TOPIC 2 : FUNCTIONS

2.1 Introduction to function

- Relation and function

- Domain and range:

> Notation of function, Finding values of a function

> Graph of function (linear, quadratic)

- Algebraic operations on function: +,-,*,/

2.2 Composite function

2.3 Inverse function

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2.1 INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTION

Relation

A relation between two sets is a collection of ordered pairs containing one

object from each set. If 𝑥 is from the first set and 𝑦 is from the second set, then
the elements are said to be related if the ordered pair (𝑥, 𝑦) is in the relation.

A function is a special type of relation.

There are 4 types of relations but only 2 types are called function.

(i) one to many (not a function)

• •
• •
• •
•

A B

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ii. many to many (not a function)

• •
• •
• •
•

A B

iii. many to one (function)

• •
• •
• •
• •

A B

iv. one to one (function)

• •
• •
• •
• •

A B
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Example 1

Sketch the arrow diagram and state the type of relation represented by the
ordered pairs of {(January, 31), (April, 30), (July, 31), (September, 30)}.

Solution:

January

April 30

July 31

September

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FUNCTION

Let X and Y be two nonempty sets. A function from X into Y is relation that
associates with each element of X exactly one element of Y.

Vertical line test (to test whether the given graph is a function or not)

i. 𝑦 = 𝑥2 example of a function.

ii. 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 example of a not function.

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NOTATION OF A FUNCTION

Normally written as 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), read as f ‘ of 𝑥’.

𝑓 ∶ 𝑥 → 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3 ⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3

𝑓 ⟹ symbol for rule that defines the function

𝑥 ⟹ the object or input

𝑓(𝑥) ⟹ image or output of 𝑥

Example 2

Given the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4, find the value of 𝑓 at

i) 𝑥=1

ii) 𝑥 = −3

Solution:

i) 𝑥=1

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4

𝑓(1) = 12 + 3(1) − 4

= 0

ii) 𝑥 = −3

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4

𝑓(−3) = (−3)2 + 3(−3) − 4

= −4

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Example 3

A function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓 ∶ 𝑥 → 𝑥 2 – 𝑥, find the values of 𝑥 which have an

image of 6.

Solution:

𝑓 ∶ 𝑥 → 𝑥2 – 𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 – 𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) = 6

𝑥2 – 𝑥 = 6

𝑥2 – 𝑥 − 6 = 0

(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) = 0

(𝑥 − 3) = 0, (𝑥 + 2) = 0

𝑥 = 3, 𝑥 = −2

Example 4
𝑞
The arrow diagram shows a function 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑝𝑥 +
𝑥

𝑞
𝑥 𝑝𝑥 +
𝑥

1 5

3 7

Find

a) the values of 𝑝 and 𝑞

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b) another object (other than 𝑥 = 3) that maps to 7.

Solution:
𝑞
𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑝𝑥 +
𝑥
𝑞
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑝𝑥 +
𝑥

a) the values of 𝑝 and 𝑞

𝑓(1) = 5
𝑞
𝑓(1) = 𝑝(1) + =5
1
𝑝 + 𝑞 = 5 … (1)

𝑓(3) = 7
𝑞
𝑓(3) = 𝑝(3) + =7
3
𝑞
3𝑝 + =7
3
9𝑝 + 𝑞
=7
3
9𝑝 + 𝑞 = 21 … (2)

𝑝+ 𝑞 = 5
(−) 9𝑝 + 𝑞 = 21
−8𝑝 = −16
𝑝 = 2

2+ 𝑞 = 5
𝑞 = 5−2
= 3
3
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 +
𝑥

b) another object (other than 𝑥 = 3) that maps to 7.

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𝑓(𝑥) = 7

3
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + =7
𝑥
3
2𝑥 + =7
𝑥
2𝑥 2 + 3 = 7𝑥

2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3 = 0

(2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0

(2𝑥 − 1) = 0, (𝑥 − 3) = 0

1
𝑥= .
2

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DOMAIN AND RANGE

The set X is called the domain of the function. For each element 𝑥 in X, the
corresponding element 𝑦 in Y is called the value of the function at 𝑥 or the image
of 𝑥. The set of all images of the elements of the domain is called the range of
the function.

Domain – The set of all values of 𝑥 for which the function is defined.

- Set of input or set of all objects. Refer to 𝑥 −axis

Range - All the values of 𝑦 that correspond to the values of 𝑥. Set of all
images of objects. Refer to 𝑦 −axis

When finding the domain, remember:

➢ The denominator (bottom) of a fraction cannot be zero.

➢ The number of under a square root sign must be positive.

a• •p
b• •q
c• •r
d• •s

A B
A - Domain B – Codomain = {𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟, 𝑠}
Range = {𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟}

If 𝑓 is one-to-one function :

Domain of 𝑓 ≡ Range of 𝑓 −1

Range of 𝑓 ≡ Domain of 𝑓 −1

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Example 5

Diagram below shows the relation between set P and set Q.

5 -3
-1
6 1
3
7
5

P Q
State
(a) the object of 3,
(b) the range of the relation.

