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Algorithm QP

This document describes a program that processes production data from workers at a firm. The production data is stored in a two-dimensional array with 4 rows (representing 4 days) and 3 columns (representing 3 workers). Each element of the array stores the number of completed amplifiers for a given worker on a given day. The question asks the student to describe features of an array, retrieve a value from the array, describe an expression that calculates the total production for a day across all workers, and write the code to process and output the production data.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

24 views

Algorithm QP

Uploaded by

Nayab

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 52

QUESTION 7.

5 A company creates two new websites, Site X and Site Y, for selling bicycles.

Various programs are to be written to process the sales data.

These programs will use data about daily sales made from Site X (using variable SalesX) and
Site Y (using variable SalesY).

Data for the first 28 days is shown below.

SalesDate SalesX SalesY

1 03/06/2015 0 1
2 04/06/2015 1 2
3 05/06/2015 3 8
4 06/06/2015 0 0
5 07/06/2015 4 6
6 08/06/2015 4 4
7 09/06/2015 5 9
8 10/06/2015 11 9
9 11/06/2015 4 1
…

28 01/07/2015 14 8

(a) Name the data structure to be used in a program for SalesX.

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2015 9608/21/M/J/15

Question 5 begins on page 12.

© UCLES 2015 9608/21/M/J/15 [Turn over

QUESTION 8. 12

5 A firm employs workers who assemble amplifiers. Each member of staff works an agreed number
of hours each day.

The firm records the number of completed amplifiers made by each employee each day.

Management monitor the performance of all its workers.

Production data was collected for 3 workers over 4 days.

Daily hours
worked Production data
Worker 1 5 Worker 1 Worker 2 Worker 3
Worker 2 10 Day 1 10 20 9

Worker 3 10 Day 2 11 16 11

Day 3 10 24 13

Day 4 14 20 17

A program is to be written to process the production data.

(a) The production data is to be stored in a 2-dimensional array ProductionData, declared as

follows:

DECLARE ProductionData ARRAY[1:4, 1:3] : INTEGER

(i) Describe two features of an array.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Give the value of ProductionData[3, 2].

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Describe the information produced by the expression:

ProductionData[2, 1] + ProductionData[2, 2] + ProductionData[2, 3]

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2015 9608/23/M/J/15

Write the program code. Do not attempt to include any validation checks.
Visual Basic and Pascal: You should include the declaration statements for variables.
Python: You should show a comment statement for each variable used with its data type.

Programming language ............................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................[10]

© UCLES 2015 9608/23/M/J/15 [Turn over

QUESTION 9. 16

8 In this question you will need to use the given pseudocode built-in function:

ONECHAR(ThisString : STRING, Position : INTEGER) RETURNS CHAR

returns the single character at position Position (counting from the start of the string with value 1)
from the string ThisString.
For example: ONECHAR("Barcelona", 3) returns 'r'.

(a) Give the value assigned to variable y by the following statement:

y ← ONECHAR("San Francisco", 6) y ............................................. [1]

A program reads a string entered by the user. The string represents the addition or subtraction
of two fractions. Each part of the fraction within the string is always a single digit only and the
top digit is always less than the bottom digit.

Example strings are: "3/8+3/5" and "5/8-1/4"

The program steps are:

• the user enters the string
• the program isolates each digit and the operator
• the program computes the answer as either:
a fraction
a whole number followed by a fraction
a whole number
• the program displays the answer to the user

N4Char
N3Char
N2Char
N1Char

The identifier table shows the variables to be used to store the characters in the string as
shown in the diagram.

Identifier Data type Description

FractionString String input by user.

STRING
For example: "5/8-1/4"
N1Char CHAR See diagram
N2Char CHAR See diagram
N3Char CHAR See diagram
N4Char CHAR See diagram
Op CHAR See diagram

© UCLES 2015 9608/21/O/N/15

(b) A program is to be written which accepts a string and then calculates a numeric value from
this string. The input string and the calculated value are then to be sent to a remote computer
over a communications link.

Study the following pseudocode:

OUTPUT "Enter string"

INPUT MyString
StringTotal 0 ←
FOR i ←
1 TO CHARACTERCOUNT(MyString)
NextNum ←
ASC(ONECHAR(MyString, i))
StringTotal ←
StringTotal + NextNum
ENDFOR

OUTPUT MyString, StringTotal

Write the above pseudocode algorithm as program code.

