NEP 2020

Key State Assessment Process (KSAP) is likely to be introduced for assessing

the growth of students only in class 3,5 and 8. Regular and formative
patterns ,competency-based approach , use of artificial intelligence in
tracking individual’s learning growth ,reducing teacher bias, high quality
aptitude tests ,360 degree assessment, no mark oriented approach ,self and peer
learning and development testing methods are to be adopted in other years to
check core capabilities of learners. Analytical, critical ,problem solving in real
life situations, cognitive and conceptual clarity etc skills are to be developed in
multiple domains. The focus is on inculcating core capabilities at par with
global perspectives and restructuring pedagogical framework bringing into
experiential, holistic, flexible, research driven base. Board exams with flexible
and holistic development of 10th and 12th students will be redesigned supporting
Skill Mission India Scheme. The PARAKH-National Centre will contribute
towards bringing balance in norms and standards for different boards including
cognitive, socio-emotional and psychomotor dimensions.
Students are given the opportunity to mix and match subjects from Science,
Commerce and Arts streams resulting in broad-based participative learning
outcomes. To overcome the preference given to science subjects and subjects
like languages, communications and arts are not considered well.
Medium of instruction should be regional language till 5th class .Mother tongue ,
multi-lingulism and 3-language proficiency concept is to be introduced.
The policy will transform the assessment system by reorienting teachers.
Regulatory body (Higher Education Commission of India) will play a vital role
in development of digital infrastructure ,creation of Academic Bank of
Credits ,providing greater freedom to students to develop skills, generating
young Indian spirit, creation of job and entrepreneurial opportunities and in
making higher educational institutions -the centres of innovation and
excellence.
NEP 2020 also aims at reducing administrative burden, bringing greater
transparency, technology and professional standardization among teachers.
NEP will transform India into knowledge superpower by introducing
educational practices at par with global practices.
Current education system in India is curriculum based and social /emotional
value attached is very high. The present system is stressful for both students and
parents leading to never-ending rat-race and effecting the health of both.
In Ancient Gurukals there was not a tradition to pass formal tests. Debates,
discussions, use of stories and oral recitation were a part of learning at that time.
NEP2020 efforts are to shift formative, rote learning to a system of
development of skills and competencies with technology-enabled learning
solutions.
- Article by Dr Tapan K Panda is currently the Chief Academic Officer at
Ampersand Group and Former Professor at Indian Institute of
Management, Indore

Education plays a crucial role in shaping our lives .The present Indian education
system is grappled with varied issues.No doubt the government and various
institutions have been working to bring reforms in the existing education
model. But still there are various issues which need to be taken care of.
Every child in the country can’t afford private education .In public schools,
rote learning exists at all the levels. Students are not aware of conceptual
learning .Retention and application of concepts being taught is difficult for
most of the students. Pressure of marks, comparison with other students , strict
adherence to syllabi and three hour exam evaluation pattern act as a burdening
factor and results in underperformance of students.
Classroom participation ,discussions, debates, projects /assignment
formulations, communication & soft skills, leadership qualities and participation
in extra-curricular activities should be encouraged among students to bring the
best among students.
 Teachers should also be provided with latest behavioural training skills to shape
the future of the children and creation of congenial environment for learning.

In the early years of education, technology should be made an essential part

to achieve future goals. Artificial intelligence and chatbots can help the
teachers to understand the needs of every student. With one teaching method,
every student cannot learn the same in the class due to different learning pace.
Educational institutions must adopt latest technologies for fulfilling the purpose
of education.
Our education system is still having the features what colonial educators inbuilt.
Education is not always about becoming a big, rich person. It should be about
humanism.
Students must also be taught in-depth about the morals of life and inculcated
with humanistic values. They should be taught that life is much beyond money
and success is not measured in money.
If the Indian education system starts taking these points into serious
consideration, we can attain the level of the best education system in the world.
It is high that we as a country, start taking education above the mediocre level
that we have been engrained with and perceive education from the holistic
approach.
ADVERTISEMENT
- Article by Ritesh Rawal, Founder, Dudes and Dolls, The Cosmic School,
Faridabad
https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/7-immediate-
changes-needed-in-the-indian-education-system-1579167-2019-08-09

Liberalizing Indian Education: How Modi's New Education Policy (NEP) can give a

new shape to India's education sector

The government will restructure both higher and school education with a focus
on delivering better education, nurturing students' skills, and preparing them to
deal with real-world problems.
ADVERTISEMENT

India Today Web Desk

New Delhi
June 24, 2019
UPDATED: June 24, 2019 12:21 IST

Liberalizing Indian Education: How Modi's New Education Policy (NEP) can
give a new shape to India's education sector

New education policy adopting a liberal approach is likely to integrate

significantly rich Indian culture, value system , tradition and knowledge into
modern learning among students like that of ancient Indian universities like
Nalanda and Takshashila .