Solution:

(a) the object of 3 is 7

(b) Range of the relation = {−3, −1, 1, 3}

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NOTE:

√𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒅  radicand ≥ 0
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
Quotient =  Denominator  0
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟

Polynomial = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛  Domain = ℝ

Example 6

Find the domain for the following functions

𝑥−1
i) 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 5 ii) 𝑦=
𝑥+3

1 √𝑥+4
iii) 𝑦 = iv) 𝑦 =
√𝑥−3 𝑥−7

v) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 vi) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5, 𝑥 ≥ 6

Solution:

i. 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 5 ii. 𝑥−1
𝑦=
𝑥+3
Domain of y :
𝑥−5 ≥0 Domain of y :
𝑥≥5 𝑥+3≠0
Interval form : [5, ∞) 𝑥 ≠ −3
Interval form : (−∞, −3) ∪ (−3, ∞)

iii. 1 iv. √𝑥 + 4
𝑦 = 𝑦 =
√𝑥 − 3 𝑥−7

Domain of y : Domain of y :
𝑥−3>0 𝑥+4 ≥0 ∩𝑥−7≠0
𝑥>3 𝑥 ≥ −4 ∩ 𝑥 ≠ 7
Interval form : (3, ∞) Interval form : [−4,7) ∪ (7, ∞)

v. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 vi. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5, 𝑥 ≥ 6

Domain of y : Domain of y :
𝑥∈ℝ 𝑥≥6
Interval form :[6, ∞)
Interval form : (−∞, ∞)

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GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS: LINEAR, QUADRATIC AND CUBIC

i. Linear

Example : 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2

Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Range : 𝑦 ∈ ℝ

Example: 𝑦 = −5𝑥 + 2

Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Range : 𝑦 ∈ ℝ

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ii. Quadratic function

Example: 𝑦 = 𝑥2

Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Range : 𝑦 ≥ 0

Example: 𝑦 = −𝑥 2

Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Range : 𝑦 ≤ 0

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iii. Cubic function

Example: 𝑦 = 𝑥3

Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Range : 𝑦 ∈ ℝ

Example: 𝑦 = −𝑥 3

Domain : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Range : 𝑦 ∈ ℝ

Basic Operations on Functions

Generally, the following rules applies

i. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)

ii. (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)

iii. (𝑓. 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
iv. ( )(𝑥) = , 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)

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EXERCISE 1

1. Find the values of 𝑓(0), 𝑔(9), 𝑓(−1) , ℎ(2 + 𝑎) and 𝑔(10) for each function:
1
a) 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−1

b) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥

c) ℎ(𝑥) = 3𝑥
𝐵𝑥+5
2. A function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = . If 𝑓(1) = 4 , find 𝐵.
6𝑥−2

3. What are the values of x which get map by the function 𝑔(𝑥) = 7𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
onto itself?

4. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, find the value of 𝑎 and 𝑏 given that 𝑓(−2) = 5 and

𝑓(1) = −3.

5. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 1, find 𝑓(𝑎), 𝑓(𝑏) and 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏). Is 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑏)?

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2.2 COMPOSITE FUNCTION

A composite function is a function that depends on another function.

A composite function is created when one function is substituted into
another function.

𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥• •𝑔(𝑥)• •𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))

(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))

i. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))

ii. 𝑓 2 (𝑥) = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥))

Example 8

Two functions are defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = √2𝑥 − 4 . Find

i. the domain of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥).

ii. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)
𝑓
iii. ( )(4)
𝑔

Solution:

i. the domain of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥).

Domain 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

= (−∞, ∞)

Domain 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4 ≥ 0

=𝑥≥2

= [2, ∞)
Page | 16
ii. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥), 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑔(𝑥) = √2𝑥 − 4

(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))

= 2 − (𝑔(𝑥))2

= 2 − (√2𝑥 − 4)2

= 2 − (2𝑥 − 4)

= 2 − 2𝑥 + 4

= 6 − 2𝑥
𝑓 𝑓(4)
iii. ( ) (4) =
𝑔 𝑔(4)

2 − 42
=
√2(4) − 4

2 − 16
=
√8 − 4
−14
= = −7
2

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Example 9

Given the function 𝑓: x → 5x + 1, find an expression for 𝑓 2 (x).

Solution:

𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 1

𝑓 2 (x) = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥)

𝑓 2 (x) = 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥 ))

= 5𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 1

= 5(5𝑥 + 1) + 1

= 25𝑥 + 5 + 1

= 25𝑥 + 6

Example 10

Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 10 and (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 54, find

a) 𝑔(𝑥)

b) 𝑔(2)

Solution:

a) 𝑔(𝑥)

(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 54

𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 54

(𝑔(𝑥))2 − 10 = 𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 54

(𝑔(𝑥))2 = 𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 54 + 10

= 𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 64

(𝑔(𝑥))2 = (𝑥 + 8)2

𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 8

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b) 𝑔(2)

𝑔(2) = 2 + 8 = 10

Example 11

Given 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3 and (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 5 − 5𝑥, find 𝑓(𝑥).

