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Smart Irrigation System using Arduino with Solar Power

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Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
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Vol. 9 Issue 05, May-2020

Smart Irrigation System using Arduino with

Solar Power
Saleh Elkelani Babaa Muneer Ahmed Babatunde Samuel Ogunleye
Systems Engineering Department Systems Engineering Department Systems Engineering Department
Military Technological College Military Technological College Military Technological college
PO Box 262, Postal Code 111 PO Box 262, Postal Code 111 PO Box 262, Postal Code 111
Muscat, Oman Muscat, Oman Muscat, Oman

Salim Ahmed Al-Jahdhami Shahid Ali Khan John Regan Pillai

Systems Engineering Department Systems Engineering Department Systems Engineering Department
Military Technological College Military Technological College Military Technological College
PO Box 262, Postal Code 111 PO Box 262, Postal Code 111 PO Box 262, Postal Code 111
Muscat, Oman Muscat, Oman Muscat, Oman

Abstract— This paper deals with the innovative technology appropriate alternative for farmers in the present state of
in considering the various ways to irrigate the agricultural land energy crisis in Oman and other countries [1]. In this paper we
using solar power. Since the agriculture plays the significant propose an smart irrigation system using solar power which
role in improving the country’s economy, an improvement drives water pumps to pump water from bore well to a tank
should be applied in order to increase the productivity and
expand the quality of crops. So, this project signifies a smart
and the outlet valve of tank is automatically regulated using
Auto-irrigation system by using soil moisture sensors is Arduino UNO, GSM and moisture sensor to control the flow
connected to the Arduino Uno which act as a controller and a rate of water from the tank to the irrigation field which
global System for mobile communication which is used to optimizes the use of water [6].
transmit and receive the data between the controller and user. An Arduino-based automated irrigation system use Android
The study is conducted in practically and has achieved the smart phone for remote control, is suggested by A.N.
objectives. Arvindan and Keerthika. D [7]. They said that this system will
be economical and easy to use. This system consist of
Keywords—Soil Moisture sensors, Arduino Uno, GSM, Solar Arduino Uno processor gets its input voltage signal from the
Power
soil moisture sensors which measure the moisture content in
I. INTRODUCTION
the soil. The Arduino compare the data came from the sensors
The increasing demand for energy, the constant decline in
with predetermined threshold value. The Arduino connected
existing sources of fossil fuels and the growing alarm
to the Android smart phone by a wireless via HC-05 module.
regarding environment pollution, have pushed mankind to
The received data in the Android smart phone is displayed on
discover new non-conventional, renewable energy resources
the user interface (UI). The UI provide easy remote control of
such as solar, wind energy, etc. for the production of electrical
irrigation for the user involve switching ON and OFF [7].
energy [1]. Since Oman receives sunlight all 12 months of a
Srishti and Rawal [8], suggested that making smart
year. Hence utilizing it in the different fields is a clever idea.
agricultural by using IoT (Internet of Things) technologies.
Solar energy is the most ample source of energy in the world.
The idea of their project has three concerns, firstly it involve a
Photovoltaic generation is an effective approach for using the
sound alarm used to detect any intruder into the farm weather
solar energy. Photovoltaic pumping systems (PVPs) are easy
it was a human or animal. Secondly, the project was to prevent
to be installed in any place and they require less maintenance
the crops from damage during rain. The rain water also being
maybe every 5 to 10 years intervals so that reduce the overall
recycled for irrigation efficiency. Thirdly, was for smart
cost, just the cost of the photovoltaic cells and the other
irrigation. The operations performed by interfacing sensors,
equipment needed which consider as the initial capital cost [1]
Wi-Fi module and GSM module. This project intend to solve
[2]. Also, they doesn’t require non-renewable source of power
many problems like reducing wastage of water, human effort
to operate because the dependent of solar power. Since the
and give the farmer updated information about the field
solar pumps doesn’t relies to the diesel or oil so they consider
through his mobile device. The smart irrigation system is
as a silent and clean system with no air pollution or noise [3].
firmware based. Figure 4, show the project system
So, this such system is good for people who live in faraway
configuration [8].
from the water and electricity networks and even for those
A. Methodology
who live in cities [4].
In order to have good irrigation system, the specification of
The cost of solar panels has been continuously decreasing
the water pump should satisfy the required land area which is
which encourages its usage in various sectors. One of the
being irrigated. So, initially we should calculate the land area
applications of this technology is used in irrigation systems for
for irrigation and then select the suitable water pump to
farming [5]. Solar powered irrigation system can be an
irrigate on a particular area. Also, with respect to the solar

