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Algorithm:Data Structure QP

This document describes a program being developed to analyze sales data from two websites, Site X and Site Y, over a period of 28 days. It includes sample sales data and outlines several programming tasks: 1) Designing a data structure to store the daily sales figures for Site X. 2) Writing a program to trace sales data and count the number of days where total sales (Site X + Site Y) were over 10. 3) Coding a function to calculate the total monthly sales for a given website. 4) Creating a text file listing dates with/without discount indicators to track discount dates. 5) Writing a program to search this discount dates file based on a user-

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

17 views

Algorithm:Data Structure QP

Uploaded by

Nayab

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

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QUESTION 8.

5 A company creates two new websites, Site X and Site Y, for selling bicycles.

Various programs are to be written to process the sales data.

These programs will use data about daily sales made from Site X (using variable SalesX) and
Site Y (using variable SalesY).

Data for the first 28 days is shown below.

SalesDate SalesX SalesY

1 03/06/2015 0 1
2 04/06/2015 1 2
3 05/06/2015 3 8
4 06/06/2015 0 0
5 07/06/2015 4 6
6 08/06/2015 4 4
7 09/06/2015 5 9
8 10/06/2015 11 9
9 11/06/2015 4 1
…

28 01/07/2015 14 8

(a) Name the data structure to be used in a program for SalesX.

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2015 9608/21/M/J/15

(b) The programmer writes a program from the following pseudocode design.

x 0
FOR DayNumber 1 TO 7
IF SalesX[DayNumber] + SalesY[DayNumber] >= 10
THEN
x x + 1
OUTPUT SalesDate[DayNumber]
ENDIF
ENDFOR
OUTPUT x

(i) Trace the execution of this pseudocode by completing the trace table below.

x DayNumber OUTPUT
0

[4]

(ii) Describe, in detail, what this algorithm does.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2015 9608/21/M/J/15 [Turn over

The programmer codes a function with the following function header:

FUNCTION MonthlyWebSiteSales(ThisMonth : INTEGER, ThisSite : CHAR)

RETURNS INTEGER

The function returns the total number of bicycles sold for the given month and website.

The function will use the following:

Identifier Data type Description

Represents the month number e.g.
ThisMonth INTEGER
4 represents April
Coded as:
ThisSite CHAR • X for website X
• Y for Website Y

(i) Give the number of parameters of this function. ..............................................[1]

(ii) Some of the following function calls may be invalid.

Mark each call with:

• a tick (✓), for a valid call
• a cross (✗), for an invalid call

For any function calls which are invalid, explain why.

Tick (✓) Explanation

Function call
/ cross (✗) (if invalid)

MonthlyWebSiteSales(1, "Y")

MonthlyWebSiteSales(11, 'X', 'Y')

MonthlyWebSiteSales(12, 'X')

[3]

© UCLES 2015 9608/21/M/J/15

(d) The company decides to offer a discount on selected dates. A program is written to indicate
the dates on which a discount is offered.

The program creates a text file, DISCOUNT_DATES (with data as shown), for a number of
consecutive dates.

03/06/2015 TRUE
04/06/2015 FALSE
05/06/2015 FALSE
06/06/2015 FALSE
07/06/2015 FALSE
08/06/2015 FALSE
09/06/2015 FALSE
10/06/2015 TRUE
11/06/2015 FALSE

01/07/2015 FALSE

Each date and discount indicator is separated by a single <Space> character.

The discount indicators are:

• FALSE – indicates a date on which no discount is offered

• TRUE – indicates a date on which a discount is offered

A programming language has the built-in function CONCAT defined as follows:

CONCAT(String1 : STRING, String2 : STRING [, String3 : STRING] )

RETURNS STRING
For example: CONCAT("San", "Francisco") returns "SanFrancisco"
CONCAT("New", "York", "City") returns "NewYorkCity"

The use of the square brackets indicates that the parameter is optional.

© UCLES 2015 9608/21/M/J/15 [Turn over

The following incomplete pseudocode creates the text file DISCOUNT_DATES.

Complete the pseudocode.

OPENFILE "DISCOUNT_DATES" FOR ..................................................................................

INPUT ......................................................................................................................................

WHILE NextDate <>"XXX"

INPUT Discount

…………..…………………… = CONCAT(NextDate, " ", Discount)

WRITEFILE "DISCOUNT_DATES", NextLine

INPUT NextDate

...................................................................................................................................................