There is no need to show the declaration of variables or comment statements.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2015 9608/21/O/N/15 [Turn over

QUESTION 10. 15

7 ASCII character codes are used to represent a single character.

Part of the code table is shown below.

ASCII code table (part)

Character Decimal Character Decimal Character Decimal
<Space> 32 I 73 R 82
A 65 J 74 S 83
B 66 K 75 T 84
C 67 L 76 U 85
D 68 M 77 V 86
E 69 N 78 W 87
F 70 O 79 X 88
G 71 P 80 Y 89
H 72 Q 81 Z 90

Some pseudocode statements follow which use these built-in functions:

CHARACTERCOUNT(ThisString : STRING) RETURNS INTEGER

returns the number of characters in the string ThisString.
For example: CHARACTERCOUNT("South Africa") returns 12.

CHR(ThisInteger : INTEGER) RETURNS CHAR

returns the character with ASCII value ThisInteger.
For example: CHR(66) returns 'B'.

ASC(ThisCharacter : CHAR) RETURNS INTEGER

returns the ASCII value for character ThisCharacter.
For example: ASC('B') returns 66.

(a) Give the values assigned to the variables A, B, C and D.

The & operator is used to concatenate two strings.

The expression could generate an error; if so, write ERROR.

Num1 ← 5
A ← ASC('F') + Num1 + ASC('Z') (i) A ..................................................... [1]
B ← CHR(89) & CHR(69) & CHR(83) (ii) B ..................................................... [1]
C ← CHARACTERCOUNT(B & "PLEASE") (iii) C ..................................................... [1]
D ← ASC(ONECHAR("CURRY SAUCE", 7)) (iv) D ..................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2015 9608/22/O/N/15 [Turn over

(ii) An experienced programmer suggests this pseudocode would be best designed as a

function.

Complete the re-design of the pseudocode as follows:

The main program:

• the user enters MyString
• the function is called and the changed string is assigned to variable ChangedString

The function:
• has identifier RemoveSpaces
• has a single parameter
• will include the declaration for any local variables used by the function

// main program
INPUT MyString
ChangedString ← RemoveSpaces(.........................................................................................)
OUTPUT ChangedString

// function definition

FUNCTION RemoveSpaces(................................................................) RETURNS ..................

.................................................................................................................................................

j ← CHARACTERCOUNT(InputString)
FOR i ← 1 TO j
NextChar ← ONECHAR(InputString, i)
IF NextChar <> " "
THEN
// the & character joins together two strings
NewString ← NewString & NextChar
ENDIF
ENDFOR

.................................................................................................................................................
ENDFUNCTION
[7]

© UCLES 2015 9608/22/O/N/15

QUESTION 11. 7

3 A string encryption function is needed. The encryption uses a simple character-substitution method.

In this method, a new character substitutes for each character in the original string. This will create
the encrypted string.

The substitution uses the 7-bit ASCII value for each character. This value is used as an index for a
1D array, Lookup, which contains the substitute characters.
Lookup contains an entry for each of the ASCII characters. It may be assumed that the original
string and the substitute characters are all printable.

For example:

• ‘A’ has ASCII value 65

• Array element with index 65 contains the character ‘Y’ (the substitute character)
• Therefore, ‘Y’ substitutes for ‘A’
• There is a different substitute character for every ASCII value

The programmer writes a function, EncryptString, to return the encrypted string. This function
will receive two parameters, the original, PlainText string and the 1D array.

(a) The first attempt at writing the pseudocode for this function is shown below.

Complete the pseudocode.

For the built-in functions list, refer to the Appendix on page 18.

FUNCTION EncryptString(.............................) RETURNS STRING

DECLARE .................... , ...................... : CHAR

DECLARE OldCharValue : ......................................

DECLARE n : INTEGER

DECLARE OutString : STRING

.............................. //initialise the return string

//loop through PlainText to produce OutString

FOR n 1 TO ................. //from first to last character

OldChar ...................//get next character

OldCharValue ..............//find the ASCII value

NewChar ...................//look up substitute character

.............................//concatenate to OutString

ENDFOR

.............................................................
ENDFUNCTION
[10]
© UCLES 2016 9608/21/M/J/16 [Turn over
8

(b) Additional code needs to be written to allow the user to change some of the characters in the
array Lookup.

