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Computer Studies BK 5

The document discusses the different components and functions of a basic computer system. It explains that a computer accepts data as input, processes the data, and provides information as output. It also discusses how raw data only becomes meaningful when processed by the computer to produce useful information.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
101 views57 pages

Computer Studies BK 5

The document discusses the different components and functions of a basic computer system. It explains that a computer accepts data as input, processes the data, and provides information as output. It also discusses how raw data only becomes meaningful when processed by the computer to produce useful information.

Uploaded by

oluade2070
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 57

Foundation Computer Studies

for Primary Schools

Book 5

UBE Edition

E. O. Adegbeyeni Ph. D.
Faculty of Administration
University of Lagos
Akoka, Lagos

i
Learn Africa Plc
Felix Iwerebon House
52 Oba Akran Avenue
P.M.B. 21036
Ikeja, Lagos State
Nigeria
Tel. (01) 4393111, (01) 7403967
Fax: (01) 4964370
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.learnafricaplc.com

Area offices and branches


Abuja, Ajegunle, Akure, Benin, Enugu, Ibadan, Ilorin, Jos,
Ikorodu, Kano, Onitsha, Ota, Owerri, Port Harcourt,Warri,
Zaria with representatives throughout Nigeria.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be


reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
permission of the copyright owner.

© Learn Africa Plc 2001, 2008

First published 2001


UBE Edition 2008
Reprinted 2009, 2010

ISBN 978 978 026 952 4

ii
Contents

Unit 1: Classes of computers 1


Unit 2: The different sizes of computers 8
Unit 3: The computer system 14
Unit 4: Using the keyboard 24
Unit 5: Using the mouse 32
Unit 6: Windows as an operating system 35
Unit 7: The internet 44
Unit 8: Caring for computers 53

iii
UNIT Classes of computers
ONE

Types of computers
There are three types of computers. They are
1 the analog computer which is used for
measuring things. Examples are the
thermometer, car speedometer, rain gauge,
blood pressure machine and scale machine.

thermometer

car speedometer 11

Theme: Computer appreciation


2 the digital computer which is used for
counting. Examples are the digital
wristwatch, calculator and digital
thermometer.

calculator

3 the hybrid computer which is used for both


counting and measurement. An example is
the electronic fuel dispenser.

electronic fuel dispenser


2

Theme: Computer appreciation


Activities
1 Give more examples of analog computers.
2 Give more examples of digital computers.
3 Name other hybrid computers that you
know.

Sizes of computers
There are four different sizes of computers.
They are
1 microcomputers
2 minicomputers
3 mainframe computers
4 supercomputers
Microcomputers are the smallest computers
while the supercomputers are the largest.

Generations of computers
Each new computer was better than the one
before it. Each new type of computer is
therefore known as a generation of
computers.
Generations of computers are the stages
33

Theme: Computer appreciation


the computer has passed through before
becoming what we now have as computers.
There are five stages of development or
generations of the computer. Each stage of
development is a generation of the computer.

First generation computers


When computers were first made, they were
large and costly. They gave out heat when
used. They were also slow in making calcula-
tions and could only store very few items of
information. They also needed much
electricity before they could be used.

Second generation computers


Soon, the large, costly and slow computers
were no longer used by many people. New
computers which were cheaper and smaller
than the first ones had been made. These
were the second generation computers.
These new computers stored many more

Theme: Computer appreciation


items of information than the earlier
computers. They also used less electricity.
These second generation computers worked
faster than the first generation computers.

Third generation computers


In the third generation computers, the electric
pathways were all joined as one, inside the
computers. This was called an integrated
circuit. Electricity therefore moved very fast
through the computers.
The third generation computers were
cheaper, smaller and faster than the second
generation computers. They also used less
electricity and gave out less heat when used.
Many people soon began to use the third
generation computers.

Fourth generation computers


The type of computers we use today are the
fourth generation computers. The electric
pathways are even more completely joined
55

Theme: Computer appreciation


inside the computers. They are therefore said
to have large-scale integrated circuits.
The large-scale integrated circuits have
made the fourth generation computers better
than all the earlier ones. They are smaller,
cheaper and store more items of information
than the third generation computers.
The fourth generation computers have
made computers to be well known all over the
world.

Theme: Computer appreciation


Fifth generation computers
The makers of computers are still working hard
to make even better computers. These are the
fifth generation computers.
They are the next generation of computers.
Scientists think that these computers will act
like human beings.