OUTPUT "File now created"

CLOSEFILE [4]

© UCLES 2015 9608/21/M/J/15

Question 5(e) continues on page 18.

© UCLES 2015 9608/21/M/J/15 [Turn over

(e) The DISCOUNT_DATES text file is successfully created.

The company now wants a program to:

• key in a date entered by the user
• search the text file for this date
• if found, output one of the following messages:
o “No discount on this date”
o “This is a discount date”
• if not found, output “Date not found”

(i) Add to the identifier table to show the variables you need for this new program.

Identifier Data type Description

DISCOUNT_DATES FILE Text file to be used

[3]

© UCLES 2015 9608/21/M/J/15

(ii) Write the program code.

Do not include any declaration or comment statements for the variables used.

Programming language .....................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[7]

© UCLES 2015 9608/21/M/J/15

QUESTION 9. 12

5 A firm employs workers who assemble amplifiers. Each member of staff works an agreed number
of hours each day.

The firm records the number of completed amplifiers made by each employee each day.

Management monitor the performance of all its workers.

Production data was collected for 3 workers over 4 days.

Daily hours
worked Production data
Worker 1 5 Worker 1 Worker 2 Worker 3
Worker 2 10 Day 1 10 20 9

Worker 3 10 Day 2 11 16 11

Day 3 10 24 13

Day 4 14 20 17

A program is to be written to process the production data.

(a) The production data is to be stored in a 2-dimensional array ProductionData, declared as

follows:

DECLARE ProductionData ARRAY[1:4, 1:3] : INTEGER

(i) Describe two features of an array.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Give the value of ProductionData[3, 2].

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Describe the information produced by the expression:

ProductionData[2, 1] + ProductionData[2, 2] + ProductionData[2, 3]

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2015 9608/23/M/J/15

(b) Complete the trace table for the pseudocode algorithm below.

FOR WorkerNum 1 TO 3
WorkerTotal[WorkerNum] 0
ENDFOR

FOR WorkerNum 1 TO 3
FOR DayNum 1 TO 4
WorkerTotal[WorkerNum] WorkerTotal[WorkerNum] +
ProductionData[DayNum, WorkerNum]
ENDFOR
ENDFOR

FOR WorkerNum 1 TO 3
WorkerAverage WorkerTotal[WorkerNum]/
(4 * DailyHoursWorked[WorkerNum])
IF WorkerAverage < 2
THEN
OUTPUT “Investigate“, WorkerNum
ENDIF
ENDFOR

WorkerTotal
WorkerNum DayNum WorkerAverage OUTPUT 1 2 3

[8]

© UCLES 2015 9608/23/M/J/15 [Turn over

(c) An experienced programmer suggests that the pseudocode would be best implemented as a
procedure AnalyseProductionData.

Assume that both arrays, DailyHoursWorked and ProductionData, are available to the
procedure from the main program and they are of the appropriate size.

PROCEDURE AnalyseProductionData(NumDays : INTEGER, NumWorkers : INTEGER)

DECLARE ........................................................................................................................................

DECLARE ...................................................................................................................................... .

DECLARE ....................................................................................................................................... .

DECLARE ...................................................................................................................................... .

FOR WorkerNum 1 TO 3
WorkerTotal[WorkerNum] 0
ENDFOR

FOR WorkerNum 1 TO 3
FOR DayNum 1 TO 4
WorkerTotal[WorkerNum] WorkerTotal[WorkerNum] +
ProductionData[DayNum, WorkerNum]
ENDFOR
ENDFOR

FOR WorkerNum 1 TO 3
WorkerAverage WorkerTotal[WorkerNum]/
(4 * DailyHoursWorked [WorkerNum])
IF WorkerAverage < 2
THEN
OUTPUT "Investigate", WorkerNum
ENDIF
ENDFOR

ENDPROCEDURE

(i) Complete the declaration statements showing the local variables. [4]

(ii) The original pseudocode has been ‘pasted’ under the procedure header.

Circle all the places in the original pseudocode where changes will need to be made.

Write the changes which need to be made next to each circle. [3]

(iii) Write the statement for a procedure call which processes data for 7 days for 13 workers.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

© UCLES 2015 9608/23/M/J/15

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© UCLES 2015 9608/23/M/J/15

BLANK PAGE

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.

Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2015 9608/23/M/J/15

QUESTION 10. 11

5 A program is to process a set of integers.

The integers are stored in an array, Num. The first N elements are to be processed.

The pseudocode for this program is shown below:

FOR i ←1 TO (N - 1)
j ←
1
REPEAT
IF Num[j] > Num[j + 1]
THEN
Temp ←
Num[j]
Num[j] ←
Num[j + 1]
Num[j + 1] Temp ←
ENDIF
j ←
j + 1
UNTIL j = (N – i + 1)
ENDFOR

(a) (i) Trace the execution of the pseudocode for the value N = 5 and the given array of integers.

Num
N i j Temp 1 2 3 4 5

5 11 16 13 7 8

[8]

© UCLES 2015 9608/22/O/N/15 [Turn over

(ii) State the purpose of the algorithm.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Describe what evidence from the trace table suggests that the given pseudocode is
inefficient.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Complete the identifier table documenting the use of each of the variables.

Identifier Data type Description

Num ARRAY[1:100] OF INTEGER The array of numbers.

Temp

[5]

© UCLES 2015 9608/22/O/N/15

QUESTION 11. 16

6 A string-handling function has been developed. The pseudocode for this function is shown below.

For the built-in functions list, refer to the Appendix on page 18.

FUNCTION SSM(String1, String2 : STRING) RETURNS INTEGER

DECLARE n, f, x, y : INTEGER

n 0
f 0

REPEAT
n n + 1
x n
y 1
WHILE MID(String1, x, 1) = MID(String2, y, 1)

IF y = LENGTH(String2)
THEN
f n
ELSE
x x + 1
y y + 1
ENDIF

ENDWHILE

UNTIL (n = LENGTH(String1)) OR (f <> 0)

RETURN f

ENDFUNCTION

(a) Complete the trace table below by performing a dry run of the function when it is called as
follows:

SSM("RETRACE", "RAC")

n f x y MID(String1, x, 1) MID(String2, y, 1)
0 0

[6]

© UCLES 2016 9608/21/M/J/16

(b) (i) Describe the purpose of function SSM.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) One of the possible return values from function SSM has a special meaning.

State the value and its meaning.

Value .................................................................................................................................

Meaning ............................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) There is a problem with the logic of the pseudocode. This could generate a run-time
error.

Describe the problem.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2016 9608/21/M/J/16 [Turn over

Appendix
Built-in functions

In each function below, if the function call is not properly formed, the function returns an error.

MID(ThisString : STRING, x : INTEGER, y : INTEGER) RETURNS STRING

returns the string of length y starting at position x from ThisString

Example: MID("ABCDEFGH", 2, 3) will return string "BCD"

LEFT(ThisString : STRING, x : INTEGER) RETURNS STRING

returns the leftmost x characters from ThisString

Example: LEFT("ABCDEFGH", 3) will return string "ABC"

RIGHT(ThisString: STRING, x : INTEGER) RETURNS STRING

returns the rightmost x characters from ThisString

Example: RIGHT("ABCDEFGH", 3) will return string "FGH"

ASC(ThisChar : CHAR) RETURNS INTEGER

returns the ASCII value of character ThisChar

Example: ASC('W') will return 87

LENGTH(ThisString : STRING) RETURNS INTEGER

returns the integer value representing the length of string ThisString

Example: LENGTH("Happy Days") will return 10

String operator

& operator

concatenates (joins) two strings

Example: "Summer" & " " & "Pudding" produces "Summer Pudding"

© UCLES 2016 9608/21/M/J/16

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© UCLES 2016 9608/21/M/J/16

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2016 9608/21/M/J/16

QUESTION 12. 16

6 A string-handling function has been developed. The pseudocode for this function is shown below.

For the built-in functions list, refer to the Appendix on page 18.

FUNCTION SSM(String1, String2 : STRING) RETURNS INTEGER

DECLARE n, f, x, y : INTEGER

n 0
f 0

REPEAT
n n + 1
x n
y 1
WHILE MID(String1, x, 1) = MID(String2, y, 1)

IF y = LENGTH(String2)
THEN
f n
ELSE
x x + 1
y y + 1
ENDIF

ENDWHILE

UNTIL (n = LENGTH(String1)) OR (f <> 0)

RETURN f

ENDFUNCTION

(a) Complete the trace table below by performing a dry run of the function when it is called as
follows:

SSM("RETRACE", "RAC")

n f x y MID(String1, x, 1) MID(String2, y, 1)
0 0

[6]

© UCLES 2016 9608/22/M/J/16

(b) (i) Describe the purpose of function SSM.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) One of the possible return values from function SSM has a special meaning.

