Republic of the Philippines

Department
sa of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

12
Z est for P rogress
Z P eal of artnership

General Physics 1
Quarter 1 – Module 3
Motion in Two Dimensions: Projectile Motion and
Circular Motion

Tion is

0
 What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written in a way that its suits your
understanding and needs. It focuses on achieving the following learning
competencies:
Content Standard Most Essential Learning Code
Competencies
The learners 1.Describe motion using STEM_GP12KIN-Ic20
demonstrate the concept of relative
understanding of: velocities in 1D and 2D.

1. Position, distance, 2.Deduce the STEM_GP12KIN-Ic22

displacement, consequences of the
speed, average independence of vertical
velocity, and horizontal
instantaneous components of projectile
velocity, average motion.
acceleration, and
instantaneous 3. Calculate range, time STEM_GP12KIN-Ic23
acceleration in 2- of flight, and maximum
and 3- dimensions; heights of projectiles.
2. Projectile Motion;
and 4.Infer quantities STEM_GP12KIN-Ic25
3. Circular Motion associated with circular
motion such as
tangential velocity,
centripetal acceleration,
tangential acceleration,
radius of curvature.

5.Solve problems STEM_GP12KIN-Ic26

involving two

1
 dimensional motion in
contexts such as, but
not limited to ledge
jumping, movie stunts,
basketball, safe
locations during
firework displays, and
Ferris wheels.

The experience of describing motion may vary from one observer to

another. One may say that a certain object moves based on his current
position but another person may claim the opposite. These observers have
varied description of motion though they are observing at exactly the same
object at the same but they are at different position when they did their
observations. This is just one of the many interesting facts about motion
as it also varies from very simple to complex one.

You have already learned about the basics of motion from our
previous lessons. Now, you are ready to learn more. This module will let
you appreciate the concepts behind objects moving in 2 dimensions (2D).

After going through this module, you are expected to be able to:
1. Use the concept of relative velocities to describe motion in 1D and 2D;
2. Determine the effects of the independence of vertical and horizontal
components of projectile motion;
3. Compute for the range, time of flight, and maximum heights of
projectiles;
4. Infer tangential velocity, centripetal acceleration, tangential
acceleration, and radius of curvature associated with circular motion;
and
5. Solve problems involving two dimensional motion in contexts such as,
but not limited to ledge jumping, movie stunts, basketball, safe
locations during firework displays, and Ferris wheels.

2
 What I Know
Before we proceed to our lesson for today, let us first test how much
you know about objects moving in two dimensions. Kindly answer the
questions below.

Score:___/10
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the correct
answer letter. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
(Note: Use g = -9.8m/s2)

1. What is the term for the motion of an object in relation to other

moving or stationary objects?
a. Relative velocity c. Instant velocity
b. Constant velocity d. Terminal velocity

2. If a man stands inside a moving lift with respect to a woman, the

woman must also be standing ________________.
a. on the ground
b. inside the same moving lift
c. inside the different lift with the same velocity
d. Both b and c

For questions 3-4: At the top of a 20 meters high four-story building,

a golf ball is shot horizontally such that its initial velocity is 25 m/s.

25 m/s

20 m

3
 3. How much time interval before the golf ball reaches the ground?
a. 1.50 sec c. 4.01 sec
b. 2.02 sec d. 5.20 sec
4. How far from the base of the building will the golf ball hit the ground?
a. 50.5 m c. 30.3 m
b. 20.2 m d. 40.4 m

5. A ball is launched at an angle. How does the initial velocity compare

to the final velocity if it lands at the same horizontal level?
a. Opposite c. Equal and Opposite
b. Equal b. Unable to determine

For questions 6-7, refer to the given situation below:

A car is moving with a uniform circular motion.