Solution:

Step 1:

(𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 5 − 5𝑥

𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 5 − 5𝑥

Step 2:

Let 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)

∴ 𝑦 =𝑥+3

𝑥 =𝑦−3

Step 3: replace 𝑔(𝑥) with 𝑦 and replace 𝑥 in term of 𝑦

𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 5 − 5𝑥

𝑓(𝑦) = 5 − 5(𝑦 − 3)

= 5 − 5𝑦 + 15

= 20 − 5𝑦

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 20 − 5𝑥

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EXERCISE 2 – COMPOSITE FUNCTION

1. Given 𝑓(x) = x 2 + 6 and 𝑔(x) = 2x – 1, find

a) (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(x)
b) (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(x)

2. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥. Find 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)).

3. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3 and (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 5 − 5𝑥, find 𝑔(𝑥) and hence 𝑔(3).
24 − 𝑥
4. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 6 − 𝑥 and (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = , find 𝑔(16).
4

5. Suppose 𝑔(𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥 and (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = (4 − 𝑥)2 . Find 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(4).

ANSWER;

1. Given 𝑓(x) = x 2 + 6 and 𝑔(x) = 2x – 1, find

a) (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(x) = (2𝑥 − 1)2 + 6

b) (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(x) = 2𝑥 2 + 11

2. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥. Find 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)).

𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1

3. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3 and (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 5 − 5𝑥, find 𝑔(𝑥) and hence 𝑔(3).

𝑔(𝑥) = 2 − 5𝑥, 𝑔(3) = −13.

24 − 𝑥
4. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 6 − 𝑥 and (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = , find 𝑔(16).
4

𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) = , 𝑔(16) = 4
4

5. Suppose 𝑔(𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥 and (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = (4 − 𝑥)2 . Find 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(4).

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑓(4) = 16

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2.3 INVERSE FUNCTION

An inverse function is a function that “reverses” another function.

A function has an inverse if and only if the function is one-to-one.

A graph represents a one-to-one function if it passes horizontal line tests.

A function is one to one if and only if each horizontal line intersects the graph at
most one point.

Example :

i. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 this function is not one-to-one.

Test line

ii. 𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 6 this function is one-to-one

Test line

Page | 21
If 𝑓 ∶ 𝑋 ⟶ 𝑌, then 𝑓 −1 : 𝑌 ⟶ 𝑋

1. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 −1 )(𝑥) = (𝑓 −1 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑥

2. (𝑓 −1 )−1 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

3. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)−1 (𝑥) = 𝑔−1 (𝑥) ∘ 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)

How to find inverse function of 𝒇 ?

Basic concept : (𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 −1 )(𝑥) = 𝑥

𝑓( 𝑓 −1 )(𝑥) = 𝑥

Use this method to find 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)  Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) then 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑥. Solve for 𝑦.

Example 12

Find the inverses of the following functions.

i. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3
𝑥+1
ii. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−2

iii.
3
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1

Solution:

i. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 3

Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥), then 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑥

𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑥

2𝑦 − 3 = 𝑥

2𝑦 − 3 + 3 = 𝑥 + 3

2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3

2𝑦 𝑥 + 3
=
2 2
1
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 3)
2
1
∴ 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3)
2
Page | 22
 𝑥+1
ii. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−2

Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥), then 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑥

𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑥

𝑦+1
=𝑥
𝑦−2

𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥(𝑦 − 2)

𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥

𝑦 − 𝑦 + 1 + 2𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑥

1 + 2𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦

𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 = 1 + 2𝑥

𝑦(𝑥 − 1) = 1 + 2𝑥

𝑦(𝑥 − 1) 1 + 2𝑥
=
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
1 + 2𝑥
𝑦=
𝑥−1
1 + 2𝑥
∴ 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) =
𝑥−1

1
iii.
3
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1 = (𝑥 − 1)3

Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥), then 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑥

𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑥
1
(𝑦 − 1)3 = 𝑥

1 3
((𝑦 − 1)3 ) = 𝑥 3

𝑦 − 1 = 𝑥3

𝑦 − 1 + 1 = 𝑥3 + 1

Page | 23
𝑦 = 𝑥3 + 1

∴ 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 1

Example 13

Find the value of g −1 (−2) given g(x) = 2 − 4x.

Solution:

Let 𝑦 = g −1 (−2), then 𝑔(𝑦) = −2

𝑔(𝑦) = −2

2 − 4𝑦 = −2

2 − 2 − 4𝑦 = −2 − 2

−4𝑦 = −4

−4𝑦 −4
=
−4 −4
𝑦=1

∴ 𝑔−1 (−2) = 1

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Try!!

Use the template to find the inverse. Fill in the blank.

Find the inverse of 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 9.

Step 1

Let 𝑦 = ______________ , then _____________ = 𝑥

𝑔(𝑦) = _______

Step 2

𝑔(𝑦) = _____

___________= 𝑥

𝑦 = __________________

Step 3

∴ 𝑔−1 (𝑥) =

Page | 25
EXERCISE 3 – INVERSE FUNCTION

Find the inverses of the following functions:

4𝑥−3
i. 𝑓(𝑥) =
2𝑥+1

5 3
ii. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 −
6 4

2𝑥−5
iii. ℎ(𝑥) =
3

Page | 26
EXERCISE 4
1
1. Given 𝑔(𝑥) = + 2 and ℎ(𝑥) = √3𝑥 + 6.
𝑥

a. State the domain of 𝑔(𝑥) and ℎ(𝑥).

b. Find ℎ−1 (𝑥).

c. Hence, find (𝑔 ∘ ℎ−1 )(2).