State the value and its meaning.

Value .................................................................................................................................

Meaning ............................................................................................................................
[2]

(iii) There is a problem with the logic of the pseudocode. This could generate a run-time
error.

Describe the problem.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2016 9608/22/M/J/16 [Turn over

Appendix
Built-in functions

In each function below, if the function call is not properly formed, the function returns an error.

MID(ThisString : STRING, x : INTEGER, y : INTEGER) RETURNS STRING

returns the string of length y starting at position x from ThisString

Example: MID("ABCDEFGH", 2, 3) will return string "BCD"

LEFT(ThisString : STRING, x : INTEGER) RETURNS STRING

returns the leftmost x characters from ThisString

Example: LEFT("ABCDEFGH", 3) will return string "ABC"

RIGHT(ThisString: STRING, x : INTEGER) RETURNS STRING

returns the rightmost x characters from ThisString

Example: RIGHT("ABCDEFGH", 3) will return string "FGH"

ASC(ThisChar : CHAR) RETURNS INTEGER

returns the ASCII value of character ThisChar

Example: ASC('W') will return 87

LENGTH(ThisString : STRING) RETURNS INTEGER

returns the integer value representing the length of string ThisString

Example: LENGTH("Happy Days") will return 10

String operator

& operator

concatenates (joins) two strings

Example: "Summer" & " " & "Pudding" produces "Summer Pudding"

© UCLES 2016 9608/22/M/J/16

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2016 9608/22/M/J/16

BLANK PAGE

© UCLES 2016 9608/22/M/J/16

QUESTION 13. 14

6 A string-handling function has been developed.

For the built-in functions list, refer to the Appendix on the last page.

The pseudocode for this function is shown below.

FUNCTION SF(ThisString : STRING) RETURNS STRING

DECLARE x : CHAR
DECLARE NewString : STRING
DECLARE Flag : BOOLEAN
DECLARE m, n : INTEGER

Flag TRUE
NewString ""
m LENGTH(ThisString)

FOR n 1 TO m

IF Flag = TRUE
THEN
x UCASE(MID(ThisString, n, 1))
Flag FALSE
ELSE
x LCASE(MID(ThisString, n, 1))
ENDIF

NewString NewString & x

IF x = " "
THEN
Flag TRUE
ENDIF

ENDFOR

RETURN NewString
ENDFUNCTION

(a) (i) Complete the trace table below by performing a dry run of the function when it is called
as follows:

SF("big BEN")

n x Flag m NewString

[4]
© UCLES 2016 9608/23/M/J/16
15

(ii) Describe the purpose of function SF.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Test data must be designed for the function SF.

(i) State what happens when the function is called with an empty string.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) The function should be thoroughly tested.

Give three examples of non-empty strings that may be used.

In each case explain why the test string has been chosen.

String .................................................................................................................................

Explanation .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

String .................................................................................................................................

Explanation .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

String .................................................................................................................................

Explanation .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

© UCLES 2016 9608/23/M/J/16 [Turn over

Appendix

Built-in functions (Pseudocode)

In each function below, if the function call is not properly formed, the function returns an error.
MID(ThisString : STRING, x : INTEGER, y : INTEGER) RETURNS STRING

returns the string of length y starting at position x from ThisString

Example: MID("ABCDEFGH", 2, 3) will return string "BCD"

LEFT(ThisString : STRING, x : INTEGER) RETURNS STRING

returns the leftmost x characters from ThisString

Example: LEFT("ABCDEFGH", 3) will return string "ABC"

RIGHT(ThisString: STRING, x : INTEGER) RETURNS STRING

returns the rightmost x characters from ThisString

Example: RIGHT("ABCDEFGH", 3) will return string "FGH"

CHR(x : INTEGER) RETURNS CHAR

returns the character whose ASCII value is x

Example: CHR(87) will return 'W'

ASC(x : CHAR) RETURNS INTEGER

returns the ASCII value of character x

Example: ASC('W') will return 87

LCASE(x : CHAR) RETURNS CHAR

returns the lower case equivalent character of x

Example: LCASE('W') will return 'w'

UCASE(x : CHAR) RETURNS CHAR

returns the upper case equivalent character of x

Example: UCASE('h') will return 'H'

INT(x : REAL) RETURNS INTEGER

returns the integer part of x

Example: INT(27.5415) will return 27

© UCLES 2016 9608/23/M/J/16

QUESTION 14. 5

Write the equivalent pseudocode using a pre-condition loop, for this part of the amended
flowchart.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

2 You will need to refer to the list of pseudocode string-handling functions in the Appendix.

(a) Give the value of the variables x, y and z for the following sequence of statements.

