate the sum of all slementsintalst accepts ancptonal sacond argument th valet str wth hen summing ldetaste too Representin 28 fractional numbers oe TY 2, For complex number, a Separate rmariioisused, called ath import math sath. acos(x): Return are cosine of ». ‘ath: cos(x): Returns cosine of x sath factorial(x) + Returns x factorial. 30 Working with arrays defines eon arrayCtypecode Cy initializerD) Ge you hve ceed an aay cy enaed tn partons syarray.count Go: Returns the number ieereeeeeetearetia fyarray.extendGo: Aopends x at the telet thaarray sarray-reverse(): Reverse the order of the array. 31 Sorting items inort biseck ect nor CLT ENED waht) ators ot be roveruyisharedothe Tetotenyeisingen bisect incor leftist, te, Tow tng Fears tm ito ttn soed oe fs tens inte lt be rovertyisharedo the ieraryectngetesUsit lar 3228 expresso -based eed 1 search withaepor-based enpresson, Checkout the eam beion. >>> taport Fe >o> 5s = "Kunal i 9 bad boy" >o> if re.search(*K", 5): print “tent” # char Literal Hatch! >o> if re.search(*[@A-21", 5): print “watch!” # char class # natch either at-sign or capital letter Match! >>> if re.search("\¢", 5): print Watch!” # digits class Working with ina ‘compression 33 format oon usted WT om ade Satuargtebrzcompesin apsitm bed conrese() For be? aera ban decompress): For br? deconpresion File: be2-example.py inport 622 MESSAGE = "Kunal {9 9 bad boy" compressed message = bz2. compress (HESSACE) deconpressed_nessage = bz2. ‘deconpress (conpressed message) print “original:", repr HESSAGE) print “compressed message:”, Fepr (conpressed_nessage) print “deconpressed message:", repr (decompressed message) [E-/src/eython $2] python bz2- ‘example. py original: “Kunal is 2 bad boy! conpressed message: “BZAOIAYESY\Kc4\ HOFG\x98\x00\x0\x02\x15\x820\300\ HOO\x084%\x80 \x00"\A00\x0e\x64\e\ O30 \xb x65 \x25\xD 31191200 AFB \sbb\x92) \ue2\u84\86 2<\xC0" deconpressed message: “Kunal is 2 bad boy’ Sanaa rete pial aos beceaoe me cotigaetan needed and superior lvelaofprforrance You ‘canusethermedide Salted narderto mvt ‘Sit catabaces, >e> lnport salites de> connection = salite.connect(“test o) 55> curs = connection. cursor) >>> curs.execute("' create table iten + Cid integer prinary key, iteano text unique, sconcade text, descr text, price reat)""") 35 Workingwithzipfiles ‘oveoussthe media fie texkth Zien Zipfile.7ipFile(tilenane C, wade C, compression C,alloweipe4]33) afletatng oatletbecbect Hipfile.closeO4 GoowterewetieYoumustal oe ttre ccigyor pgrencr soa cr lok town Zipfile-extract(senbert, patht, el) Exrataerber rom te artnet ort tring dren rember mato rare fora oro osc Pat sce stot flrarmorazoriocbect bt thera satrarcyptdin Using UNIX-style wildgards to search 36 for filenames You can use te mode Bou Tod al he athnames mating a pttrn according the ‘dss ved ty the UNK sel and charactor eer nt na >>> import glob >>> glob. glob('./£0-91.*") [gif */2.tx0'7 >>> glob.glob(*-gif") Cit", ‘card. gif) >>> glob. glob("?-gi") cai] Performing basic file operations (copy, 37 delete and rename) You can use the mod hss perfor bk fiocpraon at anh et Ts oso nets wis our ropa esa owl wo nh ‘pov es heared pen soca on shutil.cony(sresdst) Caistor tothe decry shutil_eopyode(sre, 6st) Closteflopemisone tom sto dt shutil mve(eres dst) Nosa'tocr dross. Bae TIS Esnorels> Fonrsraycop were dctnyét shutil entree Gath Ly ignore errors Fooeneroen) Dattes snertredrecton, Executing UNIX com from 38 Python The rot oles Pond = aod ya mea rari tore >>> import comands >>> commands. getoutput(‘Is') “oz2-exanple.py\test.py" Reading environment 39 variables Toucan oe the moase oF og SSG dtr oman >>> import os >>> os.path 22> 0s.environ (LANG: ‘en IN’, “TER: “xtern-color”, ‘SHELL’: ‘bin/bash’, “LESSCLOSE" “usr /bin/lesspipe % *s", "X06_SESSION COOKTE": + 925464459779 1cTO46S6354ad°56U0- 1257673132. 