The user will input:

• the array start position

• the number of elements to change
• each new substitute character

At the end, the program will finally output a confirmation message.

The first version of the algorithm is represented by the flowchart on the following page.

(i) Write program code to declare the array Lookup.

Programming language .....................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Write program code to implement the flowchart design.

In addition to the Lookup array, assume that the following variables have been declared:

StartPos, NumToChange, n, NewChar

Programming language .....................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[6]

© UCLES 2016 9608/21/M/J/16

START

Input StartPos

Input NumToChange

n 0

Loop

Output prompt for new

substitute character

Input NewChar

Increment n

Assign NewChar to current array

element

No
n = NumToChange – 1?

Yes

Output message
stating number of
elements changed

STOP

© UCLES 2016 9608/21/M/J/16 [Turn over

QUESTION 2. 6

3 String encryption was implemented using a simple character-substitution method. A function,

Decrypt, is needed to reverse the encryption process and return the original character.

The encryption uses the 7-bit ASCII value for each character. This value is used as an index for a
1D array, Lookup, which contains the substitute characters.
Lookup contains an entry for each of the ASCII characters.

This function, Decrypt, will accept two parameters, a single character, CipherChar, and the 1D
array, Lookup.

The steps involved in Decrypt are follows:

• Search for the character in the array

• Note the index value where the character is found (the index value is the ASCII value of the
original character)
• Use the index value to obtain the original character

(a) The first attempt at writing the pseudocode for this function is shown below.

Complete the pseudocode.

For the built-in functions list, refer to the Appendix on the last page.

FUNCTION Decrypt(....................................... , .......................................) RETURNS CHAR

DECLARE Found : ......................................................................................................

DECLARE ........................................................................................................... : INTEGER

DECLARE OriginalChar : CHAR

Index 1 // ........................................................................................................

Found FALSE
//search for CipherChar in Lookup:

WHILE .....................................................................................................................................
//compare CipherChar with this array element:

IF .....................................................................................................................................
THEN
..........................................................................//Set the flag
ELSE
Index .....................................................//Move to next array element
ENDIF
ENDWHILE
//dropped out of loop so must have found CipherChar:

..................................................................//convert Index to original character

RETURN ...................................................................................................................................

ENDFUNCTION
[11]

© UCLES 2016 9608/23/M/J/16

Question 3 continues on page 8.

© UCLES 2016 9608/23/M/J/16 [Turn over

(b) A program is to be written to output part of the Lookup array.

The design of the algorithm is shown below.

It may be assumed that the characters output from Lookup are all printable.

START

Input StartIndex and

NumberToOutput

Index StartIndex

Loop

Produce OriginalChar from

Index (using built-in function)

Assign current array element to

Increment Index
CipherChar

Output message line

(see examples on the next page)

End of NO
loop?

YES

STOP

© UCLES 2016 9608/23/M/J/16

For example, for the input of 65 and 3, the output will be:

Index 65: Character A has substitute character Y

Index 66: Character B has substitute character Q
Index 67: Character C has substitute character F

Write program code to implement the flowchart design.

In addition to the Lookup array, assume that the following variables have been declared:

StartIndex, NumberToOutput, Index

Programming language ............................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[6]

© UCLES 2016 9608/23/M/J/16 [Turn over

QUESTION 3. 13

4 A company employs Ahmed as a programmer.

(a) At College, before joining the company, Ahmed used two items of software for programming:

• a text editor
• a compiler

Describe how he could have developed programs using these software tools.

Include in the description the terms ‘object code’ and ‘source code’.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

(b) Ahmed now uses an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for programming.