(i) x ONECHAR("Barcelona", 5) x ............................ [1]

(ii) y ONECHAR("Cool", 1) & ONECHAR("Ball", 2) & "t-food"

y ............................ [1]

(iii) Temp1 "13"

Temp2 ONECHAR("One-2-One", 5)
z TONUM(Temp2 & Temp1) z ............................ [1]

A computer program is to simulate the reading and processing of a string of characters from an
input device.

The character string consists of:

• a number of digit characters

• one or more <*> characters, each used as a separator
• a final <#> character.

A typical input character sequence, stored as InputString is:

13*156*9*86*1463*18*#

© UCLES 2016 9608/22/O/N/16 [Turn over

Study this pseudocode.

01 DECLARE Numbers ARRAY [1:100] OF INTEGER

02 DECLARE InputString : STRING
03 DECLARE NextChar : CHAR
04 DECLARE NextNumberString : STRING
05 DECLARE i : INTEGER // Numbers array index
06 DECLARE j : INTEGER // InputString index
07
08 OUTPUT "String ... "
09 INPUT InputString
10 j 1
11 NextChar ONECHAR(InputString, j)
12
13 i 1
14 WHILE NextChar <> '#'
15 NextNumberString = ""
16 WHILE NextChar <> '*'
17 NextNumberString NextNumberString & NextChar
18 j j + 1
19 NextChar ONECHAR(InputString, j)
20 ENDWHILE
21
22 // store the next integer to the array
23 Numbers[i] TONUM(NextNumberString)
24 i i + 1
25 j j + 1
26 NextChar ONECHAR(InputString, j)
27 ENDWHILE
28
29 CALL DisplayArray()

(b) Write the line number for:

(i) A statement which declares a global variable used to store a single character. ........... [1]

(ii) A statement which runs code written as a procedure. ........... [1]

(iii) A statement which indicates the start of a ‘pre-condition’ loop. ........... [1]

(iv) A statement which increments a variable. ........... [1]

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
© UCLES 2016 9608/22/O/N/16
7

(d) (i) Complete the trace table below for the given pseudocode as far as line 27.

The input string is: 237315*#

Numbers
i j NextChar NextNumberString
1 2 3
1 1 '2'
""
"2"
2 '3' "23"
3 '*' 23

[5]

(ii) Explain what this algorithm does.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2016 9608/22/O/N/16 [Turn over
QUESTION 15. 4

2 The following pseudocode represents a simple algorithm.

DECLARE NumberFound, Remainder, Number : INTEGER

DECLARE StartNumber, EndNumber, Divisor : INTEGER

INPUT StartNumber
INPUT EndNumber
INPUT Divisor
NumberFound 0

FOR Number StartNumber TO EndNumber

Remainder MODULUS(Number, Divisor)
IF Remainder = 0
THEN
OUTPUT Number
NumberFound NumberFound + 1
ENDIF
ENDFOR
OUTPUT "Count: " & NumberFound

For the built-in functions list, refer to the Appendix on page 14.

(a) Complete the following trace table.

StartNumber EndNumber Divisor NumberFound Number Remainder Output

11 13 2 0

[3]

(b) Describe the purpose of this algorithm.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2017 9608/21/O/N/17

(c) Draw a program flowchart to represent this algorithm.

Variable declarations are not required in program flowcharts.

[10]

© UCLES 2017 9608/21/O/N/17 [Turn over

QUESTION 16. 8

3 (a) State why a high-level language program must be translated before it can be run.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) A program runs but does not give the expected output.

Describe two methods you could use to find the error.

Method 1 ...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Method 2 ...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

Tick one or more boxes in each row to identify the testing method each statement describes.

Statement White-box Black-box

The student does not need to know the structure of the
code.
The student chooses data to test every possible path
through the code.

The student chooses normal, boundary and erroneous data.