Liberalizing Indian Education: How Modi's New Education Policy (NEP) can
give a new shape to India's education sector

To make this a reality, the government will restructure both higher and school
education with a focus on delivering better education, nurturing students' skills,
and preparing them to deal with real-world problems.
Reshaping the age-old 10+2 format

The new education policy (NEP) has proposed to introduce a new 5+3+3+4
structure focusing on five years of foundational stage(3-8) ,three years of pre-
primary stage(8-11), three years of preparatory stage(11-14) and four years of
the secondary stage(14-18). to meet the developmental needs and interests of
school children at different stages.

The National Council for Education Research and Training , Ministry of

Human Resource Development, Women and Child Development Health and
Family Welfare and Tribal Affairs will facilitate the formulation of a national
curricular and pedagogical framework for early childhood care and
education (upto the age of 8 years) and jointly put efforts in accomplishing the
Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) planning and
implementation .The new policy aims for Universalization of Education from
pre-school to secondary level with 100% GER in school education by 2030,
said the statement.

"This is the first education policy of the 21st century and replaces the 34-year-
old National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986. Built on the foundational pillars
of Access, Equity, Quality, Affordability and Accountability, this policy is
aligned to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and aims to transform
India into a vibrant knowledge society and global knowledge superpower by
making both school and college education more holistic, flexible,
multidisciplinary, suited to 21st century needs and aimed at bringing out the
unique capabilities of each student," the statement said.

Reshaping the age-old 10+2 format

This transition will make it compulsory for students to take 'state census exams'
in grades 3, 5 and 8. The move is to analyze students in terms of IQ, high order
skills and core concepts. For instance, in grade 3 census exam, students would
undergo tests related to basic literacy, numeracy, among others. Research
based ,individualised learning
Balanced and inclusive approach –arts and stem courses blended,bridge the gap
in education through technology and digitisation,revitalising edu system
5+3_3+4 edu framework 360 degree assessment
Integration of vocational edu in middle and secondary schools
Skill collaboration with local
the government is planning to introduce a stress-free learning environment
bringing relief to students to focus on the respective subjects instead of
paying attention to score more marks in exams.
The NEP emphasizes on language and making Sanskrit the mode of instruction
at least until class five and as an optional language on par with all Schedule 8
languages, at all levels of school and higher education. In classes 6-8, students
will have to opt for at least two years of a classical language, which they can
continue through secondary education and university.
the government is planning to bring in a single regulator - National Higher
Education Regulatory Authority (NHERA) making all higher educational
institutions multi-disciplinary and will facilitate high-quality teaching, research,
and service to the learners. Indian education sector, which currently comprises
over 50,000 higher education institutions, including 907 universities.

the government is proposing to expand the duration of undergraduate courses

from three to four years, and offer multiple exit options to students. For
instance, a student can opt for an advanced diploma after completing two years
of study or can go for a diploma after completion of 1 year. In Masters, more
focus would now be given on research as currently in Indian universities the
courses lack research-oriented curriculum.
Doing so will nurture the research skills of students and release them from
pursuing M.Phil. In fact, students will also be able to opt for an integrated five-
year bachelor's/master's program apart from the one-year master's program. This
will be beneficial for those who have already completed a four-year program.
Other initiatives
In addition to the aforementioned proposals, the Indian government has started
offering scholarships through its recently-launched Scholarship Program for
Diaspora Children (SPDC) in the upcoming academic session (2019-20). There
are over 800 scholarships awarded to Indian expats to pursue higher education
in their native country. All the Indian-origin students will now have access to
study at premier Indian institutions such as Indian Institutes of Information
Technology (IIITs), Institutes of Technology (NITs), to name a few.