347986-1177792325", SSHLVL?: 41", “SSHLTIV?: “/dew/ pts/2", PWD": “/home/kunal”, LESSOPEN': | fusr/bin lesspipe a) “posix’ 33> of Linesen a The Python Book 294O Sending email Toucan we the meile smepit'a canara Using an SMTP Bele Mal artr Pretaco) eee Scions pat) Inport satplib # Use your onn to and from email aires fFronacdér “from@gnat. con’ toadérs. = “todgnail.con’ sg = ‘T an a Python geek. Here is ‘the proof.” # Credentials 1 Use your ann credentials and enable ‘less secure appe’ in Grail usernane = “frongnail.com’ password = soa # The actual mail send server = smtplib, MIPC‘satp.gmail. ccom:587") # Google Nail uses secure connection for SHTP connections server.starttls() server. login(usernane, password) server sendaail(Fronaddr, teaddrs, a) server. quit() Accessing 41 FTP server ote a fy tees Pron. fo sah an Canusstetaongton feolib.FIPCGhost Cy user C, passwd Ceacct C, timeouti]330) ‘Example: host = “ftp.redhat.con" Username = “anonynous” password = “kunaldeaégnail.com” Emort Ftplib import urlib2 Fep_sery = Feplib, FIP (host, usernane, password) # download the file 4 = rL1ib2,urlopen (HFtB=// Ftp. redhat. con/pub/redhat/Linux/ READHE") # Print the file contents rine (u.read()) Output: 5S python Fepelient.py 30 The Python Book tse versonsof es HatLinuxhave been mowed {tp:/farchive.download-redhat.com/pub/ redhatnas! Launching a web with the default wet 42 browser {ho wabbronso? edi pondos a carvaniont vay 10 loch vonage ware, the deft vet broncer >>> Inport webbrowser >>> webbrowser .open(‘http://google. co.uk") True Creating secure 43 hashes” he ash’ motule swears @ platrors oF >>> import hashlib 4 shat Digest >>> hashlib,shal(°MI6 Classified Information 027") hexdigest() “e224b15434229ccBcb35010b0599 18ba1b20c8s? 4 shaz2s Digest >>> hashlib.shaz24OMEG Classified Inforwation €27")hexdigest() *399102F741000022408448 275082907097 7259b460990008955¢2c0" 4 shad56 Digest p> hashlib.sha256(MI6 Classified Inforwation €07")-hexdigest() *2fddes7354872672Fcb39725991689 basso7a7ebfac6t03e fdb33b1c19256" 4 shaza4 Digest p> hashlib.shas84(°MI6 Classified Information 027") texdigest() *5c4914160F3dFEdie14dzecleTAbdab99 de12edc138anf7682000087438A9F540be e005 c3433658063538720° # shasi2 Digest >>> hashlib.shaS12CMIG Classified Information 027") hexdigest() *aTQtac3dbo"6e234578482031d838 29025 2c822d1F4873449b850222edec8073b089077 ‘seat TaadBeesf8bb18566140667 Fbaf7 peldeifFis2re0c 1322" 1905 Digest >>> hashlib.mdBC°MI6 Classified Information 807") .hexdigest() "Bed Fe52ac 46F129992670c8267126" Seedingrandom 44 numbers You can ise te maa Yanda ees 2 vee arty of random mura. The mest Sng one is vacomswed I ritaines the bese random rer gener. Wx omits Neve curr isto ie ed rey eas ed tee Seonteratentamehise fret eared Working with CSV 5 (comma-separated 4S values) files les every pop r dain oan trove Ung rear jocareaiond wraceavfs import csv #reite stocks data as coma- separated values weiter = csv writer open( stocks. csv", ‘wb’, butfering=0)) writer writerows(L (COL0G", Google, Toe.” 505.28, 0.47, 9.09), CMG0", Yahoo! Ines", 27.38, 0.33, 1.2, CET, ‘CHET Networks, The.", 8.52, 0.13, “1.48) D ¥ read stocks data, print status messages stocks = eav.reader(open('stocks. csv", *rb)) State labels = (-1: ‘dom “unchanged”, 1: “up') for ticker, nane, price, change, pet fn stocks: labels fenp(Float (change), 0.0)1 print('8s 1s 3s (RSm)" X (none, status, pet)? Installing third-party modules using setup 46 tools etapa yon pelagic you dounload bots etal opr an wet postage vere Yau a tall thi pry modi using the Po pctag maregs Use te caer Septet ytd ft tal Por aljca ofleolanosepoatoee— 5 pip install simplejson Collecting simplejson Downloading sinpleson-3.17.6-ep810- ‘$p31¢-maryimux.2_5.x86 64.sanylinxd ¥86_64-nanylinux 2 12.385, 64 many ini 2010_285.64 wh (13748) Installing collected packages: simplejson Successfully installed simplejson-3.17.6 Processing dependencies for simplejson Finished processing dependencies for simplejson 47 Logging messages to thesystemd journal You can oe te modu ‘elt wits we dystem log The use for rain pres, ences estore youprogra mh ‘rpg modal aso trac tO UNK Dinky Urey routes, est atten to Csvojstonds jal ogre ond we uses paral eormandiobocetatThe-band-2 teh pp tothe atest jaa ets forthe carerttet inport syslog syslog. syslog(‘nygeekann: started Jogging’) for a in Cia", *b', *e'1 'b = ‘myzeekapo: I found the letter syslog. sysiog(b) syslog.syslog(‘mygeekapp: the script goes to sleep now, bye bye!) Output: 8 python mylog.py 5 journaletl -b -e Nov 8 17:22:34 ubuntu python313691: rnygeekarp: started logging Nov 8 17:22:34 ubuntu pythont311691: imygeekapp: T found the letter a Nov. 8 17:22:34 ubuntu python(31169]: inygeekapp: T found the letter b Nov 8 17:22:34 ubuntu python 311691: imygeekapp: T found the letter c Nov. 8 17:22:34 ubuntu pythont311681: rnygeekarp: the script goes to sleep now, bye, bye! Third-party modules Converting HTML, 48 documentsto PDF __ POF i @ vey ponder medue To POF ' suo pip install python-paF Collecting pythor-pdF Downloading python. pdf-0.39-p/36-rane= ary.whl_ (16.8 18) Installing collected packages: python= pat Successfully installed pythonrpef-0.38 Example: >>> import yh 55> pa = pydlf generate pdf(‘ with open( test doe pf, no!) 35 F write out Pa o> Fuveite(odh) Tho gonerste_pa function can tke @ whole lot of opdonal arguments, eneing everthing ‘rom OF and quality stings to margin sizos. See the documentation at htns/pypiore? roet/python pa or moreinformaton Uncethe hood Py uses the wlrtmept lary to do the conersion. And if you want you can pass any ofthe more ecatie options for that brary to Pya too. Oe problem with lakitmitopt is peed. can only generate one acurent por process, so if you have lets of decurent thay are goneratod an by one, each ina separate process which kes time start ancena Ta work around this, ite posse to asynchroraus VO to spawn mute px andparallie POF output ThePydf mediohas ‘8 dass “async for handling this usecase Dain, see the documentation fr more details onthis. 49 Using Twitter API {eu con corto Tater tig tho Pon “te mele $ git clone git://github.con/bear/ python-tittar S$ cd python-taitter 5 make dev Example fetching followers ist): >>> import twitter 4 Use you oun twitter account here o> aytl = exter. Aoi (consumer. p> Fedends © mytn-GetFriends() >>> print Curate for u in friends) [u'Matt Legend Gemell", u'jono wells, [The HON Big Blog", u'tanish Mandal’, iH", UIndLanvdeoSaner can”, 'Facetaron Hillegass’, u'ChacsCode", Uinilestp", u’Frank Jesmings',.."2 Note that in order to usa most features of Python Titer youllaeedtogorerateanAocess “Token and AP ay or your twtr account. You find instructions for doing this a hps/ax ‘wittercom/asutvoveniewenpliceton-cwner ‘ecoese-toene . Thi ll ve you the 4 mage rumbersfor twitter Ap Fetching