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panel, it should be able to generate the suitable amount of

power to operate the water pump and the control system [9]
[10]-[20].
First, the system implemented to record humidity data using
soil sensors as shown in the threshold of the system humidity
Figure 1, and control in Figure 2 is programmed to operate the
system. If the soil is dry more than 800 then the soil sensor
will send signal to Arduino to turn on using mobile phone the
pump to irrigate and if it is wet less than 400, the pump will be
turned off.

Figure 4, Arduino Uno

B. Arduino Uno
The Arduino Uno shown in Figure 4, is an open source
electronic platform with a microcontroller board based on
ATmeage328, and integrated development environment is
provided by Arduino project based on a programming
language called processing. It supports low-power
consumption, huge documentation, large libraries and
highly portable.
C. GSM SIM 900 shield for Arduino
GSM shown in Figure 5, is stand for Global System for
Mobile Communication. The research standards for GSM
Figure 1, Thresholds of the system humidity
is 802.11. GSM Sim 900 is a digital transmitting and
receiving device used for open air in cellular mobiles. In
this project it used to make a communication between user
(farmer) and the system for long distance to control the

Figure 2, Flow chart of smart irrigation system

II. COMPONENTS
A. Soil Moisture Sensor
Shown in Figure 3, soil moisture sensors usually refer to
sensors that estimate volumetric water content. This device Figure 5, GSM SIM 900 shield for Arduino
used to convert the physical parameters in to an electric
signals. The function of this sensor is to sense the content D. Inter – Integrated Circuit (IIC or I2C)
of the moisture in the soil. Figure 6, is a serial computer bus. It is a small piece used
to connect lower-speed peripheral ICs to processors and
microcontrollers. In this project it has been used to
connect LCD to Arduino.

Figure 3, Soil Moisture Sensor

Figure 6, I2C connected to LCD and Arduino.

E. Solar Panel
Solar power panel as shown in figure 7, is a device used
to convert the sunlight and temperature directly to
electrical power. In this project the PV panel used is
(185*250*15 mm) size with (5 W), Used MPPT
controller to generate the maximum power [21].

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which connected to the I2C. Then some main functions came

like the (call GSM call). The next commands which start with
(unsigned int) represent the integral values but not the
negatives. For example the command (unsigned int attempt =
3) mean that there are three attempts for the system to call the
registered user. The followed commands which start with
(Boolean) it indicates that there are two statements rather
True or False (1 or 0 in binary).

Figure 7, Solar Panel (5W) (185 x 200x15 mm).

F. Dc Water Pump
Figure 8 is a DC water pump used to pump the water from
one point to another. With (DC 12V) (4.2 W) (Qmax:
204L/H).

Figure 10, Experimental setup of smart irrigation system

Table 1. Shows the specification of the designed system

No. Component Specification

Figure 8, 12V DC Water Pump 1 Solar Panel 5W

2 Water Pump 12V DC

G. Relay
It is an electrically operated device, used in this project to 3 Size of plants land 0.4
control the operation of the water pump, shown in Figure
9. 4 Arduino 5V