(i) State one feature an IDE provides to help with the identification of syntax errors.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State one feature an IDE provides to carry out white box testing.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) The company maintains a file of product data. Ahmed is to write a program to add a new
product and search for a product based on the structure diagram shown:

Product
processing

Add Search for

product product

By By By
product code description price

© UCLES 2016 9608/21/O/N/16 [Turn over

The program records the following data for each product:

• product code
• product description
• product retail price

The text file PRODUCTS stores each data item on a separate line, as shown below:

File PRODUCTS
0198
Plums(10kg)
11.50
0202
Onions(20kg)
10.00

0376
Mango chutney(1kg)
02.99

0014
Mango(10kg)
12.75

The program uses the variables shown in the identifier table.

Identifier Data type Description

Storing the code, description and

PRODUCTS TEXT FILE
retail price for all current products
PCode ARRAY[1:1000] OF STRING Array storing the product codes
PDescription ARRAY[1:1000] OF STRING Array storing the product descriptions
PRetailPrice ARRAY[1:1000] OF REAL Array storing the product retail prices
i INTEGER Array index used by all three arrays

© UCLES 2016 9608/21/O/N/16

(i) The first operation of the program is to read all the product data held in file PRODUCTS
and write them into the three 1D arrays.

Complete the pseudocode below.

OPEN ................................................................................................................................

i 1

WHILE ..............................................................................................................................

READFILE ("PRODUCTS", ......................................................................................)

.......................................................................................................................................

ENDWHILE

CLOSE "PRODUCTS"

OUTPUT "Product file contents written to arrays"

[5]

When Ahmed designed the PRODUCTS file, File PRODUCTS

he considered the alternative file structure
shown opposite. 0198 Plums(10kg) 11.50
0202 Onions(20kg) 10.00
It stores one product per line in the text file.

0376 Mango chutney(1kg) 02.99

0014 Mango(10kg) 12.75

(ii) State one benefit and one drawback of this file design.

Benefit ...............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

Drawback ..........................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2016 9608/21/O/N/16 [Turn over

(d) To code the ‘Search by product code’ procedure, Ahmed draws a structure chart showing the
different stages.

The procedure uses the variables shown in the identifier table.

Identifier Data type Description

SearchCode STRING Product code input by the user

Array index position for the
ThisIndex INTEGER
corresponding product
ThisDescription STRING Product description found
ThisRetailPrice REAL Product retail price found

You can assume that before the procedure is run, all the product data is read from file
PRODUCTS and then stored in three 1D arrays as described in part (c)(i).

Label the structure chart to show the input(s) and output(s).

Lookup by
product code
......................

......................
......................

.................
................ ......................

......................

INPUT Search for OUTPUT details

search criteria product code

[4]

© UCLES 2016 9608/21/O/N/16

(e) A first attempt was made at writing the ‘Search for product code’ module.
Ahmed designs this as a function ProductCodeSearch.

The function returns an integer value as follows:

• if the product code is found, it returns the index position of the 1D array PCode being
searched
• if the product code is not found, the function returns -1

Write program code for function ProductCodeSearch.

Visual Basic and Pascal: You should include the declaration statements for variables.
Python: You should show a comment statement for each variable used with its data type.

Programming language ...................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[6]

© UCLES 2016 9608/21/O/N/16 [Turn over

QUESTION 4. 5

Write the equivalent pseudocode using a pre-condition loop, for this part of the amended
flowchart.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

2 You will need to refer to the list of pseudocode string-handling functions in the Appendix.

(a) Give the value of the variables x, y and z for the following sequence of statements.

(i) x ONECHAR("Barcelona", 5) x ............................ [1]

(ii) y ONECHAR("Cool", 1) & ONECHAR("Ball", 2) & "t-food"

y ............................ [1]

(iii) Temp1 "13"

Temp2 ONECHAR("One-2-One", 5)
z TONUM(Temp2 & Temp1) z ............................ [1]

A computer program is to simulate the reading and processing of a string of characters from an
input device.

The character string consists of:

• a number of digit characters

• one or more <*> characters, each used as a separator
• a final <#> character.

A typical input character sequence, stored as InputString is:

13*156*9*86*1463*18*#

© UCLES 2016 9608/22/O/N/16 [Turn over

Study this pseudocode.

