LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Subject: Mechanics of Machines Year:

nd
2 Year 3rd -Semester B.Sc
Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Credits Hours: 1 Hr

1. To determine the No of links and joints of different mechanisms in lab.

2. To Draw the displacement, Velocity, Acceleration diagram by using slider
crank mechanism.
3. To Draw the relative velocity diagram of slider crank mechanism.
4. To Draw displacement diagram and cam profile for the uniform motion cam
B using cam and follower mechanism.
5. To draw the cam profile, velocity, displacement and acceleration diagrams
for roller follower performing constant acceleration cam.
6. To draw the displacement diagram and cam profile for the uniform motion
cam using knife edge follower.
7. To draw the cam profile, velocity, displacement and acceleration diagrams
for roller follower performing tangent cam.
8. To draw displacement diagram and cam profile for the eccentric cam
operating knife edge follower.
9. Static balancing of a shaft attached with three masses in different planes.
10. Static balancing of a shaft attached with four masses in different planes.
11. Dynamic balancing of a shaft attached with three masses in different planes.
12. Dynamic balancing of a shaft attached with four masses in different planes.

Lab Session # 01 Objective:

 To determine the No of links and joints of different mechanisms in lab.

Apparatus:
✓ Double rocker Mechanism
✓ Shaping machine mechanism
✓ Channel point mechanism
✓ White worth quick return mechanism
✓ Cam and follower Mechanism
✓ Slider Crank Mechanism

Theory:

• Link:
Each part of a machine, which moves relative to some other part, is known as a
kinematic link or element. A link may consist of several parts, which are rigidly fastened
together, so that they do not move relative to one another.A link is defined as a rigid body having
two or more pairing elements which connect it to other bodies for the purpose of transmitting
force or motion. A mechanical linkage is an assembly of systems connected to manage forces
and movement. The movement of a body, or link, is studied using geometry so the link is
considered to be rigid.

• Types of links:
✓ binary link (“one with two nodes”)

A link which is connected to only one other link is known as singular link. If it is
connected to two other links, it is called binary link.

✓ ternary link (“one with three nodes”)

If it is connected to three other links, it is called ternary link, and so on. A chain
which consists of only binary links is called simple chain.
✓ Quaternary link (“one with four nodes”)
If a link is connected to four other links, it is called quaternary link

• Joints:
kinematic joint is a connection between two or more links, which allows some
motion, or potential motion, between the connected links. Depending upon the number of
links at the joint, a joint can be binary, ternary or quaternary.

• Types:
The usual types of joints in a chain are:
1. Binary joint.
2. Ternary joint.
3. Quaternary joint.

✓ Binary joint.
When the two links are joined at the same connection, the joint is known as a binary
joint.
✓ Ternary joint.
When the two links are joined at the same connection, the joint is known as a binary
joint
✓ Quaternary joint.
When the two links are joined at the same connection, the joint is known as a binary
joint.
• Kinematic pair:
This consists of two elements connected in such a manner that one is
constrained to roll in another element which is fixed. Example: Ball and roller bearings.
Wheel rolling on a flat surface

Types on the basis of nature of contact:

Higher pair Lower pair

(J2) (J1)
It is called half joint It is called full joint

Its mobility is two Its mobility is one

It has point or line contact. It has surface or area contact.

Example: Example:
Mostly rolling joints Ternary joints
Binary joints
Quaternary joints
Sliding joints
Turning joints
Screw joints
Procedure:

Observation & Calculation:

No of links No of joints

Lower pair Higher pair

L
J1 J2
Double rocker Mechanism

Shaping machine mechanism

Channel point mechanism

Crank rocker mechanism

White worth quick return mechanism

Cam and follower Mechanism

Slider Crank Mechanism

Conclusion:
Safety:

Lab Session # 02
OBJECTIVE:
To Draw the displacement, Velocity, Acceleration diagram by using slider crank
mechanism.