GSM SIM900 shield for 9V, Require SIM

5
Arduino CARD,

6 Soil Moisture Sensors 4 sensors

7. LCD I2C

* The system could irrigate land area of 2

Other part of the program shows the statement of the auto-

irrigation process, “if” function has been used. Here there are
6 cases between OR Gate and each case depend on two
Figure 9, Relay values from two different sensors, so if there is one of the
cases is achieved (true), the “if”’ function will be satisfied, so
III. IMPLEMENTATIONS AND RESULTS
the irrigation process is True mean the irrigation is ON.
The smart irrigation system has built as shown in figure 10,
The main component in this system is the Arduino, which
illustrate the final stage with all components of the project;
consider as the brain of the system. It provide the logical
solar panel, plants area size, electronic board with control,
functions of the system. Its programmed to implement two
relay switch, smart phone, LCD, water pump, moisture
cases, automatic irrigation and semi-manually controlled by
sensors, and GSM for Arduino. The system specification
the user through its mobile phone. The Arduino require 5 volt
measurement has been considered as shown in table 1. The
gained from the solar panel. The four soil moisture sensors
control algorithm has been programmed in Arduino Uno and
have a moisture values from 0 to 1023, indicate extremely
was uploaded to microcontroller as shown in Appendix. The
wet, extremely dry respectively. They provide four different
developed smart control to enable the irrigation system to
values of moisture content of the soil for the same land area
automatic start or stop the water pump when the moister
but at different positions. Then send these data to the Arduino
content reaches presented thresholds in Figure1.
which will compare these values with the threshold values
As can be seen in the appendix, the commands represent the
determined by the user at the programming stage. The
libraries which must be mentioned firstly using the command
threshold set as follow: If two sensors provide moisture more
(include). There are three libraries, one for the SIM900
component, second for the call function, third for the LCD

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than 800, pump turned ON, when all moister sensors reach
value less than 400, the pump will turn OFF.
In case when two out of four sensors record humidity data
more than 800 (soil is dry), the Arduino should turn ON the
system automatically to irrigate the land until the four sensors
record humidity values less than 400 (soil is wet). Then all
sensors indicate that the soil is wet and the Arduino also
indicate that in the LCD screen and will turn the pump OFF.
In case, if the system is controlled by the user. So, when two
out of four sensors record humidity data more than 800 (soil
is very dry), the Arduino should call the farmer through GSM
SIM900, then the farmer should call back the system to turn
the water pump ON which will irrigate the land as shown in
Figure 11. When the four sensors record humidity values less Figure 12, The Average value of humidity recorded by the four sensors
than 400 (soil is very wet) then the controller will stop the in Clay soil.
system automatically.
B. Sand Soil permeability
The table 3 and the graph below show the recorded moisture
data of the sand soil recorded by the four soil moisture
sensors every each five seconds. The last column in the table
illustrate the average humidity value for the four sensors
which has been calculated and represented in the Figure 13.

Table 3. Humidity value with respect to time recorded by the

sensors for Sand soil.
Time(s) Sensor1 Sensor2 Sensor3 Sensor4 Mean

0 988 982 989 990 987.25

5 988 982 982 989 985.25
Figure 11, LCD Screen show the sensors readings and the system call the 10 988 988 979 986 985.25
user, and the call appear in the user's phone. 15 989 989 950 987 978.75
20 989 988 911 987 968.75
A. Clay soil permeability
25 989 989 500 987 866.25
The table 2 and the graph below show the recorded moisture
data of the clay soil recorded by the four soil moisture sensors 30 942 942 500 950 833.5
every each five seconds. The last column in the table illustrate 35 537 931 467 933 717
the average humidity value for the four sensors which has 40 326 827 374 527 513.5
been calculated and represented in figure 12. 45 323 443 374 444 396
50 324 373 376 398 367.75
Table 2. Humidity value with respect to time recorded by the
sensors for Clay soil.
Time(s) Sensor1 Sensor2 Sensor3 Sensor4 Mean
0 980 983 988 989 985
5 983 983 988 989 985.75
10 813 893 895 915 879
15 800 887 879 912 869.5
20 800 891 813 912 854
25 780 883 813 765 810.25
30 741 859 723 500 705.75
35 745 514 723 401 595.75
40 716 303 679 260 489.5
45 310 335 676 260 395.25
50 261 288 278 249 269
Figure 13, The Average value of humidity recorded by the four sensors in
Sand soil.
C. Coarse soil permability
The table 4 below shows the recorded moisture data of the
sand soil recorded by the four soil moisture sensors every
each five seconds. The last column in the table illustrate the
average humidity value for the four sensors which has been
calculated and represented in the Figure 14.