𝑥+2
2. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = and g(𝑥) = 1 + 4𝑥 . Determine
𝑥−1

a. the domain of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) .

b. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥)

c. 𝑓 −1 (5).
3 −2𝑥
3. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 9, 𝑥 ≥ ℎ and 𝑔(𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ 𝑘. Find
5+𝑥

a. the values of ℎ and 𝑘 .

b. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)

c. 𝑔−1 (2).
3
4. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ 0. Find
𝑥

a. 𝑓 −1 (4)

b. (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(−5)

c. function ℎ if (ℎ ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2

d. function 𝑘 if (𝑓 ∘ 𝑘)(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 7

ANSWER

1. a) Domain g(x) = (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)

Domain h(x) = [−2, ∞)

𝑥2
b) ℎ−1 (𝑥) = −2
3

Page | 27
 1
c) (𝑔 ∘ ℎ−1 )(2) =
2

2. a) Domain f(x) = (−∞, 1) ∪ (1, ∞)

Domain g(x) = ℝ
4𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1
b) (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) =
𝑥−1

7
c) 𝑓 −1 (5) =
4

3. a) h = 9, k = -5

−42−11𝑥 42
b) (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = √ , −5 < 𝑥 ≤ −
5+𝑥 11

7
c) 𝑔−1 (2) = −
4

4. a) 𝑓 −1 (4) = 2
3
b) (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(−5) = −
17

c) ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 4
4 5
d) 𝑘(𝑥) = 𝑥 −
3 3

Page | 28
TUTORIAL 2 – FUNCTIONS PART 1

-DOMAIN AND RANGE

-COMPOSITE FUNCTION
-INVERSE FUNCTION

QUESTION 1

Given
𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = , 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 4 and ℎ(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 − 1
𝑥−2

Find:

i. domain of 𝑓(𝑥 ).
ii. composite function of (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥).
iii. the inverse of ℎ(𝑥).
iv. 𝑥 if ℎ−1 (𝑥 ) = 9.

QUESTION 2

Suppose 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3 − 𝑥 , 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 19 and ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 2 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ. Given that

𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑔 ∘ ℎ)(𝑥), find the values of 𝑥.

QUESTION 3

Given function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √5 + 2𝑥 and function 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 − 4, find:

i. the composite function of (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥 ).

ii. the inverse of 𝑓(𝑥 ).

QUESTION 4

Given function 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 5 and function 𝑔(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 − 3 find:

i. 𝑓 (𝑥 ).
ii. the inverse of 𝑔(𝑥 ).

Page | 29
QUESTION 5

The diagram in Figure 1 below shows a function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑚, where 𝑚 is a constant.

i) Find the value of 𝑚.

ii) Find the value of 𝑝 using the value of 𝑚 in (i).

QUESTION 6

Given the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1, find the function 𝑔 if

i) the composite function (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 11.

1
ii) the composite function (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = .
𝑥−1

QUESTION 7

Given 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 + √𝑥 − 3

i) Find 𝑔−1 (𝑥).

ii) Determine the domain and range 𝑔−1 (𝑥).

QUESTION 8
3+𝑎𝑥
Given ℎ−1 (𝑥) = and 𝑘(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 3, Find
4
i) ℎ(𝑥).
ii) the value of 𝑎 so that 2ℎ(𝑥 2 ) = 𝑘(−𝑥).

QUESTION 9

Given the functions 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 − 2 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 1.

i) Find (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥 ).
ii) State the domain and range of (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥 ).

Page | 30
2.4 SOLUTION TO EQUATIONS

2.4.1 LINEAR EQUATION

GRAPH OF LINEAR FUNCTIONS

Graphs for linear and quadratic

1. LINEAR 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄

i. 𝑚 > 0 ( the gradient/slope of the function is positive)

X
Y

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 1

ii. 𝑚 < 0 ( the gradient/slope of the function is negative)

X
Y

A linear equation is any equation that can be written in the form

𝑎𝑥 𝑏 0

where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real numbers and 𝑥 is a variable. This form is sometimes called
the standard form of a linear equation. Note that most linear equations will not start off
in this form.

Example 1

Solve 3𝑥 4 5𝑥 3.

Solution:

3𝑥 4 5𝑥 3

3𝑥 − 3𝑥 4 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 3

4 2𝑥 3

2𝑥 3 4

2𝑥 3−3 4−3

2𝑥 1

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 2

2𝑥 1
2 2
1
𝑥
2

Example 2
2
Solve 𝑥 −4 6 − 2𝑥.
3

Solution:
2
𝑥 −4 2𝑥 6 − 2𝑥 2𝑥
3
8
𝑥 −4 4 6 4
3
8
𝑥 10
3
8
3× 𝑥 10 × 3
3

8𝑥 30
8 30
𝑥
8 8

30
𝑥
8
15 3
3
4 4

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 3

2.4.2 QUADRATIC EQUATION

Introduction to Quadratic Functions

The general form of a quadratic function presents the function in the form:

𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑏𝑥 𝑐, 𝑎≠0

The standard form of a quadratic function presents the function in the form

𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 𝑘

where (ℎ, 𝑘) is the vertex. Because the vertex appears in the standard form of the
quadratic function, this form is also known as the vertex form of a quadratic function.

𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑏𝑥 𝑐

𝑏
𝑎(𝑥 2 𝑥) 𝑐
𝑎

𝑏 2 𝑏2
𝑎 ((𝑥 ) − 2) 𝑐
2𝑎 4𝑎

𝑏 2 𝑏2
𝑎(𝑥 ) −𝑎∙ 2 𝑐
2𝑎 4𝑎

𝑏 2 𝑏2
𝑎(𝑥 ) − 𝑐
2𝑎 4𝑎

Compare with 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 𝑘

𝑏
ℎ − ⇒ axis of symmetry
2𝑎
𝑏2
𝑘 − 𝑐 ⇒ max or min value
4𝑎
(ℎ, 𝑘) ⇒ max or min point

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 4

 𝒃 𝒃𝟐
2. QUADRATIC 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝒂(𝒙 + )𝟐 − + 𝒄
𝟐𝒂 𝟒𝒂

i. 𝒂>𝟎

𝑏2
Graph is concave up and has the minimum value = − + 𝑐.
4𝑎

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏2
Axis of symmetry = = − . Minimum point = (− , − + 𝑐)
2𝑎 2𝑎 4𝑎

2
−
4
X
−
2

3 9
Example : 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 = 2(𝑥 − )2 +
2 2

(−6) 3
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −6, 𝑐 = 9 Axis of symmetry, 𝑥 = − =
2(2) 2

3 (−6)2 3 9
Minimum point = ( ,− + 9) = ( , )
2 4(2) 2 2

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 5

Example 3

Sketch the graphs of the following quadratics

a. 𝑦 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4
b. 𝑦 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3
c. 𝑦 5 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 2
d. 𝑦 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2

Solution:

a. 𝑦 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 𝑦 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4

3 3 2
(𝑥 − )2 − ( ) − 4
2 2
3 9
(𝑥 − )2 − − 4
2 4
3 25
(𝑥 − )2 −
2 4
3 3
Axis of symmetry, 𝑥 − 0 𝑥
2 2

3 25
Minimum point ( , − )
2 4

𝑥 0, 𝑦 02 − 3(0) − 4 −4

𝑥 3, 𝑦 32 − 3(3) − 4 −4

𝑦 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4
𝑥

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 6

b. 𝑦 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3 𝑦 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3

5
2 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥) − 3
2

5 5 2
2((𝑥 − )2 − ( ) ) − 3
4 4
5 25
2((𝑥 − )2 − ) − 3
4 16
5 25
2(𝑥 − )2 − −3
4 8
5 49
2(𝑥 − )2 −
4 8
5 5
Axis of symmetry, 𝑥 − 0 𝑥
4 4

5 49
Minimum point ( , − )
4 9

𝑥 0, 𝑦 2 × 02 − 5(0) − 3 −3

𝑥 3, 𝑦 2 × 32 − 5(3) − 3 0

𝑦 2 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 7

c. 𝑦 5 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 5 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 2

− 4𝑥 2 2𝑥 5

2
− 4 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥) 5
4

1 1 2
−4((𝑥 − )2 − ( ) ) 5
4 4

1 1
−4((𝑥 − )2 − ) 5
4 16
1 1
−4(𝑥 − )2 5
4 4
1 21
−4(𝑥 − )2
4 4
1 1
Axis of symmetry, 𝑥 − 0 𝑥
4 4

1 21
Maximum point ( , )
4 4

𝑥 −1, 𝑦 5 2(−1) − 4(−1)2 −1

𝑥 1, 𝑦 5 2(1) − 4(1)2 3

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 8

 d. 𝑦 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2

Exercise 1

Sketch the graphs of the following quadratics

a. 𝑦 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 3

b. 𝑦 −𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 4

c. 𝑦 3 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 2

d. 𝑦 9𝑥 − 𝑥 2

Solution:

a. 𝑦 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 3

2(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥) − 3
3 9
2[(𝑥 − )2 − ] − 3
2 4

3 9
2(𝑥 − )2 − − 3
2 2

3 15
2(𝑥 − )2 −
2 2

3
Axis of symmetry 𝑥
2

3 15
Minimum point = ( , − )
2 2

𝑥 0, 𝑦 −3

𝑥 3, 𝑦 −3

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 9

b. 𝑦 −𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 4

−(𝑥 2 5𝑥) − 4
5 2 25
−[(𝑥 ) − ]−4
2 4

5 2 25
−(𝑥 ) −4
2 4

5 2 9
−(𝑥 )
2 4

5
Axis of symmetry 𝑥 −
2

5 9
Maximum point = (− , )
2 4

𝑥 0, 𝑦 −4

𝑥 −5, 𝑦 −4

c. 𝑦 3 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 2

𝑦 −4𝑥 2 2𝑥 3
1
−4(𝑥 2 − 𝑥) 3
2

1 1
−4[(𝑥 − )2 − ] 3
4 16

1 1
−4(𝑥 − )2 3
4 4

1 13
−4(𝑥 − )2
4 4

1
Axis of symmetry 𝑥
4

1 13
Maximum point = ( , )
4 4

𝑥 0, 𝑦 3

𝑥 1, 𝑦 1

d. 𝑦 9𝑥 − 𝑥 2

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 10

SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATION

A quadratic equation is an equation of the second degree, meaning it contains at least

one term that is squared. The standard form is 𝑎𝑥² 𝑏𝑥 𝑐 0 with 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 being
constants, or numerical coefficients, and 𝑥 is an unknown variable. One absolute rule is
that the first constant "𝑎" cannot be a zero.

