EAPP

4. Psychological Criticism
Steps in Writing a Critique Paper - Influenced by psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud
who expressed that psychoanalytic theories
- Understand the literary piece or text
- Expands our understanding of how language and
- Determine author’s purpose of writing symbols operate by the demonstrating their ability
- Analyze each segment or section to reflect unconscious fears or desires.
- Decide which among the approaches in literary
criticism - Several approaches, but it practically employs one
- Compose your introduction, body and conclusion or more of the three approaches written below:
sensibly. - Probing the creative process of the artist : What is the
- Your introduction may have the author’s name, the nature of the literary genius and how does it relate to
book’s title, your source and the thesis statement. normal mental functions
- In writing your body, you may discuss the strong - The psychological study of a particular artist by
points and the weak points of the material in a logical, scrutinizing how the author’s biographical
clear manner. Using any of the literary approaches, circumstances influence his motivation or behavior in
explore the elements you want to critique as a reader. writing the text
- In your conclusion, provide a generic opinion about - The analysis of fictional characters using the language
the text. It may be about your approval or and methods of psychology
disapproval, agreement or disagreement, by simply
restating the stance you have expressed in the body. 5. Sociological Criticism
- Evaluates a literary piece in the cultural, economic,
Approaches to Literary Criticism
and political context that explores the linkage
1. Formalist Criticism between the author and his society.
- structure of the text w/o considering external
- Marxist criticism - believes that all art is political. It
influences
is either challenging or endorsing the status quo. It
- style
is evaluative and judgmental.
- structure
- tone
- imagery 6. Moral/ Philosophical Criticism
- Focuses on themes, views of the world, morality,
2. Biological/ Historical Criticism philosophies of the author.
- Comprehend a literary work by probing at the social, - Purpose of teaching morality and investigating
cultural, political, and intellectual context that philosophical issues.
produced it.
- Includes the artist’s biography and milieu. 7. Mythological Criticism
- Considers a work’s first-order context, the author’s - Combining the insights from anthropology,
life and recognizes literary study as being an art not a psychology, history, and comparative religion
science - Explores the artist’s common humanity
- Examines the archetype, (“a symbol, character,
3. Gender Criticism situation, or image that evokes a deep universal
- Examines how sexual (and gender) identity response”)
influences the creation of the literary text. - Emphasizes the use of recurrent universal patterns
- An extension of feminist literary criticism, focusing
not just on women but on the construction of gender PRINCIPLES IN WRITING THE CONCEPT PAPER
and sexuality, especially LGBTQ issues,
Concept
- Suggests that power is not just top down or
patriarchal—a man dominating a woman; it - Is something that is conceived in mind
suggests that power is multifaceted and never just in - An abstract or generic idea generalized from
one direction.
particular instance
- Has to be concretized in order for it to be understood
Masculinist Approach
well by those who want to grasp it
- Focuses on the desire to work with men’s issues and
Concept Paper
yields to the political conviction that feminism does
not fit with the facts. - A summary of a project or an issue that depicts the
interests, experiences, and expertise of the writer
Feminist Approach - Provides an in-depth analysis and discussion of a
topic that the writer has a strong position on
- Attempts to correct the imbalance of sexes by
- Used as an instructional tool that may have been the
analyzing and combating the patriarchal attitudes
result of an intensive study, a committee input or as a
that have dominated western thought.
result of the existing project
 - Can also tackle best practices, philosophies, theories,
and other related issues that the writer has the PRINCIPLES IN WRITING A POSITION PAPER
conviction that an action should be taken immediately
Position Paper
or in the near future
- An essay that expounds a standpoint of an author or
- If part of research project - Outline what is the topic,
specified entity about an issue
Why is it worth researching?, and How the student will
- To persuade the readers with opinion which are valid
perform the research they are writing about
and defensible
Proposal
Similar to participating in a debate
- If part of research project – Similar to concept paper
- One has to present his stance of an arguable opinion
but detailed. Includes literary review (in support of
regarding an issue
research question and hypothesis). Includes a
- Ideas should be thoroughly examined
methodology section
- Address all sides of the issue and present it in a
Parts of Concept Paper manner that can easily understood by the audience