the latest 50 news ‘bvcen vse were Tae Thewaaiore tance ohne agit an PONS with eter me bots yr teen et CDenaP ey brea wrk See toe eprom orton tenia S pip install neve-python ‘Example: Inport news_python ‘oxs = pens_python.Glabal kay="API-18¥") ent ews(auery"Linue", souree="ern") print(PTitle: (news _content. title)" URL: {news content. url)" Penuthor: (oams_content.author)") The Python Book 34Allow the Python seiot toruninatermina, and outside the IDE Human inputin te form fintogrsisused for comparingmoves an uitmately. playing the game Usedeductionto determine ono of tree outcomes Loop the code over againand start fromthe beginning Appendtointeger veriables to keep track of scores andmore Code a game of rock, paper, scissors Learn how to do some basic Python coding by following our breakdown of a simple rock, paper, scissors game This tutorial will guide you through making, 25) enough to adapt and expand a Resources Python 3: worsytnonorsownions IDLE: 132 The Python BookPython essentials Ml O17 Bese rere te ee ton ‘retonsiallneedfrthecode—theyre stl pars ofthe standard Python lars, just rotpartoftedetauterirmert 02 meitiaisar tere neces here. Thattresverableswereusrgard thal relationships detned. We also provide @ variables wocankesp sco oftregares 3 wetegnte recom by xtnrete start ofeach round Theendofeachpay session comes back threugh her, wheter we warttoplayagsinorrot The game i actualy contained ah her, askrg forthe payrnput, geting the computer input and passing these onto gt thareadt. tthe endo! tha then asksife8 etoplay again Payor rout dono re, We ge the pljer informatio on how to ay ie partcular version of tre game and then alow {heir eheice to beused inherent stp, We also have something in pace in case they enter an imaldeption Therearea ew tings ingen hone show thareauts Fret wereputtngina delayto de soma torsion, appending avaible to ome printed wet, an then comping whet tho player and computer di. Though an if statement, wm choode what outer, ndhowtoupdatethescoes Wo ro skort input on hater 0 o. for not someone wants to play again. Depending on thi rsponse, we go ackto the startorend theme andlspay terest ‘ThePython Bock 33,BA python essentials The breakdown 1 Srpetesarstn repute Python interpreter here. This allows Us to ru the program inside a terminal or otherwise outside of a Python-speciic IDE Tae IDLE, Note tat wet aleo using Python 2 rather than Python 2for ths partiouar scrip, which needs to be specified inthe code to make sure it calls ugon the correct version fromthesyster. a # Linux User & Developer presents: Rock, Paper, Scissors: The Video Gane| ‘import random| import time Gat paper = 2 scissors = 3 Thames = ( rock: "Rock", & ‘player_score = 0 computer_score = 0 OG terse nteterinogara and the tot representations of each move fr the restof te cod, When elle upon, furseret wl print renames of any ofthe tee ‘moves,mariytotl theplayerhonthecomputar ‘moved. These names ae only equated to these varabies when they are needed ~ this way the ruber ssid to each of hem ia maintains vets ned. Python modules ‘There are other meduls you can import with basic Python. Some of the major ones are ‘shonn tothe ight. Tere are leo many more ‘thatareincldedas standard with Python, 34 The Python Book rules = ( rock: scissors, 02 Vercimearresnoertsmedieson top of the standard Python code £0 we ean use some extra functions toughout the code. Well use the random modus to ‘determine what movethecomputer vill ho, ‘andthe tme module ta pause the runing of the codo at hey points. The tm