AIMS Environmental Science, 9(6): 771–800.

DOI: 10.3934/environsci.2022044
Received: 02 August 2022
Revised: 23 September 2022
Accepted: 17 October 2022
Published: 04 November 2022

http://www.aimspress.com/journal/environmental

Research article

Advancement of Environmental Monitoring System Using IoT and

Sensor: A Comprehensive Analysis
Suprava Ranjan Laha*, Binod Kumar Pattanayak and Saumendra Pattnaik

Department of Computer Science & Engineering, ITER, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University,
Bhubaneswar, 751030, Odisha, India

* Correspondence: Email: [email protected]; Tel: +91- 8217471921.

Abstract: The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) has brought a revolution in global
communication network technology. It has acquired many day-to-day applications in healthcare,
education, agriculture, etc. In addition, IoT has also had a significant impact in the field of
environmental monitoring.The significant factors in a healthy environment are air quality, water
pollution, and waste management, where the world's population can live securely. Monitoring is
necessary for us to achieve global sustainability. As monitoring technology has advanced in recent years,
environmental monitoring systems have evolved from essential remote monitoring to an advanced
environment monitoring (AEM) system, incorporating Internet of Things (IoT) technology and
sophisticated sensor modules.The present manuscript aims to accomplish a critical review of noteworthy
contributions and research studies about environmental monitoring systems, which involve monitoring
air quality, water quality, and waste management.The rapid growth of the world's population and the
exhaustion of natural resources, coupled with the increasing unpredictability of environmental
conditions, lead to significant concerns about worldwide food security, global warming, water pollution,
and waste overflowing. Automating tasks in the building environment, based on the Internet of Things
(IoT) application, is meant to eliminate problems with the traditional approach. This study aims to
examine and evaluate numerous studies involving monitoring air, water, waste, and overall
environmental pollution, as well as their effect on the environment. This article categorizes studies
based on their research purposes, techniques, and findings. This paper examines advanced
environmental monitoring systems through sensor technology, IoT, and machine learning.

Keywords: IoT; environmental monitoring; air pollution; water pollution; waste management; machine
learning
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1. Introduction

There are several factors contribute to the sustainable growth of the entire world, including
education, agriculture, industry and more. However, one of the most crucial factors is the environment.
Health and hygiene are key components of a healthy environment, which leads to sustainable societies.
Therefore, it is imperative that health and hygiene is monitored to ensure that the citizens of any nation
can lead a healthy life. The environment is a vital component of human health, and proper planning,
management and response to all types of disasters can significantly contribute to the well-being of
human society.Environment monitoring (EM) techniques have been refined by the use of advanced
environmental monitoring (AEM) methods, which allow more precise monitoring of factors impacting
the environment.Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which use modern sensors and artificial intelligence
(AI) to monitor and control the environment, are becoming increasingly popular.The Internet of Things
(IoT) is the communications network of everyday objects containing sensors, actuators and connectivity
to external devices. It enables remote monitoring and control of physical objects at a distance and in real
time.As a result of the presence of Internet of Things, artificial intelligence and wireless sensors, modern
methods of monitoring the environment are known as advanced environmental monitoring (AEM)
systems. "Internet of Things" (IoT) refers to a concept in which machines and other physical objects are
connected to the Internet [1]. IoT allows them to exchange data, communicate with each other, and
gather information from external sources [2]. The International Data Corporation estimates that by 2026,
there will be more than a $61 billion market for connected devices, including industrial machines,
vehicles, and homes on the Internet. To transform our society and industry, Internet of Things (IoT) is a
new paradigm that has recently becoming a key consideration in a variety of markets [3]. Various
devices equipped with sensing, identification, processing, communication, and actuation capabilities can
seamlessly be integrated [4]. The long-term health of the global economy depends on several factors,
including economic development, quality education, agricultural production, and other areas. However,
it is essential to remember that environmental conditions also play a role in determining sustainable
growth [5].

1.1. Applications of IoT

The Internet of Things has the potential to improve many aspects of life, including security,
transportation, and health care. Public sector organizations are using IoT to track things like lost pets,
monitor home security systems, or keep tabs on appliance maintenance schedules [6].
The Internet of Things (IoT) can be used by consumers to reserve a table at a restaurant, monitor
their progress during exercise or look up coupons. Organizations can use the Internet of Things (IoT)
to monitor supply chains and track customers’ spending habits, collect customer and employee
feedback, monitor and maintain inventory levels, and engage in predictive maintenance of their
machines and devices shown in Figure 1.

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1.1.1 IoT in agriculture

In-depth sensor readings from an Internet of Things (IoT) device can be used to monitor and
manage micro-climate conditions in indoor & outdoor plantings, increasing yields. This prevents
wasting a precious resource by watering only when needed.

1.1.2. Smart healthcare

Hospitals can monitor their patients' health in their homes with IoT devices. Doing so can reduce
the time patients spend in hospitals while providing real-time information that could save lives. In
addition to monitoring beds and equipment, intelligent beds can be used for monitoring [7].

1.1.3. Smart home

Home monitoring systems for elderly care provide more comfort for elderly patients. In addition
to real-time home monitoring and determining if a patient has fallen ill or suffered from a heart attack,
these devices can also detect whether patient is experiencing an oxygen shortage.