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Table 4. Humidity value with respect to time recorded by the microcontroller, there are extra things could be added to
sensors for coarse soil. improve this project. A water level sensors could be added to
Time(s) Sensor1 Sensor2 Sensor3 Sensor4 Mean irrigate the land with the suitable amount of water. Also,
0 980 989 989 987 986.25 noise sensor could be added to protect the farm field from the
5 980 989 989 987 986.25
animals or even human get closer to the farm by producing a
10 988 987 989 988 988 noisy sound as an alarm or buzzer.
15 980 987 988 988 985.75 Another idea should be added in this project is to add an
20 988 989 989 987 988.25 electronic gate valves in order if there are multi farms need to
25 988 988 949 987 978 be irrigated individually at different times controlled by one
30 980 965 813 987 936.25 system shown in Figure 15. Each land area should has its own
35 800 812 612 832 764 sensors connected to the controller as an input. Also, the
40 656 612 401 590 5645 electronic gate valves should be connected to the controller as
45 440 366 359 428 398.25 an output.
50 280 265 277 265 271.75

Figure. 15, Irrigation system control with 4 different lands.

Another recommendation should be considered in this project

is that the farmer should have the option of controlling the
water pump in case of crops is damaged, so no need for
irrigation even the soil is dry because there is no plants. Also,
Figure 14, The Average value of humidity recorded by the four sensors in
improve this system to include the other functions rather than
coarse soil. irrigation only. We could add seeding, ploughing and
fertilizing functions to be implemented automatically whether
IV. CONCLUSION using Arduino or PLC as a controller.
The aim of this project to save time, money and water Moreover, develop using the GSM Module for remote
consumption, by providing smart control irrigation system control. For example, use this technology to remotely switch
using friendly solar power. This is an important study in ON/OFF the AC in home or Open/Close the door of the home
energy and environmental sector. and other functions in order to make a smart house.
The irrigation control system was designed, executed, and
have achieved the research aims: REFERENCES
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Resource and Protection, 6, 1124-1138. unsigned int val0; // Moisture sensor1

doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2014.612105. unsigned int val1; // Moisture sensor2
[7] A. N. Arvindan and D. Keerthika, "Experimental investigation of unsigned int val2; // Moisture sensor3
remote control via Android smart phone of arduino-based unsigned int val3; // Moisture sensor4
automated irrigation system using moisture sensor," 2016 3rd boolean called_already = false; //to know if it has called already or is calling
International Conference on Electrical Energy Systems (ICEES), at the moment
Chennai, 2016, pp. 168-175. boolean wait_before_call = true; //waiting for an answer/reply call from the
[8] Srishti Rawal,“IOT based Smart Irrigation System” International owner
Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 159 – boolean irrigate = false; //indicator of irrigation is whether on/off
No 8, February 2017. boolean tito_done = false; //if 3 attempts of calling is done
[9] Himasailaja.V¹, Needhidasan.S² (2017)‘‘SMART IRRIGATION boolean automatic = true; //switch if manual or automatic turning on of
FOR SMART CITIES A SYSTEM NEEDED FOR INDIA-A irrigation/water pump
REVIEW ’’ International Journal of Pure and Applied
Mathematics. Volume 119 No. 17 2018, 253-262. void setup()
[10] Ingram, W, Saeb, L. , Sadr, S. , Hygate, R. and Memon, F. (2018) {
A Preliminary Investigation of Smart Rural Water Distribution pinMode(3, OUTPUT); // LED indicator for irrigation
Systems in the Gambia. Journal of Water Resource and pinMode(4, INPUT); // switch pin for automatic/manual
Protection, 10, 395-407. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2018.104021. digitalWrite(3, irrigate); // LED indicator is initialized to be off (false)
[11] Ogidan, O, Onile, A. and Adegboro, O. (2019) Smart Irrigation Serial.begin(9600); lcd.begin(16,2); //Initialization of Serial
System: A Water Management Procedure. Agricultural communication of Arduino. LCD initialization 16X2 display
Sciences, 10,25-31. doi: 10.4236/as.2019.101003. Serial.println("Initializing"); lcd.print("Initializing");
[12] S. Babaa, M. Armstrong, "High efficient interleaved boost if (gsm.begin(9600)) // Initialization of the GSM function/kit
converter with novel switch adaptive control in photovoltaic {
systems” in Power Electronics, Drive Systems and technologies Serial.println("Status=READY"); //if GSM successfully initialized
(PEDSTC 2017), 8th IEEE International Conference. lcd.setCursor(0,1); lcd.print("Status=READY");
[13] Babaa, S. “Novel Switch Adaptive Control to Improve the }
Efficiency of Boost Converter in Photovoltaic Systems”. Journal else
of Power and Energy Engineering, 5,1-14. 2017. {
doi: 10.4236/jpee.2017.57001 Serial.println("Status=IDLE"); //if GSM did not initialized
[14] Thompson, K. and Kadiyala, R. (2013) Protecting Water Quality lcd.setCursor(0,1); lcd.print("Status=IDLE");
and Public Health Using a Smart Grid. Computational Water, }
Energy, and Environmental Engineering, 2, 73-80. }
doi: 10.4236/cweee.2013.22B013. void loop()
[15] Amala, S. and Aleru, C. (2016) Bacteriological Quality of {
Swimming Pools Water in Port Harcourt Metropolis. Natural val0 = analogRead(0); val1 = analogRead(1); val2 = analogRead(2); val3
Science, 8, 79-84. doi: 10.4236/ns.2016.83010. = analogRead(3); //Analog value of the 4 sensors (1023 max value)
[16] Babaa, S, Murr, G. , Mohamed, F. and Pamuri, S. “Overview of Serial.println("Moisture:"); Serial.print(val0); Serial.print("\t");
Boost Converters for Photovoltaic Systems”. Journal of Power Serial.print(val1); Serial.print("\t"); Serial.print(val2); Serial.print("\t");
and Energy Engineering, 6, 16-31. 2018, Serial.println(val3); //Serial display
doi: 10.4236/jpee.2018.64002. lcd.clear(); //clear previous LCD display
[17] Al-Mashakbeh, H. (2017) The Influence of Lithostratigraphy on lcd.setCursor(0,0); lcd.print(":"); lcd.print(val0); lcd.print("/");
the Type and Quality of Stored Water in Mujib Reservoir- lcd.print(val1); lcd.print("/"); lcd.print(val2); lcd.print("/"); lcd.print(val3);
Jordan. Journal of Environmental Protection, 8, 568-590. //LCD display
doi: 10.4236/jep.2017.84038. if(digitalRead(4)) //switch for automatic/manual
[18] Zeng, S. , Li, J. , Schumann, R. and Smart, R. (2013) Effect of {
pH and Dissolved Silicate on the Formation of Surface if ((val0>800 && val1>800) || (val0>800 && val2>800) || (val0>800
Passivation Layers for Reducing Pyrite Oxidation. Computational && val3>800) || (val1>800 && val2>800) || (val1>800 && val3>800) ||
Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, 2, 50-55. (val2>800 && val3>800)) //if statement for any of the 2 sensors are both
doi: 10.4236/cweee.2013.22B009. more than 800 value
[19] Alkarrami, F, Iqbal, T. , Pope, K. and Rideout, G. (2020) {
Dynamic Modelling of Submersible Pump Based Solar Water- digitalWrite(3, irrigate);
Pumping System with Three-Phase Induction Motor Using if(!tito_done)
MATLAB. Journal of Power and Energy Engineering, 8, 20-64. {
doi: 10.4236/jpee.2020.82002. while (called_already)
[20] S. Khader and A. Daud, "PV-Grid Tie System Energizing Water {
Pump," Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, Vol. 4 No. 5, 2013, switch (call.CallStatus())
pp. 409-418. doi: 10.4236/sgre.2013.45047. {
[21] Babaa, S., Armstrong, M. and Pickert, V. “Overview of Maximum case CALL_NONE: // Nothing is happening
Power Point Tracking Control Methods for PV Systems”. Journal Serial.println("Waiting for a call"); lcd.setCursor(0,1);
of Power and Energy Engineering, 2, 59-72. 2014. lcd.print("Waiting a call");
doi: 10.4236/jpee.2014.28006. val0 = analogRead(0); val1 = analogRead(1); val2 =
analogRead(2); val3 = analogRead(3);
Serial.println("Moisture:"); Serial.print(val0);
APPENDIX Serial.print("\t"); Serial.print(val1); Serial.print("\t"); Serial.print(val2);
Serial.print("\t"); Serial.println(val3);
// Libraries used in the program lcd.setCursor(0,0); lcd.print(":"); lcd.print(val0);
#include "SIM900.h" lcd.print("/"); lcd.print(val1); lcd.print("/"); lcd.print(val2); lcd.print("/");
#include "call.h" lcd.print(val3);
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h> if (val0<700 && val1<700 && val2<700 && val3<700)
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd (0x3F); // Initialization of LCD with address in hex {
3F tito_done = true;
CallGSM call; // Initialization of GSM function named "call" goto luwas;
//Variables declaration }
unsigned int attempt = 3; // call attempt 3X
unsigned int bilang = 0; // 10sec waiting time before the next call if (bilang == 10)

