Learning Activity No.

11 TINCTURE FORMULA:

Tinctures are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic lodine 20 g

solutions prepared from vegetable
materials or from chemical substances. Sodium iodide 24 g
The proportion of drug represented in the
different chemical tinctures is not uniform Diluted Alcohol, q.s.
but varies according to the established
standards for each. Traditionally, tinctures To make 1000 ml
of potent vegetable drugs essentially
represent the activity of 10 g of the drug in PREPARATION: Dissolve the iodine and
each 100 mL of tincture, the potency being sodium iodide in a sufficient quantity of
adjusted following assay. Most other diluted alcohol to make the product
vegetable tinctures represent 20 g of the measure 1000 ml.
respective vegetable material in each 100
mL of tincture. Description: A transparent liquid having a
reddish-brown color and the odors of
The soaking process extracts the active iodine and alcohol.
components of the herb or herbs. Alcohol
is often the liquid of choice, as it can Uses: As germicides and fungicides.
extract components, such as resins and
alkaloids, that are not water-soluble. Important Notes: Sodium iodide is used
to stabilized the tincture and make it
People usually take tinctures orally by miscible with water in all proportions.
using a dropper to place the liquid under More than enough iodide is present to
their tongue. combine with all the iodine to form Nal3,
thus lodine will not react with the alcohol
Depending on the types of herbs involved, to form acetaldehyde and hydrogen
tinctures can include various parts of the iodide. If hydroiodic acid was formed. The
plant. Some of the most common parts in solution would be more painful when
herbal tinctures include: applied to wounds.

● dried leaves Learning Activity No. 8

● bark
● berries SYRUP
● roots
● fresh leaves Saturated solution of sucrose in purified
water, sweet viscous preparations. Syrups
lodine Tincture containing medicinal substances are
called medicated syrups and those
SYNONYMS: Tinctura lodi; Mild Tincture of containing aromatic or flavored
lodine; Solutio lodi Spiritousa; Weak substances are known as flavored syrups.
Solution of lodine
Syrups are highly concentrated, aqueous *Sucrose 850 g
solutions of sugar or a sugar substitute that
traditionally contain a flavouring agent, e.g. *Purified Water q.s.
cherry syrup, cocoa syrup, orange
syrup, raspberry syrup. An unflavoured To make 1000 ml
syrup is available that is composed of an
aqueous solution containing 85% PREPARATION:
sucrose. Therapeutic agents may either be
directly incorporated into these systems or 1. Add the sugar in purified water.
may be added as the syrup is being
prepared. If the former method is employed, 2. Apply heat until solution is clear.
it is important to ensure that the therapeutic
agent is soluble within the syrup base. 3. Do not overheat the syrup to avoid
inversion.
The major components of syrups are as
follows: USES:

● Purified water *Sweet vehicle

● Sugar (sucrose) or sugar substitutes
(artificial sweeteners). "Sweetening agent

Traditionally syrups are composed of "Excipient in pills

sucrose (usually between 60 and 80%)
and purified water. Due to the inherent *As a basis for many flavored and
sweetness and moderately high viscosity of medicated syrups
these systems, the addition of other
sweetening agents and viscosity-modifying Learning Activity No.7 SOLUTIONS
agents is not required. In addition, the high
concentration of sucrose and associated Solutions are prepared from combination
unavailability of water (termed low water of solid, liquid or gas.
activity) ensures that the addition of
preservatives is not required. As the ● Homogenous One-phase
concentration of sucrose is reduced Transparent system consisting of
from the upper limit (eg. through two or more components.
dilution), the addition of preservatives may ● The components do not separate on
be required. standing
● The components cannot be
Simple Syrup separated by filtration.

SYNONYMS: Syrups; Sirup; Simple Syrup; These are prepared by dissolving

Jarabe the active ingredient(s) in a solvent.
Aqueous (water, aromatic water or extracts)
FORMULA: Non aqueous (ethanol, glycerol, propylene
glycol, certain oils). A solution must retain
its clarity, colour, odour, taste and viscosity
5. Drops
over its shelf life.
6. Draughts
Classification of pharmaceutical solutions
Based on vehicle used: On Body Surfaces In body Cavities

1. Collodions 1. Douches
Aqueous Sweet&/or Nonaqueou
Viscid s 2. Lotions 2. Enemas

1.Douches 1.Syrups 1.Elixirs 3. Liniments 3. Ear drops

2.Enemas 2.Honeys 2.Spirits 4. Nasal sprays

3.Gargles 3.Mucilages 3.Collodions

Methods of Preparation of Solutions
4.Mouthwas 4. Jellies 4.Glycerins
hes (a) Simple Solution- Prepared by
5.Lotions dissolving the solute in a suitable solvent
5.Nasal (by stirring or heating), sometimes the
washes 6. Liniments solvent may contain other ingredients which
stabilize or solubilize the active ingredient
6. Juices 7.Oleo
Vitamin
7.Sprays (b) Solution by Chemical Reaction-
Prepared by reacting two or more solutes
8.Otic with each other in a suitable solvent
solutions
(c) Solution by Extraction - Plant or
9.Inhalation
animal products are prepared by suitable
s
extraction process. Preparations of this type
may be classified as solutions but more
often, are classified as extractives.