6. The tangential speed of the car is _______________.

a. constant
b. circular
c. perpendicular to the plane of motion
d. directed towards the center of motion

7. The centripetal acceleration of the car is _______________.

a. constant
b. circular
c. perpendicular to the plane of motion
d. directed towards the center of motion

For questions 8–9: As shown in the y

diagram, a baseball is thrown at an

angle theta (𝜃) on the ground, neglect
the air resistance. 𝜃 x

4
Consider also the following four graphs.

(Graph 1) (Graph 2) (Graph 3) (Graph 4)

8. Which graph represents the vertical component velocity with time,

where the projectile starts from t = 0 at maximum height?
a. Graph 1 c. Graph 3
b. Graph 2 d. Graph 4

9. Which graph represents the horizontal component of the baseball’s

velocity as a function of time, where the graph of horizontal velocity
is constant but non-zero function?
a. Graph 1 c. Graph 3
b. Graph 2 d. Graph 4

10. A ball is launched from the top of a four-story building where air
resistance is negligible. The velocity of the ball has the components
vx = 25 m/s, and vy = 10 m/s. What is the components’ velocity of
the ball after 2 seconds?
a. vx = 5.4 m/s and vy = –9.6 m/s
b. vx = 25 m/s and vy = –9.6 m/s
c. vx = 5.4 m/s and vy = 10 m/s
d. vx = 25 m/s and vy = 29.6 m/s

5
 Motion in Two Dimensions:
Lesson
Projectile Motion and
3
Circular Motion

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you were able to familiarize and utilize the
following formula in solving problems. Let us revisit them once again to
equip you in your lesson for today. Do activity 1.

Score:___/10
Activity 1. Finding the right equation!
Direction: Understand the given situation and identify what formula is to
be used to answer what is asked. Choose from the formula box (1 point
each)

1 𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑓 − 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑖 2 + 2𝑎𝑑 𝑎= 𝑡𝑓 −𝑡𝑖

What formula is
Given situation Find the appropriate to use?
velocity of the ball
A ball is freely falling in 3 after 3s.
seconds.
height of fall of the
ball after 3 s.
A car starts from rest and
accelerates uniformly final velocity
over a time of 7 seconds
for a distance of 121m Acceleration

6
 What’s New

Let us now explore the new lesson as you do the activity 2 leading
you to unlocking the new concepts to be learned today.

Activity 2. I am a Problem Solver!

Score:___/50
Directions: Read each situation carefully and solve the problems step by
step. Use the formula in the box to help you with the activity. Write it on a
separate sheet of paper.

Formula box

1 2𝑣0 sin 𝜃
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 − 𝑔𝑡 𝑡′ = 𝑔
1 𝑣0 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑣0 2 sin 2𝜃 2𝜋𝑟 𝑣2
ℎ=2 𝑑= 𝑠𝑎𝑣 = 𝑎𝑐 =
𝑔 𝑔 𝑇 𝑟
𝑣
𝜔=𝑟 𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑐 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 𝑣𝑥𝑦 = √(𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )2 + (𝑣0 sin 𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡)2

𝑣𝑐𝑏 = ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣𝑐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑏

𝑣𝑐𝑏 = √𝑣𝑐 2 + 𝑣𝑏 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

Situation 1

A truck and a bus are moving along straight tracks with velocities
100km/h and 120 km/h respectively. What is the velocity of the truck
with respect to the bus? What is the velocity of the bus with respect to
the truck?

Situation 2

A bicycle is speeding towards West at 50 km/h, approaching an

intersection. At 70 km/h, a red car approaches the junction from the
South. What is the red car's velocity in relative to the bicycle?

7
Situation 3

A cannonball was fired with an initial velocity of 250 m/s at a 45°

angle horizontally.

a. What is the maximum height of the projectile?

b. What is the maximum horizontal displacement of the projectile?

c. How long will it take before the projectile strikes the ground?

Situation 4

A 700 kilograms F1 car rounds a race track curve with a radius

of 140 meters. What does the magnitude of the centripetal force acting
on the F1 car, if it round the curve at 40 m/s?

What Is It
Now, let us discuss the salient concepts behind the problems you’ve
just solved!
One of the things to keep in mind in studying motion is the proper
establishment of the frame of reference. One may say that a certain object
moves but another person may claim otherwise. This is due to varied
reference frames. These observers have varied description of motion
though they are observing at exactly the same object at the same time
because they have different frame of reference when they did their
observation.
Relative motion describes how an object moves in relation to other
moving or stationary objects.

