Helping Verbs

These verbs form the very basic foundation of the English language. They
support the sentences in a way to complete their meanings. Helping verbs are
also called auxiliary verbs. They can be used as main verbs in the sentence too.

Verbs of being can be divided into two categories.

Verbs of Verbs of
being in being in
present past tense
tense

Verbs of being in present tense

Forms of ‘BE’ in present tense

are is/am/are.

Ex- 1. She is an engineer. (Be)

2. Ram and Laxman are going to

school. (Be)
Example

1. He is my brother.

SINGULAR
 2. We are getting late for the class.

PLURAL

3. Ram is crying because he has hurt his leg.

SINGULAR

4. Rajesh & Suresh are my classmates.

PLURAL

PRACTICE EXCERCISE

Fill in the blanks using is/am/are

1. She _______ a doctor.

2. You ______ very late today.
3. It ______ raining heavily.
4. My laptop _______ very expensive.
5. The relatives _______ arriving tomorrow.
6. They _______ ready to participate.
7. The phone ______ ringing.
8. Raju and Raman ______ best friends.
9. The flight _______ two hours late.
10.The table cloth _____ dirty.
Verbs of being in past tense

Forms of ‘BE’ in past tense are

was/were.

Ex1. She was a pilot. (Be)

2. Radha and Raman were

playing in the garden. (Be)

Example

1. He was my roommate.

SINGULAR

2. We were watching a movie.

PLURAL

3. The newspaper was on the floor.

 SINGULAR

4. Rajesh & Suresh were swimming.

PLURAL

PRACTICE EXCERCISE

Fill in the blanks using was/were

1. It _____ dark.
2. The sky _______ clear.
3. The clouds _______ thundering.
4. Lata ______ late for the class.
5. The A.C _______ not working.
6. The children ________ making a lot of noise.
7. You ________ talking to the teacher.
8. I ______ sick.
9. The labourers _______ tired.
10.My hands _________ full of mud.

Verbs showing belongingness can be divided into two categories.

Verbs of Verbs of
possession possession
in present in past
tense tense
Verbs showing belongingness in present tense

HAD is used in past tense. It is

used to express state of
belongingness/ possession or
series of events that have already
occurred in the past.

She had high fever.

Reetika had a judo class

yesterday.

Example

1. He has my notebook.

SINGULAR

2. We have a holiday tomorrow.

PLURAL

3. Ram had his class test yesterday morning.

SINGULAR
 (Yesterday- describing past)

4. Rajesh & Suresh have built a house.

PLURAL

PRACTICE EXCERCISE

Fill in the blanks using has/have/had

1. A cow _____ two horns.

2. We ______ a big house.
3. _____ you got a dog?
4. It ______ been raining.
5. They _______ many friends earlier.
6. A monkey _______ a long tail.
7. My room _______ two beds.
8. Raju ________ a pet dog when he was three years old.
9. This book _______ many pages.
10.She _______ an exam yesterday.

PRACTICE EXCERCISE

Fill in the blanks using appropriate auxiliary verbs-

1. Ram _______ fever.

2. She ______ baking a cake.
3. My mother ______ tired yesterday.
4. The keys _______ in my pocket.
5. Gautam _______ a football last week.
6. The spectacles ______ broken.
7. I ______ hurt my leg.
8. The pillow covers ________ dirty.
 9. He _______ washed all the clothes.
10.The maid ______ cleaning the house.

Adjectives

The words used to describe a person, a place, an animal or a thing is known as

adjective.

They had a big house.

Rahul loves cold weather.

Sheila has a brown coat.

She is an intelligent girl.

Big, cold, brown and intelligent are all describing words used to describe house,
weather, coat & girl respectively.
Some of the common adjectives are listed below.

Big Brown
Large Huge
Greedy Intelligent
Ugly Beautiful
Narrow Wide
Hot Cold
Soft Hard
Cute Huge
Dry Wet
Dirty Clean
Bright Sunny
Sharp Blunt
Smart Lazy
Cruel Colorful
Heavy Light
Round Curly
Handsome Fierce
Dull Kind
Gentle Lucky
Shy little

Find the adjective.