Calcium hydroxide Solution

Classification of pharmaceutical solutions
Based on Purpose SYNONYMS: Liquor Calcii Hydroxidi; Liquor
Calsis; Aqua Calcariae

Oral In mouth & throat

FORMULA:
1. Syrups 1. Mouth washes
*Calcium hydroxide 3g
2. Elixirs 2. Gargles
*Purified Water q.s.
3. Spirits 3. Throat paint
To make 1000 ml
4. Linctuses 4. Throat sprays
PREPARATION: 2. Add the iodine and stir thoroughly.

1. Agitate vigorously and repeatedly during 3. Add sufficient quantity of purified water to
1 hour the calcium hydroxide in the cooled make 1000 ml.
purified water.
USES:
2. Allow excess of calcium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2 to settle and dispense only the ● In thyrotoxicosis used to reduce the
clear supernatant liquid. metabolic rate prior to operation on
the thyroid-0.3 ml three times daily.
USES: ● It is used as a germicide and
fungicide.
● Topically as a protective in various
types of lotion. Magnesium citrate Solution
● USP clarifies it as an astringent.
● Often times included in the diet of SYNONYMS: Liquor Magnesii Citratis;
infants to insure adequate calcium Citrate of Magnesia; "Citrate"
intake.
FORMULA:
IMPORTANT NOTES: Undissolved portion
of the mixture is not suitable for preparing *Magnesium carbonate 15 g
quickly converted into soluble carbonate.
*Citric acid (anhydrous) 27.4 g
Strong lodine Solution
*Syrup 60 ml
SYNONYMS: Liquor lodi Fortis; Lugol's
Solution; Solutio lodi Aquosa; Compound *Talc 5g
lodine Solution
*Lemon oil 0.1 ml
FORMULA:
*Potassium bicarbonate 2.5 g
*Iodine 50 g
*Purified Water q.s.
*Potassium iodide 100 g
To make 350 ml
*Purified Water, q.s.
Note: An amount of citric acid containing 1
To make 1000 ml molecule of hydration, equivalent to 247 g of
anhydrous citric acid may be used in the
PREPARATION: formula.

1. Dissolve the potassium iodide in 100 ml

purified water.
PREPARATION:
*Vegetable oil 350 ml
1. Dissolve the citric acid in 150 ml of hot
water, add the magnesium carbonate *Potassium hydroxide 73 g
previously mixed with 100 ml of purified
water and stir until dissolve. *Alcohol 55 ml

2. Add the syrup, heat the mixed liquids to *Purified Water q.s.
boiling, and immediately add the lemon oil
previously triturated with talc. To make 1000 ml

3. Filter the mixture while hot into a bottle PREPARATION: Chemical or Simple 1. In a
(previously rinsed with boiling purified hot plate with temperature not more than 90
water) of suitable capacity. degrees Celsius, mix all the ingredients,
except for the purified water.
4. Add sufficient of the boiled purified water
to make 350 ml. (Note: Saponification process is complete if
the solution is clear, there is formation of
5. Stopper with purified cotton and allow it to bubbles, no oil globules. It is incomplete if it
cool. has globules.)

6. Then add potassium bicarbonate and TO TEST: Add 1 drop of the mixture into 1
immediately stopper the bottle. ml of water.

7. Shake the solution occasionally until DESCRIPTION: Yellowish-brown or

potassium bicarbonate is dissolved. reddish-brown liquid

8. Keep the bottle on its side in a cool place, USES:

preferably in a refrigerator. ● Disinfecting and anti-corrosive
medicine
USE: Saline cathartic. ● Used to treat excrement

IMPORTANT NOTES: Undissolved portion APPLICATION METHOD & DOSAGE: 1-

of the mixture is not suitable for preparing 2% solution for disinfecting hands,
quickly converted into soluble carbonate. apparatus, environment; 5-10% solution for
treating excrement.
Saponated Cresol Solution
ATTENTION: This product is corrosive to
SYNONYMS: Lysol; Solucion de Cresol skin and mucous membrane. Handle with
Saponificada care. Preserve it by sealing it air tightly.
Protect it from light. Do not put it upside
FORMULA: down.