8
Relative Motion in One Dimension

Let say you are riding a bus going to school and you notice that there
is a car that is moving in front of you with certain velocity. Both the bus
and the car are heading towards the same direction, let say towards east.
Both the bus and the car are having their own velocity but the description
of the velocity based on different reference frames vary. The velocity of the
car as being observe by the people on the bus and the velocity of the bus
as being observed by the riders in the car are called relative velocities.

To understand the concept further, let us consider the following

cases:

Case 1

The car and the bus are moving with uniform velocities (𝑣𝑐 and 𝑣𝑏 )
along straight tracks in the same direction with respect to ground.

So, the relative velocity of the car with respect to the bus is

𝑣𝑐𝑏 = ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣𝑐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑏

And the relative velocity of the bus with respect to the car is

𝑣𝑏𝑐 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑐

Thus, if two objects are moving in the same direction, the

magnitude of one object's relative velocity with regard to another equals
the magnitude difference between the two velocities.

If A and B move in the same 𝑥𝐴 𝑣𝐴

direction, A has only moved by a
𝑥𝐴𝐵
distance 𝑥𝐴𝐵 with respect to B. So, B 𝑣𝐴𝐵
𝑥𝐵
would observe A to be moving at a 𝑣𝐵
speed of 𝑣𝐴𝐵 .

9
 • So in the situation 1 given in the activity, you can solve the problem
using the concept describe in this section.

The velocity of the truck with respect to the bus:

𝑣𝑡𝑏 = ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣𝑡 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑏

The velocity of the bus with respect to the truck

𝑣𝑏𝑡 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑡

Case 2

The car and the bus are moving with uniform velocities 𝑣𝑐 and
𝑣𝑏 along the same straight tracks but opposite in direction

So, the relative velocity of the car with respect to the bus is

𝑣𝑐𝑏 = ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣𝑐 − (−𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑏 )

𝑣𝑐𝑏 = ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣𝑐 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑏

And the relative velocity of the bus with respect to the car is

𝑣𝑏𝑐 = −𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑐

𝑣𝑏𝑐 = −(𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑏 + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑐 )

When two objects are travelling in opposite directions, the

magnitude of one object's relative velocity with respect to the other equals
the sum of their velocities.

In opposite directions, B 𝑣𝐴 𝑥𝐴
would observe A to be moving at
a higher speed compared to the 𝑣𝐴𝐵𝑓

speed of A with respect to an 𝑥𝐵 𝑣𝐴𝐵𝑖

observer on the ground. 𝑣𝐵

10
Relative Motion in Two Dimension

Case 3

The car and the bus are moving with an angle 𝜃 between their
directions. The relative velocity of the car with respect to the bus is,

𝑣𝑐𝑏 = ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣𝑐 − (𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑏 )

Then the magnitude and direction of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑣𝑐𝑏 is given by

𝑣𝑐𝑏 = √𝑣𝑐 2 + 𝑣𝑏 2 − 2𝑣𝑐 𝑣𝑏 cos 𝜃

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and

𝑣𝑏 sin 𝜃
tan 𝛽 = (Note 𝛽 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑐𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑏 )
𝑣𝑐 − 𝑣𝑏 cos 𝜃

When 𝜃 is.. Remarks Formula

0⁰ The objects are moving in a 𝑣𝑐𝑏 = ⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣𝑏 in the
𝑣𝑐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
parallel straight line in the direction of ⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑐
same direction
and

𝑣𝑏𝑐 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣𝑐 in the
𝑣𝑏 + ⃗⃗⃗
direction of ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑏

180⁰ The objects are moving in a 𝑣𝑐𝑏 = ⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣𝑏 in the
𝑣𝑐 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
parallel straight line in direction of ⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑐
opposite direction
and

𝑣𝑏𝑐 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣𝑐 in the
𝑣𝑏 + ⃗⃗⃗
direction of ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑏

90⁰ The objects are moving at 𝑣𝑐𝑏 = √𝑣𝑐 2 + 𝑣𝑏 2

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
right angles to each other

11
 • So in the situation 2 given in the activity, you can solve the problem
using the concept describe in this section. The angle in the problem
is 90⁰.

