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    Nervous System

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    Gracielle Angelyka Peralta
    The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its main functions and components. It discusses the central nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system which detects stimuli and communicates messages. It describes the different cell types including neurons and glial cells. It outlines the main parts and types of neurons, as well as the roles of different glial cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

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    Nervous System

    Uploaded by

    Gracielle Angelyka Peralta
    12 views6 pages
    The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its main functions and components. It discusses the central nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system which detects stimuli and communicates messages. It describes the different cell types including neurons and glial cells. It outlines the main parts and types of neurons, as well as the roles of different glial cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

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    Nervous-System

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    The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its main functions and components. It discusses the central nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system which detects stimuli and communicates messages. It describes the different cell types including neurons and glial cells. It outlines the main parts and types of neurons, as well as the roles of different glial cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    12 views6 pages

    Nervous System

    Uploaded by

    Gracielle Angelyka Peralta
    The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its main functions and components. It discusses the central nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system which detects stimuli and communicates messages. It describes the different cell types including neurons and glial cells. It outlines the main parts and types of neurons, as well as the roles of different glial cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    Anaphy Lecture

    FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM


    1. Maintaining Homeostasis
    2. Receiving Sensory Input
    3. Integrating Information
    4. Controlling muscles and glands
    5. Establishing and maintaining mental activity

    TWO MAIN PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM


    Central Nervous System
    receives information from and sends information to the body.
    • Brain
    • Spinal chord

    Peripheral Nervous System


    Responsible for detecting stimuli in and around the body and sending that
    information to the CNS and then communicating messages from the CNS
    to the body.

    SENSORY DIVISION

    Afferent Division
    • transmits electrical signals from specialized receptors in the
    body toward the CNS. For this reason, the sensory division is also
    called the afferent division

    MOTOR DIVISION

    Efferent Division
    • transmits electrical signals from the CNS to effector organs,
    such as muscles and glands. Thus, the motor division is also called
    the efferent division
    Anaphy Lecture
    TWO BRANCHES

    SOMATIC
    • the voluntary division of the motor division. It allows you to
    decide to move your skeletal muscles, such as when raising your
    hand to ask a question, or to stand and walk across the room.
    AUTONOMIC
    • the involuntary division of the motor division. It regulates
    activities without our conscious control such as contractions of
    cardiac muscle and smooth muscle and secretions by certain
    glands. For example, your heart rate increases when you hear an
    unexpected loud noise that startles you.

    Difference Between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

    Sympathetic
    • Primary process is to stimulate the body’s “fight-or-flight”
    response
    Parasympathetic
    • Responsible for stimulation of “rest-and-digest” or “feed-and-
    breed” activities
    Enteric
    • Consists of neuronal networks within the wall of the digestive
    tract

    NERVOUS SYSTEM
    Peripheral Nervous System Central Nervous System
    Autonomic Nervous Somatic Nervous
    System System
    Sympathetic Nervous Parasympathetic
    Enteric Nervous System
    System Nervous System

    CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM


    The two cell types that make up the nervous system, neurons and glial cells,
    work together to monitor the body’s environment and make changes when
    needed.
    Anaphy Lecture
    Neurons
    the electrically excitable cells of the nervous system. There are three
    parts to most types of neuron: (1) a neuron cell body, (2) dendrites, and
    (3) a single axon.
    A NEURON CELL BODY
    • Performs the typical functions of any cell, such as protein
    synthesis and packaging of proteins into vesicles.
    DENDRITES
    • Are extensions of the cell body and receive information from
    other neurons or from sensory receptors.
    AXONS
    • In most neurons, a single axon arises from a cone-shaped area of
    the neuron cell body called the axon hillock.

    TYPES OF NEURONS: Functional Classification

    1. Sensory Neurons
    • Affector
    2. Interneurons
    • In the CNS
    3. Motor Neurons
    • Effector

    TYPES OF NEURONS: Number of Dendrites

    MULTIPOLAR NEURON

    They have many dendrites and a single axon


    The dendrites vary in number and in their degree of branching
    Most of the neurons within the CNS and motor neurons of the PNS are
    multipolar

    BIPOLAR NEURON

    They have two processes


    • One dendrite and one axon
    The dendrite is often specialized to receive the stimulus, and the axon
    conducts action potentials to the CNS
    Anaphy Lecture
    Bipolar neurons are located in some sensory organs, such as in the retina
    of the eye and in the nasal cavity

    PSEUDO-UNIPOLAR NEURON

    Appears to have an axion and n dendrites


    These neurons have a single process extending from the cell body, which
    divides into two branches a short distance from the cell body
    The TWO BRANCHES function as a single axon. One branch, the
    peripheral process, extends to the periphery and has dendrites. These
    dendrites either act as a sensory receptor or communicate with a sensory
    receptor
    The OTHER BRANCHES, called the central process extends to the CNS

    ANAXONIC NEURON

    Has multiple branches but no axons


    Do not have axons and only have dendrites projecting from their cell body
    Found within the brain and retina, these neurons communicate using only
    graded potentials and not action potentials

    Glial/Neuroglia
    Glial cells are support cells for neurons. There are four types of CNS glial
    cells: (1) astrocytes, (2) ependymal cells, (3) microglia, and (4)
    oligodendrocytes.

    TYPES OF NEUROGLIA: Central Nervous System

    ASTROCYTES
    • star-shaped glial cells with cytoplasmic processes extending
    from their cell bodies. These extensions widen and spread out to
    form foot processes, which cover the surfaces of blood vessels
    EPENDYMAL CELLS
    • line the ventricles (cavities) of the brain and the central canal
    of the spinal cord
    • Some ependymal cells have patches of cilia that assist in the flow
    of cerebrospinal fluid.
    Anaphy Lecture
    • Ependymal cells also have long processes at their basal surfaces
    that extend deep into the brain and the spinal cord and seem, in
    some cases, to have astrocyte-like functions.

    MICROGLIA
    • Are CNS-specific immune cells derived from the same embryonic
    tissue as other immune cells within the blood
    OLIGODENDROCYTES
    • Extensions from oligodendrocytes form part of the myelin
    sheaths of several axons within the CNS

    TYPES OF NEUROGLIA: Peripheral Nervous System

    SATELLITE CELLS
    • Surround neuron cell bodies in sensory and autonomic ganglia
    • Besides providing support and nutrition to the neuron cell bodies,
    satellite cells protect neurons from heavy-metal poisons, such as
    lead and mercury, by absorbing them and reducing their access
    to the neuron cell bodies.
    SCHWANN CELLS
    • Forms the myelin sheaths
    • Outermost layer of the Schwann cell is called the neurilemma. It
    contains majority of the Schwann cell cytoplasm, nucleus and
    organelles.

    CEREBRAL CORTEX
    White Matter
    White appearance
    Gross inspection
    Inside
    White matter of the brain between the cortex and the nuclei is the
    cerebral medulla. This term should not be confused with medulla oblongata.
    The cerebral medulla consists of tracts that connect areas of the cerebral
    cortex to each other or to other parts of the CNS
    Anaphy Lecture
    Gray Matter
    Outside
    Gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum is the cerebral cortex,
    and clusters of gray matter deep inside the brain are nuclei. The cerebral
    cortex contains a number of neuron types, named largely for their shape,
    such as fusiform cells, stellate cells, and pyramidal cells

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