The brown fox jumped over a greedy dog.

My mother has a leather bag.

He ate green vegetables.

He made a beautiful painting.

He has a huge bungalow.

The clothes are dirty.

The full moon can be seen with a naked eye.

He is a lucky man.

The nail is pointy.

He has a coarse voice.

She invited us to a grand opening.

Sam made horrible mistakes.

His boots were muddy.

The water is unhealthy.

I have a green bag.

The lunch was tasty.

Junk food is unhygienic.

The flowers are multi-colored.

The clouds were black.

He cleaned the dusty floor.

Types of adjectives

Adjectives of size

Big
Huge
Giant
Large
Tiny
Small

Adjectives of shape

Fat
Round
Circle
Skinny
Square
curvy
Adjectives of color

Green
Orange
Black
Pale-yellow
White
Red
grey

Adjectives of number

One
Hundred
Ninety
Three
Seven
eleven

Give a suitable adjective to describe the word given below.

Sun

Moon

Star
Sunshine

Room

Dress

Book

Lesson

School

Laptop

Bedroom

Leaf

Tree

Popcorn

Pie
Apple

Dog

Cake

Motorbike

Nail

Naming words

The words which name the person, place, animal or thing are called naming
words.

Ex-

Shalini, Himani, Aanchal, shopkeeper, man, woman, lady are examples of a

person.

School, Delhi, church, playground, Canada, Mt. Everest are examples of a place.

Dog, cat, camel, tiger, elephant are examples of the animals.

Table, chair, glass, bed, cot, bike are examples of the things.

Nouns can be divided into two categories.

1. Singular noun- Singular stands for one. A singular noun talks about only
one person, place or thing.
Ex-

Mother

Box

Fridge

Kitchen

Home

Pin

2. Plural noun- Plural stands for many. A plural noun refers to more than
one person, place, animal or thing.
Ex-

Monkeys

Children

Sofas

Buckets

Onions

Spoons
Changing a singular noun to a plural noun

Most of the nouns take an ‘s’ at the end in plural form.

Ex-

Singular noun Plural noun

Table Tables

Bag Bags

Ball Balls

Window Windows

Plate Plates

Lamp lamps

For the nouns ending in (-z , -x , -ss , -ch , -sh ) ‘es’ is added to make them
plural.

Singular noun Plural noun

Box Boxes
Boss Bosses
Bench Benches
Dress Dresses
Wish Wishes
Buzz buzzes

For the nouns ending in -y, y is removed and -ies is added to form a plural noun.

Singular noun Plural noun

Baby Babies
Cherry Cherries
Lady Ladies
Fairy Fairies
Dairy Dairies
For nouns ending in -fe/-f , fe/f is removed and -ves is added to form a plural
noun.

Singular noun Plural noun

Leaf Leaves
Wolf Wolves
Elf Elves
Half Halves
Loaf loaves

Some irregular plural nouns are listed below.

Singular noun Plural noun

Deer Deer

Fish Fish
Child Children

Foot Feet

Mouse Mice

Hair Hair

Sheep Sheep

Series Series

Man Men

Woman Women

Tooth Teeth

Ox Oxen

Goose geese

Identify the naming words in the sentences.

Is Derry your dog?

Mom plays guitar.

She cooks tasty food.

A rabbit lives in the burrow.

Pass me some salt.

The teacher wrote on the blackboard.

His cousin lives in Australia.

I have a cat in my house.

I saw a beautiful peacock.

The animals live in the zoo.

The sheep is grazing in the field.

Change the following nouns into plural.

Dog

Teacher

Restaurant

Hospital

Pencil
Ladybug

Boy

Shoe

Sock

Cup

House

Market

Brother

Bat

Piano

Ant

Banana
Lemon

Chalk

Ruler

Photo

Change the following nouns into plural.

Tomato

Beach

Fox

Wish

Bus

Church
Gas

Class

Quiz

Wax

Dish

Tax

Pitch

Cross

Child

Goose

Woman

Man
Fish

Girl

Sandwich

Brush

Witch

Flash

Day

Key

Dot

Word

Sentence
Sheet

Paper

Bottle

Screen

Tablet

Medicine

Types of nouns

There are four types of nouns.

