What is Resistant

When an electric current flows through a bulb or any conductor, the conductor offers some
obstruction to the current and this obstruction is known as electrical resistance and is denoted by
R. Every material has an electrical resistance and this is the reason why conductors give out heat
when current passes through it
Resistance is measured in ohms, symbolized by the Greek letter omega (Ω). Ohms are named after
Georg Simon Ohm (1784-1854), a German physicist who studied the relationship
between voltage, current and resistance
All materials resist current flow to some degree. They fall into one of two broad categories:

Conductors: Materials that offer very little resistance where electrons can move easily. Examples:
silver, copper, gold and aluminium.

Insulators: Materials that present high resistance and restrict the flow of electrons. Examples:
Rubber, paper, glass, wood and plastic.

The electrical resistance of a conductor is dependent on the following factors:

The cross-sectional area of the conductor

Length of the conductor

The material of the conductor

The temperature of the conducting material

Electrical resistance is directly proportional to length (L) of the conductor and inversely proportional
to the cross-sectional area (A). It is given by the following relation.

R=ρLA

where ρ is the resistivity of the material (measured in Ωm, ohm mete

Electrical Resistance of Metals

In the case of metallic materials, the influence of structure and temperature is given by the Matthiessen
rule that the resistivity can be divided into two components:
where ρS is a component that depends only on the structure and composition is related to the metal and
its processing technology and does not depend on temperature. On the other hand, component ρT is a
component that depends only on temperature. The alloy has a structural component usually more
influential than the pure metals, alloys, because most shows less dependence on temperature change in
resistance than pure metals.
With increasing temperature in the metal increases the amplitude of thermal motion of atoms, reduces
the mean time between collisions of electrons with thermal lattice vibrations, and thus leads to the

growth of resistivity with temperature. Since the range of measured temperatures, that ,
where L(the length of the conductor) and S (cross-sectional area) are constant, the increase in electrical
resistance can be expressed using a simplified formula:

where R is the resistance at temperature t and R0 is the resistance at temperature t0. We can then
express from relationship (1) formula to obtain the temperature coefficient of electrical resistance of α:

t [°C] – temperature at the end of the measurement

The semiconductor materials, like metal for the temperature dependence of resistance on temperature.
Unlike metals, but the principle is the conductivity of different semiconductors. At absolute zero
temperature, all electrons are tightly bound to their nuclei and the material cannot conduct current.
Electrons must have some energy to "jump" over the so-called band gap into the conduction band and
can participate in the current conduction. As the temperature increases, the concentration of charge
carriers increases and the electrical resistance of the material decreases. While this phenomenon by
trying to suppress conventional semiconductor devices, thermistors on him trying to contrast the
composition of appropriate technology and highlight.
NTC thermistors, as representatives of the semiconductor components are negative temperature
coefficient of resistance (when the component heats up, the resistance decreases) and preparation of
semiconducting materials, usually based on oxides of nickel, manganese, cobalt, iron and titanium. For
the temperature dependence of resistance of NTC thermistor is used in engineering practice the
expression:

T [K] – thermodynamic temperature measurement at the end

The thermistor temperature constant β is related to the activation energy ΔE of the charge carriers,
which is significantly affected by the composition and preparation technology of the semiconductor
thermistor. To calculate the coefficient β, we use the measured resistance values of the thermistor:

The relationship between the activation energy ΔE and the calculate

1. Alloys are metallic substances that are composed of two or more than two elements.

2. They can either be in the form of a compound or a solution.

3. Just like metals, alloys consist of free electrons as their charge carriers.

4. When the temperature increases, these free electrons start to move more randomly.

5. This causes more collisions within the alloy, resulting in less mobility and more resistivity.

6. But this additional disorder from the metals is very insignificant in an alloy.

Metals, including alloys, have free electrons as charge carriers. Their movement controls by defects. One
of defects of usual metal is oscillations of atoms due to temperature. More temperature - more
oscillations - more collisions of electrons with atoms - less mobility - more resistivity. In alloys, like
constantan, atoms are in disorder so alloys have big resistivity. Their additional disorder due to
temperature increase is insignificant. That is why alloys have no temperature dependence of resistivity.
The same picture is with metal glasses.

The alloy usually has much lower temperature coefficient of resistance than pure metals.
The resistance changes per degree Celsius of temperature change is called temperature coefficient.
Coefficient approaching 0 can be obtained by alloying certain metals. Here resistance increases with
increase in temperature, but the rise in negligible compared to metal. Hence lower temperature
coefficient
  An alloy is a mixture of metals and a temperature coefficient of resistivity comparable to
metals then why is its graph more linear than metals.
 Is this because of the lattice structure of an alloy?

Valence Band

The valence band is the band of electron orbitals that electrons can jump out of, moving into the
conduction band when excited. The valence band is simply the outermost electron orbital of an atom
of any specific material that electrons actually occupy. This is closely related to the idea of the
valence electron. The valence band has the highest occupied energy. A large band gap means that a
lot of energy is required to excite valence electrons to the conduction band. Conversely, when the
valence band and conduction band overlap as they do in metals, electrons can readily jump between
the two bands meaning the material is highly conductive.

Conductance Band

The valence electrons are not tightly held to the nucleus due to which a few of these valence
electrons leave the outermost orbit even at room temperature and become free electrons. The free
electrons conduct current in conductors and are therefore known as conduction electrons. The
conduction band is the band of electron orbitals that electrons can jump up into from the valence
band when excited. When the electrons are in these orbitals, they have enough energy to move freely
in the material. This movement of electrons creates an electric current. The energy difference
between the highest occupied energy state of the valence band and the lowest unoccupied state of the
conduction band is called the band gap and is indicative of the electrical conductivity of a material.
A large band gap means that a lot of energy is required to excite valence electrons to the conduction
band. Conversely, when the valence band and conduction band overlap as they do in metals,
electrons can readily jump between the two bands meaning the material is highly conductive.

The conduction band and valence band seem to overlap each other in the case of metals which enable
the electron to frequently shift between the two groups, which gives the material enough
conductivity.

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