The student chooses data to test that the program meets the
specification.
[4]

© UCLES 2018 9608/21/O/N/18

Question 4 begins on the next page.

© UCLES 2018 9608/21/O/N/18 [Turn over

QUESTION 17. 4

2 Shop customers have a discount card with a unique card number. Customers collect points each
time they buy items. The number of points they collect depends on:

• the total amount they spend

• the number of points already collected.

The function CalcPoints() takes the card number and the total amount spent as parameters. It
returns the number of new points collected. A flowchart for the function is shown.

The function uses the following variables and functions.

Identifier Data type Description

CardNum STRING A numeric string representing the unique card number
OldPoints INTEGER The number of points already collected
NewPoints INTEGER The number of new points collected
Total REAL The amount spent
Takes the card number as a parameter and returns the
GetPoints() FUNCTION
number of points already collected
INT() FUNCTION Refer to the Appendix on page 16

START

Is YES
Total > 100 ?

OldPoints
NO GetPoints(CardNum)

Is NO
OldPoints > 2000 ?

YES

NewPoints INT(Total * 1.2)

NewPoints 0 NewPoints INT(Total * 1.1)

RETURN NewPoints

END

© UCLES 2018 9608/22/O/N/18

(a) (i) Write pseudocode for the CalcPoints() function.

Your solution should follow the flowchart as closely as possible.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[7]

© UCLES 2018 9608/22/O/N/18 [Turn over

(ii) The value of the total amount spent is calculated by an Electronic Point Of Sale (EPOS)
system. This system does not have the prices of all items. For these items, a valid total
amount has to be entered manually.

A function, GetTotal(), prompts the user to input this value.

If the user enters a valid value greater than 0 and less than 10 000, the function returns
the value. The function prompts the user to re-enter the value each time the user enters
an invalid value.

Write pseudocode to complete the GetTotal() function.

FUNCTION GetTotal() RETURNS REAL

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
ENDFUNCTION
[5]

© UCLES 2018 9608/22/O/N/18

(b) The function CalcPoints() is written in a high-level language. It has been checked and it
does not contain any syntax or logic errors.

(i) Name and describe one other type of error that the high-level language code could
contain.

Name .................................................................................................................................

Description ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) The function CalcPoints() is tested using white-box testing.

State two different values of Total that could be used to test different paths through the
algorithm. Justify your choices.

Value .................................................................................................................................

Justification .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Value .................................................................................................................................

Justification .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

© UCLES 2018 9608/22/O/N/18 [Turn over

QUESTION 18. 4

2 Shop customers have a discount card with a unique card number. Customers collect points when
they buy items. At the end of each year, customers are given bonus (extra) points related to the
total amount they have spent during the year, and the number of points they have on their card.

The function CalcBonus() takes the card number as a parameter. It returns the bonus points for
the customer. A flowchart for the function is shown.

The function uses the following variables and functions.

Identifier Data type Description

CardNum STRING A numeric string representing the unique card number
Points INTEGER The number of points collected
Spend REAL The total amount that customer has spent during the year
Bonus INTEGER The number of bonus points
Takes the card number as a parameter and returns the
GetPoints() FUNCTION
number of points already collected
Takes the card number as a parameter and returns the
GetSpend() FUNCTION
total amount that customer has spent during the year

START

Points
GetPoints(CardNum)

Spend
GetSpend(CardNum)

Is YES
Points > 2000 ?

Is YES
Spend > 1000 ?

Bonus 10 Bonus 50 Bonus 100

RETURN Bonus

END

© UCLES 2018 9608/23/O/N/18

(a) (i) Write pseudocode for the CalcBonus() function.

Your solution should follow the flowchart for the function as closely as possible.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[5]

© UCLES 2018 9608/23/O/N/18 [Turn over

(ii) The function GetCardNumber() prompts the user to input a card number until the
number input is valid.

A valid card number has 16 characters. Each character is a numeric character ('0' to
'9').

Write pseudocode to complete the GetCardNumber() function.

You should refer to the function IS_NUM() in the Appendix on page 16.

FUNCTION GetCardNumber() RETURNS STRING

...........................................................................................................................................

(b) The function CalcBonus() is written in a high-level language.

(i) The function is tested using black-box testing and does not contain any syntax errors.

Name and describe one other type of error that black-box testing could find.

Name .................................................................................................................................

Description ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) The function CalcBonus() is tested using white-box testing.

