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Lecture Note 1 Introduction

This document defines key terms related to structural engineering including structural engineer, structural failure, and loads. It provides classifications of structures such as tension, compression, trusses, shear, and bending structures. It also describes different types of loads that structures must be designed to withstand, such as dead loads, live loads, wind loads, snow loads, and earthquake loads.

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Alyzza Atun
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13 views

Lecture Note 1 Introduction

This document defines key terms related to structural engineering including structural engineer, structural failure, and loads. It provides classifications of structures such as tension, compression, trusses, shear, and bending structures. It also describes different types of loads that structures must be designed to withstand, such as dead loads, live loads, wind loads, snow loads, and earthquake loads.

Uploaded by

Alyzza Atun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING; THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
PROCESS; STRUCTURAL FORMS, NATURE OF LOADS; BUILDINGS

1.1.1 DEFINITION OF TERMS


a. Structural Engineer - A registered Civil Engineer with special qualification in the practice of
Structural Engineering as recognized by the following:

b. Structural Engineering - A discipline of civil engineering dealing


with the analysis and design of structures that support or resists
loads insuring the safety of the structures against natural forces.

c. Structural Failure - is the reduction of capability of a structural


system or component to such a degree that it cannot safely serve its
intended purpose

d. Structural Inspection - is the visual observation by a structural inspector of a particular type of


construction work or cooperation for the purpose of ensuring its general compliance to the
approved plans and specifications and the applicable workmanship provisions of this code as well
as overall construction safety at various stages of construction. Detailed Examination of all the
construction work in progress relative to the design concept shown on the contract documents. The
inspection usually includes a written report, or another form of communication, that is used by the
contractor to correct defects.
Reinforcing Steel Placement (verification of the size, spacing, and placement of all bars)
Common Inspection items:
i. Welding

ii. Applying Shotcrete

iii. High-strength bolting

iv. Prestressing Steel Tendons


e. Structural Observation - is the visual observation of the structural system by the structural
observer as provided for in Section 107.9.2, for its general conformance to the approved plans and
specifications, at significant construction stages and at completion of the structural system.
Structural observation does not include or waive the responsibility for the structural inspections
required by section 107.1 or other sections of this code.

Design Drawings VS. As built Construction

A general review of the project at appropriate intervals during construction. The


objective is to become generally familiar with progress and quality of the contractor’s work and
to determine if the work is proceeding in general accordance with the contract documents.
f. Structures -refers to a system of connected parts used to support a load.

f.1 Classification of Structures


i. Tension Structures
- Structures which are subjected to pure tension under the action of external loads.
- Composed of flexible cables which are frequently employed to support bridges and long span
roofs.
- Because of their flexibility, cables have negligible bending stiffness and can develop only
tension.

ii. Compression Structures


- develop mainly compressive stress under the action of external loads
- Examples: Columns and arches
- Columns are straight members subjected to axially compressive loads.
-Beam-column – when a straight member is subjected to lateral loads or
moments in addition to axial loads.
- Arch, a curved structures, with
a shape similar to that of inverted
cable.

iii. Trusses
-composed of straight members connected at their ends by hinged connection to form stable
configuration.
-when the loads are applied to the truss only at joints, its member either elongate or shorten.
- Thus, the members of an ideal truss are always either in uniform tension or in uniform
compression.
iv. Shear Structures
- e.g. reinforced concrete shear wall which are used in multistory buildings to reduce lateral
movement due to wind load and earthquake excitations.
-structures develop mainly in plane shear, with relatively small bending stresses under the action
of external loads.

v. Bending Structures
- structures develop mainly bending stresses under the action of external
loads.
- In some structures, the shear stresses associated with the changes in
bending moments may also be significant and should be considered in their
designs.
-Some of the most commonly used structures: beams, rigid frames, slabs
and plates
g. Loads are forces or other actions that result from the weight of all the building materials,
occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movements, and restrained
dimensional changes. Permanent loads are those loads in which variations over time are rar of
small magnitude. All other loads are variable loads.
g. 1 Kinds of Loadings
g.2 Types of Loads

i. Dead Loads
- are gravity loads of constant magnitudes and fixed positions that act permanently on the structure.
- e.g. weights of the structures itself and other material and equipment permanently attached to the
structural system.
- weights of frames, framing, and bracing system floors, roofs, walls, stairway heating and air
conditioning system, plumbing, and electrical system
ii. Live Loads
- are loads varying magnitudes and or positions caused by the used of the structure.
-refer to all the loads except dead loads, such as snow or wind loads.
iii. Impact
- When live loads are applied rapidly to a
structure, they cause larger stress than those that
would be produced if the same loads would have
been applied gradually.
-The dynamic effect of the load that causes this
increase in stress in the structure.

iv. Wind Loads


- produced by the flow of wind around the structure.
- The magnitudes of wind load that may act on the structure depend on the geographical location
of the structure, obstruction in its surrounding terrain, such as nearby buildings, and geometry and
vibrational characteristics of the structure itself.

v. Snow Loads
-considered in designing structures in many parts of United States and the world.
vi. Earthquake Loads
- horizontal components of ground motion that causes structural damage and that must be
considered in designs structures located in earthquake prone areas.
vii. Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure
- structure used to retain water, such as dams and tanks, as well as coastal structures partially of
fully submerged in water
-Hydrostatic pressure- acts normal to submerged surface of the structures, with its magnitude
varying linearly with height.
-Lateral soil pressure depends on the type of soil and is usually considerably smaller than vertical
pressure.
-For the portions of structure below the ground table, the combined effect of hydrostatic pressure
and soil pressure should be considered.
viii. Thermal and other effects
-Statically indeterminate structures may be subjected to stresses due to temperature
changes, shrinkage of materials, fabrication errors, and differential settlements of supports

ix. Load Combinations


- all loads that might act simultaneously on a structure at a given time.
- It is important to realize that the structure must be designed to have adequate strength to
resist the most unfavorable of all the load combinations.

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