01 DECLARE Numbers ARRAY [1:100] OF INTEGER

02 DECLARE InputString : STRING
03 DECLARE NextChar : CHAR
04 DECLARE NextNumberString : STRING
05 DECLARE i : INTEGER // Numbers array index
06 DECLARE j : INTEGER // InputString index
07
08 OUTPUT "String ... "
09 INPUT InputString
10 j 1
11 NextChar ONECHAR(InputString, j)
12
13 i 1
14 WHILE NextChar <> '#'
15 NextNumberString = ""
16 WHILE NextChar <> '*'
17 NextNumberString NextNumberString & NextChar
18 j j + 1
19 NextChar ONECHAR(InputString, j)
20 ENDWHILE
21
22 // store the next integer to the array
23 Numbers[i] TONUM(NextNumberString)
24 i i + 1
25 j j + 1
26 NextChar ONECHAR(InputString, j)
27 ENDWHILE
28
29 CALL DisplayArray()

(b) Write the line number for:

(i) A statement which declares a global variable used to store a single character. ........... [1]

(ii) A statement which runs code written as a procedure. ........... [1]

(iii) A statement which indicates the start of a ‘pre-condition’ loop. ........... [1]

(iv) A statement which increments a variable. ........... [1]

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
© UCLES 2016 9608/22/O/N/16
7

(d) (i) Complete the trace table below for the given pseudocode as far as line 27.

The input string is: 237315*#

Numbers
i j NextChar NextNumberString
1 2 3
1 1 '2'
""
"2"
2 '3' "23"
3 '*' 23

[5]

(ii) Explain what this algorithm does.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2016 9608/22/O/N/16 [Turn over
QUESTION 5. 4

2 One of the security features of a multi-user computer system is a user login process. The user
must complete this successfully before they can access the resources of the system.

As part of the login process the user enters their user ID followed by a password. The system then
compares the password entered with the password held in a file.

(a) The steps involved in the login process are described as follows:

• User enters their ID and password.

• Validation checks:
Compare user ID with data from the file.
Indicate whether or not the user ID was found.
If user ID found, check whether passwords match.

The description above is not detailed enough to allow a program to be written. The validation
checks must be expressed as a more detailed algorithm.

Give the name of the process of increasing the level of detail of the algorithm.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) An identifier table is created as the algorithm is developed. A section of the table is shown.
Complete the table.

Identifier Data Type Description

UserIDInput ................... Stores the user ID entered

........................................................................
PasswordInput ...................
........................................................................

........................................................................
UserIDFound ...................
........................................................................

........................................................................
PasswordValid ...................
........................................................................
[5]

© UCLES 2017 9608/21/M/J/17

Use structured English to write a more detailed algorithm.

You should:

• use the identifiers given in the previous table

• assume that the password file, password.txt, is organised as a simple text file. The
user ID and password are stored together, one entry per line.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[8]

© UCLES 2017 9608/21/M/J/17 [Turn over

QUESTION 6. 4

2 A multi-user computer system maintains a text file containing the ID and preferred name for each
user.
User IDs are unique. Preferred names may be repeated.

(a) Stepwise refinement is to be applied to the following three steps.

After a user logs in, a welcome message is produced as follows:

1. Search for the user ID in the file.

2. Read the preferred name from the file.
3. Output the welcome message.

Describe the goal of stepwise refinement.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) An initial identifier table is created as part of the stepwise refinement. A section of the table is
shown. Complete this table.

Identifier Data type Description

SearchUserID Stores the user ID entered

...........................................................................
FileUserID
...........................................................................

...........................................................................
FilePreferredName
...........................................................................

...........................................................................
IDFoundFlag
...........................................................................
[5]

© UCLES 2017 9608/22/M/J/17

(c) The file may not contain an entry for every user. If the user ID is not found, then the name
“Guest” should be used as the preferred name.

Use structured English to write a more detailed algorithm for the welcome message process
described in part (a).

Use the identifiers given in the previous table.

Assume that the file, UserNames.txt, is organised as a simple text file. The user ID and
preferred name are held together in unencrypted form, one entry per line.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [8]

© UCLES 2017 9608/22/M/J/17 [Turn over

QUESTION 7. 4

2 The following pseudocode represents a simple algorithm.

DECLARE NumberFound, Remainder, Number : INTEGER

DECLARE StartNumber, EndNumber, Divisor : INTEGER

INPUT StartNumber
INPUT EndNumber
INPUT Divisor
NumberFound 0

FOR Number StartNumber TO EndNumber

Remainder MODULUS(Number, Divisor)
IF Remainder = 0
THEN
OUTPUT Number
NumberFound NumberFound + 1
ENDIF
ENDFOR
OUTPUT "Count: " & NumberFound

For the built-in functions list, refer to the Appendix on page 14.