*Cresol 500 ml
Cresol most frequently used to describe soft,
● poisonous; immiscible in water (soap cosmetically acceptable types of
to dissolve) preparations.
● responsible for disinfecting
● caustic like phenol, can burn skin* Hydrophobic creams (w/o)
● (*Wash with alcohol or ethanol if it Hydrophobic creams are usually
touches the skin) anhydrous and absorb only small
● Upon addition of cresol, it will amounts of water. They contain w/o
become yellow after stirring. emulsifying agents such as wool fat,
sorbitan esters, and monoglycerides.
KOH - saponifying agent
Hydrophilic creams (o/w)
Ester - vegetable oil (fatty acid) Hydrophilic creams contain bases that are
miscible with water. They also contain o/w
SAPONIFICATION: conjugation process; emulsifying agents such as sodium or
hydrolysis of ester by an alkaloid triethanolamine soaps, sulfated fatty
alcohols, and polysorbates combined, if
Learning Activity No.6 CREAMS necessary, with w/o emulsifying agents.
These creams are essentially miscible with
OBJECTIVES skin secretions.
● Assess the uniformity of the
pharmaceutical product being Cold Cream
developed by examining its texture
and overall smoothness. SYNONYMS: Unguentum Aqua Rosae
● Examine the distinctions between Petrolatum; Petrolatum Rose Water
creams, ointments, and lotions in Ointment
terms of their composition,
characteristics, and usage. FORMULA:
● "Conduct thorough assessment of
product stability and shelf-life for *Spermaceti 125 g
safety and efficacy."
*White wax 120 g
Creams are semisolid dosage forms that
contain one or more drug substances *Mineral oil 560 g
dissolved or dispersed in a suitable base.
Their consistency and rheological properties *Sodium borate 5g
depend on the type of emulsion, either
water-in-oil (w/o) or oil-in-water (o/w), and *Purified water 190 ml
on the nature of the solids in the internal
phase. Creams are intended for application To make 1000 ml
to the skin or certain mucous membranes
for protective, therapeutic, or prophylactic
purposes, especially where an occlusive
effect is not necessary. The term "cream" is
PREPARATION: hydrocarbons, waxes, or polyols as the
vehicle.
1. Cut spermaceti and white wax to small
pieces. Ointments are used topically for several
purposes, e.g., as protectants, antiseptics,
2. Melt on a steam bath with mineral oil and emollients, antipruritics, kerotolytics, and
continuous heating until the temperature of astringents. The vehicle or base of an
the mixture is 70 degree Celsius. ointment is of prime importance if the
finished product is expected to function as
3. Warm the purified water to 70 degree any one of the above categories.
Celsius and dissolve it in the sodium borate.
Ointment Bases
4. Gradually add the warm solution to the
melted mixture, stirring rapidly and There are five (5) classes or types of
continuously until congealed. ointment bases which are differentiated on
● If the ointment has been chilled, the basis of
warm it slightly before attempting to
incorporate the other ingredients. their physical composition. These are:

USES: 1. oleaginous bases

● Emollient, cleansing creams and 2. absorption bases

ointment base.
● The present Petrolatum Rose water 3. water in oil emulsion bases
Ointment differs from the formerly
official one. 4. oil in water emulsion bases
● The fragrant rose oil and Stronger
Rose Water have been omitted. 5. water soluble or water miscible
● It also resembles the long bases
established Rose Water Ointment
differing only in the replacement of
Expressed Almond Oil or Persic Oil
by the equal weight of Mineral Oil
thus omitting the fragrance.
● The change produces an ointment
base which is not subject to rancidity
like one containing a vegetable oil.

Learning Activity No.5 OINTMENTS

Ointments are semisolids intended for

external application to the skin or mucous
membranes. They usually contain less than
20% water and volatiles and more than 50%
 PREPARATION: By fusion.

USES:

● Emollient and vehicle for other

ointments.

● Used for preparation of other

ointments as ointment base.

Zinc Oxide Ointment

SYNONYMS: Unguentum Zinci Oxidi; Zinc

Ointment; Desitin (BN); Zinc oxide- topical
(GN)

FORMULA:

*Zinc oxide 200 g

*Mineral oil 150 g

*White ointment 500 g

To make 1000 g

PREPARATION: By mechanical
incorporation.

USES:
White Ointment ● This medication is used to treat and
prevent diaper rash and other minor
SYNONYMS: Unguentum Album; skin irritations (e.g., burns, cuts,
Unguentum Simplex; Oinment USP; Simple scrapes).
Ointment ● It works by forming a barrier on the
skin to protect it from
FORMULA: irritants/moisture.
● Mild astringent, protective and
*White wax 50 g antiseptic.
● Employed in the treatment of skin
*White petrolatum 950 g diseases and infections such as
eczema, impetigo, ringworm,
To make 1000 g
 pruritus, psoriasis and varicose
ulcers.

HOW TO USE:

1. Used this medication on skin only.

2. Follow all directions on the product

package or use as directed by your doctor.

3. If you are uncertain about any of the

information, consult your doctor or
pharmacist.

4. Avoid getting this medication in the eyes.

5. If you do get the medication in the eyes,

flush with plenty of water.
6. This medication should start working
within 12 hours.

7. Tell your doctor if your condition worsens,

does not improve, persists for more than 7
days, or occurs again after a few days.

Sulfur Ointment

SYNONYMS: Unguentum Sulfurium;

Asupre

FORMULA:

*Precipitated Sulfur 10 g

*Liquid Petrolatum 10 g

*White ointment 80 g

To make 100 g

PREPARATION: By fusion.