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• The basic organizational structure of the
human body is the cell.

• There are 50-100 trillion cells in the human

body.

• Differentiation is when cells specialize.

• As a result of differentiation, cells vary in size

and shape due to their unique function.
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1. All living things are composed of a cell or
cells.

2. Cells are the basic unit of life.

3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

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•Matthias Schleiden (German Scientist) conclude
that all plant parts are made of cells.

•Theodor Schwann also a German Scientist

concluded that all animal parts are made of cells.

•Because of his knowledge of Schleiden’s theory,

Schwann wrote the first two parts of the cell theory.

•About 20 years later another scientist, Rudolf

Virchow, discovered that cells couldn’t develop
from anything but other cells.

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1. Cell metabolism and energy use
2. Synthesis of molecules
3. Communication
4. Reproduction and inheritance
ONLY Bacteria

These types of cells have no

membrane covered nucleus.
They are bacteria cells.
Have circular DNA
 TWO KINDS:
PLANT AND ANIMAL
• Have a nucleus
• Have a membrane - covered
organelles
• Have linear DNA
 Smooth endoplasmic
Vacuole reticulum
Ribosome
(free)
Chloroplast
Ribosome
(attached)
Cell
Membrane
Nuclear
Cell wall envelope

Nucleolus

Golgi apparatus
Nucleus

Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Plant Cell
 Compare and Contrast

Animal Cells Plant Cells

Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus Cell Wall
Centrioles Lysosomes Chloroplasts
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Also called a ‘typical’

Phospholipid bilayer

Flagellum

Nucleus

cell Nuclear envelope

Nucleolus
Chromatin

Ribosomes

• Major parts include: Microtubules Basal body Cell membrane

Centrioles Rough
Endoplasmic

• Nucleus
reticulum
Mitochondrion
Smooth
Endoplasmic
reticulum

• Cytoplasm
• Cell membrane
Microvilli

Secretory
vesicles
Cilia
Golgi
apparatus

Microtubule

Microtubules

Lysosomes

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• Outer limit of the cell
• Controls what moves in and out of the cell
• Selectively permeable
• Phospholipid bilayer
• Water-soluble “heads” form surfaces (hydrophilic)
• Water-insoluble “tails” form interior (hydrophobic)
• Permeable to lipid-soluble substances
• Cholesterol stabilizes the membrane
• Proteins:
• Receptors
• Pores, channels and carriers
• Enzymes, CAMS

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CELL MEMBRANE
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Extracellular side
of membrane

Glycolipid Carbohydrate Fibrous protein

Glycoprotein

“Heads” of
phospholipid

Double
“Tails” of
layer of
phospholipid Phospholipid
molecules

Cell membrane Cell membrane

(a) (b) Cholesterol Globular Hydrophobic
a: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. molecules protein fatty acid
“tail”
Cytoplasmic side Hydrophilic
of membrane Phosphate
“head”

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 Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
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• Guide cells on the move

• Selectin – allows white blood White blood cell

cells to “anchor” Attachment

(rolling)
Selectin

Carbohydrates

• Integrin – guides white blood on capillary wall

Adhesion
cells through capillary walls Integrin
Adhesion
receptor proteins

• Important for growth of Blood vessel

lining cell Exit
Splinter

embryonic tissue
• Important for growth of nerve
cells
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 CYTOPLASM
• Cytosol = water

• Organelles = solids

Cytoplasm is really like a Jello fruit salad

where the Jello is the cytosol and the fruits
(oranges, grapes, bananas, maybe walnuts,
etc.) are the organelles.
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 ORGANELLES
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Connected, membrane-bound sacs,
canals, and vesicles
• Transport system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Rough ER Membranes

• Studded with ribosomes Membranes

• Smooth ER
• Lipid synthesis
• Added to proteins
arriving from rough ER
• Break down of drugs (b)
Ribosomes
(c)

Ribosomes
• Free floating or connected to ER
• Provide structural support and enzyme activity
to amino acids to form protein
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Golgi apparatus
• Stack of flattened,
membranous sacs Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Modifies, packages
and delivers proteins
Vesicles
• Membranous sacs
• Store substances
Inner membrane
Cristae

Mitochondria
• Membranous sacs
with inner partitions (a) (b)
Outer membrane

• Generate energy a: © Bill Longcore/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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Lysosomes Centrosome
• Enzyme-containing • Two rod-like centrioles
sacs • Used to produce cilia and
• Digest worn out cell flagella
parts or unwanted • Distributes chromosomes
substances during cell division
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Peroxisomes
• Enzyme-containing
sacs Centriole
(cross-section)

• Break down organic

molecules
Centriole
(longitudinal section)
(a)
a: © Don W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited
(b) 19
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cilia
• Short hair-like projections
• Propel substances on cell
surface

Flagellum (a)

• Long tail-like projection

• Provides motility to sperm

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Microfilaments and microtubules Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Microtubules
• Thin rods and tubules
• Support cytoplasm
• Allows for movement of
organelles

Inclusions
• Temporary nutrients and
pigments
Microfilaments
© M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited

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 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

•Control center of the cell

• Nuclear envelope
• Porous double membrane
• Separates nucleoplasm from
cytoplasm
• Nucleolus
• Dense collection of RNA and Nucleus
Nuclear
proteins envelope

• Site of ribosome production Nucleolus

• Chromatin
• Fibers of DNA and proteins Chromatin

• Stores information for synthesis of Nuclear

pores
proteins (a)

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 3.3: Movements Into and Out of
the Cell

Passive (Physical) Active (Physiological)

Processes Processes
• Require no cellular • Require cellular energy
energy and include: and include:
• Simple diffusion • Active transport
• Facilitated • Endocytosis
diffusion • Exocytosis
• Osmosis • Transcytosis
• Filtration
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 Simple Diffusion
• Movement of substances from regions of higher concentration to
regions of lower concentration
• Oxygen, carbon dioxide and lipid-soluble substances
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Permeable Solute molecule

membrane Water molecule

A B A B A B

(1) (2) (3)

Time 24
 Facilitated Diffusion
• Diffusion across a membrane with the help of a channel or carrier
molecule Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Glucose and amino acids

Region of higher
concentration

Transported
substance

Region of lower
concentration
Protein carrier
molecule

Cell
membrane
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 Osmosis
• Movement of water through a selectively permeable
membrane from regions of higher concentration to
regions of lower concentration
• Water moves toward a higher concentration of solutes
Selectively
permeable Protein molecule
membrane Water molecule

A B

(1) (2)
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Time
 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Osmotic Pressure – ability of osmosis to generate

enough pressure to move a volume of water
• Osmotic pressure increases as the concentration (a)

of nonpermeable solutes increases

• Isotonic – same osmotic pressure
• Hypertonic – higher osmotic
pressure (water loss) (b)

• Hypotonic – lower osmotic

pressure (water gain)

(c)
© David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited

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 Active Transport
• Carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from
regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration
• Sugars, amino acids, sodium ions, potassium ions, etc.
Carrier protein Binding site
Region of higher
concentration
Cell membrane

Region of lower
Phospholipid concentration
molecules Transported
particle

(a)

Carrier protein
with altered shape

Cellular
energy

(b) 28