Solving quadratic equation:

(i) Factorization

(ii) Completing the square

−𝑏±√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
(iii) Formula 𝑥
2𝑎

(I) FACTORIZATION

Example 4

Solve the following by using factorization

𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 6 0

Solution:

𝑥 2 − 1𝑥 − 6 0

𝑥 −3 −3𝑥
( )
𝑥 2 2𝑥

𝑥2 −6 −𝑥

(𝑥 2)(𝑥 − 3) 0

𝑥 2 0, 𝑥−3 0

𝑥 −2, 𝑥 3

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 11

Example 5

Solve the following by using factorization

2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3 0

Solution:

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 12

EXERCISE 2 – FACTORIZATION

Factorize the following completely. Hence, solve the equations.

a. 𝑥2 7𝑥 6 0

b. 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 2 0

c. 10𝑥 2 − 21𝑥 9 0

Solution:

a. 𝑥2 7𝑥 6 0

(𝑥 6)(𝑥 1) 0

𝑥 6 0, 𝑥 1 0

𝑥 −6, 𝑥 −1

b. 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 2 0

(3𝑥 1)(𝑥 − 2) 0

3𝑥 1 0, 𝑥 − 2 0
1
𝑥 − , 𝑥 2
3

c. 10𝑥 2 − 21𝑥 9 0

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 13

ii. COMPLETING SQUARE

Example 6

By completing the square solve the following

a. 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 6 0

b. 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3 0

c. 𝑥2 − 𝑥 1 −3(1 2𝑥)

Solution:

a. 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 6 0

1 2 1 2
(𝑥 − ) − (− ) − 6 0
2 2
1 1
(𝑥 − )2 − − 6 0
2 4
1 25
(𝑥 − )2 − 0
2 4
1 25
(𝑥 − )2
2 4

1 25
𝑥− ±√
2 4

1 5
𝑥− ±
2 2
1 1 5 1
𝑥− ±
2 2 2 2
5 1 5 1
𝑥 − 𝑜𝑟 𝑥
2 2 2 2
4 6
𝑥 − 𝑜𝑟 𝑥
2 2
𝑥 −2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 3

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 14

b. 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3 0
5 3
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 0 Divide the equation by 2 (coefficient 𝑥 2 )
2 2

5 2 5 2 3
(𝑥 − ) − (− ) − 0
4 4 2
5 25 3
(𝑥 − )2 − − 0
4 16 2
5 49
(𝑥 − )2 − 0
4 16
5 49
(𝑥 − )2
4 16

5 49
𝑥− ±√
4 16

5 7
𝑥− ±
4 4
5 5 7 5
𝑥− ±
4 4 4 4
7 5 7 5
𝑥 − 𝑜𝑟 𝑥
4 4 4 4
2 12
𝑥 − 𝑜𝑟 𝑥
4 4
1
𝑥 − 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 3
2

c. 𝑥2 − 𝑥 1 −3(1 2𝑥)

𝑥2 − 𝑥 1 −3(1 2𝑥) Rewrite in form of 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑏𝑥 𝑐 0

𝑥2 − 𝑥 1 −3 − 6𝑥

𝑥2 − 𝑥 1 3 6𝑥 −3 3 − 6𝑥 6𝑥

𝑥2 5𝑥 4 0 **try it

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 15

EXERCISE 3 – SOLVE BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE

By completing the square, solve the following

a. 𝑥2 4𝑥
−3
b. 𝑥 1
𝑥−5

Solution:

a. 𝑥2 4𝑥

𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 0

(𝑥 − 2)2 − 4 0

(𝑥 − 2)2 4

𝑥−2 ±√4 ±2

𝑥−2 2 or 𝑥 − 2 −2

𝑥 4 or 𝑥 0

b. 𝑥 2 √6 or 𝑥 2 − √6

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 16

iii. FORMULA

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥
2𝑎

Example 7

Solve 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3 0 using formula.

Solution:

𝑎 2, 𝑏 −5, 𝑐 −3

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 17

DISCRIMINANT

Quadratic Equation

𝑎𝑥 2 𝑏𝑥 𝑐 0

has roots

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥
2𝑎

𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 is called discriminant and denoted as 𝐷 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐

NATURE OF THE ROOTS (TYPES OF ROOTS)

i. If 𝐷 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 0 , the quadratic equation has two real and equal roots.

ii. If 𝐷 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 , the quadratic equation has two real and distinct roots.

iii. If 𝐷 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 𝟎 , the quadratic equation has two complex roots or has no real
roots.

> 0,

<0
>0

0
>0
>0
>0

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 18

 2

< 0,

>0
<0

0
<0
<0
<0

Example 8

Find the range of values of k such that the roots of the equation 𝑥 2 (3𝑘 − 1)𝑥 𝑘2 0
are real.