1.1.4. Smart insurance applications

The Internet of Things will have a profound impact on the insurance industry. Insurance
companies can offer discounts to customers who wear fitness trackers such as Fitbit. By encouraging
healthier habits and customized policies, insurers can benefit everyone involved—insurers, customers,
and even themselves.

1.1.5. Environmental monitoring

An environmental monitoring system monitors the environment's quality using several

parameters, including relative humidity, temperature, dew point, and frost point. Rotronic offers
solutions for these parameters and differential pressure, pressure, and flow. It also monitors CO2
levels.

Figure 1. Applications of IoT.

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1.2. IoT layered architecture

The four-layered IoT architecture of IoT in Figure 2 is as follows.

1.2.1. Perception layer

The perception layer is the physical layer of the Internet of Things (IoT), which uses sensors to
gather information about the environment. The Sensing layer includes sensors and actuators that
collect data from the environment and emit transmission over the network respectively. The network
layer connects to other intelligent objects to exchange data [8].

1.2.2. Network layer

Internet/network gateways, data acquisition systems (DASs), and sensor networks are present in
this layer. DAS performs essential gateway functions such as data aggregation and conversion
(collecting data from sensors and then converting it to digital format). Advanced gateways can also
open up connections between sensor networks and the Internet, allowing them to communicate with
each other. The network layer connects to other smart things, devices, and servers. It also handles data
transmission and processing.

1.2.3. Preprocessing layer

It is important to perform preprocessing on sensor data. This removes unnecessary data from the
sensor data using filtering, processing, and analytics. Temporary storage provides functionalities such
as replication, distribution, and storage. Finally, security performs encryption and ensures data
integrity as well as privacy.

1.2.4. Application layer

The business layer manages the entire IoT system, including applications, business models, and
privacy concerns.
The application layer is the interface between the IoT device and the network with which it needs
to communicate. It manages data formatting and presentation and, is responsible for ensuring hand-
offs that occur when moving data from one network to another.

Figure 2. IoT 4-Layered Architecture.

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1.3. Characteristics of IoT

1) It is scalable and efficient.

2) Devices that are turned off when not in use typically consumes less electricity. When not in
use, they should be set to sleep automatically.
3) Communication between devices may be intermittent in that a device connected to another
device at one instant may no longer be connected in another instant.
4) The lack of physical objects using IP to connect supports the IoT's development.
5) As the Internet evolves, existing IP addressing will become obsolete.

1.4. Challenges in IoT

1) In order to be effective, privacy context awareness must recognize an object’s context

effectively.
2) A digital device must be integrated with the physical environment as a result of the processor.
3) Every application running in an IoT environment must have identification at every layer of the
protocol stack.
4) In the IoT environment, as devices are continuously being added, communication patterns
must be established among them and strict security measures must be integrated into the environment.
5) Sensors are used to collect and aggregate data in an IoT environment. A set of rules governs
the authentication and authorization of these sensors for sharing information.
6) IoT security implementation should keep in mind that every entity on IoT has a limited and
more specifically short lifespan.
7) Humans and IoT elements must be able to trust each other. Besides ensuring the
trustworthiness of IoT machines, human privacy must also be protected.
IoT sensors help to generate renewable energy, such as solar power, increase energy efficiency,
thereby reducing the greenhouse gases that cause global warming by measuring carbon consumption,
as well as measuring waste [9].
The health and hygiene of a population are essential to its sustainability and progress, which is why
monitoring the environment, is so crucial. Environmental monitoring is an effective way to ensure the
safety of a community by controlling different kinds of pollution and addressing the challenges that
become apparent due to detrimental situations [10–12]. Environmental monitoring studies
environmental conditions and changes, including contamination of water, dangerous radiation,
smogginess, and different cloud activities. Environmental management aims at the discourse
provocations so the environment can be secure for a good community and planet. Pollution sources
include artificial and natural causes [13,14]. The advancement of science and technology in recent years,
especially robotics and intelligent retrieval, has enabled environmental monitoring systems to observe
the constituent influence of the environment more keenly than ever before. Smart communities use
noncable networks to monitor vehicular pollution levels [15–17]. Arya et al. explored the use of
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to implement a network for Industry 5.0 applications along with the
advantages and the disadvantages of Smart City implementations [18]. JinyuanXu et al. detailed a
summary of agricultural IoT. Existing problems and future trends were reported in relation to agrarian
IoT [19]. J. Canning et al. have implemented a system that monitors environmental conditions using