As mentioned earlier, motion varies from simple to complex one.

Some are being observed to moving in one direction either going up or
down, left or right but others move in two dimensions at the same time like
as it falls it’s also moving to the right. The study of motion in two
dimensions, including motion along a curved path, such as projectile and
circular motion, is known as two-dimensional motion. Let us study further
about this types of two-dimensional motion.

Projectile Motion

𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥
𝑣𝑦 = 0
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥

𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 h
𝑣0
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣0𝑦 𝜃 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥
𝑣0𝑥 x
d 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 𝑣𝑥𝑦

The object moving in this kind of motion is called a projectile on

which gravity is the only force affecting its motion.
The projectile's motion is divided into two parts: horizontal and
vertical motion. They are independent of one another and must be treated
separately.
In this lesson, the discussion will focus on the horizontal and vertical
components of a projectile's motion, with a focus on the presence or
absence of forces, accelerations, and velocity.

In most cases, a projectile is any object that is cast, fired, flung,

heaved, hurled pitched, tossed, or thrown.

12
Some examples of projectiles:
• Throwing a ball or an object, bullet fired from a gun, motion of a
cannonball, long jump, football kicked in a soccer game, shooting a
ball in a basketball game, and monkeys swinging between trees

Now let us look at each component in detail. The table below

summarizes the formula to be used to solve for each component variable
in projectile motion.

Equations for the time of the Projectile

Projection Formula Time

Horizontal 𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡 𝑥
𝑡=
𝑣0𝑥

2𝑦
1 𝑡=√ , (Free fall, 𝑣0𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2 𝑔
2
= 0)
−𝑣𝑜𝑦 ± √𝑣𝑜𝑦 2 − 2𝑔𝑦
Vertical 𝑡=
−𝑔
𝑣0𝑦 − 𝑣𝑦
𝑡=
𝑔
𝑣0𝑦
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 − 𝑔𝑡 𝑡= , (𝑣𝑦 = 0)
𝑔
𝑣0 sin 𝜃
𝑡= , (𝑣𝑦 = 0)
𝑣0𝑥 = 𝑣0 cos 𝜃 𝑔

Arbitrary angles 𝑣0𝑦 = 𝑣0 sin 𝜃 Time for the projectile to

rise.

Resultant 𝑣𝑥𝑦 = √(𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )2 + (𝑣0 sin 𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡)2

where time (𝑡) is given.

13
Important things to keep in mind while using the formula given:

Horizontal Motion Vertical Motion

Force No horizontal force The force of gravity
involved (always directed
downward)
Acceleration None "g" = -9.8 m/s2

Velocity Constant Varying (9.8 m/s each

second)

So in situation 3 in the given activity, the projectile is the cannonball.

The situation is about a cannonball that was fired with an initial

velocity of 250 m/s at a 45° angle horizontally. You are to compute for the
maximum height of the projectile. Following the step by step procedure in
solving problem:

Step 1: Know what is being asked: the maximum height of the projectile

Step 2: Identify the variables present in the problem. The following

given variables are v = 250 m/s 𝜃 = 45°

Step 3: Identify what formula to be used use in order to solve the

problem.

1
ℎ = 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2
2 At maximum height, 𝑣0𝑦 = 0
1 2
= 0 + 𝑔𝑡
2
1 𝑣0 sin 𝜃 2 Since t is not given, use
= 𝑔( )
2 𝑔 another formula for t in the
1 𝑣0 2 sin2 𝜃
= 𝑔 equation.
2 𝑔2

1 𝑣0 2 sin2 𝜃
ℎ=
2 𝑔

14
 Then you are asked to determine the maximum horizontal
displacement of the projectile.

Following the step by step procedure in solving problem:

Step 1: Know what is being asked: the maximum horizontal

displacement

Step 2: Identify the variables present in the problem. The following

given variables are v = 250 m/s 𝜃 = 45°

Step 3: Identify what formula to be used use in order to solve the

problem.

