Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)

Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes

Section 3.1 Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential Functions
I. Derivative of Constant and Power Functions
𝒅𝒅
Constant Rule: (𝒄𝒄) = 𝟎𝟎 (where 𝒄𝒄 is a constant)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝑑𝑑
Example: (−87) = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝒅𝒅
Power Rule: (𝒙𝒙𝒏𝒏 ) = 𝒏𝒏𝒙𝒙𝒏𝒏−𝟏𝟏
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
Proof: Use the definition of the derivative to prove the power rule:

Example 1: Find the derivative

(𝑥𝑥 −2 )(𝑥𝑥 9 )
a.𝑦𝑦 =
𝑥𝑥 −3

1
b. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = � 9 � (𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥

c. 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 2𝜋𝜋+5𝑒𝑒 )

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
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d. 𝑦𝑦 = �𝑥𝑥 √𝑥𝑥 2 �

𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅
Constant Multiple Rule: [𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄(𝒙𝒙)] = 𝒄𝒄 [𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)]
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅
Sum/Difference Rules: [𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) ± 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙)] = [𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)] ± [𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙)]
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

Example 2: Find the derivative of:

7 4 15
a. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 5 + √𝑥𝑥 − +9
6 3 𝑥𝑥

√𝑥𝑥+𝑥𝑥−5
b. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
𝑥𝑥 2

II. The Derivative of an Exponential Function

𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅
Exponentials: (𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 ) = 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 and (𝒂𝒂𝒙𝒙 ) = 𝒂𝒂𝒙𝒙 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒂𝒂 (will cover more in section 3.4)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
Example 3: Find the first and second derivative of
2 𝑥𝑥 5 5 6
a. 𝑦𝑦 = 7𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − − 6√𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑥 b. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = − 3𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − √𝑥𝑥 − 11
5𝑥𝑥 4 𝑥𝑥

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)

Example 4: Find the point(s) on the graph of 𝑦𝑦 where the tangent line is horizontal.
𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 12𝑥𝑥 + 1

Example 5: Find an equation of the tangent line and normal line to the curve at
the given point: (Note: a normal line through a point P is perpendicular to the tangent
line at point P.)
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 4 ; (1, 0)

Example 6: What is the value of c such that the line 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 3 is tangent to the
parabola 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐𝑥𝑥 2 ?

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)

_____________________________________________________________
Your Turn
1. Find the first derivatives of 𝑦𝑦 = 4 − 2𝑥𝑥 6 + 2√𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 −3 + 7𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 7𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 .

4 5
2. Find the derivative of 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 3⁄2 + 2𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − +4
𝑥𝑥 7 √𝑥𝑥

3. Find the equation of the tangent and normal line to the curve where 𝑥𝑥 = −1:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 4 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Section 3.2 The Products and Quotient Rules
I. Product Rule
𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅
Product Rule: 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
[𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙)] = 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
[𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙)] + 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
[𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)] 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 (𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇)′ = 𝒇𝒇𝒈𝒈′ + 𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈′

Example 1. Find the derivative of: 𝑦𝑦 = (5𝑥𝑥 2 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 7 + √𝑥𝑥).

1
Example 2. Differentiate: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 3 (𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 ).

Example 3: Differentiate: 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑥)(𝑥𝑥 −4 + 𝑥𝑥 −2 )

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)

Example 4: Find 𝑦𝑦′ if 𝑦𝑦 = (1 − 5𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 )√𝑥𝑥 − 9

II. Quotient Rule

𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙) [𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)]−𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) [𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙)] 𝒇𝒇 ′ 𝒈𝒈𝒇𝒇′ −𝒇𝒇𝒈𝒈′ 𝑵𝑵′ 𝑫𝑫−𝑵𝑵𝑫𝑫′
Quotient Rule: � � = 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
[𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙)]𝟐𝟐
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
In other words: � � = 𝒈𝒈𝟐𝟐
= 𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙) 𝒈𝒈

Example 5:

5𝑥𝑥 2 −2 1−𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
a. Differentiate: 𝑦𝑦 = . b. Differentiate: 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = .
𝑥𝑥 3 +1 𝑥𝑥+𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
III. The Second Derivative
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 [𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥)] also written 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2
= 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � or 𝑦𝑦 ′′ = (𝑦𝑦 ′ )′