(a) Complete the following trace table.

StartNumber EndNumber Divisor NumberFound Number Remainder Output

11 13 2 0

[3]

(b) Describe the purpose of this algorithm.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[3]

© UCLES 2017 9608/21/O/N/17

(c) Draw a program flowchart to represent this algorithm.

Variable declarations are not required in program flowcharts.

[10]

© UCLES 2017 9608/21/O/N/17 [Turn over

QUESTION 8. 6

2 A 1D array, ClassName, of type STRING contains 100 elements.

The following pseudocode represents a simple algorithm to process the array.

DECLARE SearchValue : STRING

DECLARE FoundFlag : BOOLEAN
DECLARE Index : INTEGER

INPUT SearchValue
FoundFlag FALSE
Index 1

WHILE Index < 101 AND FoundFlag = False

IF ClassName[Index] = SearchValue
THEN
OUTPUT Index
FoundFlag TRUE
ENDIF
Index Index + 1
ENDWHILE

IF FoundFlag = FALSE
THEN
OUTPUT "Not found"
ENDIF

(a) Describe the purpose of the algorithm.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2017 9608/22/O/N/17

(b) Draw a program flowchart to represent this algorithm.

Note that variable declarations are not required in program flowcharts.

[9]

© UCLES 2017 9608/22/O/N/17 [Turn over

QUESTION 9. 4

2 Shop customers have a discount card with a unique card number. Customers collect points after
they have bought items. The more points they have, the bigger the discount. If they shop on a
Wednesday, their discount is increased by 20%.

The function GetDiscountRate() takes a card number as a parameter and returns the discount
rate for a customer based on the number of points they have collected. A flowchart for the function
is shown.

The function uses the following variables and functions.

Identifier Data type Description

DRate REAL The discount rate
CardNum STRING The unique customer card number
Points INTEGER The number of points collected
Takes the card number as a parameter and returns the
GetPoints() FUNCTION
number of points already collected
Today() FUNCTION Returns the day number: 1 for Monday, 2 for Tuesday etc.

START

DRate 0

Points
GetPoints(CardNum)

Is YES
Points > 199 ? DRate 0.2

Is YES
Points > 99 ? DRate 0.1

Is Today = YES DRate DRate * 1.2

Wednesday ?

RETURN DRate

END

© UCLES 2018 9608/21/O/N/18

(a) Write pseudocode to implement the GetDiscountRate() function.

Your solution should follow the flowchart for the function as closely as possible. Variable
declarations should be included.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[8]

© UCLES 2018 9608/21/O/N/18 [Turn over

(b) A programmer writes the function GetDiscountRate() in a high-level language.

(i) A run-time error could occur when the function is used.

Name and describe one other type of error that the function could contain.

Name .................................................................................................................................

Description ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Function GetPoints() has not been written yet.

Name and describe a strategy that can be used to test GetDiscountRate() before
the GetPoints() function has been written.

Name .................................................................................................................................

Description ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) There are different ways to minimise the risk of errors when writing programs, such as the
use of constants and library routines.

(i) Identify two values that could be replaced by constants in the function
GetDiscountRate().

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Write pseudocode to declare one of the constants you have given in part (c)(i).

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) Explain how the use of constants helps to minimise programming errors.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

© UCLES 2018 9608/21/O/N/18

(iv) Give a reason why the use of library routines helps to minimise the risk of errors when
writing a program.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(v) Constants and library routines help to minimise the risk of errors.

Name another way that you can minimise the risk of errors when writing a program.
Explain how this helps.

Name .................................................................................................................................

Explanation .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2018 9608/21/O/N/18 [Turn over

QUESTION 10. 8

3 (a) Programming is sometimes referred to as a transferable skill.

You are asked to work on a program written in a language you are not familiar with.

Explain how transferable skills would help you work on the program.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Stepwise refinement is often used in the development of an algorithm.