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smartphones and plant sensors [20]. Air quality monitoring is essential to ensure that early precautionary
measures can be taken, which may be done via the Smart Environmental Monitoring system with the
Internet of Things (IoT). This is a cost-effective and efficient way to control air pollution and curb
climate change [21,22].
A framework is implemented as an embedded system using sensors connected to an Arduino
microcontroller. It can be used to monitor and control aquatic environmental parameters [23]. Vu
KhanhQuy et al. present a survey of IoT solutions. They discuss how IoT can be integrated into the
intelligent agriculture sector by evaluating its architecture, applications, and research timeline [24].
LPWAN-based battlefield applications require context-aware environmental monitoring [25]. Jarrod
Trevathan et al. present an IoT light attenuation sensor design and explore the calibration process
needed to determine the sensor’s range and accuracy [26]. There are many challenges to using
agricultural IoT technology, including limited network coverage, the need to fund new monitoring
projects, the costs of transmitting data over long distances, and the concern that batteries to operate
sensors will not last all day. In a simulation study by Mo Dong et al., the authors used ns-3 to model
an IoT sensor network for long-range wide-area monitoring in a farm setting. They found that the
long-range Lora WAN protocol can maintain a good transmission [27].
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are made up of detectors that performs on AI based monitoring
& controlling methods. IoT devices are working in WSNs for constructive waste management, vehicle
marking, temperature control, and pollution control [28,29]. Therefore, fresh approaches of
environmental monitoring are known as SEM systems due to their use of intelligent system and sensory
technology.
The main objective of the Smart Environment Monitoring (SEM) project is to discourse the
provocation due to unacceptable effects on the environment through intelligent monitoring so that all
primary indicators of growth, including a healthy society, are assorted. Various applications of this
technology are proposed for multiple purposes, aiming to serve particular occasions, which may
comprise weather reports, acid precipitation control, contaminated water control & monitoring, and crop
damage assessment. A cloud-based system that connects IoT devices and various suitable sensors is one
example of an intelligent environment system. This system can monitor water quality, air quality, waste
management, and control. Such systems can be shown in Figure 3, which depicts contaminated water,
Pollution of air, waste management (waste collection and disposal), and its control. The organization
involved in such monitoring gets to the cloud through accumulation from various sensors connected to it
via the internet. The existing literature on SEM methods does not contain many surveys or reviews. A
poll published in a peer-reviewed journal on quick-witted agricultural systems [30,31], intelligent home
technologies [32,33], innovative health monitoring systems [34,35], an Internet of Things (IoT)-based
ecological system [36,37], an IoT-enabled marine environment monitoring system [38], and a survey on
pollution monitoring system design and implementation details [39] are just a few of the articles
highlighting different aspects of SEM sensor networks.
It is difficult to find surveys or reviews on this topic in the existing literature, so we conducted a
critical study of AEM techniques. Many factors affect the environment, including water pollution, waste
management, and industrial air pollution. Diffraction & noise pollution are also severe problems. This
review will examine the most common methods used to mitigate these challenges. From this, we have
been motivated to write an extensive study about Sensor and SEM systems, which includes beneficial
components harming the environment, such as IoT and sensory technologies. The rest of the paper is

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structured as follows: Section 2 explains the different environmental monitoring systems, followed by a
summary table. Discussion, analysis, and recommendation have been summarized in section 3. Finally,
section 4 presents the conclusion & Future scope.

Figure 3. Advanced Environmental Monitoring System (AEMs).

2. Related Work

Many experts have researched innovative environment monitoring systems. Intelligent air
monitoring systems are being used to study the effects of pollution on health. Water pollution
monitoring systems are being utilized to determine whether a community's water supply is contaminated
with too much or too little salt or other contaminants [40]. Waste management systems are being
developed for use in cities where waste must be disposed of in a way that does not damage natural
resources such as soil or water quality [41]. The authors have attempted to critically report significant
findings and limitations of the current research on intelligent environmental monitoring.
Environmental monitoring is essential for sound management of natural resources, safeguarding
human health, and enhancing the social, economic, and cultural well-being of communities in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Smartly Environmental Monitoring.

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Earlier, there has been no such review regarding the literature on the Internet of Things (IoT) and
sensor technologies for AEM.
Few difficulties, including the quality of air within our surroundings, water, and waste management,
have been found in our literature survey. Major advanced sensor technologies have been used to review
the challenges in AEM.
This study gave scientists, policymakers, and researchers’ insight into implementing and
monitoring effective solutions for the environment that faces challenges mainly due to bad air quality,
water pollution, and waste management. This section has also studied intelligent waste management
because these factors affect water contamination, soil erosion, and air contamination, which is the
backbone of any conceived and evolving economy [42,43]. Effective waste management is the reuse of
waste products and resources to reduce the creation of new waste while reducing the effects on the
environment [44].
In this Table 1, we can see the different techniques used for designing intelligent waste
management using the Internet of things.

Table 1. Summary of different Smart Waste Management (SWM) systems.

Authors & Year Title Techniques Findings

used
Feri Teja IoT: intelligent garbage Ultrasonic Real time database is used for garbage collection.
Kusuma etal. monitoring using android sensor and Doesn’t need servers.
(2019) [45] and real-time database GSM Module Monitoring the garbage
All officers will receive the exact location
notification.
Dominic Abuga, Ingenious SW management Net logo, Incorporates an innovative, real-time garbage bin
N.S Ultrasonic mechanism to help keep cities clean.
Raghav(2021) sensor, and Cannot find the precise location of the nodes of wms.
[46] GSM Module
S.R. Jino A Wireless Monitoring of TBLMU  The real-time remote monitoring system alerts the
Ramson, Vishnu trash bin level using IoT garbage level in the trash bins.
S. etal. (2021)  In the future system can analyze the geolocation
[47] coordinates of almost filled and partially filled bins to
create an optimized truck route will be our future work.
A. Alfred IoT based Trash Bin IR sensor & RF  The developed method works efficiently to measure
Kirubaraj etal. Monitoring System using module the filling levels of the solid waste garbage bins.
(2022) [48] Lora WAN  In the future, deep learning methods can be used to
find the geolocation coordinates of bins to create an
optimized truck route.
NorfadzliaMohd. Real-time monitoring WSN The proposed system is an efficient and cost-effective
Yusof etal. system for waste bin waste collection management system.
(2018) [49] smartly.
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Authors & Year Title Techniques Findings