Example 6: Find the second derivative of

𝑥𝑥 2 2
𝑎𝑎) 𝑦𝑦 = 5𝑥𝑥 4 −
3
+ 𝑥𝑥 3 b) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 √𝑥𝑥 c)𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥+3
4

Note: If 𝑠𝑠(𝑡𝑡) is a position function, then 𝑠𝑠 ′ (𝑡𝑡) is the velocity function, and 𝑠𝑠 ′′ (𝑡𝑡) is the acceleration
function. Acceleration measures the rate of change of velocity.

Example 7: The equation of motion of a particle is:

𝑠𝑠 = 𝑡𝑡 4 − 2𝑡𝑡 3 + 𝑡𝑡 2 − 𝑡𝑡, where s is in meters and t is in seconds.

a. Find the velocity and acceleration as functions of t.

b. Find the velocity and acceleration after 2 seconds.

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
IV. The n Derivative
th

To get the third derivative, fourth derivative, fifth derivative, etc., just keep differentiating. For
example: The function: 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 4𝑥𝑥 3 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑥 − 1:

First derivative: 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 12𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 5

Second derivative: 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 24𝑥𝑥 − 4

Third derivative: 𝑓𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥𝑥) = 24

Fourth derivative: 𝑓𝑓 (4) (𝑥𝑥) = 0

Fifth derivative: 𝑓𝑓 (5) (𝑥𝑥) = 0

𝑥𝑥
Example 8: Given: 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥

a. Find:

𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) 𝑓𝑓 ′′ (𝑥𝑥) 𝑓𝑓′′′(𝑥𝑥)

b. Find the nth derivative.

___________________________________________________________
Your Turn
1. Find the derivative of 𝑔𝑔(𝑡𝑡) = (𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡 + 2)(𝑡𝑡 3 − 5)

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
5−𝑥𝑥
2. Differentiate: 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 −3

𝑥𝑥
3. Find the first and second derivative: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 3 +1.

𝑥𝑥−1
4. Find equation(s) of the tangent line(s) to the curve: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥+1 that are parallel to the line:

𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦 = 2.

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Section 3.3 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
I. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅
(𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙) = 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 (𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙) = − 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
Example 1:
𝑑𝑑
(𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Example 2:
𝑑𝑑
(𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Example 3:
𝑑𝑑 cos 𝑥𝑥
�
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1−sin 𝑥𝑥
�=

Example 4: Derive the derivative of y = tan 𝑥𝑥:

Example 5: Derive the derivative of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)

𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅
(𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝒙𝒙) = 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐜𝐜 𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 (𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙) = − 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅
(𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙) = 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒙𝒙 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝒙𝒙 (𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙) = − 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒙𝒙
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

Example 6: a. Find 𝑦𝑦 ′′ if 𝑦𝑦 = sec 𝑥𝑥.

𝑑𝑑875
b. Find: (sin 𝑥𝑥).
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 875

𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝜽𝜽
II. Limits with
𝜽𝜽
sin 𝜃𝜃
lim =
𝜃𝜃→0 𝜃𝜃

Note:
sin 2𝑡𝑡
lim =
𝑡𝑡→0 2𝑡𝑡
Explanation: Let 𝜃𝜃 = 2𝑡𝑡,

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Example 7:
sin 2𝑥𝑥
Find: lim .
𝑥𝑥→0 5𝑥𝑥

Example 8:
cos ℎ − 1
Find lim .
ℎ→0 ℎ

Example 9:
tan 𝑡𝑡 sec 2𝑡𝑡
Find lim .
𝑡𝑡→0 3𝑡𝑡

1 1
Example 10: a) Evaluate lim 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 �𝑥𝑥� b) Evaluate lim 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 �𝑥𝑥�.
𝑥𝑥→∞ 𝑥𝑥→0

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Your Turn: Practice!

1. Find 𝑦𝑦′ when 𝑦𝑦 = 5sin 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑥.

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
2. Find: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑦𝑦′ when 𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑥𝑥

3
3. Find: 𝑦𝑦′ when 𝑦𝑦 = cot 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑥𝑥 2 + 5𝜋𝜋 2 .