𝑑 = 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡′
2𝑣0 sin 𝜃
= (𝑣0 cos 𝜃 ) ( )
𝑔
𝑣0 2 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
=
𝑔

Since sin 2𝜃 = 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃,

𝑣0 2 sin 2𝜃
𝑑=
𝑔

Lastly, you are to determine how long will it take before the projectile
strikes the ground. To solve for the total time (𝑡′) of flight of the projectile,
simply double the time it takes a projectile to rise.

𝑡 ′ = 2𝑡
2𝑣0𝑦
=
𝑔
2𝑣0 sin 𝜃
𝑡′ =
𝑔

15
Circular Motion

The motion of an object is defined as

𝐹𝑐 the rotation or movement of an object
𝑟 around the circumference of a circle.
𝑚
𝑣 𝜔 It can be with constant speed and
constant angular rate of rotation called uniform circular motion, or with a
changing rate of rotation called non-uniform circular motion.

During your Junior High School, you have learned that when the
acceleration of an object is the same direction as its velocity, its speed
increases. Also, when the acceleration is in the opposite direction to its
velocity, its speed decreases. While, when the direction of the velocity of an
object is perpendicular to its acceleration, the velocity changes in direction
but not in magnitude it is in a uniform circular motion and it is called
tangential velocity.
The table below summarizes the important concepts in both uniform
and non-uniform circular motion.

Uniform Circular Motion vs. Non-Uniform Circular Motion

Is a movement of an object in a circular path at a

constant speed.
It is constantly changing the direction of an object moving
in a circle.
The motion of an object is tangent to the circle.
Uniform The velocity vector of an object is tangent to the circle.
Circular The motion of an object in a circle is accelerating due to
Motion its change in direction.
The direction of the acceleration is inwards.
The net force acting on an object is directed toward the
center of the circle is said to be an inward or centripetal
force.

16
 The scalar absolute value of velocity (speed) changes,
representing a change in the magnitude of the velocity.
Non-Uniform The change in speed of an object in a circular path
Circular implicates radial (centripetal) acceleration. The radius (𝑟)
Motion of the circle is constant or the radial (centripetal) force is
constant.
The angular velocity is not constant, as 𝜔 = 𝑣/𝑟, 𝑣 is
varying.

The speed of objects travelling in circles is equal to the distance

covered per time of movement. Circumference is equal to the distance
around a circle and is computed as 2𝜋r. The period, represented by the
sign T, is the amount of time it takes to complete one rotation around the
circle. Thus, the average speed of an object in circular motion is given by
2𝜋𝑟
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = (note: 𝜋 = 3.1416)
𝑇

Centripetal force (𝐹𝑐 ) is a force that makes a body follow along the
axis of rotation and this force is always acting towards the fixed point of
the center of curvature of the path. The 𝐹𝑐 of an object with a mass (𝑚) in
a circular motion can be calculated by expression,
𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹𝑐 =
𝑟
The Centripetal force is due to the Centripetal acceleration (𝑎𝑐 ) given by
𝑣2
𝑎𝑐 =
𝑟
thus,
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑐

In situation 4 in the given activity, you are to determine the

magnitude of the centripetal force acting on the 700 kilograms-F1 car that
rounds a race track curve with a radius of 140 meters if it round the curve
at 40 m/s.

17
 Following the step by step procedure in solving problem:
Step 1: Know what is being asked: the magnitude of the centripetal
force
Step 2: Identify the variables present in the problem. The following
given mass of the car = 700 kg, radius r =140 m, velocity = 40 m/s
Step 3: Identify what formula to be used use in order to solve the
problem.
Since mass, velocity, and radius are given, you can use the formula.

𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹𝑐 =
𝑟

What’s More
You are now ready to solve more problems involving motion in 2
dimensions. In this part, you will be guided in answering the problem first
then you will be given the chance to solve on your own.