Activities
Your teacher will take your class on a visit to
offices where computers are used.
1 Write down the names of these offices.
2 What are computers used for in these of-
fices?
3 Which generation of computers is being
used in each of the offices?
4 How do you know which generation each
computer is?

77

Theme: Computer appreciation


UNIT The different sizes of
TWO computers

There are four different sizes of computers.


They are:
1 microcomputers
2 minicomputers
3 mainframe computers and
4 supercomputers

Microcomputers

Theme: Computer appreciation


Microcomputers are the most widely used
type of computers. They are the smallest type
of computers. They are also the cheapest type
of computers. They are used in schools, offices
and at home.
The desk-top computer and portable
computers, such as the laptop, notebook and
palm top computers are examples of
microcomputers.

Minicomputers

99

Theme: Computer appreciation


A minicomputer is larger than a
microcomputer. The minicomputer also
works faster and is more expensive than the
microcomputer.
Minicomputers are used in medium-sized
factories and companies.

Mainframe computers

Mainframe computers are much bigger, faster


and more powerful than minicomputers. A
mainframe computer is made up of separate

10

Theme: Computer appreciation


units. The separate units are combined
together to form a network.
Mainframe computers are more expensive
than minicomputers. They are mainly used in
government departments, banks and
universities. Mainframe computers are used in
NECO, JAMB and WAEC offices.

Supercomputers

11
11

Theme: Computer appreciation


Supercomputers are the most powerful and
expensive computers. They process billions of
instructions in one second. They are also the
largest type of computers.
Supercomputers are used in big organi-
sations like the military, airports and other
scientific organisations.

Activity
Again, your teacher will take you on a visit to
organisations where computers are used. Such
organisations include banks, supermarkets,
universities, business centres, offices and
factories.
1 What are computers used for in each of
the offices you visited?
2 Which type of computers are used in each
of the offices you visited?
3 How are these computers different from
one another?

12

Theme: Computer appreciation


4 Why is a particular type of computer used
in one organisation and not in another?
5 Which type of computer do you use in your
school?
6 Name the organisations that use more than
one type of computer.

13
13

Theme: Computer appreciation


UNIT The computer
THREE system

A computer is an information machine that can


store, retrieve and process data.

A computer is also an electronic machine which


accepts data as input, processes data and gives
out information as results or output.
Data are figures, words and symbols which

14

Theme: Basic computer operation and concepts


the computer works upon. An example of data
is the Computer Studies marks of all students in
a class.
Look at this set of data:
58, 90, Dayo, 72, Nkechi, Hassan, Aminat, 69, 45,
Dubem.
Does it mean anything?
Sometimes, we look at data but we do not
understand what it means. Data becomes
meaningful and useful when the computer
processes it.
When data is processed, we get information.
This is the result of data processing. Therefore,
another name for information is processed data.
This is data that has been given meaning and
has become useful to the user.
Look again at the set of data shown above.
The data does not have any meaning. But when
processed, we may have the following:
The marks of 5 students in a Computer Studies
class are:

15

Theme: Basic computer operation and concepts


Dayo 90
Nkechi 72
Hassan 69
Aminat 58
Dubem 45
The data, which has become information, has
meaning and is therefore useful. For example, it
is now clear that Dayo scored the highest marks
while Dubem scored the least.

Components of the computer system


The computer system has three components.
These are the hardware, the software and the
users.

Hardware components
The hardware components of the computer
system are the parts that we can see, feel or
touch.
The three types of hardware components of
the computer system are:

16

Theme: Basic computer operation and concepts


i) input devices
ii) system unit
iii) output devices

Input devices
We enter data into the computer through the
input devices. We learned all about input
devices in Theme 2, Unit 1 of Book 3. These input
devices are the keyboard, mouse, joystick,
microphone and light pen.

keyboard

17

Theme: Basic computer operation and concepts


mouse microphone

light pen joystick

18

Theme: Basic computer operation and concepts


System unit

The system unit is made up of the central


processing unit (CPU), and the main memory.
Data is processed in the CPU and it has two parts.
These are the:
i) arithmetic and logic unit
ii) control unit

Output devices
Through the output devices, the computer gives
out information to the user. This information is the

19

Theme: Basic computer operation and concepts


result of the processing activities in the CPU.
We learned about the various output devices
and their uses in Theme 2, Unit 2 of Book 3. The
monitor, printer and speakers are these output
devices.

monitor

20 speakers printer
Theme: Basic computer operation and concepts
Software components
A computer solves a problem only when it
receives instructions. These instructions are the
software of the computer. A set of instructions is
called a program.
There are three types of software. These are
the system software, programming languages
and application software. We learned much
about these three types of software in Unit 4 of
Book 4. We shall learn more about them later in
this book and Book 6.