module can ‘als be used to tise dates and times, ther tadisplaythemor otnerwse. ‘scissors: ‘scissors OB see eita nays tocar of ‘thevarabes redefined enduseconty ‘en needed, the ues are done in such away ‘that whan comparing the resus, ou variables {are momentarily madi. Further dow nthe code wel explain propery whar’s happening, but basicaly after determining whether or rot there ati, well see ifthe computers rove woud hae lett the player move the computer move equsls te losing throw tothe playersmove youin 3 Wetgsrinsenenreveroaspecie umber so that once a election ie ‘made by the player during ta game iil Be ‘equated to that speci variable. Tris makes ‘he code slightly easier later on, a8 we won't ‘ee to parse ary tect for this parteular function fyouso wish, youcanaddaddtional moves andithswillstarther, "Scissors" J) paper OG wersrneticcenes avrsiorar can be used throughout the code to oop rack of seres We need to start at 20 ow so that it exists, cherwise i we defined itin a function, would ony exist inside that function. The code ads pot tothe computer orployerdenerdingentieoutcomed! heroun, although we have no scving fer id games in ‘is particular version07 tirovesentreacunteerringt nea ithe funion woe called start ts quite simple, prising our restr to the Player end than starting awhile oop that wl allow usto kaon plying the fameas many times as weuish, The pas statement ais thos oop tostoponcesee finshed andoaudbo used toperermanumbarofather tasksifsonished. vedo stopolayingthe game, thescorefunctonsthen called upon ~ wel over nhatthat does when we gttoit ‘ive kapt the game function fay sole so we cn breakdown ‘eachstepabitmareasynthecode Thisiscaledupan fem the star function and fit of all etermines the payer mave by alg upen ‘the mows tunton bso. Once that’s sorted, ses the computer move ute the random module's andi funtion t get an integer baton one and tre 1,3. thon passes the player and computor move, stored as ‘togercnothereaultfuncton which we usta findheouteams def starta print ("Let's play @ game of Rock, while game(): pass scores() ‘game () = player = move() computer = random.randint (1, 3) result (player, computer) return play_again() Paper, Scissors.") [def move (): while Tru print() try? player = int (player) if player in (1,2,3 return player except ValueError: pass [Be EAE Shek Oey tens ows se print ("Oops! I didn't understand that. Please enter 1, 2 or 3 layer = rav_input ("Rock = 1\nPaper = 2\nScissors = 3\nMake a move: }*) awhile oop. The whole point of mave ist obtain |). 22 7 17 ot makes nove! of ‘=n integer bate cn and three fram the playe so the ‘le oop allows us to account forthe player making an (07 for note information, Unsupported erry. Nexo are setting the player vase tobe created from te playa'sinput with raw. input. Weve ‘soprnted instruction arto goaong ith The-\ weve Used inthe text ad a ine break: this way the instructions copear asa 10 Mesn.sazerns urd can up cae na handiserrors other excoptions Woparsewhatthe player entered turning into an integer using int). We use theif sttementtacheckiftis either, 2,er3~ifti, move returns this valve back up tothe game function. throm paVluetrrer ne use except to dorothing printsanerer ‘eseage an the whit loop starts ogi. Ths wil happen Lunti.an acceptable moveis mace. ‘The Python Bock 35 acede by the umber cf secardsin the bracketa. lookup whattho txtversinfthomoveiscalled lWe\e put #one-socond pause beeen courts, fom the names we set eater on, ard then to 1 recettotontctmanats thonhalfasecondaftethattoshowtheresuts, _ingorthet