Apparatus:
Theory:
Slider crank mechanism:
slider-crank mechanism, arrangement of mechanical parts designed to convert straight-line
motion to rotary motion, as in a reciprocating piston engine, or to convert rotary motion to
straight-line motion, as in a reciprocating piston pump. A slider-crank is a four-bar linkage that
has a
crank (which is the rotating disc), slider (which slides inside
the tube) connecting rod (which joins the parts together)

Working principle:

4 bar mechanism:
A slider-crank linkage is a four-link mechanism with three revolute joints and one
prismatic, or sliding, joint. The rotation of the crank drives the linear movement the slider, or the
expansion of gases against a sliding piston in a cylinder can drive the rotation of the crank.

Types of slider crank mechanism:

There are two types of slider-cranks
1. in-line slider-crank mechanism
2. offset slider-crank mechanics

✓ In-line slider-crank mechanism:

An in-line slider-crank has its slider positioned so the line of travel of the
hinged joint of the slider passes through the base joint of the crank. This creates a
symmetric slider movement back and forth as the crank rotates.
Configuration diagram:

✓ Offset slider-crank mechanism

Offset slider-crank mechanism is often used for the design of hydraulic driving device
in Aviation Machinery. For an offset slider-crank mechanism, the larger its imbalance angle is,
the faster its return stroke is, and the higher its work efficiency is in a single-track.

• Displacement diagram:
The displacement of the slider is proportional to the crank angle. The displacement
analysis is that geometrical relationship between actuated joints and the output link without
regard to the force/torques that cause the movement is formulated and analyzed.

• Velocity analysis:
The process to determine the velocities of different points. on links of a mechanism for
a given input motion. The velocity of the piston at P relative to the cylinder G is termed the
sliding velocity (&.),. The operation of this slider-crank system is such that the slider translates
along the path PO and the motion of the connecting rod, PB, produces rotation of the crank OB
 “The area under a velocity graph represents the change in displacement”
Velocity diagram:

So, in the velocity diagram, we draw a line through point A perpendicular to the link
AB. To locate the point b on this line, we draw a line parallel to the motion of the slider through
the point G. This line intersects the previous line and the point of intersection gives us the point
b.

• Acceleration Analysis:
The process to determine the velocities of different points. Acceleration analysis consists
of formulating equations involving the angular and linear accelerations of each element of a
multibody mechanical system. The solution of acceleration analysis allows us to determine the
angular and linear accelerations of any body of the system under study.

Acceleration Diagram:
“The area under an acceleration graph represents the change in velocity”
In other words, the area under the acceleration graph for a certain time interval is equal to the
change in velocity during that time interval.

Procedure:
Observation & Calculations:
Angle Linear Angle Linear
Degree Displacement Degree Displacement
dx/dθ d2x/dθ2 dx/dθ d2x/dθ2
mm mm
(θ) (x) (θ) (x)
0 190
10 200
20 210
30 220
40 230

50 240
60 250
70 260
80 270
90 280
100 290
 110 300
120 310
130 320
140 330
150 340
160 350
170 360
180

DISPLACEMENT GRAPH:

VELOCITY GRAPH:

ACCELERATION GRAPH:

Conclusions:

Safety:
 Lab Session # 03 Objective:

Draw the relative velocity diagram of slider crank mechanism.

Apparatus:

• Slider Crank Mechanism

Theory:
• Slider crank mechanism:
slider-crank mechanism, arrangement of mechanical parts designed to convert
straight-line motion to rotary motion, as in a reciprocating piston engine, or to convert rotary
motion to straight-line motion, as in a reciprocating piston pump.

Parts of slider crank mechanism:

A slider-crank is a four-bar linkage that has a
✓ crank (which is the rotating disc),
✓ slider (which slides inside the tube)
✓ connecting rod (which joins the parts together).
• Crank:
A crank is an arm attached at a right angle to a rotating shaft by which circular motion
is imparted to or received from the shaft. When combined with a connecting rod, it can be used
to convert circular motion into reciprocating motion, or vice versa.

crank

Attached
connecting
• Slider: rod
A rigid bar which moves backwards and forwards along a straight line.It shows
reciprocating motion.