1. Introduction Different formats

- Includes some background information
- Can be a letter to editor
2. Purpose
- An academic position paper
- Describe the question, problem or need that needs to
- A press release used by large organizations to make
be addressed
public the official beliefs and recommendations of the
3. Project Description
group
- What your agency plans to do, why this is a unique
approach, and who will benefit
Responsibilities of the Writer
4. Goals and Objectives
- Goal – describes a broad or abstract intent, state or - Take one side of the argument and convince your
condition readers that you convince the readers that you have
- Objective – measurable outcomes that relate to the well-founded knowledge on the issue being probed
goal - Support claims with evidences to guarantee validity
- Includes “who, what, and when” information of your contentions
- not a statement about “how” - Refute the counterclaims to show that you are well-
5. Methodology versed about both sides
- How the project will be carried out and any
innovative approaches, techniques, or processes that Argument
will be used
6. Timelines - A reason or the reasoning given for or against a
- Set deadlines for what you hope to accomplish in matter under discussion
relation to your goals and objectives - Used to convince readers through logic and sound
7. Benefits reasoning over a problem or an issue
- Describe what are the anticipated benefits and who
Writers can do
will benefit
- Utilize a dramatic language to emotionally appeal to
Format
the readers to make them believe that what the
- Introduction author is saying is true
- Purpose - Making his readers also stand on his beliefs, values,
- Project Description and conviction
Goals and Objectives - Make readers agrees to his opinions, and commit to a
Methodology and Timelines course of action
Benefits and Anticipated Outcomes
3 Things needed in persuasion
- Support Needed and Costs
- See facial expression
- Hear the voice
- Feel the presence

What can you do? (As a writer)

- Writing a position paper per se requires careful

planning, deliberate probing and analysis of the
issue to derive adequate evidences to support the
 writer’s claims.  Giving Evidences for the Argument

B. The Argument
Things to do in writing a position paper
 Assertion of Claim No. 1
 outline and organize his standpoint on the issue or a. Opinion
problem
b. Support
 formally inform others of his position as s jumpstart to
build resolutions  Assertion of Claim No. 2

 provide well-defined, logical, and unique a. Opinion

methodology or approach in solving the problem
b. Support
 organize his discussion to define the framework of the
 Assertion of Claim No. 3
scheme
a. Opinion
 compose his credibility by illustrating a good
command of the issue and profound knowledge about it b. Support
 exhibit passion in expressing his arguments rather - Conclusion
than in using his emotional term
 Restating of Argument
 be consistent in his position in the discussion
 Providing Plan of Action
 credit his sources accurately

Reasons for using surveys

Developing and Supporting an Argument
- Costs – use of questionnaires is less expensive
- Provide evidences to support his claims. - Time – less time is needed in administering the
survey questionnaire
Types of Evidences
- Accessibility – survey questionnaire can be sent
1. Factual Knowledge through postal or electronic mail when it is needed, or
online through Google forms, etc.
- Refers to the information that is valid and justifiable - Privacy and anonymity – assures privacy and
2. Statistical Inferences anonymity of respondents

- Which are conclusions derived from gathered data Principle in Writing a Good Survey Design

3. Informed opinion 1. Focus - Every question you create ties back to a

-Based on knowledge of facts which are carefully specific objective
considered. It is drawn from evidences instead of - the first principle what a researcher should
limited personal experience. consider in writing his questionnaire
4. Personal testimony 2. Connection - The quality of information you will
- Which is considered as firsthand experience of the get from your survey depends on how well you
writer
connect with your respondents
- Establishes connection by communicating the
Parts of Position Paper objectives and benefits of your study
3. Respect
- Introduction - Respect their time
- Body - Do not ask too many questions
- Conclusion - Ask only relevant questions
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Avoid asking for information you already know
- Ask them to answer to their most convenient time
- Introduction 4. Action
- The reason why you’re doing this survey is you want
a. Introduction of the Topic
b. Background of the Topic them to take action, or
c. Thesis Statement - Make a relevant decision after the survey
- Body - If there is no need to do the survey
- Actions can be improving the school facilities, change
A. The Counterclaim the services offered, enhance the quality of teaching
 Summary of the Counterclaim 5. Engagement
- sums up the four other principles
 Supporting Information for the Counterclaim - if you follow the first four, the result will be an
 Refuting of the Counterclaim engaged respondents
 better response rate
better information
- offer to share the results and what will be done to the
information they have provided
increase their engagement to the future surveys
How to Write a Good Survey
1. Speak the language of your respondents
- Simple Language – direct to the point
- Avoid double negatives, high falutin words, unfamiliar
jargons and overly technical concepts
2. Consider “Balance not Bias” in drafting your
questions
- Questions must be objective, and must not lead to
biased responses
Question Structure Types
Fixed Alternate Question

- Gives choices or alternatives for respondents to

chooses
- Best for quantitative research

After Drafting
1. Consult your teacher or an expert
- Validate the questionnaire before floating it
2. Revise
- After comments and suggestions are given, revise the
questions.
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