used
Javier Caridad et Waste Collection System Lora WAN  Proposed system based on monitoring of waste and
al. (2018) [50] smartly with Lora WAN management platform used in rural environments.
Nodes &  To evaluate the efficiency and the viability of the
Optimization of routes system's implementation, a case study was done in the
region of Salamanca.
Michael Reiner Intelligent Waste Collection IoT  Implemented smart devices in glass containers,
Kamm etal. Processes measuring filling levels over several months.
(2020)[51]  The proposed framework is based on the re-
engineered collection of waste processes.
Kai Dean Kang E waste collection systems IoT & Sensors  The proposed work shows the application of
et al. (2020) [52] usingIoT: household E intelligent collection systems in the Malaysian e-waste
waste management in management and recycling sector.
Malaysia  To record the disposal data, e-waste level
measurement sensors are fitted.
 Improving the household waste E- collection system
in Malaysia is beneficial.
Shivani. B et al. Smart City Waste NodeMCU  The proposed work eliminates the waste overflow.
(2022) [53] Management system using  The use of a mobile application notifies the user of
IoT the proper time of disposal bin.
Djavan De et al. Implementation, design, RFID  An Internet of Things (IoT)-based system has been
(2018) [54] and evaluation of an developed and applied in the city of Suzhou, China, to
Internet of Things network improve RFW collection management.
system for restaurant food  One con is that RFID tags are expensive and cannot
waste management be reprogrammed quickly.
SaharIdwan et Solid Waste inSmart Cities RFID  They are using a system of Internet of Things
al. (2020) [55] using Internet ofThings technology to determine the schedule and routes of
waste trucks.
 RFID tags are costly.
Eyhab Al-Masri Recycle.io: An IoT- Azure Cloud,  The author uses artificial intelligence and image
et al. (2018) [56] Enabled Framework for Ultrasonic processing to design a system that can fully sort and
Urban Waste Management sensor separate trash, save travel time, and optimizes
collection routes.
 The possibility of disconnecting the Internet has
remained uncertain.
Yu huei et al. Smart IoT System for RFID, Wifi  The new smart bin will include several new features,
(2018) [57] Waste Management Module including detecting the amount and smell of garbage.
 An infrared sensor is highly recommended in place
of an ultrasonic sensor to detect waste.

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Authors & Year Title Techniques Findings

used
Patric Marques Smart cities infrastructure Cloud,  The proposed approach is based on smart cities.
et al. (2019) [58] architecture applied to a Bluetooth,  Smart bin with separated waste.
WM scenariousing IoT RFID  To send & receive information IoT Cloud is used.
 Raspberry Pi's cost is low.
 Consumption of power is low.
M. Thürer et al. Kanban system for Cloud, RFID,  Proposed system is based on the collection of solid
(2019) [59] collection of solid waste GPS, water waste smartly.
using IOT spider  GPS is used to locate the bin remotely.
 To send & receive information IoT Cloud is used.
 Collection of waste for solid waste only.
DebajyotiMisra WM System monitored by GSM, Cloud  ICT-Enabled Smart Waste Management Systems
et al. (2018) [60] cloud using IoT (SWMSs) can help illuminate the problems and
challenges of integrating technologies into an existing
waste-disposal system.
 This paper aims to show how ICT can be integrated
with the SWM. It does not include a description of
other ICT technologies such as the Internet of Things
(IoT) and Blockchain.
K Pardini et al. A survey on SWM IoT  This paper analyzes existing literature on the
(2019) [61] solutions using IoT Internet of Things (IoT)-infrastructure-based waste and
sanitation management in urban environments.
 An IoT-based reference model is presented, as well
as described a comparison study of several IoT devices
and their application.
Elsai et al. A GIS-based MCDM of GIS  Urban areas typically select sites for landfills and
(2021) [62] Harar’s municipal solid recycling centers in areas lacking enough land& require
waste landfill in Ethiopia. high level of infrastructure.
Ajay Singh et al. Municipal waste GIS & RS  The proposed approach uses GIS and Rs methods to
(2019) [63] management using GIS describe the effective landfill site selection.
&Remote sensing.
Hoang L Vu et Composition of residential GIS  An intelligent system for collecting household trash.
al. (2020) [64] Waste with collection truck Requiring high-skilled personnel to implement the
with using GIS system.
optimization of route
Anjali V. Tarone Smart Garbage Monitoring ESP8266 &  This study estimates the time, distance, and travel
et al (2018) [65] System Using IOT GPS time required to collect a particular amount of waste.
N Ferronato et The municipal solid waste GIS  To select a disposal site, manual and computerized
al. (2020) [66] management system of analyses must be integrated.
Bolivia uses GIS