Through this scheme, the government will provide nearly 75 per cent financial
assistance on the total cost of the academic course, which will come around
$4000 worth of annual scholarship. The government, in order to promote India
in foreign nations, has also raised the scholarship amount to INR 25,000 and
INR 3,000 a month for boys and girls respectively, under the 'Prime Minister
Scholarship Scheme'.
initiatives

These are some of the recent proposals and initiatives introduced by the
government in its second term. Hopefully, this time, it has deployed better
implementation strategies to effectively take these concrete moves towards
ensuring better quality education across India in the coming days.
Authored article by Anil Nagar, Founder & CEO, Adda247
https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/liberalizing-
indian-education-how-modi-s-new-education-policy-nep-can-give-a-new-shape-
to-india-s-education-sector-1554947-2019-06-24
innovative ,adaptive approach,to include in classroom teaching –
multidisciplinary by 2040
transformative-quality of teaching
finland-real world proble,s
math for clomate change
nep integrated approach to lrarning (from engenieering to arts-more career
prospects)
non compurtr skilled graduate –data analytics alongwith traditional majors
more ebnquiry based ,discussion based methods
hybrid classroom
flipped classroom (course liectures,pre recorded lectures,videoes,class time
utilization
AI based learning tools
Beneficial for students
Cultivating self directed learning at an early stage
(knowledge,skills,values,attitudes)
Making learning interactive-class debates
Setting learning goals at an early stage
NEP how to thinl 21st century skills critical skills –early formative years
NEP –problem solving,creativity,digital literacy
Technological upgradations,globalization,unprecedented developments-
transformed the way of working,educational models needs to be resassessed
More inclusive,cohesive,productive nation MHRD ministry of human resource
and development
100 percent –gross enrolment ratioGER 2030
Last Updated : Aug 11, 2020 02:57 PM IST | Source: Moneycontrol.com

Five challenges that will determine

success of NEP 2020
The vision is aspirational. The implementation road map and
rigour will determine whether this truly fosters education-for-all
and job creation
Moneycontrol Contributor
Representative Image

Madhur Singhal

India took a giant leap forward by launching the New Education Policy 2020 (NEP
2020) on July 29, three decades after the last major revision to the policy in 1986.
The NEP 2020 advocates three key thematic developments: One, a move from
content-driven pedagogy that inspired rote learning to conceptual testing; two, a
360-degree assessment covering educational, mental, and physical well-being of
the students, and; three, an experiential approach through vocational skills,
mathematical and computational thinking, and new-age skills such as coding and
data science.

The motivation is to make Indian learners truly future-ready, and global citizens.
The Government of India seems intent in rolling out the vision in terms of
curriculum revision, teacher-training, and equipping schools for ICT-enabled and
assessment-driven evaluation over the next few years. This is critical for India to
 truly reap the demographic dividend through re-skilling, vocational training, and
job creation.

The objective is noble, and the policy is timely. However, the success and pace of
implementation will depend on how successfully the government can scale five
key challenges.

RELATED NEWS
 President, PM Modi to address Governors' Conference on NEP 2020: All you need to know

 Gujarat will be first to implement National Education Policy 2020, says CM Vijay Rupani

Curriculum And Content

The NEP calls for curriculum and pedagogical changes. The boards which conduct
examinations will need to re-think how they assess students and what the learning
content rubric should be. School textbooks will need realignment too. Given that
87 percent of K12 learners in India are in the schools with annual tuition fee of less
than Rs 12,000, these changes will need to be easily cascaded across tiers of
schools.

Teacher Availability

Over 250M-plus students are estimated to enrol in K12 schools in India by 2030.
At a teacher-student ratio of 1:35, India would need an estimated 7M-plus teachers
to address this burgeoning student population who will need to have graduated
through the defined B.Ed programme for 12th pass, graduates and post-graduates
for four, two and one year respectively.

Teacher Skilling
Teaching is one of the low-paid professions in India with an average teacher
earning around Rs 200,000 per year. Given these constraints, experiential learning,
and concept-oriented teaching, versus the currently prevalent printed content-
oriented teaching will be tough.

A comprehensive National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education has also

been announced in the NEP in addition to Teacher Eligibility Tests (TETs) to
create a talented and curated pool of educators who can impart quality education to
the students. However, the current pool of educators needs to be orientated towards
these teaching techniques.