State two different pairs of values for Spend and Points that can be used to test
different paths through the function. Justify your choices.

Spend ........................................ Points ......................................

Justification .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Spend ........................................ Points ......................................

Justification .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

Name ........................................................................................................................................

Reason .....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Name ........................................................................................................................................

Reason .....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

QUESTION 19. 8

4 The following pseudocode is a string handling function.

For the built-in functions list, refer to the Appendix on page 16.

FUNCTION Clean(InString : STRING) RETURNS STRING

DECLARE NewString : STRING

DECLARE Index : INTEGER
DECLARE AfterSpace : BOOLEAN
DECLARE NextChar : CHAR
CONSTANT Space = ' '

AfterSpace FALSE
NewString ""

FOR Index 1 TO LENGTH(InString)

NextChar MID(InString, Index, 1)
IF AfterSpace = TRUE
THEN
IF NextChar <> Space
THEN
NewString NewString & NextChar
AfterSpace FALSE
ENDIF
ELSE
NewString NewString & NextChar
IF NextChar = Space
THEN
AfterSpace TRUE
ENDIF
ENDIF
ENDFOR

RETURN NewString

ENDFUNCTION

(a) (i) Complete the trace table by performing a dry run of the function when it is called as
follows:

Result Clean("X∇∇∇Y∇and∇∇Z")

The symbol '∇' represents a space character. Use this symbol to represent a space
character in the trace table.

Index AfterSpace NextChar NewString

[6]

(ii) State the effect of the function Clean().

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) The pseudocode is changed so that the variable AfterSpace is initialised to TRUE.

Explain what will happen if the function is called as follows:

Result Clean("∇∇X∇∇∇Y∇and∇∇Z")

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) The following pseudocode declares and initialises an array.

DECLARE Code : ARRAY[1:100] OF STRING

DECLARE Index : INTEGER

FOR Index 1 TO 100

Code[Index] ""
ENDFOR

The design of the program is changed as follows:

• the array needs to be two dimensional, with 500 rows and 4 columns
• the elements of the array need to be initialised to the string "Empty"

Re-write the pseudocode to implement the new design.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

Question 5 begins on the next page.

QUESTION 20. 8

4 The following is pseudocode for a string handling function.

For the built-in functions list, refer to the Appendix on page 16.

FUNCTION Search(InString : STRING) RETURNS INTEGER

DECLARE NewString : STRING

DECLARE Index : INTEGER
DECLARE NextChar : CHAR
DECLARE Selected : INTEGER
DECLARE NewValue : INTEGER

NewString '0'
Selected 0

FOR Index 1 TO LENGTH(InString)

NextChar MID(InString, Index, 1)

IF NextChar < '0' OR NextChar > '9'
THEN
NewValue STRING_TO_NUM(NewString)
IF NewValue > Selected
THEN
Selected NewValue
ENDIF
NewString '0'
ELSE
NewString NewString & NextChar
ENDIF

ENDFOR

RETURN Selected

ENDFUNCTION

(a) (i) The following assignment calls the Search() function:

Result Search("12∇34∇5∇∇39")

Complete the following trace table by performing a dry run of this function call.

The symbol '∇' represents a space character. Use this symbol to represent a space
character in the trace table.

Index NextChar Selected NewValue NewString

[5]

(ii) State the value returned by the function when it is called as shown in part (a)(i).

....................................... [1]

(b) There is an error in the algorithm. When called as shown in part (a)(i), the function did not
return the largest value as expected.

(i) Explain why this error occurred when the program called the function.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Describe how the algorithm could be amended to correct the error.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

5 A student is learning about text files. She wants to write a program to count the number of lines in
a file.

(a) Use structured English to describe an algorithm she could use.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

QUESTION 21. 12

5 Nigel is learning about string handling. He wants to write code to count the number of words in a
given string. A word is defined as a sequence of alphabetic characters that is separated by one or
more space characters.

His first attempt at writing an algorithm in pseudocode is as follows:

PROCEDURE CountWords(Message : STRING)

DECLARE NumWords : INTEGER

DECLARE Index : INTEGER
CONSTANT Space = ' '

NumWords 0

FOR Index 1 TO LENGTH(Message)

IF MID(Message, Index, 1) = Space
THEN
NumWords NumWords + 1
ENDIF
ENDFOR

OUTPUT "Number of words : " , NumWords

ENDPROCEDURE

For the built-in functions list, refer to the Appendix on page 18.