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 sin 𝑥𝑥+cos 𝑥𝑥+1

4. Find : 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 when 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥
. (Hint: simplify first)

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
𝜋𝜋
5. Find an equation for the tangent line of 𝑦𝑦 = (sin 𝑥𝑥 + cos 𝑥𝑥) sec 𝑥𝑥 at �4 , 2�

tan 3𝑥𝑥
6. Find: lim 𝑥𝑥
.
𝑥𝑥→0

7. Find: lim(𝑥𝑥 csc 𝑥𝑥).

𝑥𝑥→0

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Section 3.4 The Chain Rule

Example 1: Differentiate: 𝑦𝑦 = (2𝑥𝑥 4 − 5𝑥𝑥)2

I. The Chain Rule

Suppose a patient is taking an antibiotic medicine Ampicillin 250mg. The drug amount t hour after
its peak in the body could be modeled by: 𝐴𝐴(𝑡𝑡) = 250(0.8)𝑡𝑡 . However, the drug has a side effect
that it raises the patient’s heart rate. The heart rate is modeled as a function of the amount to drug
in the body: 𝐻𝐻(𝐴𝐴) = 60 + 0.2𝐴𝐴. Hence, the heart rate, t hour after taking the drug is: 𝐻𝐻(𝐴𝐴(𝑡𝑡)). This
is an example of a composition function. When we take the derivative of such a function, we use
the chain rule.
If 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑢𝑢) is a differentiable function of 𝑢𝑢, and 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) is a differentiable function of 𝑥𝑥,
then 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓�𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)� is a differentiable function of 𝑥𝑥, and
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= ⋅
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
Here’s another way to write the Chain Rule using functional notation:
(𝒇𝒇 ∘ 𝒈𝒈)′ (𝒙𝒙) = 𝒇𝒇
��
′
�𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙)�
��� 𝒈𝒈′ (𝒙𝒙)
�� ⋅ ���
derivative derivative
of outer of inner
Note: think: “𝑓𝑓 is the outer function, and 𝑔𝑔 is the inner function”
𝒅𝒅
The Extended Power Rule: 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 (𝒖𝒖𝒏𝒏 ) = 𝒏𝒏𝒖𝒖𝒏𝒏−𝟏𝟏 𝒖𝒖′

Example 2: Consider the chart:

Inner function Outer function
(𝑥𝑥 7 + 5)10
1
𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 +sin 𝑥𝑥
5
�7𝑥𝑥 3 +
𝑥𝑥

cos(log 𝑥𝑥)
3 −7
𝑒𝑒 5𝑥𝑥
ln(5𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 8𝑥𝑥 )

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Example 3: Differentiate: y = sin (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 ) with respect to 𝑥𝑥.
2 2 𝑥𝑥

3
Example 4: Find the derivative of 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑒𝑒 cos(𝑥𝑥 ) .

Example 5: Find the derivative of

a. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = tan(7 − sin 2𝑥𝑥 3 ).

b. 𝑦𝑦 = sin(cos(tan 𝑥𝑥))

2𝑥𝑥+1
Example 6: Find the derivative of: 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = �𝑥𝑥 2 +2

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Example 7: Differentiate 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (3𝑥𝑥 + 1) 4 (2𝑥𝑥 5
− 1) and simplify your answer by factoring.

II. The Derivative of 𝒂𝒂𝒙𝒙

𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥
(𝑎𝑎 ) = 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Example 8: Find the derivative of:
a) 𝑦𝑦 = 5√3𝑥𝑥+1

2𝑥𝑥
b) 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥−1

c. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥(6𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 )

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Your Turn: Practice!
1. Find the derivative of 𝑦𝑦 = (5𝑥𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑥 4 )7 2. Differentiate:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = (𝑥𝑥 − 2)8 (3𝑥𝑥 2 − 5)4

3. Differentiate: 𝑦𝑦 = sin6 𝑥𝑥 cos 5 𝑥𝑥. 4. Find 𝑓𝑓′(x)

4 𝑥𝑥 + 5
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = �
2𝑥𝑥 − 3

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
5. Differentiate: 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 − 5) ∙ √2𝑥𝑥 + 3 2 𝑥𝑥 3 +5𝑥𝑥
6. Find y’, given: 𝑦𝑦 = 4