Common nouns- The names of people/objects in general are known as common

nouns. Ex- school, table, girl, city, river

Proper nouns- The names of specific people/ object in general are known as
proper nouns. Ex- Shadman Convent school, Manish, Delhi, Ganga

Some common nouns are confusing.

Animals Seasons Flowers

Dog Winter Daisy
Camel Summer Rose
Sheep Spring Sunflower
Tiger Autumn Tulip

All the above nouns are specific names but will still be called common
nouns.

Underline the common nouns & circle the proper nouns.

Manisha took her dog for a walk down the street.

He lived in London.

Mrs. Sullivan teaches English.

I like the food at Maddy’s.

The train will stop at Ahmedabad.

Go to the library.

The boy made a boat.

They stitched a cloth using the needle.

Eiffel Tower is in Paris.

The building is well-built.

The Ganga is a holy river.

Dr. Smith examines the patients.

Collective nouns- A collective noun is a noun which refers to a group of people

or things.

Ex-

A herd of cows is grazing in the field.

Aman bought me a bouquet of flowers.

Some of the common collective nouns are listed below.

A herd of cows
A litter of puppies
A strand of hair
A box of chocolates
A troupe of soldiers
 A board of directors
A flock of sheep
A gang of robbers
A pack of wolves
A crowd of people
A swarm of bees
A class of students
A band of musicians
A bowl of rice
A collection of stars
A chest of drawers
A colony of ants
A deck of cards
A team of players
A range of mountains
A pair of scissors

Lesson

Prepositions

The words which show the place/position of a noun or a pronoun are called
prepositions.

The box is on the table.

The sweets are in the box.

The box is kept near my bed.

The box is kept between a book and a phone.

The cat is under the rug.

All the words in bold show the position of a noun.

These words are the examples of prepositions.

Supply the correct preposition.

Fruits are _____ the basket.

The boy is ______ the curtain.

The girl is standing _____ to the table.

He slept ______ the fence.

The present is _____ the cupboard.

Wait _____ the lunch to be served.

_____ the tree is a fox.

Pick one ____ the box.

The house is ______ the trees.

The cat is hiding ______ the chair.

The man is sitting _____ the bed.

Articles (A/ An)

An article is a word which comes before the noun.

We use a/an with singular nouns. A noun which begins with a consonant is
preceded by a whereas a noun which begins with a vowel sound is preceded by
an.

Ex-

A car

A box

An ice-cream

An orange

An ant

Fill in the blanks using a/an.

Tommy has ___ cat.

This is _____ orange.

Can you tell me ____ answer?

She is ____ nurse.

He is ____ old man.

Michelle has ____ mouse.

She gave me ____ pear to eat.

I will finish my work in _____ hour.

We went for _____ movie yesterday.

Tenses
Tenses denote the time. Time can be classified into three broad categories.

The present (happening now)

The past (happened earlier)

The future (will happen)

Ex-

The driver drives the car. (Present)

The team lost the match. (Past)

We will go to cinema next month. (Future)

Simple present tense

Read the following sentences.

I drink milk every day.

Rita travels from Faridabad.

The sun rises in the east.

The butterflies sit on the flowers.

The action words in the sentence given above are conjugated in simple
present tense.
Simple present tense is used to when one of the following is expressed.

habitual actions

general statements

scientific truths/ universal actions

Rule – Add s/es to the root form of the verb

Singular Plural verb

Subject
Plural Subject Singular verb

I / You Singular verb

I bath daily.

In this sentence, I is the subject and therefore it takes the form ‘bath’.

Karuna plants the trees.

In this sentence, Karuna is the subject and therefore it takes the form ‘plants’.

The students miss the class.

In this sentence, students is the subject and therefore it takes the form ‘miss’.

Fill in the blanks using simple present tense.

My daughter ______ me a card every birthday. (give)

The classes _______ from Monday. (commence)

I _____ very slowly. (write)

They _____ the floor. (mop)

Observe the following sentences now.