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Authors & Year Title Techniques Findings

used
Patrick Okot et Urban solid waste disposal GIS  Implementing GIS for waste collection can help
al. (2019) [67] using GIS of Gulu municipal decision-makers find the optimal waste
Municipality collection route.
Do Hyun Kim et Descriptive & Predictive GPS & GIS  Improving routes for waste collection requires the
al. (2020) [68] analysis of data using GIS integration of GPS and GIS to create a real-time map of
for efficient management of the route's optimum path.
waste
Abinet et al. Disposal of Solid Waste GPS  Study on disposal of solid waste.
(2020) [69] Site Selection Using GIS of  Limiting the analysis to one year of data may have
Markos Town, Ethiopia concealed seasonal dissimilarities in the data.
Louati Amal et Study on a collection of GIS& GPS  The system can communicate the specific activities
al. (2020) [70] municipal solid waste using of drivers. However, real-time communication is not
GIS addressed.
Ahmad Mussa et Disposal of solid waste in RS & GIS  Landfills should be located away from water bodies
al. (2021) [71] Logia town using GIS to avoid contamination.
 Using GIS & RS Infrastructure cost is high.
Sumayya et al. Management of Solid GIS & GPS  Evaluating the possible website for disposal of
(2018) [72] Waste of Karachi using waste secluded from the watercourse bodies. Time is an
GPS and GIS overwhelming and high price for timeperiod
implementation.
Sneha et al. Urban area disposal of solid Remote  Identify, evaluate and quantify methane emissions.
(2020) [73] waste using Remote Sensing Operating costs increase.
sensing & GIS
Najaf et al. Smart Garbage collection Ultrasonic  Using an ultrasonic sensor to know the bin status
(2018) [74] system using Arduino and Sensor and overcome overflowing waste bins.
Ultrasonic sensor  Power Consumption is more while using GSM.
Minhaz et al. IoT-based intelligent Atmega 328P  To ensure environmental hygiene and sustainability
(2020) [75] garbage management in urban areas, the proposed integrated system consists
system for Urban of an identification system, an automatic lid system, a
display system, and a communication system.
Ramson et al. Bin level monitoring Ultrasonic  This paper presents a self-powered, simple connect,
(2021)[76] system forsolid waste sensor and Internet of things (IoT) solution to monitor the
management using IoT unfilled level of trash bins from a central monitoring
platform. The IoT-based monitoring platform.
Ayaz Hussain et Management of waste and Moisture &  To manage the garbage disposal & forecast the
al. (2020) [77] Air Pollutants prediction Ultrasonic pollutants of air present in the surrounding bin
Using Machine Learning Sensor environment smart bin using machine learning & Deep
&IoT learning is proposed.

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2.1. Research based on Smart Monitoring of Water Pollution (SMWP) system

Due to the rapid increase in globalization and overutilization of land and sea assets, drinking water
quality is worsening. Moreover, many waterworks serving increasing citizens suffer from shortages
since many rivers, lakes, and aquifers are drying up because of global climate change. To confront these
severe threats, intelligent water management systems are in great urge to ensure vigorous control of the
quality and quantity of drinking water. Since a water monitoring system allows real-time water quality
control and appropriate management resources in urban areas, it is essential in our daily lives. Table 2
presents significant contributions of the MWP system.

Table 2. Summary of different Smart Monitoring of Water Pollution (SMWP) systems.

Authors & Year Title Techniques Findings
Used
Sunghwa Han et Monitoring of Lagoon water Machine Remote sensing is used to control the agricultural
al. (2020) [78] quality using Image analysis & Learning pollution of water.
Machine learning Image analysis & machine learning is used for
the Prediction of water pollution level in Lagoon
water.
Qi Chen et al. Water contamination monitoring Fast Fourier  Assessment of water contamination level
(2018) [85] system using IoT Transform using Machine learning.
(FFT), SVM
Nikhil M Ragi et Water Quality prediction using ANN  Prediction for alkalinity, chloride, sulphate
al. (2019) [80] ML techniques. values using neural network.
 The accuracy is 87.23% using the Levenberg
Marquardt algorithm.
MochamadHariadi Water Monitoring in Surabaya Big Data, SVM  Analysis & classification of water
et al (2019) [81] using Big Data contamination using machine learning.
 The accuracy is 91.38% using a support vector
machine.
Razib Hayat Khan Surface water observation IoT Sensors  Assessment of surface water quality using
et al. (2020) [86] system using IoT sensors for IoT sensors for Bangladesh population.
Bangladesh population
Ina Nasto et al. Monitoring water quality WSN  Monitoring of water quality smartly using
(2022) [87] smartly in Vlora the wireless sensor.
 The proposed system is a low-cost,
lightweight system, and power consumption is
very low.
Nasro Min Allah Water quality monitoring WSN  Monitoring of water quality like pH,
et al. (2019) [88] smartly using IoT for domestic Turbidity, temperature & ORP values.
applications.