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
7. Find: ; 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝑒𝑒 csc (𝑥𝑥 8. Find: ; 𝑦𝑦 = �sec(𝑥𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

19
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Math 180 Section 3.5 Implicit Differentiation
I. Implicit Differentiation
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
Recall the Chain Rule: (𝑥𝑥 3 + 1)3 = 3(𝑥𝑥 3 + 1)2 ⋅ (𝑥𝑥 3 + 1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦
If we let: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 1, then the above becomes: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(𝑦𝑦 3 ) = 3𝑦𝑦 2 ⋅
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
So, if 𝑦𝑦 is a function of 𝑥𝑥, then to take the derivative of 𝑦𝑦 3 with respect to 𝑥𝑥, use the Chain Rule.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
This allows us to find 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 even in equations where it’s difficult to solve for 𝑦𝑦 explicitly—for example,
the equation: 𝑥𝑥 4 + 𝑦𝑦 3 = 8𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦. The technique is called implicit differentiation.

Example 1: Given: 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 25.

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
a) Find 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

b) Find the slopes of the tangent lines at (3, 4) and (3, −4).

Example 2: Find: 𝑦𝑦′ , given: 𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + sin(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥).

20
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Example 3: Find an equation of the tangent line to 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = 6𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 at the point: (3, 3).
3 3

Example 4: Find: 𝑦𝑦′′ ; y = 4𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑦𝑦 2 + 7.

II. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Derive the derivative of: 𝑦𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥𝑥:

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Example 5: Find the derivative of: 𝑦𝑦 = sin −1 (𝑥𝑥 3 ).

Summary

𝒅𝒅 𝟏𝟏
�𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬−𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙� =
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 √𝟏𝟏 − 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
Example 6: Derive the derivative of 𝑦𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥𝑥:
𝒅𝒅 −𝟏𝟏
�𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 −𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙� =
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 √𝟏𝟏 − 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
𝒅𝒅 𝟏𝟏
�𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭−𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙� =
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
𝒅𝒅 −𝟏𝟏
�𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 −𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙� =
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 |𝒙𝒙|√𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏
𝒅𝒅 𝟏𝟏
�𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 −𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙� =
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 |𝒙𝒙|√𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏
𝒅𝒅 −𝟏𝟏
�𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 −𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙� =
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝟏𝟏 + 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐

Example 7
Find the derivative of:
a) 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 2 − 1) cos −1 𝑥𝑥. b) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = cos −1 (sin−1 𝑥𝑥)

22
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Your Turn: Practice!
1. Find 𝑦𝑦′ given that: 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦 3 + cos 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 .

2. Find an equation of the tangent line to 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3 + 2𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 at (1,1).

3. Find the derivative of 𝑦𝑦 = sec −1 (3𝑥𝑥 2 − 2).

2
4. Find the derivative of 𝑦𝑦 = �tan−1 √𝑥𝑥� .

23
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Section 3.6 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

I. Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

𝒅𝒅 𝟏𝟏
(𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒙𝒙) = (𝒙𝒙 > 𝟎𝟎)
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒙𝒙
Proof:

𝑑𝑑 1
Note: We can extend our results to include negative 𝑥𝑥-values: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(ln|𝑥𝑥|) =
𝑥𝑥
(𝑥𝑥 ≠ 0)

Example 1: Find the derivative of: 𝑦𝑦 = ln�𝑥𝑥 4 + √5𝑥𝑥�.

𝒅𝒅 𝟏𝟏
The derivative of 𝒚𝒚 = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙; 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
(𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒂𝒂 𝒙𝒙) =
𝒙𝒙 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒂𝒂

Proof:

Example 2: Differentiate: 𝑦𝑦 = �log 5 2𝑥𝑥.