He does not read his lessons.

Do you know French?

Does that girl live in house no.21 ?

Negative Present tense SUBJECT + DO/DOES NOT +

FIRST FORM OF THE VERB
Interrogative Present tense DO/DOES + SUBJECT + FIRST
FORM OF THE VERB

Always remember, the negative & interrogative form of the present tense will
always be formed using the first form of the verb.

Change the following into negative.

She breaks the vase.

Lata recites a poem.

The maid cleans the house.

The Principal scolds the children.

Change the following into interrogative.

He plays tennis.

The rider rides a bike.

The mechanic repairs the car.

The fisherman catches the fish.

Simple past tense

Read the following sentences.

He parked the car.

The child painted the wall.

He broke the painting.

The cook cooked tasty food.

The action words in the sentence given above are conjugated in simple past
tense. Simple past tense is used to describe the actions which have already
taken place before the time of talking.

To conjugate a verb in past tense, ed is added to the main verb or second

form of verb is used.

Put the verbs given in brackets in simple past tense.

The channel _______ the show. (broadcast)

He ______ the window. (shut)

He ______ the juice. (drink)

They ______ a horror movie. (watch)

He ______ the treasure under the bed. (hide)

Negative Past tense SUBJECT + DID NOT + FIRST

FORM OF THE VERB
Interrogative Past tense DID + SUBJECT + FIRST FORM
OF THE VERB

Always remember, the negative & interrogative form of the past tense will
always be formed using the first form of the verb.

Change the following into negative.

They dream.

He digs a hole.

She feeds the stray dogs.

Raman got the job.

Change the following into interrogative.

The boy slept soundly.

He catches the ball.

They paid the bill.

She quit the game.

Verb Past tense

Send Sent
Set Set
Shoot Shot
Shake Shook
Sink Sank
Shrink Shrank
Sleep Slept
Spend Spent
Spill Spilt
Spread Spread
Stick Stuck
Eat Ate
Bring Brought
Buy Bought
Begin Began
Bend Bent
Shut Shut
Beat Beat
Blow Blew
Catch Caught
Build Built
Drink Drank
Dig Dug
Draw Drew
Drive Drove
Fell Fall
Go Went
Choose Chose
Read Read
Put Put
Cost Cost
Let Let
Broadcast Broadcast
Write Wrote
Give Gave
See Saw
Keep Kept
Go Went
Know Knew
Understand Understood
Wake Woke
Arise Arose
Wear Wore
Put Put
Quit Quit
Pay Paid
Meet Met
Ride Rode
Ring Rang
Run Ran
Rise Rose
Sell Sold
Send Sent
Set Set
Shoot Shot
Shake Shook
Sink Sank
Shrink Shrank
Sleep Slept
Spend Spent
Spill Spilt
Spread Spread
Stick Stuck
Swing Swang
Swim Swum
Think Thought
Throw Threw
Understand Understood
Wake Woke
Arise Arose
Wear Wore
Win Won
Write wrote

Simple future tense

Look at the sentences given below.

The train will arrive at 5pm.

I will go to the park today evening.

I will have my dinner soon.

The verbs marked in bold represent the simple future form of the verb.

Simple future tense is used to describe the actions that would take place in
the time to come.

To conjugate the verb in simple future tense, will or shall is used along with
the root form of the verb.

Rule- Will/ shall + V1 (root form of the verb)

Fill in the blanks with simple future tense.

We _________ all our friends for dinner. (invite)

He _________ calligraphy. (learn)

The colleges ___________ soon. (resume)

India __________ the vaccine soon. (discover)

Negative future tense SUBJECT + WILL/SHALL + NOT
+ FIRST FORM OF THE VERB
Interrogative future tense WILL/ SHALL + SUBJECT +
FIRST FORM OF THE VERB

Change the following sentence into negative.

The girl wears a long dress.

He marries his girlfriend.

His team comes late.

The car cleaner washed my car.

Madhur is studying in his room.

Change the following sentences into interrogative.

They will create a video.

He will have a team meeting.

Jia will give her Math test.

The driver will drive the car.

It will rain tomorrow night.