here (0, pocaworgaatera wee viyuoonsanrensgnmempc vor suirgattyhaigecartiono trea Tetris tan ene ae ‘eign’ Sap pasen een Topi out what be campate wen, 4]. Hae woes eing te rs vo wee using sting format The (} inthe st ear Using the global function preted tert where were isarting the move, allows fr the varabe tebe changed and used ‘hich wo have previously defined ae numbers, outside of the varabl,eapecial after wel UUsngnameslomputer weretalingthecodeto eopendedanumbertacnectthei sores. ‘def result (player, computer): print ("1 ..9) Eime.sleep (1) peint ("2 if rules(player] -- computer: Print ("Your victory has been assured. ")} player_score += 1 Print ("the computer laughs as you realise you have been defeated.") computer_score += 1 1422 cee << baccalytroughaprocessofeliination. | ie Ek shal Geog Optans Windows Hee Ox ft check 9 se0f the move the plner rycnon 2.7.3 (oetault, sep 26 2012, 21/5118) ‘and computer used were the same, nhichisthe [Zee 4.512 on risen? sioestpar. We putitinanifsttomentsothat | ype *copyrigne®, seredite™ of License ()* for nore information ifts rum Bis pater section ofthe code ends aresraRt ere. ether pris cur iomesage and gps back ‘othegamefunciontortenenste, 5 Mtertate woneedtotom secre sit could sll bea win or aes WS the ose, na start another statement. Here, a nove: 8 te use the rules Uist fom earler to 208 ithe yin’ understand that. Please enter 1, 2 oF 2 lesing move to the payers move isthe same as the computers Mats he case, we Bit the message saying £0, and ad3 one to the lye scorevarable rom before 1G terest te are hast We pint the losing message. ghe the computer a pont and it immedataly ends the 0 Rock ‘eoutfuncton.cturingtothagamatuncion, [se gene. 36 The Python Book,17 Pecos en oa cle wan 4 Singscovanctonchynttevahaw AQ) hwo tontanceceresrrc ne play. sgnn futon. Uno the reve should expecta response in kind. The villassume the player dos nt wart to funetion aha huran input sokingthe payer statement checks to see if any of cur defined play agin. Well pie a gondbye message, arc ‘ftrey woud play agen va atertmeseage postveresponseshavebeenertered As Python that wil and this funcen. Th wil also cause taithran rout nithtneompla'yn uagestion doesnt differentiate betwen uaper or mer the gam funetontomeweorta the rex ection anattomptoaiot anaupectedrosponsn. case, weVomade sure that tacceptsbothyand androtrestar. ‘this tthe case etumes postive respons ‘ogame, hichuil steritagan return answer def scores(): global player_scor print "HIGH SCORES" print "Player: ", player_score print "Compute: computer_score computer_score IFalschastheELF(lsefoperatrwhichean Fychon 3.7.3 (detaote, asta be used in place ofthe sacon IF statement (ce 4.9.2) on Limuna’ we employe. ts usualy used to keep cade Hype Scopyrigne", ‘erect toa, but parfermsthe sare function. 2 play © gune of Rock, Paper, setssers 20 sree ete sa tron, ste {ae fishes.emoveontatheresuts Thissection cals the scores, which areintegers, ancthenprintsthemindssdualyatertherames Make a nove? 3 ofthe layers, Thisietheend te evs as fa Oops! it dian'e understand that. Please et aera, Seana wont parmanenty save the sores, But you can have Pythen me ttoafleto keep ifyouwsh, Hake «nove 27 in pat ton ee eve 0 be used in tivo ways. Fel, we can freee it in the command ine nd i wl work eopeter threw neck! fine Secondly, we can impert this int athe He gine. . Python srt perbapsifyou antec adits cota seu uke ve play apsiny z/n: ‘gamer acollecton. The way, twat execute thetcode when being ported ‘The ython Bock 37