24
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Example 3: Differentiate:

a. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = ln (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙5𝑥𝑥)

5𝑥𝑥 4 (�3𝑥𝑥 2 −5)

b. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � �
(𝑥𝑥 2 +1)3

II. Logarithmic Differentiation

The calculation of derivatives of complicated functions can often be simplified by
taking logarithms. The method is called logarithmic differentiation.
Steps: 1. Take natural log of both sides of an equation.
2. Differentiate implicitly with respect to x.
3. Solve the resulting equation for 𝑦𝑦′.
Example 4: Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑥𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥𝑥+3)1/2
Find 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 if 𝑦𝑦 = .
𝑥𝑥−1

25
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Example 5: Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of:
3
a. 𝑦𝑦 = (2𝑥𝑥)𝑥𝑥 −1

𝑏𝑏. 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙)𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 .

In general, there are four cases for exponents and bases:

𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑛
(𝑏𝑏 ) = 0 �𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)� = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛(𝑥𝑥)𝑛𝑛−1 𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
b and n are constants
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
�𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)�
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
, logarithmic differentiation
�𝑏𝑏 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) � = 𝑏𝑏 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙)𝑔𝑔′(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Your Turn: Practice!

1. Find the derivative of:

2𝑥𝑥+5
a) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥√ln 𝑥𝑥. b) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ��𝑥𝑥 2 +10𝑥𝑥+25�

26
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)

2. Find the derivative of: 𝑦𝑦 = cos(log 2 (𝑥𝑥 5 + 1)).

3. Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of 𝑦𝑦 with respect to 𝑥𝑥.

𝑥𝑥(2𝑥𝑥+1)3
a. 𝑦𝑦 =
√𝑥𝑥−2

sin2 (5𝑥𝑥)�𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 −𝟕𝟕𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 �

b. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝟓𝟓
� √𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑−𝟏𝟏�𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕(𝒙𝒙𝟒𝟒 )

27
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Section 3.7 Rates of Change in the Natural and Social Sciences
I. Physics
Suppose a particle (a dot for example) is moving along a coordinate line, and its position is given
by 𝑠𝑠(𝑡𝑡).

Position: 𝑠𝑠(𝑡𝑡) (Position can also be interpreted as displacement relative to 0.)

Velocity: 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑠𝑠 ′ (𝑡𝑡)
Acceleration: 𝑎𝑎(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑣𝑣 ′ (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑠𝑠 ′′ (𝑡𝑡)
Note: Velocity can be positive or negative. Positive means movement to right and negative
means movement to left. The speed of the particle, however, is always positive, and is given by
|𝒗𝒗(𝒕𝒕)|.
Example 1: The position of a particle is given by the equation 𝑠𝑠(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑡𝑡 3 − 5𝑡𝑡 2 + 3𝑡𝑡 (where 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 0 is
measured in seconds and 𝑠𝑠 is measured in meters).
a. Find the velocity at time, 𝑡𝑡.

b. What is the velocity after 2 seconds?

c. When is the particle at rest?

d. When is the particle moving in the positive direction?

e. Sketch a diagram to represent the motion of the particle.

28
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
f. Find the total distance traveled during the first 5 seconds.

g. Find the acceleration at time 𝑡𝑡 and after 3 seconds.

h. When is the particle speeding up? When is it slowing down?

II. Geometry
Example 2: How fast is the area of a circle changing with respect to the radius when the radius is 5
cm?

III. Density
Suppose you have a wire or rod of length 𝐿𝐿 and mass 𝑚𝑚. If the mass is evenly distributed, then the
𝑚𝑚 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
linear density is 𝜌𝜌 = 𝐿𝐿
(where the units might be something like 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
).
But what if the mass is not evenly distributed? Suppose we have a function for the mass of the
wire from 0 to 𝑥𝑥, call it 𝑚𝑚(𝑥𝑥).

Based on this, how can we determine the linear density at any given point on the wire?

29
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Example 3: The mass of a wire from the left end to a point 𝑥𝑥 cm to the right is √𝑥𝑥 grams. Find the
linear density when 𝑥𝑥 is 3 cm.

IV. Economics
Suppose 𝑐𝑐(𝑥𝑥) is a cost of producing x items. When the company produce 𝑥𝑥1 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥2 item, the
∆𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
additional cost is ∆𝑐𝑐 = 𝐶𝐶(𝑥𝑥2 ) − 𝐶𝐶(𝑥𝑥1 ), and the marginal cost: lim ∆𝑥𝑥 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
∆𝑥𝑥→0
Example 4
Given 𝑅𝑅(𝑥𝑥) = 20𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶(𝑥𝑥) = 0.1𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 10
a) Find the total profit function.

b) Find the marginal cost, revenue, and profit when 40 units are produced and sold.