Until the structural constraint in teacher remuneration is not corrected in the

education ecosystem, the NEP implementation in spirit and form will stay
challenged. Rollout of such a curriculum could produce unintended academic
results for underprivileged learners who will now not have books or other
supplementary aids to fall back on.

Technology At Scale

Digital infrastructure of similar scale will be needed using digital classrooms,

remote expertise-driven teaching models, AR/VR tools to bridge gaps in physical
teaching and laboratory infrastructure, uniform assessments across schools even in
remote villages, career counselling and teacher training aids.

Evaluation Infrastructure

Under the NEP, examinations are being advised to transform towards a culture of
assessment with continuous tracking of learning outcomes, a focus on higher order
and foundational skills, and AI-based software progress tracking to enable students
to make optimal career choices. Continuous assessment requires schools and
teachers to innovate on evaluation approaches and assignments that are thought-
provoking and require students to apply themselves.
Compared to theory-based-examinations that have unilateral questions and answers
that are easier to administer and score, holistic assessments would require
educational boards and institutions to invest significantly in creating these
assessments and practice assignments. Of the 1.5M-plus schools in India, 75
percent are run by the government at a very low to no annual fee structure. Of the
remaining 400,000 private schools, about 80 percent schools fall in the category of
‘Budget Private Schools’ charging Rs 500-1,000 per month, leaving a mere 15,000
(less than one percent of total schools) that can support the necessary infrastructure
required for conceptualising and conducting such assessments.

The NEP 2020 drafting committee has undertaken a comprehensive process that
considers state/UT governments, global best practices, expert opinions, field
experiences, and stakeholder feedback. In the more affluent echelons, privately-
owned Edtech is already taking a large part of the education spend away from the
formal education systems.

The vision is aspirational. The implementation roadmap and rigour will determine
whether this truly fosters education-for-all and job creation.

Madhur Singhal, Practice Director, Education Employability and Entrepreneurship, Praxis Global
Alliance. Views are personal.

First Published on Aug 11, 2020 02:57 pm

he Evolution of India’s Education Policy: A Roadmap to Today

Here are the major milestones for education policy in India, from
independence to today:

The education policy has gone through several changes since

independence.
The Radhakrishnan Commission(1948-49)-the first education
commission was primarily focused on higher education.
The Second Commission (1952-53) was focused on the intermediate
education between primary school education and university
education.
In 1964, the ‘Kothari Commission’ was formed which had a
holistic approach and advised the government on the national
pattern of education and general policies, taking into account
each stage from primary to post graduate.

- The National Policy on Education, 1968 was also based upon the
recommendations of the Kothari Commission, in which the
government announced a policy which called for equal
educational opportunities in order to achieve national integration
and greater cultural and economic development.

- The 42nd Constitutional Amendment, 1976, which included education in

the Concurrent List, so as to be considered by both the states as
well as the union government (earlier it was on the State List,
which gave the state governments precedence in terms of
lawmaking).

A new policy was formed in 1986 whose objective was a "special

emphasis on the removal of disparities and to equalise
educational opportunity," especially for women, Scheduled Tribes
(ST) and Scheduled Castes (SC). It was then again modified in
1992.

- The ‘Common Minimum Programme’ adopted by the UPA1 government in

2004 went more or less along the same lines as before.

- In 2009, the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act
was
passed, which made elementary education a fundamental right
for every child.

- The T.S.R. Subramanian Committee (or Committee for Evolution of the New
Education Policy) Report, 2016, sought to improve the quality and
credibility of education by addressing the implementation gaps.
Kasturirangan Committee submitted its draft plan in 2019
seeking solutions to various issues of accessibility, equity,
quality, affordability, and accountability faced by the current
education system.

NEP 2020: What’s It About?

Simply put, the NEP 2020 is a new policy to address the crippling
challenges that have affected the Indian Education System for
over three decades. Its focus areas are:

- In Primary Education, poor literacy and numeracy outcomes: Several reports

show that 50% children lack basic numeracy (the ability to
understand and work with numbers) and literacy despites
spending five years in school. The NEP 2020 looks at this
‘Foundational Learning’ as a core focus area.