Describe stepwise refinement.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

The program will output:

• either the position in the array of the value

• or the message “Not Found”

Outline the steps the program needs to follow.

Do not write pseudocode or program code.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[4]
© UCLES 2018 9608/22/O/N/18
9

Question 4 begins on the next page.

QUESTION 11. 5

3 (a) A student is developing an algorithm to search through a 1D array of 100 elements. Each
element of the array, Result, contains a REAL value.

The algorithm will output:

• the average value of all the elements

• the number of elements with a value of zero.

The structured English description of the algorithm is:

1. SET Total value to 0

2. SET Zero count to 0
3. SELECT the first element
4. ADD value of element to Total value
5. IF element value is 0 then INCREMENT Zero count
6. REPEAT from step 4 for next element, until element is last element
7. SET Average to Total / 100
8. OUTPUT a suitable message and Average
9. OUTPUT a suitable message and Zero count

Write pseudocode for this algorithm.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

(b) The student decides to change the algorithm and implement it as a procedure, ScanArray(),
which will be called with three parameters.

ScanArray(AverageValue, ZeroCount, ArrayName)

ScanArray() will modify the first two parameters so that the new values are available to the
calling program or module.

Write the pseudocode procedure header for ScanArray().

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

Question 4 begins on the next page.

QUESTION 12. 10

(b) There is an error in the algorithm. When called as shown in part (a)(i), the function did not
return the largest value as expected.

(i) Explain why this error occurred when the program called the function.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Describe how the algorithm could be amended to correct the error.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

5 A student is learning about text files. She wants to write a program to count the number of lines in
a file.

(a) Use structured English to describe an algorithm she could use.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) A procedure, CountLines(), is being written to count the number of lines in a text file. The
procedure will:

• take a filename as a string parameter

• count the number of lines in the file
• output a single suitable message that includes the total number of lines.

Write pseudocode for the procedure CountLines().

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

QUESTION 13. 12

5 Nigel is learning about string handling. He wants to write code to count the number of words in a
given string. A word is defined as a sequence of alphabetic characters that is separated by one or
more space characters.

His first attempt at writing an algorithm in pseudocode is as follows:

PROCEDURE CountWords(Message : STRING)

DECLARE NumWords : INTEGER

DECLARE Index : INTEGER
CONSTANT Space = ' '

NumWords 0

FOR Index 1 TO LENGTH(Message)

IF MID(Message, Index, 1) = Space
THEN
NumWords NumWords + 1
ENDIF
ENDFOR

OUTPUT "Number of words : " , NumWords

ENDPROCEDURE

For the built-in functions list, refer to the Appendix on page 18.

His first attempt is incorrect. He will use white-box testing to help him to identify the problem.

(a) (i) State the purpose of white-box testing.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Dry running the code is often used in white-box testing. In this method, the programmer
records the values of variables as they change.

Identify what the programmer would normally use to record the changes.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) (i) Write a test string containing two words that gives the output:

Number of words : 2

Use the symbol '∇' to represent each space character in your test string.

Explain why the algorithm gives the output shown above.

String .................................................................................................................................

Explanation .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Nigel tested the procedure with the strings:

String 1: "Red∇and∇Yellow"
String 2: "Green∇∇and∇∇Pink∇"

Give the output that is produced for each of the strings.

Describe the changes that would need to be made to the algorithm to give the correct
output in each case.

Do not write pseudocode or program code.

String 1 ..............................................................................................................................

Description ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

String 2 ..............................................................................................................................

Description ........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[6]

QUESTION 14. 8

4 A student is developing a program to count how many times each character of the alphabet (A to Z)
occurs in a given string. Upper case and lower case characters will be counted as the same. The
string may contain non-alphabetic characters, which should be ignored.

The program will:

• check each character in the string to count how many times each alphabetic character occurs
• store the count for each alphabetic character in a 1D array
• output each count together with the corresponding character.

(a) The student has written a structured English description of the algorithm:

1. START at the beginning of the string

2. SELECT a character from the string
3. CONVERT the character to upper case
4. CHECK whether the character is alphabetic and INCREMENT as required.
5. REPEAT from step 2 until last character has been checked
6. OUTPUT a suitable message giving the count of each alphabetic character

Step 4 above is not described in sufficient detail.

