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Syntax

1) Syntax is the study of sentence structure and the relationships between words. The sentence is the main unit of communication and consists of a subject and predicate. 2) Sentences can be one-member or two-member. One-member sentences include nominative, imperative, and infinitive sentences. Two-member sentences include impersonal, indefinite-personal, and generalizing-personal sentences. 3) The subject, predicate, object, attribute, and adverbial are the main parts of a sentence. The subject contains person and the predicate contains mood/tense. The object is acted upon by a verb. The attribute modifies a noun. The adverbial modifies verbs, adjectives or other

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51 views28 pages

Syntax

1) Syntax is the study of sentence structure and the relationships between words. The sentence is the main unit of communication and consists of a subject and predicate. 2) Sentences can be one-member or two-member. One-member sentences include nominative, imperative, and infinitive sentences. Two-member sentences include impersonal, indefinite-personal, and generalizing-personal sentences. 3) The subject, predicate, object, attribute, and adverbial are the main parts of a sentence. The subject contains person and the predicate contains mood/tense. The object is acted upon by a verb. The attribute modifies a noun. The adverbial modifies verbs, adjectives or other

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osipchukdasha13
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Syntax

The Idea
Morphology Syntax

morohemes
sentences
and words
Functions

1) it is the function of a unit on the basis of 2) it is the function within


which it is included into a larger unit, e.g., in a the sentence: the subject,
smart student the element smart stands in the predicate, etc
attributive relation to the head element;
The Sentence
The sentence is the main unit of communication. The
sentence is the minimum linguistic unit which allows
the speaker to realize his/ her communicative
purpose (giving information, asking for information,
etc.).
1. Predication
2. Proposition
3. Clause
4. Predicative complexes
Predication is defined as the subject-

Main concepts predicate relations on which the sentence is


based and which refer the situation
described to objective reality. The
proposition is the main predicative form of
thought. The clause is another predicative
unit hierarchically placed between the
predicative word group and the sentence.
there are partially predicative groupings
known as predicative complexes, or semi-
predicative constructions.
THE SIMPLE
SENTENCE
The sentence is the highest structural and the main communicative
linguistic unit which, due to its predicative centre, serves as the
chief means of expressing an individual thought and whose
grammatical structure corresponds to the rules of the language.
Communicative point of view
One-member sentences
(односкладні речення
Common for both languages are the following types of
one-member sentences:

1) Nominative sentences (називні), e.g.: Summer.Winter. Spring


2) Imperative sentences (наказові), e.g.: Come here at once.
3) Infinitive sentences (інфінітивні), e.g.: To be lonely and to grow
older and older. Especially widespread is this kind of sentences in
Ukrainian where the infinitive by its function in the sentence
has become similar to the personal form of the verb.
Two-member sentences
1) Impersonal sentences: It is getting dark.
2) Indefinite-personal sentences: They say he is out.
3) Generalizing-personal: You mustn't change horses
iin the mid-stream.
4) Sentences with unchangeable predicate-words: It
is necessary to go home (I must go home).
5) Sentences with adverbs of the type : He is rather
jolly now.
6) Different types of sentences with the subject
which is not named or is avoided to be named: And he
wasn’t seen there any more. They say, you can come.
02
Subject
the independent member of a two-member
predication, containing the person component of
predicativity;
defined as a word or a group of words denoting
the thing we speak about;
can be a word, a syntactical word-morpheme (in
English – there, it) or a complex .
The predicate
The simple predicate
the member of a predication containing the
mood and tense (or only mood) components of
predicativity;
can be a word or a syntactical word-morpheme
(in English – does, will).
The object
In grammar, an object is a
noun or a pronoun that is
acted upon by a verb or a
preposition.
The Attribute
The attribute is a secondary part, or syntactic
element, of a sentence which accompanies and
modifies a nominal head. According to their position in
relation to the head word, attributes fall into pre-
positional and post-positional.
The Adverbial modifier

The adverbial is a secondary part, or syntactic element,


of a sentence whose role is to modify a verbal,
adjectival or adverbial head. Semantically, adverbials
are classified into a few types.

02
1. place
2. time
3. manner
4. measure and degree
5. reason
6. purpose
Types 7. result
8. condition
9. concession
10. attending
circumstances (in
English)
Complex parts of the sentence
1) Complex Object (with the Infinitive, Participle I, Participle II,
Gerund, non-Verbal), e.g.:
She wants him to study better.
2) Complex Subject (with the Infinitive, Participle I, Participle II, non-
Verbal), e.g.:
The delegation was reported to have already arrived.
3) For-to-Infinitive Construction, e.g.:
For you to do this is of the utmost importance.
4) Absolute Constructions/Prepositional Constructions (with Participle
I, Participle II, Infinitive, non-Verbal), e.g.:
She was staring at him, her hands trembling with fear.
5) Gerundial Predicative Construction, e.g.:
He was aware of her being constantly late for her job.

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