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Authors & Year Title Techniques Findings

Used
SanagalaSrinijia Monitoring system for water WSN  Proposed system based on the tank filling
et al (2018) [89] quality using IoT & cleans of the tank.
 The system has less effort than the
Smartphone user interface.
Suhas Kulkarni et Monitoring of tank water system RFID  The framework is real-time tank water level
al. (2020) [90] smartly using IoT monitoring.
 Using IoT environments, the system cost is
low, real-time, user-friendly, etc.
Sathish Pasika et water quality monitoring using WSN  The proposed system is a cost-efficient
al. (2020) [91] IoT system.
 The monitoring system is for Hyderabad
city to determine the pH, Turbidity, and water
level.
Satyam Srivastava Analysis of water quality using Bayesian  An inexpensive, battery-operated, phone-
et al (2018) [92] smartphone Algorithm controlled device with embedded sensors is
suggested to monitor and record water conditions
at remote sites.
Arif UI Alam et Multi-parameter low water WSN  The findings demonstrate that the sensor
al. (2021) [93] monitoring system was susceptible and variably capable of
measuring temperatures between 0 and 50 °C.
Manish Ku. Jha et Water quality and usage WSN  This project aims to develop a device that
al. (2018)[94] monitoring smartly will enable consumers to measure their water
consumption and, in turn, conserve water.
He Sui et al. Water monitoring application NB Protocol  This paper proposes a new method for
(2020) [95] using NB-IoT Protocol monitoring water quality using NB-IOT protocol
communication. The prototype system shows
that it can meet the needs of Bolong Lake.
Saravanan et al. IoT based water quality GSM Module In real-time and with good accuracy, the device
[151] monitoring in SCADA measured selected parameters in drinking water
(including color).
George et al. Lake water quality monitoring Forel–Ule color An innovative low-cost method is presented in
[152] using IoT scale the study, utilizing satellite data to validate water
quality products and assist decision-makers.

Wu et al. [153] For water quality detection Sensor network With an orthogonal three-wire structure, the Pt
using MEMS thermistor responds to the temperature at
5.95 °C.
Schima et al. Service-oriented turbidity and Sensor system In situ sensors showed very high agreement with
[154] dissolved organic matter laboratory photometers, but with less
monitoring with optical sensors methodological effort.
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Authors & Year Title Techniques Findings

Used
Cui et al. [155] Water Quality Monitoring Sensor system A commercial residual chlorine sensor was used
System Using nRF24L01 (free chlorine and monochloramine) and was
Wireless Communication able to communicate online.
Alam et al. [156] Gold thin film electrodes are Sensor system Like commercial sensors, the sensor sensitivity
used in a reusable, reagent-free was very high.
chlorine sensor

Remotely sensed images have been used in literature to develop machine learning methods in
conjunction with IoT and wireless sensors to predict pollution levels in lagoon waters. This allows for
the pollutants to be monitored in real-time and that information to be used for agriculture [78].
Researchers used machine learning to predict the quality of water and determine whether it is clean or
polluted, but achieving acceptable results proved challenging. The paper offered a real-time
contamination monitoring approach based on sensors that estimated temperature, water discharge, and
other parameters. However, the data collared were limited to a single area only. Dissolved Solids
Analysis (DSA) is used to assess a variety of water pollutants in single and mixed water samples [79].
The paper is based on artificial intelligence and water quality parameters predictions using neural
networks [80]. Results showed that alkalinity and chloride were predicted more accurately than the
sulphate content in most cases. Extensive data examination and cases in the sort of water contamination
have been examined using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) to classify water contamination [81]. C.
Sunil et al. proposed a system monitoring framework using sensor interfacing devices such as the
Raspberry Pi [82]. Industrial pollution can threaten the health of an entire population, and IoT
technology can help address the problem by quickly detecting and quantifying the level of
contamination [83]. The Philippines experiences flooding, and water level rise regularly. Modern flood
monitoring and forecasting systems are essential to increase people's awareness in real-time [84]
effectively. An inexpensive system called Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) was
proposed for monitoring water quality parameters remotely (using a GSM module) [151]. Forel-Ule
color scale stickers and a mobile app, TurbAqua, were developed to measure watercolor and clarity
using Mini Secchi Disks [152]. Integrated a platinum (Pt) sensor for temperature measurement into a
micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) [153]. Created an open-source optical system for real-time
turbidity monitoring using infrared detectors [154]. A microcontroller system with wireless
communication was developed to measure water quality parameters[155].As with commercial sensors,
the sensor showed high sensitivity and accuracy [156].

2.2. Research-based on the Smart Monitoring of Air Pollutants (SMAP) System

SMAP techniques and systems have also been studied in this paper. An overview of different
SMAP strategies used in other literature on monitoring air quality systems is mentioned in Table 3.
Various sensors and machine learning are used to distinguish air quality. Monitoring and
characterization of water quality were achieved in this work. However, interoperability issues were
reported due to the use of various sensors [96]. A system capable of evaluating air quality using fixed
and mobile nodes of sensors was executed, with the capability to verify the standard in both stationary

