Material
Material
Material
CHAPTER ONE
Topics
Introduction Fresh concrete
• Definition • Measurement of workability of
• Types and uses of concrete concrete,
• Properties of concrete • Calculation of volume of fresh
• Advantages and disadvantages of concrete
concrete Concrete mix design
Ingredients of concrete: • Batching &Mixing ingredients
• cement, of concrete
• water, • Transporting fresh concrete
• aggregates, and
• Formwork
• admixtures
• Placing fresh concrete, Curing
Aggregate concrete
• terms and types,
• Properties of aggregates, Properties of hardened
Handling and stockpiling concrete
Concrete grades
Introduction Aggregate
• Definition • terms and types,
• Types and uses of • Properties of
concrete aggregates, Handling
• Properties of concrete and stockpiling
• Advantages and
disadvantages of
concrete Fresh concrete
Ingredients of • Measurement of
concrete: workability of concrete,
• cement, • Calculation of volume
• water, of fresh concrete
• aggregates, and
• admixtures
Def inition of Concrete
Concrete
is a composite material made up of inert
materials of varying sizes, which are
bound together by a binding medium.
• Portland Cement
• Water
• Aggregates
• Admixtures (Additives)
Portland Cement
1.Fine aggregate
Aggregate particles passing the No. 4 (4.75mm) sieve and
retained on the No. 200 (75- micro m) sieve
2. Coarse aggregate
Aggregate predominantly retained on the No.4 (4.75mm) sieve.
3. Crushed gravel (gravel and sand)
That has been put through a crusher either to break many of
the rounded gravel particles to a smaller size or to produce
rough surfaces.
Aggregate Terms and Types
4. Crushed rock
Aggregate from the crushing of rock. All particles are angular,
not rounded as in gravel.
5. Screenings
the chips and dust or powder that are produced in the
crushing of rock for aggregates.
6.All-in-aggregate
aggregate composed of both fine and coarse aggregate.
7. Concrete sand
sand that has been washed (usually) to remove dust & fines.
8. Fines
silty-clay or dust particles smaller than 75 micro m (No. 200
sieve) usually undesirable impurities in aggregates.
Properties of Aggregates
Grading:
is the distribution of particles
of angular materials among
various sizes
Gradation
Types of gradation
Aggregates may be:
Dense
Well-graded
Well graded
Gap-graded
Uniform Poorly graded
Open-graded
The terms “dense” and “well-graded” are essentially
the same, as are “gap”, “uniform” and “open-
graded”
Grading of Aggregates
Gradation Classifications
Well-graded:
maximum density, high stability, low permeability
One-sized:
particles same diameter, low stability, permeable
Gap-graded:
Missing one or more sizes, stable, average
permeability
Open-graded:
Mostly large sizes, unstable, high permeability
Grading of Aggregates
Well graded aggregates:
Improve workability of the Proper selection of various sizes will be very effective in
reducing the total volume of voids between aggregates
concrete and economy of the
cement.
(Such aggregate has a
decreased amount of voids
between the particles and
consequently requires less
cement paste).
Produces a stronger
concrete than a poorly
graded one (less water is
required to give suitable
workability)
The cement paste requirement is related the void
content of the combined aggregates.
Grading of Aggregates
SIEVE ANALYSIS
The grading or particle size distribution of aggregate is
determined by sieve analysis.
Grading of Aggregates
SIEVE ANALYSIS-SAMPLING
In sieve Analysis, in order to take a representative sample
from the bulk we use two most often used sample reduction
methods.
Riffling
Quartering
Quartering Riffling
Grading of Aggregates
Standard size and square openings
Sieve Designation
Traditional Metric
Coarse Aggregate
3” 75mm
2” 50mm
1 ½” 37.5mm
1” 25mm
¾” 19mm
½” 12.5mm
3/8” 9.5mm
No 4 4.75mm
No 8 2.36mm 7 standard sieves
No 16 1.18mm ranging from 150 μm to
No 30 600 micro m 9.5 mm (No. 100 to 3/8 in)
No 50 300 micro m for fine aggregates
No 100 150 micro m
No 200 75 micro m
Grading of Aggregates
Well-graded
(Coarse agg.)
One-sized
Well-graded Gap-graded
(Fine agg.)
Workability
Economy
Pumpability
Other requirements by
Fineness Modulus (ASTM C 125)
ASTM C 33
the smallest sieve that all the smallest sieve size through
of a particular aggregate which the major portion of the
must pass through aggregate must pass (90%-
100%)
Coarse Aggregate Grading
Rounded Elongated
Fully water-worn or Material usually angular, in
completely shaped by attrition which the length is
Irregular considerably larger than
Naturally irregular, or partly the other two dimensions
shaped by attrition and having Flaky and Elongated
rounded edges Material having the length
Flaky considerably larger than
the thickness is small relative the width, and the width
to the other two dimensions considerably larger than
the thickness
Angular
Possessing well-defined
edges at the intersection of
planar faces crus
Shape and Surface Texture of Aggregates
Aggregate Shapes
Aggregate Shapes
Elongated Angular
Shape and Surface Texture of Aggregates
Aggregate Shapes
Aggregate Shapes
Shape and Surface Texture of Aggregates
Moisture Content
Two types of moisture are recognized in aggregates:
Absorbed moisture
Surface moisture
Absorbed moisture Surface moisture
Oven-Dry (OD)
In this condition they are fully absorbent.
Air-Dry (AD)
Particles are dry at the surface but contain some interior moisture.
They are therefore somewhat absorbent.
Saturated Surface Dry (SSD):
In this condition there is no water on the surface, but the particle
contains all the interior moisture it will hold.
It will neither absorb moisture from nor contribute moisture to the mix.
Damp or Wet:
The particles contain an excess of moisture on the surface and will
contribute moisture to a mix.
Moisture Content
Bulking
Cause efflorescence
Properties of Aggregates
Chemical Stability
Alkali-Aggregate reaction
Effects of Alkali-
silica reaction
(ASR)
Pop outs
Crack
Handling and Stockpiling of Aggregates
Precautions:
Storing on hard and dry ground or on platforms of planks,
sheets, lean concrete
Storing separately each aggregate size in compartments
• Portland Cement
• Water
• Aggregates
• Admixtures (Additives)
Def inition and Use
2. Superplasticizers
3. Air entrainers
4. Accelerators
5. Retarders
Plasticizers
Plasticizers (water-reducing admixture) are absorbed on
the surface of the binder particles, causing them to repel
each other and deflocculates.
This results in improved workability and provides a more
even distribution of the binder particles through the mix.
Reducing the water requirement of a concrete mix for a
given workability by about 10%.
Concrete containing a plasticizer needs less water to
reach a required slump than untreated concrete.
The treated concrete can have a lower water-cement
ratio.
Indicating that a higher strength concrete can be produced
without increasing the amount of cement.
Plasticizers
creep.
Many chloride-based accelerators promote corrosion of reinforcing
Calcium chloride should not be used in reinforced concrete
Overdosing with these materials can cause marked retardation.
Accelerators work more effectively at lower ambient temperatures.
Retarders