- In Middle & Secondary Education, high dropout levels, curriculum

inconsistency: Dropout rates at the secondary level in several states
have increased over the past three years according to the
ministry’s data. In 11 states over 20% of students are leaving
school without completing class 9th and 10th. In Assam close to
1/3rd of the students are dropping out and in Bihar 32% of them
do not finish school. Dropout factors from multiple reasons such
as poverty, poor health, distance from school. Large variations in
dropout rates exist across states, gender, ethnicity and class. The
GER (Gross Enrolment Ratio, determining the number of students
enrolled at different grade levels) for Grades 6-8 was 90.9%,
while for Grades 9-10 and 11-12 it was only 79.3% and 56.5%,
respectively. This indicates that a significant proportion of
enrolled students drop out after Grade 5 and especially after
Grade 8.

- In Higher Education, a lack of multidisciplinary approach and flexibility with

regards to subject choice, assessment as well as a skill-gap: While the dropout
rate has declined for higher education, Gross Enrollment Ratio is
just about 26.3% compared to 58.2% in Senior Secondary and
79% in Secondary, meaning most students don’t even enroll in
Higher education.

- Other overall focus areas for NEP 2020 include childhood care, curriculum
design, language/medium of instruction, teacher training, assessment, evaluation
and exam format and teacher appraisal. A new assessment centre,
PARAKH (Performance, Assessment, Review, and Analysis of
Knowledge of Holistic Development) will be set up to set the
standards for education.

- Issues with regulation, recruitment of teachers, and the absence of common

standards and norms for universities, are additional focus areas in this
new policy.

Targets & Timelines

Here are the policy’s key targets as well as the deadlines set for
some:

- The entire policy will be implemented by 2040.

- 100% Gross Enrolment Ratio from Pre-School to Secondary

level by 2030.

- Teachers to be prepared for assessment reforms by 2030.

- Common standards of learning in public and private schools.

- Mission to focus on foundational numeracy and literacy of all

students by Grade 3.
- Universalising early childhood care and education by 2030.

- Vocational training for at least 50% learners by 2025.

What Has the NEP 2020 Changed?

The Ministry of Human Resource and Development will now be

called the Ministry of Education with an aim to bring the attention
back to education.

- The Centre and states will work together to increase public

investment in education to 6% of GDP. Currently the expenditure
stands at 3% of GDP in 2018-19 (the Economic Survey).

- An extension of the RTE to cover a larger age group

- Breakfast is to be added to the mid-day meal program.

- Higher Education Commission of India (HECI): NEP 2020 proposes to

set up a super-regulator to address the current issue of multiple
regulators to deal with accreditation, funding, standard setting.
HECI will function as the single overarching body for all higher
education, excluding medical and legal studies, and replace all
other regulatory bodies like the University Grants Commission
(UGC) or the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE). Its
four independent verticals will also be responsible for all grants,
funding, standards and accreditation, making it one of the most
centralised regulatory institutions in the country.

The National Council of Teacher Education (NCTE) will be given

the responsibility of recruiting teachers by 2022.
A School Quality Assessment and Accreditation Framework for
schools & a Multidiscilinary Education and Research Universities
and National Research Foundation and National Educational
Technology Forum have been proposed for the use of technology
in education at college level.

Gender Inclusion Fund and Special Education Zones have been

proposed to be created for disadvantaged groups.

10 days in a year will be dedicated to vocational courses of

choice (informal internships) from Grade 6th onwards. This is to
include vocational training in the curriculum, making it more
practical.

. Grade Enrolment Ratio is targeted at 50 percent by the year

2035,which is 26.4 percent at present.
- Proposal to set up Higher Education Commission of India (HECI

- A National Testing Agency to conduct a common entrance exam for

colleges twice a year. This is to follow a Scholastic Aptitude Test
(SAT, used for college admissions in the United States) like
structure for admissions in graduate programs.

- Mid-term dropouts from college will be given credits and an option to

complete their degree after a break (a limited period). Credit
transfers and academic banks of credits are to be introduced.
Dropouts can use the credits for transferring from one university
to another.
- Affiliations with universities are to end and over the next 15 years
colleges will be given the autonomy to provide degrees. The
deemed university status is to end as well.
- Fee cap over private institutions for higher education: An awaited move,
but it will need private institutes to apply for a loan at HECI and
claim funding from the government to run effectively. As per
speculation, a large chunk of budgetary allocation will be
channelled to private universities via the loan route.