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{
wait_before_call = true; if (val0<400 && val1<400 && val2<400 && val3<400)
called_already = false; {
bilang = 0; Serial.println("Pump is OFF"); lcd.setCursor(0,1); lcd.print("Pump is
} CLOSED");
bilang++; irrigate = false;
break; tito_done = false;
case CALL_INCOM_VOICE : // Yes! Someone is calling us bilang = 0;
Serial.println("Welcome"); called_already = false;
Serial.println("Pump is ON"); lcd.setCursor(0,1); wait_before_call = true;
lcd.print("Pump is now ON"); }
irrigate = true; digitalWrite(3, irrigate);
tito_done = true; }
goto luwas; delay(1000);
} }
delay(1000); else
} {
if ((!called_already) && wait_before_call) if ((val0>800 && val1>800) || (val0>800 && val2>800) || (val0>800
{ && val3>800) || (val1>800 && val2>800) || (val1>800 && val3>800) ||
if (attempt) (val2>800 && val3>800)) //if statement for any of the 2 sensors are both
{ more than 800 value
attempt = attempt - 1; {
wait_before_call = false; irrigate = true; //signals the irrigation is on
called_already = true; digitalWrite(3, irrigate); //LED indicator for pump is on
call.Call("95366103"); Serial.println("Pump switch ON"); lcd.setCursor(0,1); lcd.print("Pump
Serial.println("Now calling 95366103"); lcd.setCursor(0,1); switch ON"); //display
lcd.print("Call: 95366103"); }
delay(10000); else //if values of any of 2-sensors are not more than 800
} {
else if(irrigate) { Serial.println("Pump switch ON"); lcd.setCursor(0,1);
{ lcd.print("Pump switch ON"); }
attempt = 3; else { Serial.println("Pump is OFF"); lcd.setCursor(0,1);
Serial.println("Pump is ON"); lcd.setCursor(0,1); lcd.print("Pump is CLOSED"); }
lcd.print("Pump is now ON");
irrigate = true; if (val0<400 && val1<400 && val2<400 && val3<400)
tito_done = true; {
goto luwas; Serial.println("Pump is OFF"); lcd.setCursor(0,1); lcd.print("Pump
} is CLOSED");
} irrigate = false;
} }
else digitalWrite(3, irrigate);
{
if(irrigate) { Serial.println("Pump switch ON"); lcd.setCursor(0,1); //reinitialization of variable for manual mode
lcd.print("Pump switch ON"); } tito_done = false;
else { Serial.println("Pump is CLOSED"); lcd.setCursor(0,1); bilang = 0;
lcd.print("Pump is CLOSED"); } called_already = false;
} wait_before_call = true;
luwas:; }
}
else delay(1000);
{ }
if(irrigate) { Serial.println("Pump switch ON"); lcd.setCursor(0,1); }
lcd.print("Pump switch ON"); }
else { Serial.println("Pump is OFF"); lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Pump is CLOSED"); }

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