GUIDED ACTIVITY
In this activity, you are to determine the maximum height, time in
projectile motion and average speed in a circular motion.
Directions: Complete the table below. Write the answer by filling in the
missing part. Use another sheet to do the solving.
𝟏
Formula 1 𝒉 = 𝒗𝟎𝒚 𝒕 + 𝒈𝒕𝟐
𝟐
Solution: ℎ 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 𝑔
? 0 m/s 3s 9.8 m/s2
𝒗𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
Formula 2 𝒕=
𝒈

Solution: t vo 𝜃 𝑔
2s ? 450 9.8 m/s2

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 𝟐𝝅𝒓
Formula 3 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 =
𝑻
Solution: 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑𝐴𝑣𝑒 𝜋 T r
6.28 m/s 3.14 ? 3m
𝟏
Formula 4 𝒚 = 𝒗𝟎𝒚 𝒕 − 𝒈𝒕𝟐
𝟐
Solution: 𝑦 𝑣0𝑦 t g
? Condition: at maximum height

• To answer what is asked in each part, substitute the given values in

the formula provided in each item. Then perform the mathematical
operation to arrive at the final answer.

For Formula 1:
1
ℎ = 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2
2
1
= (0 𝑚/𝑠)(3 𝑠) + (9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2 )(3 𝑠)2
2
ℎ = 44.1 m

• The answer for the maximum height is 44.1 meters

For Formula 2:
𝑣0 sin 𝜃
𝑡=
𝑔
𝑔
multiply both side by sin 𝜃

𝑣0 sin 𝜃 𝑔
(𝑡 = )×
𝑔 sin 𝜃
𝑔 𝑣0 sin 𝜃 𝑔
(𝑡) =( )
sin 𝜃 𝑔 sin 𝜃
the initial velocity equation is given by,
𝑔
𝑣0 = (𝑡)
sin 𝜃
Input the given data from table of Formula 2,
9.8 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑣0 = (2 𝑠)
sin(45°)
𝑣0 = 27.7 𝑚/𝑠
• The answer for the initial velocity is 27.7 meters per second

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For Formula 3:

2𝜋𝑟
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑇
𝑇 2𝜋𝑟 𝑇
(𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 ) =( )
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑇 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

2𝜋𝑟
𝑇=
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

• Solve the value of T using the given data located in Formula 3

2(3.14)(3 𝑚)
𝑇=
6.28 m/s
𝑇 =3𝑠
• The period (T ) is equal to 3 seconds

For Formula 4:

• Since it’s at the maximum height the 𝑣0𝑦 = 0,

1
𝑦 = (0)𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2
1
𝑦 = − 𝑔𝑡 2
2
• The equation of vertical distance at maximum height or
1
ℎ = − 𝑔𝑡 2
2
where 𝑦 = ℎ at 𝑣0𝑦 = 0.

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INDEPENDENT ACTIVITY
After understanding how to answer the guided activity, it is now your
turn to answer the individual activity!

Score:___/20

Directions: Complete the table below. Write the answer by filling in the
missing part. Use another sheet to do the solving. (5 points each)

𝟏
Formula 1 𝒉 = 𝒗𝟎𝒚 𝒕 + 𝒈𝒕𝟐
𝟐

Solution: ℎ 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 𝑔

? 0 m/s 2s 9.8 m/s2

𝒗𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝒕=
Formula 2 𝒈

Solution: t vo 𝜃 𝑔

1s ? 600 9.8 m/s2

𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 =
Formula 3 𝑻
Solution: 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑𝐴𝑣𝑒 𝜋 T r
6.28 m/s 3.14 ? 4m

Formula 4 𝒗𝒚 = 𝒗𝟎𝒚 − 𝒈𝒕

Solution: 𝑣𝑦 𝑣0𝑦 g t

Condition: at maximum height ?

21
 What I Have Learned
Let us examine what you have learned based on the concepts you
studied in this module by answering this activity.

Score:___/10

Activity 3. True or False.

Directions: Write T if the statement is TRUE and F if the statement is
FALSE.