This means that once 40 units have been produced and sold, the approximate profit from the sale
of the 41st item (marginal profit) is: __________.

30
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Your Turn: Practice!
1. The position of a particle is given by the equation 𝑠𝑠(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑡𝑡 3 − 9𝑡𝑡 2 + 24𝑡𝑡 + 1 (where 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 0 is
measured in seconds and 𝑠𝑠 is measured in meters).
a) What is the velocity after 1 second?

b) When is the particle at rest?

c) When is the particle moving in the positive direction?

d) Find the total distance traveled during the first 6 seconds.

e) When is the particle speeding up? When is it slowing down?

31
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
2. If a ball is thrown vertically upward with a velocity of 80 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓/𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, then its height after 𝑡𝑡 seconds is:
𝑠𝑠(𝑡𝑡) = 80𝑡𝑡 − 16𝑡𝑡 2 .
a) What is the maximum height reached by the ball?

b) What is the velocity of the ball when it is 96 ft above the ground on its way up? On its way
down?

32
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Section 3.8 Exponential Growth and Decay
I. Exponential Growth
Consider the function: 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 5𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥

Then its derivative is: 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 2(5𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥 ) = 2 ∙ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Theorem: A function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) satisfies the equation: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)

if and only if: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 , for some constant C.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Example 1: Find the function that satisfies the equation: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 0.005𝑃𝑃

The exponential growth equation: 𝑃𝑃(𝑡𝑡) = 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 , where 𝑃𝑃0 = 𝑃𝑃(0) = 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 (𝑘𝑘)(0) = 𝐶𝐶 ∙ 1 = 𝐶𝐶, which is
the initial value. The constant 𝑘𝑘 is called the rate of exponential growth or relative growth rate.

Example 2: A bacteria culture grows with constant relative growth rate. The bacterial count was
400 after 2 hours and 25,600 after 6 hours.

a) What is the relative growth rate?

b) What was the initial size of the culture?

c) Find an expression for the number of bacteria after t hours.

d) Find the rate of growth after 7 hours.

33
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
e) When will the population reach 50,000?

II. Radioactive Decay

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
The equation: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘 > 0 , show 𝑃𝑃 to be decreasing as a function of time 𝑡𝑡, and the
solution: 𝑃𝑃(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑃𝑃0 𝑒𝑒 −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 is the exponential decay function.
Theorem: The decay rate 𝑘𝑘 and the half-life 𝑇𝑇 are related by:
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 ≈ 0.693147 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑘𝑘 = 𝑇𝑇 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑘𝑘

Example 3: The half-life of cesium-137 is 30 years. Suppose we have a 100mg sample.

a) Find the mass that remains after 𝑡𝑡 years.

b) How much of the sample remains after 100 years?

c) After how long will only 1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 remain?

34
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
______________________________________________________________________________

Your turn: Practice!

1. a) How long will it take an investment to double in value if the interest rate is 6% compounded
continuously?

b) What is the equivalent annual interest rate?

2. Suppose two hours after drinking a cup of coffee, the amount of caffeine in your body was 60mg
and 30 mg after 5 hours. Assume the amount of caffeine 𝐴𝐴 decreases exponentially, what was the
original amount of caffeine in the cup of coffee? Write a function to model the amount of caffeine in
your body at time t. What does 𝐴𝐴′(7) mean?

35
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Section 3.9 Related Rates

Consider a square that is increasing in size over time. The area 𝐴𝐴 of a square grows faster than
the length 𝑥𝑥 of its sides. What exactly is the relationship between these rates? We know that 𝐴𝐴 =
𝑥𝑥 2 , and if we differentiate both sides with respect to time 𝒕𝒕, we get:

How fast is the area changing when the sides have length 4 m and are changing at a rate of 2 m/s?