Solution:

𝑎 1, 𝑏 3𝑘 − 1, 𝑐 𝑘2

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0
𝑘 < 1⁄5 1⁄ < 𝑘 < 1
5
𝑘>1
(3𝑘 − 1)2 − 4(1)𝑘 2 ≥ 0
Test number 0 0.5 2
9𝑘 2 − 6𝑘 1 − 4𝑘 2 ≥ 0

5𝑘 2 − 6𝑘 1≥0 (5𝑘 − 1) - + +
(5𝑘 − 1)(𝑘 − 1) ≥ 0
(𝑘 − 1) - - +
Critical numbers, 𝑘 1⁄ , 1
5

(5𝑘 − 1)(𝑘 − 1) + - +

Solution: 𝑘 ≤ 1⁄5 ∪ 𝑘 ≥ 1

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 19

Example 9

Determine the type of roots for the following quadratic equations:

i. 4𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 25 0

ii. 3𝑥 − 4 − 2𝑥 2 0

Solution

i. 4𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 25 0

𝑎 4, 𝑏 −20, 𝑐 25

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 (−20)2 − 4(4)(25)

400 − 400 0

The quadratic equation has two real and equal roots.

ii. 3𝑥 − 4 − 2𝑥 2 0

𝑎 −2, 𝑏 3, 𝑐 −4

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 (3)2 − 4(−2)(−4)

9 − 32 −23 < 0

The quadratic equation has two complex roots or no real roots.

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 20

Example 10

Find the value(s) of 𝑝, if the quadratic equation 4𝑥 2 − (𝑝 − 2)𝑥 1 0 has equal roots.

Solution:

𝑎 4, 𝑏 −(𝑝 − 2), 𝑐 1

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 0

(−(𝑝 − 2))2 − 4(4)1 0

(𝑝 − 2)2 − 16 0

(𝑝 − 2)2 16

𝑝−2 ±√16

𝑝−2 ±4

𝑝−2 4 , 𝑝−2 −4

𝑝 6, 𝑝 −2.

YUZAIMI YUNUS MAT406 | 21

TUTORIAL 3

1. The quadratic function 𝑓(𝑥 ) −𝑥 2 4𝑥 − 3 can be expressed in the form of

𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 𝑘, where 𝑎, ℎ and 𝑘 are constant.

a) Find the values of 𝑎, ℎ and 𝑘.

b) Sketch the graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥) on the Cartesian plane.

2. Figure below shows the graph of the quadratic function 𝑓(𝑥 ) (𝑥 3)2 2𝑘 − 6,
where 𝑘 is a constant. 𝑦

𝑓 (𝑥 ) (𝑥 3)2 2𝑘 − 6

𝑥
O

a) State the equation of the axis of symmetry of the curve.

b) Given the minimum value of the function is 4, find the value of 𝑘.

3. Find the values of 𝑘 for which the equation 𝑥 2 𝑘𝑥 16 0 has real roots.

Answer : 𝑘 ≤ −8 ∪ 𝑘 ≥ 8

4. Find the values of 𝑚 for which the equation 𝑥 2 2𝑚𝑥 9 0 has no real roots.

Answer : −3 ≤ 𝑚 ≤ 3

5. Find the values of 𝑝 for which the equation 𝑝𝑥 2 2𝑥 𝑝 0 has real and distinct
roots.

Answer : −1 < 𝑝 < 1

6. Find the values of 𝑚 for which the equation (2𝑚 − 1)𝑥 2 (𝑚 1)𝑥 1 0 has real
roots.

Answer : 𝑚 ≤ 1 ∪ 𝑚 ≥ 5

7. Find the values of 𝑘 for which the equation 𝑝𝑥 2 (𝑝 8)𝑥 9 0 has no real
roots.

Answer : 4 < 𝑝 < 16

8. Show that for all real m, the roots of equation 𝑥 2 (𝑚 5)𝑥 (𝑚 4) 0 are
always real.

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2.5 INDICES AND LOGARITHMS
2.5.1 INDICES

𝑛 is an index
𝑛
𝑎
𝑎 is a base
𝑎 > 0 ⇒ 𝑎𝑛 > 0, 𝑛 ∈ ℝ, 𝑛 is an index/exponent.
Positive index 𝑎𝑛 Example : 23 = 8

1 1 1
Negative index Example : 2−3 = =
𝑎−𝑛 = 23 8
𝑎𝑛

Zero index 𝑎0 = 1 Example : 50 = 1

Example :
1 1
Fractional index 𝑛 5
𝑖. 𝑎𝑛 = √𝑎 𝑖. 35 = √3
𝑚 𝑛 3 3
5 5
𝑖𝑖. 𝑎𝑛 = √𝑎𝑚 𝑖𝑖. 75 = √73 = ( √7)

Laws of indices
1. 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 Example :
When multiplying, if the
22 23 = 22+3 = 25 bases are the same, add the
exponents.

𝑎𝑚 Example :
2. 𝑎𝑚 ÷ 𝑎𝑛 = = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑎𝑛
35 When dividing, if the bases
35 ÷ 33 = are the same, subtract the
33
= 35−3 exponents.
= 32

3. (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = (𝑎𝑛 )𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚×𝑛 Example :

When raising a power to a
(23 )4 = 23×4 = 212 power, multiply the
exponents.