___1. An object that reaches the top of its trajectory shows a zero vertical
velocity of a projectile.
___2. When an object reaches the top of its trajectory, the acceleration of a
projectile is said to be equal to zero.
___3. Centrifugal force makes a body follow along the axis of rotation and
this force is always acting towards the fixed point of the center of
curvature of the path.
___4. In a non-uniform circular motion, the angular velocity is not constant
as 𝜔 = 𝑣/𝑟, 𝑣 is varying.
___5. The following kinematic equations for horizontal projection are
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑡 and 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 .
___6. Objects moving in circles have a speed that is not equal to the
distance traveled per time of travel.
___7. The distance around a circle is equivalent to a circumference and
calculated as 2πr2.
___8. The range is the horizontal displacement of the projectile.
___9. Circular motion is the rotation of an object along a straight path.
___10. When a projectile is launched upward into the air, the acceleration
on the way up is positive while the acceleration on the way down in
negative.

22
 What I Can Do

It is now time to apply the concepts of motion that you have learned
in this module by doing the activity below.

Activity 4. Lets’ Investigate the Dropping Coins Score:___/20

Directions: Read and follow the procedure properly and answer the
following questions. Write it on a separate sheet of paper.

Procedure:
1. Hold two coins the same distance above the floor. Drop them at the
same time. Listen to the sound they make as they strike the floor.
Question:
a. Do they hit the floor at the same time?
Answer: _________________________________________________________
2. Place one coin at the edge of a table with about half of the coin
hanging over the edge. Place another coin flat on the table. Use your
fingers to “flick” this coin across the tabletop to strike the first coin.
Aim “off center” so that the coin at the edge of the table drops
straight down and the projected coin leaves the edge of the table with
some horizontal speed.
Question:
a. Do the coins hit the floor at the same or different times? (Hearing
is the key to observation here, although you may wish to rely on
sight as well.)
Answer: _________________________________________________________
3. Vary the speed of the projected coin.
Questions:
a. Does the speed of the projected coin affect whether the two coins
hit the floor at the same time? Explain your answer.
Answer: _________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

23
 b. Does the speed of the projected coin change how far it lands
horizontally from the coin that fell straight down? Explain your
answer.
Answer: _________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
c. Draw a single sketch that includes both the path of the coin that
is falling and the coin that is projected. Imagine where each coin
is at four identical points in time and note these predicted
locations on your sketch. Label these times A, B, C, D.

Answer:

4. Use a box, chair, or a stack of books to change the height from which
you project the coins.
Questions:
a. Do the coins hit the floor at the same or different times?
Answer: _________________________________________________________

b. How does changing the height affect how far the projected coin
travels horizontally as it falls?
Answer: _________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

24
 Assessment

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Score:___/10

Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the
correct answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What may be used to calculate an object's velocity in relation to

another moving object?
a. Relative time c. Instant velocity
b. Relative velocity d. Relative energy

2. If the velocity of a bus is represented by 𝑣

⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑏 and the velocity of a car
is represented by ⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑐 , the car's velocity in relation to the bus will be
displayed as
a. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑏𝑐 = 𝑣⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑏 − ⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑐 c. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑏𝑐 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑏 + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑐
b. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑏𝑐 = ⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑐 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑏 d. none of the above

3. Which of the following is the best coordinate system to work out on

an object thrown into the air?
a. x-axis: up and down; y-axis: parallel to the ground
b. x-axis: perpendicular to the ground; y-axis: up and down
c. x-axis: parallel to the ground; y-axis: perpendicular to the
ground
d. x-axis: up and down; y-axis: perpendicular to the ground

4. The following are examples of projectile motion except ____________.

a. Throwing a ball or an object
b. Bullet fired from a gun
c. Motion of a cannonball
d. Dropping a plastic bottle into the recycling bin

25
 5. The force that keeps the object moving in circular motion is _______.
a. Centrifugal force
b. Centripetal force
c. Force due to gravity
d. Normal force
6. A body is moving with uniform circular motion, its tangential velocity
is?
a. circular
b. perpendicular to the acceleration
c. directed towards the center of motion
d. zero

For questions 7-9: A ball is shot from

ground level with an initial velocity of
120 𝑚/𝑠
120 m/s directed 45° horizontally as
45°
shown in the diagram at the right.
Ignore the effects of air resistance.