Problem solving strategy:

1. Read the problem carefully.
2. Draw a diagram if possible.
3. Assign symbols/variables to all quantities that are functions of time.
4. Express the given information and the required rate in terms of derivatives.
5. Write an equation that relates the various quantities of the problem.
6. Use the Chain Rule to differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to t.
7. Substitute the given information into the resulting equation and solve for the unknown rate.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Example 1: Given 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑧𝑧 2 = 9; 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 5; 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 4, 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) = (2,2,1)

36
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Example 2: The radius of a sphere is increasing at a rate of 4 cm/sec. How fast is the volume
increasing when the diameter is 80 cm?

Example 3: A ladder 10 ft long rests against a vertical wall. If the bottom of the ladder slides away
at 1 ft/s, how fast is the top sliding down the wall when the bottom is 6 ft from the wall?

Example 4: Use example 2 above, how fast is the angle between the ladder and the ground
changing when the bottom of the ladder is 6ft from the wall?

37
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Example 5: Gravel is being dumped from a conveyor belt at a rate of 30𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 3 /𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, and its
coarseness is such that it forms a pile in the shape of a cone whose base diameter and height are
always equal. How fast is the height of the pile increasing when the pile is 10 ft high?

Example 6: A spotlight on the ground shines on a wall 12 m away. If a man 2 m tall walks from the
spotlight toward the building at a speed of 1.6 m/sec, how fast is the length of his shadow on the
building decreasing when he is 4 m from the building?

Example 7: Two people start from the same point. One walks east at 3 mi/h and the other walks
northeast at 2 mi/h. How fast is the distance between the people changing after 15 minutes?

38
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Your Turn: Practice!
4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1. If 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3 = 27 and 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 2, then what is 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
when 𝑥𝑥 = 2?

2. A cube’s surface area increases at the rate of 72 in2/sec. At what rate is the cube’s volume
changing when the edge length is 𝑥𝑥 = 3 in?

3. Water runs into a conical tank at the rate of 9 ft3/min. The tank stands point down and has a
height of 10 ft and a base radius of 4 ft. How fast is the water level rising when the water is 6 ft
deep?

39
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Section 3.10 Linear Approximations and Differentials

We can approximate functions with tangent lines when

close to the point of tangency. Since linear functions are
relatively easy to work with, this can really help
simplify calculations.

Suppose we want to find the tangent line at 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎.

Then we have a point �𝑎𝑎, 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎)� on the line, and the
slope 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑎𝑎) of the line, so using point-slope form, we get:
𝑦𝑦 − 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) = 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑎𝑎)(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎)

Using function notation, we get what’s called the

________________________ of 𝑓𝑓 at 𝑎𝑎:

𝑳𝑳(𝒙𝒙) = 𝒇𝒇(𝒂𝒂) + 𝒇𝒇′ (𝒂𝒂)(𝒙𝒙 − 𝒂𝒂)

Note that when 𝑥𝑥 is close to 𝑎𝑎, 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) ≈ 𝐿𝐿(𝑥𝑥).

Example 1:
Find the linearization of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = √1 + 𝑥𝑥 at 𝑥𝑥 = 0.

Approximation True value Error

0.2
√1.2 = √1 + 0.2 ≈ 1 + = 1.10 1.095445 0.004555
2
0.05
√1.05 = √1 + 0.05 ≈ 1 + = 1.025 1.024595 0.000405
2
0.005
√1.005 = √1 + 0.005 ≈ 1 + = 1.00250 1.002497 0.000003
2

40
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Linearization help approximate a function, but when we want to approximate the change in a
function, we use what are called __________________.

For 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), the differential 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 is an independent variable, and the

differential 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 is defined as: ∆𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 + ∆𝑥𝑥) −
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥). 𝑊𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ∆𝑥𝑥 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,
∆𝑦𝑦 ≈ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒇𝒇′ (𝒙𝒙) 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

Example 2: 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺: 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 5 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 2.

a) Find the differential 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 when 𝑥𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0.2.

b) Find the true change of the function, Δ𝑦𝑦.

c) Calculate the approximation error, |Δ𝑦𝑦 − 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑|.

Example 3: Use linear approximation to estimate the given number:

a) 𝑒𝑒 −0.015

41
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)

3
b)√45.