4. (𝑎𝑏)𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑏 𝑚 Example:
To raise a product to a
4
(3 × 5) = 3 5 4 4 power, we raise each factor
(2⦁7)3 = 23 73 to the power.

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 𝑎 𝑚 𝑎𝑚 Example : When raising a quotient to a
5. ( ) =
𝑏𝑚
𝑏
2 5 25 power, raise each
( ) = 5 numerator and denominator
3 3
to the power
𝑎 −𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 Example:
6. ( ) = ( )
𝑏 𝑎
2 −3 5 3
( ) = ( )
5 2

𝑎−𝑛 𝑏𝑚 Example:
7. =
𝑏−𝑚 𝑎𝑛
3−2 75
= 2
7−5 3

Example 1
Simplify the following expressions
𝑎4 𝑏3 ×𝑎2 𝑏4
i.
𝑎3 𝑏2

(5𝑠 4 𝑡 5 )2
ii.
(𝑠𝑡 2 )5

Solution:
𝑎4 𝑏3 ×𝑎2 𝑏4
i.
𝑎3 𝑏2

𝑎4 𝑏 3 × 𝑎2 𝑏 4
3 2
= 𝑎4+2−3 𝑏 3+4−2
𝑎 𝑏
= 𝑎3 𝑏 5

(5𝑠 4 𝑡 5 )2
ii.
(𝑠𝑡 2 )5

(5𝑠 4 𝑡 5 )2 52 (𝑠 4 )2 (𝑡 5 )2
=
(𝑠𝑡 2 )5 𝑠 5 (𝑡 2 )5
25𝑠 8 𝑡 10
=
𝑠 5 𝑡 10
= 25𝑠 8−5 𝑡 10−10
= 25𝑠 3 𝑡 0
= 25𝑠 3

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Example 2
Find the value of 𝑥
42𝑥 = 32𝑥+1
Solution:
i. 42𝑥 = 32𝑥+1
(22 )2𝑥 = (25 )𝑥+1

24𝑥 = 25𝑥+5
4𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 5
𝑥 = −5

Example 3
Solve the exponential equation
22𝑥 − 6(2𝑥 ) + 8 = 0
Solution:

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LOGARITHM
If 𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑥 then 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 = 𝑥
i. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = 1
ii. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 1 = 0

LAWS OF LOGARITHM
i. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 (𝑥𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦
𝑥
ii. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦
𝑦

iii. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 𝑏
iv. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏 = where 𝑐 is a new base
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 𝑎

Example 4
Find the value of 𝑥 for each of the following
i. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 = 4
ii. 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (𝑥 + 2) =1
Solution:

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Example 5
Solve the equation 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 + 1) − 4 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥
Solution:
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 + 1) − 4 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 + 1) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 = 4
𝑥+1
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 =4
𝑥
𝑥+1
= 34
𝑥
𝑥+1
= 81
𝑥
𝑥 + 1 = 81𝑥
80𝑥 = 1
1
𝑥=
80

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Example 6
Solve each of the following equations for 𝑥
i. 8𝑥+1 =15
ii. 5(4−𝑥 ) = 15
Solution:

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Example 7
Find the value of x that satisfies
𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 (𝑥 + 2)
Solution:

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TUTORIAL 4 (INDICES AND LOGARITHM)

1. Simplify each of the following

1
𝑛
52𝑛 6252
a.
125𝑛
4
b. 𝑚−2 𝑛3 (√𝑚) 𝑛0

2. Solve the equation 2(23𝑥−1 ) − 7 = 9

4𝑥 + 8(4 −𝑥 )
3. Find the values of 𝑥 if = 3
2

4. Solve the following system of equations simultaneously

3𝑥 3𝑦 = 9
4𝑥
𝑦 = 16
2(2 )

5. Solve the exponential equation below

32(𝑥+1) − 10(3𝑥 ) + 1 = 0
6. Given 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 5 = 1.47 and 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 4 = 1.26, evaluate
a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 20
b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 80
c. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 500
7. Simplify as single logarithm
1
a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦 − 3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑧 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑤
2
1 1
b. 4𝑙𝑜𝑔2 3 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 10 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 27
2 3

8. Without calculator, evaluate

a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 36 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 48 − 3𝑙𝑜𝑔6 2
b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 15 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔15 8 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔64 5
5𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 8 − 2𝑙𝑜𝑔9
c.
𝑙𝑜𝑔 4 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 3

2 1 3
d. + +
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 3

9. Solve the following equations

a. 5𝑥+1 − 52𝑥 = 4
b. 𝑒 𝑥 − 8𝑒 −𝑥 = 2

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10. Solve the following equations
a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 + 4𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 3 = 5
b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (𝑥 − 1) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 (𝑥 + 5)
c. 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 (3𝑥 2 + 1) = 2
d. 2𝑙𝑜𝑔4 𝑥 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 4 = 5
e. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 8𝑥 = 6
11. Solve the following equations simultaneously
2 2
8𝑦 −𝑦 = 4𝑥 +2
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑦 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥 = 1

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