Lecture 5

EO 101

Basic Electrical Engineering

Instructor: Dr. Subhendu Dutta

([email protected])
• Voltage source to current source conversion

• Current source to voltage source conversion

• Understanding delivering and absorbing power by

voltage source and current source

• Understanding ratings of various components

• Star-delta conversion and vice-versa

Application of Delta-Star Transformation

Compute the value of the source voltage, Vs.

Application of Delta-Star Transformation
Application of Delta-Star Transformation
Application of Delta-Star Transformation

Simplest form of the circuit under consideration

 Network theorems

Systems: Relation between its input

and output

Issue of Linearity
 IA

60 
VB / 120 + (1/60)x(VB – VS2) = IS1

Is1 VB 120  Vs2

2
or VB  40 I s1  Vs 2
3
 IA

60  2
VB  40 I s1  Vs 2
3
Is1 VB 120  Vs2

1 1 2
IA  (VB  Vs 2 )  (40 I s1  Vs 2  Vs 2 )
60 60 3
2 1
 I s1  Vs 2
2 3 180
VB  40 I s1  Vs 2
3
2 1
I A  I s1  Vs 2
3 180
Linearity:

• For any linear circuit, any output voltage or

current, denoted by the variable y, is
related linearly to the independent sources.

y  a1u1  a2u2   amum

u1 um = voltage and current values of

independent sources

a1 am = properly dimensioned constants

 iB

Circuit
Circuit
Vs1 containing
containin
Linear
is1 va  1vs1   nvsn  1is1   mism
g linear
elements
elements
but
butnono
independ-
iB  1vs1   nvsn   1is1    mism
depende
Vsn ent
nt ism
sources
sources

VA
Consequence of : y  a1u1  a2u2   amum

Superposition theorem:

In any linear circuit containing more than one

independent source, any output (voltage or
current) in the circuit may be calculated by
adding together the contributions due to each
independent source acting alone, with
remaining independent sources deactivated.
• Additivity property of linear networks

• If all sources are multiplied by a constant,

the response is multiplied by the same
constant – homogeneity property of linear
circuit
 Steps to follow while applying Superposition
theorem in a circuit containing independent
sources only

Step-1: Retain one source at a time in the circuit and deactivate

the other sources.

Step-2: Determine the output (current or voltage) due to the single

source acting alone.

Step-3: Repeat steps 1 and 2 for each of the other independent

sources.

Step-4: Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the

contributions due to the independent sources (Don’t miss to take
the appropriate sign of the voltages and currents).
 How to deactivate independent sources

If the source is a voltage source, short the source by its

internal resistance.

Example:
 How to deactivate independent sources

If the source is a current source, open the terminals of

the source.

Example:
Example-1
Compute Vout

Compute power consumed by the o/p

resistor
+

6 12  24 

Vout
Vs1 Vs2
_
 +

6 12  24 
V1out = (8/(6+8))xVS1 = (4/7)xVS1
Vout
Vs1 Vs2
_
4.8 2
V 
2
Vs 2  Vs 2
4.8  12
out
7

4 2
Vout  V  V  Vs1  Vs 2
1
out
2
out
7 7

Vout2 1  16 16 4 2 
P   (Vs1 )  (Vs1Vs 2 )  (Vs 2 ) 
2

24 24  49 49 49 
 Steps to follow while applying Superposition
theorem in a circuit containing both dependent
and independent sources
Same steps what is mentioned in case of the circuit containing
independent sources only, to be followed in this case as well.
However, few important points which are mentioned below to be
kept into account:

• Don’t deactivate any of the dependent sources, i.e. don’t

short the terminals of any dependent voltage source or
don’t open the terminals of any dependent current source.

• Keep all the dependent sources as it is in the circuit, and

take their voltage or current into account while applying
KCL and/or KVL in the circuit.
 Example-2

50  200 

40 

Is1 Vout V3 Vs2

V3 Compute Vout
 50  200 
V31 V3  V3
1 1

  is1
40 
200 40
Is1 1 V1
Vout 3
or
V31
200 I s1
V 1

(6  5 )
3

Therefore, 500  250

Vout1  50 I s1  V31  I s1
6  5
 50  200 
V32  Vs 2 V32  V32
 0
40  200 40
2
Vout V32 Vs2
V32
or

1
Vout  V 2
Vs 2
6  5
3

Therefore,

500  250 1
Vout  Vout1  Vout2  I s1  Vs 2
6  5 6  5
 Limitation of Superposition theorem:
Superposition theorem doesn’t work for power
calculation.

Reason: Power calculations involve either the product of

voltage and current, the square of current or the square of the
voltage, they are not linear operations.
Limitation of Superposition theorem:
• Power absorbed by 12 ohm resistance (due to any
of the sources acting alone = 12 W.

• Total power absorbed = 24 W.

• However in actual case there is no current flowing

through the 12 ohm resistor. Hence power
absorbed by the resistance is zero.
Limitation of Superposition theorem:

• Superposition theorem can not be applied for non

linear circuit ( Diodes or Transistors ).

• In order to calculate load current IL or the load

voltage for the several choices of load resistance
of the resistive network, one needs to solve for
every source voltage and current, perhaps several
times. With the simple circuit, this is fairly easy but
in a large circuit this method becomes an painful
experience.
Bibliography

• Basic Electrical Lectures of Prof. Kishore Chatterjee,

Electrical Engg. Dept., IIT Bombay.

• Basic Electrical Lectures of Prof. N.K. De, Prof. G.D.

Ray, Dr. T.K. Bhattacharya, Electrical Engg. Dept., IIT
Kharagpur.

• Contents from various web sources.