Reciprocating motion:
Reciprocating motion, also called reciprocation, is a repetitive up-and-down or
backand-forth linear motion. It is found in a wide range of mechanisms,t recieves circular
motion from the crank and moves too and fro linearly, as it works in conversion of rotary motion
into reciprocating motion.
Crank Connecting rod
shaft slider

Slider
reciprocating
motion
Connecting Rod:
A connecting rod is the part of a piston engine which connects the piston to the
crankshaft. Together with the crank, the connecting rod converts the reciprocating motion of the
piston into the rotation of the crankshaft.

Initial Calculations
Basic structure:
In slider crank mechanism a stationary base link (1). The other three links are movable they
move relative to each other. I
 I designated crank as link (2) it is point where pivot point or bearing(B) allows the relative
motion between link (2) and (3)
Link (3) is referred as connecting rod or coupler and is connected to link (4) through a
bearing designated as (D).The link (4) is called a slider or piston, Slier slides w.r.t fixed base
link (1).

Given Data:
Scaled value
Given value
2cm=1cm
r1=21cm r1=10cm
r2=4cm r2=2cm
r3=18cm r3=9cm
θ1=40o
θ2.=120rpm
Required:
Velocity Polygon?
Formula:
Linear velocity=V=rw
Since r2 and θ2 are known so angular
velocity of link 2 will
As, θ.2=120rpm
=120*2*3.14/60
=12.56ras/sec
.
As, V2= r2*θ 2
=4*12.56=50.24cms-1
Set Scale:
Let, 10m/s=1cm So; 50.24=5.3cms-1

Procedure:
Conclusion:

Safety:

Lab Session # 04 Objective:

Draw displacement diagram and cam profile for the uniform motion cam B using
cam and follower mechanism.

Apparatus:
• cam and follower mechanism.
Theory:
✓ Cam and follower mechanism:
A cam and follower mechanism is a profiled shape mounted on a shaft that
causes a lever or follower to move. Cams are used to convert rotary to linear
(reciprocating) motion. The follower maintains contact with the cam through the force of
gravity or by a spring. A cam follower, also known as a track follower, is a specialized
type of roller or needle bearing designed to follow cam lobe profiles.

Use of cam and follower mechanism:

The cam and follower mechanism are widely used for operating the inlet and exhaust
valves of internal combustion engines. They are used in wall clocks and the feed mechanism of
automatic lathe machines. They are also used in paper cutting machines and weaving textile
machinery.

✓ Working Principle:
Follower inhibits the push and pulls of the Cam. A follower is used to transfer the
motion to the required machine part. The Follower rotates in an oscillating or circular arc. The
mechanism for Cam and the mechanism for Follower depends on each other so that the main
mechanism of Cam and Follower.

Parts of cam follower mechanism:

A cam mechanism has two main parts:
 1. A cam
2. A follower

Cam:
(attached to a crankshaft, which rotates)
A cam is a rotating or sliding piece in a mechanical linkage used especially in transforming
rotary motion into linear motion. It is often a part of a rotating wheel (e.g., an eccentric wheel) or
shaft (e.g. a cylinder with an irregular shape) that strikes a lever at one or more points on its
circular path.

Follower:
(Touches the cam and follows the shape, moving up and down.)
A follower is a mechanical component concerning which, the Cam rotates in an oscillatory
or circular motion. Follower inhibits the push and pulls of the Cam. A follower is used to transfer
the motion to the required machine part. The Follower rotates in an oscillating or circular arc.
✓ Types of follower:
•
Followers are classified to the nature to surface in contact.

•
Knife edge follower.

•
Roller follower.

•
Flat face follower.

• •
According to motion of follower Reciprocating follower/translating.

•
Oscillating follower/rotating.