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and portable ways. Compatible sensors were utilized as mobile nodes, operating in a moving
environment [97]. Data captured by intelligent sensor nodes were operated and examined using machine
learning methods. A new air quality control procedure was developed with the help of the Internet of
Things (IoT) and machine learning techniques, allowing air pollution assessment by deploying gas
sensors [98]. Sensory systems have been deployed in the vehicle to monitor air quality, using machine
learning, mobile sensor nodes, and wireless sensor networks [99]. The air quality is assessed by
considering the presence of several components, some of which are particulate matter (PM) 2.5 and
ozone concentrations. Using an extreme machine learning technique, a model was created to predict
PM2.5 concentrations from Spatio-temporal data arranged over a specific schedule over a range of
distances covered by sensors [100]. A review of forecasting models suggested for urban air quality was
conducted, including the use of ozone, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. There was a
differentiation between the available models and the models used in this work. Air quality control
mechanisms have been implemented using RFID and gas sensor mechanisms in [101], where it was
demonstrated that RFID could be used to detect and communicate with nodes from a wireless sensor
network (WSN); these devices were connected across WSN architecture. SMAP [102] has been
designed to measure atmospheric gases, pollutants, and temperature. This system was tested by [103,104]
using technology, and the results were beneficial for detecting humidity, carbon dioxide, and
temperature.
In [105], an indigenous air quality system was presented to detect CO2, NO, temperature and
humidity. This system used artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques to develop expert
systems for air quality assessment. Furthermore, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO, & O3 were detected. Using
machine learning methods trained by Spatio-temporal data in [106], PM10 components were also
detected—this was extended using deep learning for detection and detailed analysis of O3 members only.
Another work employed heterogeneous sensors [107]. SVM was used to analyze the data captured
through heterogeneous sensors and estimated air quality. The main contribution of this study in [112,
113]is to present the connection between the COVID-19 pandemic, public health, and indoor air quality
while addressing the importance of real-time monitoring systems for public health and wellness. Edge
and cloud computing will make the Internet of Things (IoT) rapid, light, and more reliable [114,115].
Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud-edge computing are two distinct disciplines that have evolved
separately [116,117]. However, they are increasingly becoming interdependent and will likely have a
significant effect on the future [118,119]. The design of a compound of cloud and edge computing
architectures and the implementation of IoT can be crucial [120,121]. The growing populations of the
world are closely associated with rising levels of air pollution [122,123]. This can harm people's health,
not only in outdoor areas but also inside buildings [124]. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
reports that the air inside a building is measurably more polluted than that outside. Most people spend
80 to 90 percent of their time indoors; therefore, indoor air has a more significant direct impact on
human health than outdoor air [126–132]. Indoor air quality is the condition of the indoor environment,
including buildings and other public facilities that may affect mental and respiratory health [133–139].
The COVID-19 outbreak has sparked public interest in indoor air quality monitoring, which was not a
focus area for public facilities such as shopping complexes, hospitals, banks, restaurants, educational
institutes, and so forth before the outbreak [140–144]. The atmospheric conditions of the Earth are
becoming increasingly polluted each year due to the growth of civilization and increasing emissions

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from industries and automobiles [145–149]. However, the air is an indispensable resource for life. Many
people are indifferent to the severity of air pollution or have not recognized its effects [150].

Table 3. Summary of different Smart Monitoring of Air Pollution (SMAP) Systems.

Authors & Year Title Techniques Findings

Used
Laurent Dupont Air Quality Monitoring and WSN  Research on sensor network-based air quality
et al. (2019)[97] data-driven modeling monitoring.
 Using decision tree & neural network, humidity
and noise influence the prediction model.
Timothy M. Monitoring of Air Quality ML  Research on monitoring of air quality using
Amado et al. heterogeneous sensors and Prediction using machine
(2018)[96] learning.
 Accuracy of 98.67%, 97.78%, 98.67%, 94.22%,
and 99.56% by using five predictive models.
Chetan Shetty et Air pollution model using ML ML  To build real-time predictive models for carbon
al. (2020)[98] & IoT monoxide emission.
 The system checks the sensory value with the
threshold value. If the value is higher than the
threshold value, it automatically notifies the owner.
Man Sing Wong Application & Development Infrared Sensor  Research-based on the detection of an organic
et al. (2018) of an Improved Integrated & ML compound using Infrared sensor and machine learning
[108] EM System techniques
 Detection of volatile organic compounds in the air.
Temeseganayele Prediction & Monitoring of RFID, IoT  The proposed system is based on monitoring and
et al (2018) air pollution using IoT predicting the air pollutants in a particular area using
[101] IoT & Machine learning i.e., the LSTM model.
Min Ye Thu et Monitoring of air quality ML  Designed a low-cost and long-range air quality
al. (2018) [102] smartly. monitoring system.
 Real-time monitoring of air for Myanmar and a
prediction model using machine learning.
Paul D. Rosero- Intelligent monitoring of air ML  To choose the contaminated sectors in a
Montalvo et al quality using machine geographical location, K means classification is used.
(2018) [105] learning  Intelligent monitoring quality of air using machine
learning techniques.

Continued on next page

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Authors & Year Title Techniques Findings

Used
Abu Buker A secure & Intelligent air Blockchain &  Design and implement a low-cost indoor air quality
Siddique et al monitoring using Blockchain NN monitoring system.
(2022) [109] and neural network  Neural networks and Blockchain are used to make
predictions about whether the air is polluted or not.
 In the future, this system can extend to infant care,
indoor pet health monitoring, and patient care.
Patricia Arroyo A LC based Air Quality Linear  This paper describes the construction of a portable
et al System regression and device for measuring outdoor air quality.
(2021)[110] NN  The data were calibrated using linear regression
and neural network techniques.
 The results of both the gaseous pollutant and PM
sensors have been quite good, with correlations above
0.95 being achieved.
Ivan Popovic et Identification of the effects Cross  This paper uses a novel method for identifying
al. (2021) [111] of neighboring PV systems on Correlation degrading effects on neighboring photovoltaic
urban environments systems.
JunHo Jo et al. Monitoring of Indoor Air IoT & Cloud  This paper describes a system "Smart-Air" and a
(2020) [125] Quality using IoT Computing web server.
 Implemented at Hanyang University of Korea
successfully to demonstrate its feasibility.