Example 4: The radius of a circular disk is given as 24 cm with a maximum error in measurement
of 0.2 cm.
a. Use differentials to estimate the maximum error in the calculated area of the disk.

b. What is the relative error? What is the percentage error?

42
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)

Your Turn: Practice!

𝜋𝜋
1. Find the linearization of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = cos 𝑥𝑥 at 𝑥𝑥 = 2 .

2. Find the differential (𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) of 𝑦𝑦 = sin(𝑥𝑥 2 ) + 2 cos 2 𝑥𝑥.

3. Use a linear approximation to estimate: √102.2.

43
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Section 3.11 Hyperbolic Functions
Certain even and odd combinations of the exponential functions occur frequently in mathematics. In many
ways, they are analogous to the trig functions, and they have the same relationship to the hyperbola as of
the trig functions to the circle. Hence, we call them the hyperbolic functions.

sinh 𝑥𝑥 cosh 𝑥𝑥
𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 tanh 𝑥𝑥 = coth 𝑥𝑥 =
sinh 𝑥𝑥 = cosh 𝑥𝑥 = cosh 𝑥𝑥 sinh 𝑥𝑥
2 2
1 1
cosh2 𝑥𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥𝑥 = 1 sech 𝑥𝑥 = csch 𝑥𝑥 =
cosh 𝑥𝑥 sinh 𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑑
(sinh 𝑥𝑥) = cosh 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
(cosh 𝑥𝑥) = sinh 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
(tanh 𝑥𝑥) = sech2 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
(csch 𝑥𝑥) = − csch 𝑥𝑥 coth 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
(sech 𝑥𝑥) = − sech 𝑥𝑥 tanh 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
(coth 𝑥𝑥) = − csch2 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Example 1: Derive the derivative of cosh 𝑥𝑥:

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
𝑑𝑑
Example 2: Find: �tanh √1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 � =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

• The inverse hyperbolic functions are written in similar ways as in the trig functions.
−1
sinh 𝑥𝑥, cosh−1 𝑥𝑥, tanh−1 𝑥𝑥, csch−1 𝑥𝑥, sech−1 𝑥𝑥, coth−1 𝑥𝑥

• We can also show that these functions can be written in terms of logarithms:
sinh −1
𝑥𝑥 = ln�𝑥𝑥 + √𝑥𝑥 2 + 1� 𝑑𝑑 1
(sinh−1 𝑥𝑥) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 √1 + 𝑥𝑥 2
cosh−1 𝑥𝑥 = ln�𝑥𝑥 + √𝑥𝑥 2 − 1� for 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 1 𝑑𝑑 1
(cosh−1 𝑥𝑥) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
√𝑥𝑥 − 1
1 1+𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑 1
tanh−1 𝑥𝑥 = ln � � for −1 < 𝑥𝑥 < 1 (tanh−1 𝑥𝑥) =
2 1−𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑑𝑑 1
• The derivative of the inverses of the hyperbolic (csch−1 𝑥𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 |𝑥𝑥|√𝑥𝑥 2 + 1
functions are: 𝑑𝑑 1
(sech−1 𝑥𝑥) = −
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥√1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑑𝑑 1
(coth−1 𝑥𝑥) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
Example 3: Prove that:
𝑑𝑑 1
(cosh−1 𝑥𝑥) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 √𝑥𝑥 2 − 1

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 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Example 4: Find 𝒚𝒚′ :

sinh−1 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 = � � =
𝑥𝑥 3

Example 5: Find the derivative, and if possible, simplify:

a) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥ℎ(1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 ) b) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛ℎ−1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙√1 − 𝑥𝑥 2

𝑑𝑑 4 1+𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑥𝑥 1 1
Example 6: Show that ��1−𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑥𝑥� = 𝑒𝑒 2𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2

46
 Math 180 Chapter 3 Notes (hqn)
Your Turn: Practice! _________________________________
1. Find the derivative 𝑦𝑦 = cosh2(𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙) (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙)

1
2. Find the derivative of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 tanh .
𝑥𝑥

3. Find the derivative of 𝑦𝑦 = coth−1(𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠).

2�
4. Find the derivative of 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑥𝑥)cosh�𝑥𝑥

47