His first attempt is incorrect. He will use white-box testing to help him to identify the problem.

(a) (i) State the purpose of white-box testing.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Dry running the code is often used in white-box testing. In this method, the programmer
records the values of variables as they change.

Identify what the programmer would normally use to record the changes.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) (i) Write a test string containing two words that gives the output:

Number of words : 2

Use the symbol '∇' to represent each space character in your test string.

Explain why the algorithm gives the output shown above.

String .................................................................................................................................

Explanation .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Nigel tested the procedure with the strings:

String 1: "Red∇and∇Yellow"
String 2: "Green∇∇and∇∇Pink∇"

Give the output that is produced for each of the strings.

Describe the changes that would need to be made to the algorithm to give the correct
output in each case.

Do not write pseudocode or program code.

String 1 ..............................................................................................................................

Description ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

String 2 ..............................................................................................................................

Description ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[6]

QUESTION 22. 10

5 The following pseudocode checks whether a string is a valid password.

FUNCTION CheckPassword(InString : STRING) RETURNS BOOLEAN

DECLARE Index, Upper, Lower, Digit, Other : INTEGER

DECLARE NextChar : CHAR

Upper 0
Lower 0
Digit 0
Other 0

FOR Index 1 TO LENGTH(InString)

NextChar MID(InString, Index, 1)

IF NextChar >= 'A' AND NextChar <= 'Z'
THEN
Upper Upper + 1
ELSE
IF NextChar >= 'a' AND NextChar <= 'z'
THEN
Lower Lower + 1
ELSE
IF NextChar >= '0' AND NextChar <= '9'
THEN
Digit Digit + 1
ELSE
Other Other + 1
ENDIF
ENDIF
ENDIF

ENDFOR

IF Upper > 1 AND Lower >= 5 AND (Digit - Other) > 0

THEN
RETURN TRUE
ELSE
RETURN FALSE
ENDIF

ENDFUNCTION

(a) Describe the validation rules that are implemented by this pseudocode. Refer only to the
contents of the string and not to features of the pseudocode.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]
© UCLES 2019 9608/21/O/N/19
11

(b) (i) Complete the trace table by dry running the function when it is called as follows:

Result CheckPassword("Jim+Smith*99")

Index NextChar Upper Lower Digit Other

[5]

(ii) State the value returned when the function is called using the expression shown. Justify
your answer.

Value .................................................................................................................................

Justification .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

QUESTION 23. 8

4 The following pseudocode algorithm checks whether a string is a valid email address.

FUNCTION Check(InString : STRING) RETURNS BOOLEAN

DECLARE Index : INTEGER

DECLARE NumDots : INTEGER
DECLARE NumAts : INTEGER
DECLARE NextChar : CHAR
DECLARE NumOthers : INTEGER

NumDots 0
NumAts 0
NumOthers 0

FOR Index 1 TO LENGTH(InString)

NextChar MID(InString, Index, 1)

CASE OF NextChar
'.': NumDots NumDots + 1
'@': NumAts NumAts + 1
OTHERWISE NumOthers NumOthers + 1
ENDCASE

ENDFOR

IF (NumDots >= 1 AND NumAts = 1 AND NumOthers > 5)

THEN
RETURN TRUE
ELSE
RETURN FALSE
ENDIF

ENDFUNCTION

(a) Describe the validation rules that are implemented by this pseudocode. Refer only to the
contents of the string and not to features of the pseudocode.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) (i) Complete the trace table by dry running the function when it is called as follows:

Result Check("[email protected]")

Index NextChar NumDots NumAts NumOthers

[5]

(ii) State the value returned when function Check is called as shown in part (b)(i).

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) The function Check() is to be tested.

State two different invalid string values that could be used to test the algorithm. Each string
should test a different rule.

Justify your choices.

Value .........................................................................................................................................

Justification ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Value .........................................................................................................................................

Justification ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

5 Abbreviations are often used in place of a full name. Concatenating the first letter of each word in
the name makes an abbreviation.

For example:

Name Abbreviation

United Nations UN

World Wide Web WWW

British Computer Society BCS

A function, Abbreviate(), will take a string representing the full name and return a string
containing the abbreviated form.

You should assume that:

• names only contain alphabetic characters and space characters

• names always start with an alphabetic character
• each word in the name always starts with an uppercase character
• only a single space separates words in the name.

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