•
According to path of motion of follower

•
Radial follower

•
Offset follower
Knife edge follower:
A cam follower having a sharp narrow edge or point like that of a knife; useful in developing
cam profile relationships.
This is the simplest type, Is not often used due to the rapid rate of wear.
When it is adopted, it is usually for reciprocating motion, Running in slides and there is
considerable side thrust, This being a component of the thrust from the cam. Excessive wear and
tear. Have small area of contact with the cam. It has less practical use.

Roller follower:
The Roller Follower is a compact and highly rigid bearing system. It contains needle
bearings and is used as a guide roller for cam discs and straight motion. Since its outer ring
rotates while keeping direct contact with the mating surface, this product is thick- walled and
designed to bear an impact load.
The roller followers are extensively used where more space is available such as in stationary
gas and oil engines and aircraft engines.

Flat face follower/(mushroom follower):

Flat faced or mushroom follower. When the contacting end of the follower is a
perfectly flat face, it is called a flat-faced follower,

Working:
flat face or mushroom follower: These are used where space is limited to operate
valve of automobile engine. The contact surface is perfectly flat. The side thrust between guide
and follower is much reduced. It is called a mushroom follower when the flat face is circular.
Motions of the follower:
1. Uniform velocity motion
2. Simple harmonic motion
3. Cycloidal motion

Uniform Velocity Motion:

The displacement velocity and acceleration diagram of the uniform motion consist of
four strokes.
1. Rise stroke (follower moves upward up to maximum lift)
2. Dwell stroke (stable follower neither move up nor down)
3. Return stroke (follower moves down to the original position)
4. Dwell stroke (stable follower neither move up nor down)

Procedure:

Observation & Calculations:

 Angle Linear Angle Linear Angle Linear
θ Displacement θ Displacement θ Displacement

X X X
(deg) (deg) (deg)
(mm) (mm) (mm)

Comments:

Safety:

Lab Session # 05
Objective:

To draw the cam profile, velocity, displacement and acceleration diagrams for roller follower
performing constant acceleration cam.

Apparatus:
• Cam & Follower Apparatus

• Roller Follower

• Constant Acceleration Cam

• Vernier Caliper

Schematic Diagram:

Cam & Follower Apparatus

Theory:
Same as Previous Procedure:

Observation & Calculations:

Diameter of Roller Follower = 25.04 mm
Min. radius of Cam = 34.90mm
 Linear Linear
Angle Angle Angle
Linear Displacement
θ θ θ Displacement
Displacement
X X
(deg) X (deg) (deg)
(mm) (mm)
(mm)

Comments:

Lab Session # 06
Objective:
 To draw the displacement diagram and cam profile for the uniform motion cam
using knife follower.

Apparatus:

• Cam & Follower Apparatus

• Knife Edge Follower

• Uniform Motion Cam

• Vernier Caliper

Schematic Diagram:

Cam & Follower Apparatus

Theory:
Same as Previous Procedure:

Observation & Calculations:

 Linear Linear
Angle Angle Angle
Linear Displacement
θ θ θ Displacement
Displacement
X X
(deg) X (deg) (deg)
(mm) (mm)
(mm)

Comments:

Lab Session # 07
Objective:
 To draw the cam profile, velocity, displacement and acceleration diagrams for roller follower
performing tangent cam.

Apparatus:

• Cam & Follower Apparatus

• Roller Follower

• Tangent Cam

• Vernier Caliper

Schematic Diagram:

Cam & Follower Apparatus

Theory:
Tangent Cam:

When the flanks of the cam are straight and tangential to the base circle and nose circle, then
the cam is known as a tangent cam these cams are usually symmetrical about the centre line of the cam
shaft. Such type of cams is used for operating the inlet and exhaust valves of internal combustion engines

Tangent Cam

Procedure:
Observation & Calculation:
Diameter of Roller = 25.04 mm Min radius
of Cam = 35.06 mm

Angle Linear Angle Linear Angle Linear

θ Displacement θ Displacement θ Displacement

X X X
(deg) (deg) (deg)
(mm) (mm) (mm)

Comments:
 Lab Session # 08
OBJECTIVE:

To draw displacement diagram and cam profile for the eccentric cam operating
knife edge follower.