To promote research endeavours, private research oriented

institutions should be set up.

Parliament brought first national education policy in the year

1968 based on the suggestions of The Kothari Commission,
Parliament passed India’s first education policy in 1968. NEP
2020 took constitutional and indian values from the suggestions
of this commission.

What Are Criticisms of The NEP 2020?

Here is a list of criticisms which have been levelled, or which may

be levelled, against the NEP 2020:

NEP 2020 proposal has been brought during COVID-19 a hasty

decision without parliamentry crucial
discussions,views ,suggestions and examination of different
points.

who fight against the commodification of education. NEP focuses

on privatising educational institutes having public spirit .HEI is
proposed to set up in every district providing a broader scope
towards centralised education system.

NEP 2020 Issues

Implementation of NEP 2020 may come acreoss certain
challenges.Some related issues are as:

- The NEP emphasises on inclusion of more academicians and

educationists to reduce bureaucratic control to govern the
decision making system. But at present level, the dependence on
bureaucrats for policy making, accommodation in educational
institutions after retirement and heading various state and central
institutions may pose problem in implementation

- Public investment in education is the another issue as a very

negligible percentage of GDP is spent on education sector.This
percentage has gone from 4.14% (2014-15) to 3.2% (2020-21)
COVID-19 crisis is also expected to impact budget allocation for
education.

Lack of digital infrastructure in schools & colleges, access to

modernised & automated equipments and internet connectivity
issues would make the policy initiatives to undertake online
medium/programmes for teaching -impractical. Gender, caste,
class, and urban-rural regional disparities are another issues .

The government’s effort to expand Indian universities in

collaboration with foreign private partners or direct entry of
foreign institutes could create a disproportionate imbalance in
terms of quality education. To afford studying in private foreign
universities is not within the reach of everyone

Vocational education from 6th class is not a holistic approach as

this would effect marginalised, socially and economical backward
sections of the society resulting in class discrimination and
discouraging them to take higher standards or studies. Moreover
it would create more supply in labour market.
There is no comprehensive roadmap and coherent
implementation strategy in place to execute this grand vision.
Promoting educational opportunities for women in higher
education sector is missing.
 The NEP 2020 relying heavily on privitising educational institutes
has ignored any policy guidelines for the rights/reservation of
minorities in academic institutions.
Three language formula is not very flexible and gives a little
choice for teachers, students and schools though it will not
impose any language on any state and the final decision on this
will be left to the state itself.

The policy document does not throw light on coordination among

the education sector, skill development and labour departments.
The setting up of HEI is good move but its infrastructure
resources, administrative functions, modalities,operationalities
have not been made clear.
As compared to West, India does not provide enough
opportunities in the field of literature, arts and music.
Jobs /careers in these streams are not considered financially
stable and respectable ones due to mind-set of people. The policy
has not discussed the future avenues in multi-disciplinary fields
for students.
NEP 2020 has considered the universalisation of school education
from 3-18 years, without discussing legal aspect. No linkage of
primary and secondary education with RTE Act and no mandatory
mechanism is another challenge.

NEP 2020 framework has included emerging technological fields

based on computational and analytical skills like Artificial
Intelligence, ethical hacking and cybersecurity etc but fails to
explain the implementation plan in rural as well urban areas.

Aanganwadi workers as not having formal education and

burdened with health/nutrition duties, not getting higher
remenuration will not come to the expectations of meeting quality
Early Childhood Children Education needs as per NEP2020.
The proposal for 4-year graduate program does not seem to be
successful as earlier it failed in some universities with
discontinuation of Mphil programs.

Way Forward:

Recommendations for NEP 2020 work:

There should be introduction of RTE to achieve the objective of

universalization of education at different levels

A comprehensive and supportive strategy for implementing three-

language formula should be designed.

The government should make concerned authorities accountable

for undertaking funding activities for education sector expecting
measurable commitments in return and should also be committed
to allocate budget for education

To implement policy initiatives in spirit, parents and children

viewpoints should be given due consideration.

Leading educational institutions, social organisations and

educators should chalk out a parallel programme to reduce the
discrimination levels by creating equal opportunities for students
in the school education system