The student decides to apply a process to increase the level of detail given in step 4.

State the name of the process and use this process to write step 4 in more detail. Use
structured English for your answer.

Process .....................................................................................................................................

Structured English ....................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

(b) Write pseudocode to implement the program.

You should note the following:

• InString contains the string to be checked. It has been assigned a value.

• The elements of the array Result have all been initialised to zero.
• The ASCII value of letter ‘A’ is 65.

You should assume the following lines of pseudocode have been written:

DECLARE InString : STRING

DECLARE Result : ARRAY [1:26] OF INTEGER

Declare any further variables you use. Do not implement the code as a subroutine.

Refer to the Appendix on pages 16–17 for the list of built-in functions and operators.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

QUESTION 15. 2

1 Study the following pseudocode.

PROCEDURE FillTank()

DECLARE Tries : INTEGER

DECLARE Full : BOOLEAN

Tries 1

Full ReadSensor("F1")

IF NOT Full
THEN
WHILE NOT Full AND Tries < 4
CALL TopUp()
Full ReadSensor("F1")
Tries Tries + 1
ENDWHILE
IF Tries > 3
THEN
OUTPUT "Too many attempts"
ELSE
OUTPUT "Tank now full"
ENDIF
ELSE
OUTPUT "Already full"
ENDIF

ENDPROCEDURE

(a) (i) The pseudocode includes features that make it easier to read and understand.

State three such features.

Feature 1 ...........................................................................................................................

Feature 2 ...........................................................................................................................

Feature 3 ...........................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) Draw a program flowchart to represent the algorithm implemented in the pseudocode.
Variable declarations are not required in program flowcharts.

[5]

(b) (i) Programming languages support different data types.

Complete the table by giving a suitable data type for each example value.

Example value Data type

TRUE

− 273.16

"− 273.16"

[4]

(ii) Evaluate each expression in the following table.

If an expression is invalid then write ‘ERROR’.

Refer to the Appendix on page 18 for the list of built-in functions and operators.

Expression Evaluates to

RIGHT("Stop", 3) & LEFT("ich", 2)

MID(NUM_TO_STRING(2019), 3, 1)

INT(NUM_TO_STRING(-273.16))

INT(13/2)

[4]

QUESTION 16. 8

4 The following pseudocode algorithm checks whether a string is a valid email address.

FUNCTION Check(InString : STRING) RETURNS BOOLEAN

DECLARE Index : INTEGER

DECLARE NumDots : INTEGER
DECLARE NumAts : INTEGER
DECLARE NextChar : CHAR
DECLARE NumOthers : INTEGER

NumDots 0
NumAts 0
NumOthers 0

FOR Index 1 TO LENGTH(InString)

NextChar MID(InString, Index, 1)

CASE OF NextChar
'.': NumDots NumDots + 1
'@': NumAts NumAts + 1
OTHERWISE NumOthers NumOthers + 1
ENDCASE

ENDFOR

IF (NumDots >= 1 AND NumAts = 1 AND NumOthers > 5)

THEN
RETURN TRUE
ELSE
RETURN FALSE
ENDIF

ENDFUNCTION

(a) Describe the validation rules that are implemented by this pseudocode. Refer only to the
contents of the string and not to features of the pseudocode.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) (i) Complete the trace table by dry running the function when it is called as follows:

Result Check("[email protected]")

Index NextChar NumDots NumAts NumOthers

[5]

(ii) State the value returned when function Check is called as shown in part (b)(i).

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) The function Check() is to be tested.

State two different invalid string values that could be used to test the algorithm. Each string
should test a different rule.

Justify your choices.

Value .........................................................................................................................................

Justification ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Value .........................................................................................................................................

Justification ...............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

5 Abbreviations are often used in place of a full name. Concatenating the first letter of each word in
the name makes an abbreviation.

For example:

Name Abbreviation

United Nations UN

World Wide Web WWW

British Computer Society BCS

A function, Abbreviate(), will take a string representing the full name and return a string
containing the abbreviated form.

You should assume that:

• names only contain alphabetic characters and space characters

• names always start with an alphabetic character
• each word in the name always starts with an uppercase character
• only a single space separates words in the name.

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