Apparatus:

• Cam & Follower Apparatus

• Knife Edge Follower

• Eccentric Cam

• Vernier Caliper

Schematic Diagram:

Theory:
• Eccentric cam:
An eccentric cam is a disc with its Eccentric of rotation positioned 'off Eccentric '. This
means as the cam rotates the flat follower rises and falls at a constant rate. This type of cam is
the easiest to make and yet it is one of the most useful.
circular cam is also known as an 'eccentric' cam. The center of rotation of the
cam is offset from the geometric center of the circle. This type of cam produces a smooth form
of motion called simple harmonic motion.
Uses of eccentric cam:
It is used most often in steam engines and used to convert rotary motion into linear
reciprocating motion to drive a sliding valve or pump ram. To do so, an eccentric usually has a
groove at its circumference closely fitted a circular collar (eccentric strap). eccentric cam
and follower mechanism:
1. The objective of a cam or eccentric is to give a reciprocating motion of a specified
character to a part of a mechanism, called follower. A cam or eccentric when combined
with a follower, forms a mechanism which is technically called cam-follower or
eccentric-follower.
2. An eccentric cam is a disc with its center of rotation positioned 'off center'. This means
as the cam rotates the flat follower rises and falls at a constant rate. This type of cam is
the easiest to make and yet it is one of the most useful.

Working of eccentric cam and follower:

Stud type cam followers are available with an eccentric stud. The stud has a
bushing pushed onto it that has an eccentric outer diameter. This allows for adjustability during
installation to eliminate any backlash. The adjustable range for an eccentric bearing is twice that
of the eccentricity.

Cam eccentricity:
An eccentric cam is a disc with its center of rotation positioned 'off center'. This
means as the cam rotates the flat follower rises and falls at a constant rate.
 Eccentricity is how far the geometric center (= the center of a rotating part and its
assembly) moves from the true center (= the center the assembly tries to rotate around naturally)

Eccentric cam with roller follower:

Procedure:

Observation & Calculation:

Angle Linear Angle Linear Angle Linear
θ Displacement θ Displacement θ Displacement

X X X
(deg) (deg) (deg)
(mm) (mm) (mm)
Comments:

Safety:

Lab Session # 09
Objective
Static balancing of a shaft attached with three masses in different planes.

Apparatus
• Static & Dynamic Balancing Apparatus
• Weights
• Vernier Caliper

Schematic Diagram

Static & Dynamic Balancing Apparatus

Theory
Shaft:
A shaft is a rotating machine element, usually circular in cross section, which is used to
transmit power from one part to another, or from a machine which produces power to a machine
which absorbs power. The various members such as pulleys and gears are mounted on it.
Balancing of Shaft:
When shaft is in statically position, then it is said to be a balanced shaft. It is divided into two
sections.
• Static balancing:
It occurs when there is no resultant centrifugal force (centrifugal couple) and the centre of
gravity is on the axis of rotation. This allows the object to remain stationary, with the axis
horizontal, without the application of any braking force. Static balance has no tendency to rotate
due to the force of gravity. For example, in the case of an automobile tire the imbalance is due to
imperfections of manufacture that make the tire composition inhomogeneous.
∑X=0 and ∑Y=0

• Dynamic balancing:
Dynamic balancing is a way of balancing machines by rotating parts quickly and measuring the
imbalance using electronic equipment. A system of rotating mass is in dynamic balance when
there does not exist any resultant centrifugal force as well as resultant couple.
∑M=0
The imbalance measured can then be corrected by adding or subtracting weight from the rotating
parts until the vibration is reduced.
Balancing of Rotating Masses:
The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration. Whenever a certain mass is
attached to a rotating shaft, it exerts some centrifugal force, whose effect is to bend the shaft and
to produce vibrations in it. In order to prevent the effect of centrifugal force, another mass is
attached to the opposite side of the shaft, at such a position so as to balance the effect of the
centrifugal force of the first mass. This is done in such a way that the centrifugal forces of both
the masses are made to be equal and opposite. The process of providing the second mass in order
to counteract the effect of the centrifugal force of the first mass is called balancing of rotating
masses.