7. How far is the maximum horizontal range will the projectile strike
the ground?
a. 1469.39 m c. 1272.53 m
b. 1447.06 m d. 1125.62 m
8. How long will the ball stay in the air?
a. 12.24 sec c. 17.32 sec
b. 14.05 sec d. 15.74 sec

9. At what height will the ball go upward?

a. 303.56 m c. 241.71 m
b. 367.35 m d. 183.67 m
10. A soccer ball was kicked into the air with an initial velocity of 40 m/s
at an angle of 30° relative to the ground. What is the position of the
ball after 2 seconds?
a. (20.40 m, 69.28 m) c. (50.40 m, 29.28 m)
b. (29.28 m, 50.40 m) d. (69.28 m, 20.40 m)

26
 Additional Activities

Activity 5. Shooting it Right!

Direction: Solve the given problem. Write your complete solution in a
separate sheet of paper.

A basketball player stands 7.0 meters from the basket on the court.
The basket is 2.75 meters high, and he shoots the ball from a height of
1.75 meters at a 40-degree angle with the horizontal. At what speed should
the basketball be thrown such that it passes through the hoop without
hitting the backboard?

Solution:

27
 28
Assessment Activity 3
1. b 1. T
2. a 2. F
3. c 3. F
4. d 4. T
INDEPENDENT
5. b 5. T
ACTIVITY
6. b 6. F
1. ℎ = 19.6 𝑚
7. a 7. F
2. 𝑣0 = 19.6 𝑚/𝑠
8. c 8. T
3. 𝑇 = 4𝑠
9. b 9. F 𝑣0𝑦
10. d 10. 4. 𝑡= 𝑔
Review
1. a
Activity 2 2. d
Situation 1: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑡𝑏 = −20 𝑘𝑚/ℎ Activity 1 3. b
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑡𝑏 = 20 𝑘𝑚/ℎ 1. 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 4. a
Situation 2: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑐𝑏 = 86.02 𝑘𝑚/ℎ 2. 𝑑𝑓 − 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 5. c
Situation 3: a. ℎ = 1594.39 𝑚 1 6. a
2
𝑎𝑡 2 7. d
b. 𝑑 = 6377.55 𝑚
c. 𝑡 ′ = 36.08 𝑠 3. 𝑣 2 = 𝑣𝑖 2 + 2𝑎𝑑
𝑓 8. b
𝑣𝑓 −𝑣𝑖
Situation 4: 𝐹𝑐 = 8000 𝑁 4. 𝑎 = 9. c
𝑡𝑓 −𝑡𝑖
10. b
Answer Key
References:
Manuals/Modules:
Department of Education Central Office. Most Essential Learning
Competencies (MELCs). 2020.
Book References:
Source: Alicia L. Padua, Ricardo M. Crisostomo. "Kinematics: Description
of Motion." In Practical and Explorational Physics Modular
Approach, Quezon City: Vibal Publishing House, Inc. 2005, 58-61.
Source: Amante L. Crisostomo, Emmanuel T. Santos. "Module 2.1
Horizontal Motion Along a Straight Line." In Worktext in Physics 1,
Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc. 2013, 57-60
Source: Jr., Geronimo D. Tabujara. "K-12 Compliant Worktext for Senior
High School." 2022, 51-60
Web Sites:
Source: "Relative Motion | Relative Velocity in One & Two Dimensions."
Vikas Sir (Vikas Meel - IIT Delhi). Accessed March 14, 2022.
https://acejee.com/blog/relative-motion-relative-velocity-in-one-
two-dimensions/
Source: Classroom, The Physics. n.d. Mechanics: Circular Motion and
Gravitation, accessed March 23, 2022.
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/circgrav#:~:text=Thu
s%20the%20average%20speed%20of,to%20a%20circumference%2
0of%20distance.

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