3. Discussion, analysis, and recommendation

Analysis and recommendations based on an extensive literature review are discussed in this section
on the available automated environment monitoring systems, including the following: Air quality
assessment, contaminated water monitoring, and waste management. The contributions focus on several
Automated Environment Monitoring methods for air-quality assessment, contaminated water monitoring,
and waste management. The systems were also evaluated based on the techniques used. The following
are the significant discussion points to consider:
1) This research contain various grounds mainly on SMAP, SMWP, and SWM can lead to a good
design of an intelligent environment system which in future might also help the economy's growth
through a safe and clean environment.
2) A few types of sensors are used along with sensory data, machine learning approaches, and IoT
appliances. The current study mainly focuses on the influence of existing studies on contaminated water
monitoring, the application of SEM, air quality assessment, and intelligent waste management systems.
3) Many researchers in most SEM methods currently use SMAP, SMWP, and SWM CNN-based
deep learning methods.
4) In most applications, the sensory data vary. The regions of interest and data type don’t match for
different research work.
5) Classification or Prediction can be made using these methods like water is distinguish as
polluted or clean water, just like how air quality can be predicted.

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There are no common challenges found in the above studies reported. Also, the purposes and
techniques differ a lot from each other. Here, the few challenges observed are as follows:
1) Data from heterogeneous sensors must be transformed and analyzed to ensure the
interoperability of that data.
2) Noisy data can be a problem for statistical analysis. One common type of noise, sensor noise,
can occur when measurements are fed into a system by a sensor.
3) The machine learning methods predominantly work training the data and classification are SVM
& Neural networks.
4) Fuzzy set theory-based and deep learning techniques solve a few analysis problems. However,
there are limitations associated with the big data involved or the high computational complexity.
5) No robust machine-learning model exists to address the challenges of environmental monitoring
and control.
Quantitative & qualitative research has been carried out in Environmental Monitoring using IoT &
Machine learning and IoT & WSN. Table 4 shows a summary of this research using the above methods.
Trends in the scholarly literature have been assessed through a search of the Scopus database
during a thirteen-year examination period (2010–2022). Extrapolations using these publication statistics
were conducted to predict trends in SEM technology that may be useful for engineers and manufacturers
of SEM systems.
An interesting finding is that analysis using advanced machine-learning methods lags behind
research that does not use machine learning.

Table 4. Measure of research contribution using IoT & ML and IoT & WSN.
Year Study using IoT & Machine Learning Study Using IoT & WSN
2010-2011 0 03
2012-2013 0 09
2014-2015 3 24
2016-2017 8 47
2018-2019 47 97
2020-2021 117 82
2022 47 27

Figure 5 shows the research trends in two main categories: SEM using IoT & ML techniques and
IoT & WSN techniques. The trend line suggests that the SEM has yet to be implemented and studied
widely on machine learning or other approaches for training and subsequent classification or Prediction.
As reported, however, there has been an increase in research each year, but more impact of IoT and
Machine Learning in recent years can be seen in Figure 5.
The discussion and analysis above allow us to identify strategies for improving environmental
monitoring methods and tools. More powerful, robust, and innovative ways would benefit everyone. The
above discussion and analysis lead us to recommend the following:
1) There should be a framework for machine learning that needs to develop.
2) Irrespective of the purposes of using the SEM, a robust set of classification, forecasting models
& Predictions should be designed to operate any data.

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3) Because most of the research has failed using de-noising data & their pre-processing, suitable
de-noising methods must be implemented.
4) To deal with big data issues involved in a few significant studies, data deduplication approaches
and methods are needed.
5) Government-level involvement from global and local perspectives is required for developing any
nation and city. As Smart Environment plays a crucial role in achieving sustainable goals, the rural areas
are kept behind most of the time, so it is challenging to set up the necessary infrastructure for IoT, WSN,
and other sensors.
6) When it comes to implementing sensors, ensure the data from them is compatible with all
acquisition and analysis systems to avoid interoperability issues.
A number of review articles were reviewed in an attempt to include major observations of some
significant reviews on SEM. However, it was found to be very difficult to report any such extensive
review on the SEM in particular. The need to study the most critical contributions to research addressing
environmental challenges due to main factors motivated us to explore this topic. This literature review
helped us reach some conclusions and make recommendations for designing a robust SEM system.

Figure 5. Trends of SEM Methods.

4. Conclusion and future scope

In this paper, the author extensively reviews research studies on various environmental monitoring
systems used for different purposes. The analysis and discussion of the review suggest vital
recommendations for improving these systems. Research on deep learning, handling big data, and using
consistent classification approaches has led to a realization of the need for extensive research in these
areas. We have focused on water, air quality monitoring and intelligent waste management systems that
can deal with environmental challenges. The significant challenges in implementing smart sensors,
artificial intelligence (AI), and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) need to be addressed for sustainable
growth through Smart Environmental Monitoring (SEM). Participation by environmental organizations,
regulatory bodies, and general awareness would strengthen SEM efforts. Pre-processing techniques can
be used to improve the quality of sensory data. These techniques include filtering and signal processing,
which makes the data more suitable for tasks associated with SEM. The future scope of the work aims to

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study other environmental factors such as flexible sensing, energy harvesting sensing, marine pollution,
sound pollution, etc.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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