Drawbacks of Unbalancing:
There are many drawbacks related to unbalanced systems.
• When a system is rotating with unbalanced masses then it causes to produce unnecessary
vibration.
• It may generate unwanted noise, excessive stresses in machine elements and reduce the
reliability for all the parts associated with the rotating system.
• If a rotating system is not in balance, due to the unbalanced couple high bearing thrusts
are generated. This will cause failure in bearings in short time periods.
• Shafts with unbalanced masses can be easily bent and fatigue failure may occur in
particular number of cycles.

Applications of Balancing:
• Acoustic Testing
• Rotating Machinery Diagnostics
• Shock and Drop Testing
• Structural Vibration Testing
• Vibration Testing and Shaker Testing
Procedure
.
 F = m×r
Angle Moment Arm (g.mm)
Mass m F = m×r
Sr.# θ r
(gram) (g.mm)
(Degree) (mm) X-comp Y-comp
Fcosθ Fsinθ
01.
02.
03.

Comments:

Safety:

Lab Session # 10

Objective
Static balancing of a shaft attached with four masses in different planes.

Apparatus
• Static & Dynamic Balancing Apparatus
• Weights
Observation & Calculations:

• Vernier Caliper

Schematic Diagram

Theory
Same as previous.
Procedure

F=m×r
Angle Moment Arm (g.mm)
Mass m F=m×r
Sr.# θ r
(gram) (g.mm)
(Degree) (mm) X-comp Y-comp
(Fcos θ) (Fsin θ)
01.
02.
03.
04.
Comments

Lab Session # 11
Objective:

Dynamic balancing of a shaft attached with three masses in different planes.

Apparatus:
• Static Balancing Apparatus,
• Vernier Caliper
• Different Masses

Theory:
Observation & Calculations:

Balancing of rotating mass:

The process of providing the second mass in order to counteract the effect of the
centrifugal force of the first mass is called balancing of rotating masses. balancing. introduction:
balancing is the process of eliminating or at least reducing the ground forces and/or moments.

Dynamic balancing:
Dynamic balancing is a way of balancing machines by rotating parts quickly and measuring the
imbalance using electronic equipment. A system of rotating mass is in dynamic balance when
there does not exist any resultant centrifugal force as well as resultant couple.
∑M=0
The imbalance measured can then be corrected by adding or subtracting weight from the rotating
parts until the vibration is reduced.

Procedure:

Centrifugal
Angle Radius Couple Moment
Mass m Force
Sr.# θ r M=Fh
(gram) F=m×r
(Degree) (mm) (g.mm2)
(g.mm)
01.
02.
03.

Comments
Safety:

Lab Session # 12
Objective:

Dynamic balancing of a shaft attached with four masses in different planes.

Apparatus:
• Static Balancing Apparatus,
• Vernier Caliper
• Different Masses

Theory:
Balancing of rotating mass:
The process of providing the second mass in order to counteract the effect of the
centrifugal force of the first mass is called balancing of rotating masses. balancing. introduction:
balancing is the process of eliminating or at least reducing the ground forces and/or moments.
Observation & Calculations:

Dynamic balancing:
Dynamic balancing is a way of balancing machines by rotating parts quickly and measuring the
imbalance using electronic equipment. A system of rotating mass is in dynamic balance when
there does not exist any resultant centrifugal force as well as resultant couple.
∑M=0
The imbalance measured can then be corrected by adding or subtracting weight from the rotating
parts until the vibration is reduced.

Procedure:

Centrifugal
Angle Radius Couple Moment
Mass m Force
Sr.# θ r M=Fh
(gram) F=m×r
(Degree) (mm) (g.mm2)
(g.mm)
01.
02.
03.
04.

Comments