Users
The third component of the computer system is
the user. Users are the people that use the
computer. The computer cannot function by
itself if not operated by human beings. This
component is also known as the peopleware.

21

Theme: Basic computer operation and concepts


There are different types of computer users.
Some of them are:

1 Computer policy makers: These are


people that make laws concerning the
making of the computer.
2 Programmers: These are people that write
instructions for the computer to perform
certain operations.
3 Operators: These are the people that
have direct contact with the computer,
and they use it on a daily basis.
22

Theme: Basic computer operation and concepts


Activity
In your school’s computer room, your teacher
will provide you with the following hardware
components of the computer system:
keyboard, monitor, system unit, mouse, printer
and a pair of speakers.
i) Connect all these parts, and then
connect to the source of electricity.
ii) List each of the parts under input devices,
processing unit or output devices as in the
following table:

Input devices Processing unit Output devices

iii) Name other hardware components that


are not provided in this activity. Can you
list them as in (ii) above?
23

Theme: Basic computer operation and concepts


UNIT
Using the keyboard
FOUR

Keyboards are one of the most important input


devices. A computer keyboard is used to input
words or numbers into the computer. Each key
has a label that shows the character it
represents, or the function it performs.

:
;

The keys on a keyboard are divided into the


following sections:
1 Alphanumeric keys

24

Theme: Computer application


2 Function keys
3 Numeric keypad keys
4 Cursor control keys
5 Other special keys

1 Alphanumeric keys

backspace
:
;
enter
shift
control

alternate
caps lock
space bar
This section of the keyboard is also known as the
typewriter area of the keyboard because it is
similar to the keys on the keyboard of a
typewriter.
This section is made up of the following keys:

i) Alphabet keys: These are keys that are used

25

Theme: Computer application


to enter letters of the alphabet into the
computer. These are a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j,
k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y and z.

ii) Space bar key: moves the cursor to the right


when pressed.

iii) Caps lock key: causes the letters of the


alphabet, a–z, to be written in capital letters
when pressed once: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J,
K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z.

iv) Enter or return key: returns the cursor to the


beginning of a new line. Its use may be
changed when certain software are being
used.

v) Backspace key: erases the character that


precedes the cursor. The cursor, therefore,
moves one position to the left when the
backspace key is pressed.

vi) Alternate and control keys: are special keys


for giving commands to the computer. They

26

Theme: Computer application


are found on the right and left sides of the
space bar.
The use of these keys depends on the
software being used at a particular time.

vii) Tab key: moves the cursor to the next tab


stop when pressed. It is used for creating
paragraphs in a text.

viii) Shift keys: There are two shift keys in the


typewriter area of a computer keyboard.
There is one on the left and another one on
the right. By pressing anyone of these two,
one can change to capital letters or enter
punctuation marks into the computer. They
are also used to enter the characters on the
top of the ‘numeric’ keys.

2 Function keys

27

Theme: Computer application


These are the keys labelled F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6,
F7, F8, F9, F10, F11 and F12. They can be found
above the alphanumeric keys. A function key
performs a special task. The task each of the
function keys performs depends on the software
being used.
3 Numeric keypad keys

These are keys that are used for entering


numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 into the computer.
It also has arithmetic keys like +, –, ×, ÷.
Numeric keypad keys can be found at the
extreme right of the keyboard.

28

Theme: Computer application


4 Cursor control keys

Cursor control keys allow the cursor to be moved


in a direction and to a position the computer
operator wants it to move. These keys are
between the alphanumeric keys and the
numeric keypad keys.
The various types of keys in this section of the
computer keyboard are as follows:
i) Insert key allows you to add characters in
the middle of a line when pressed. When
this key is pressed again, the operator is
returned to normal operation.
ii) Delete key allows you to delete the
character at the current cursor
when pressed. 29

Theme: Computer application


iii) Home key moves the cursor to the top left
corner of the screen when pressed.
iv) End key moves the cursor to one position
after the right of the last character on the
line when pressed.
v) Page up key moves the cursor one page
up at a time.
vi) Page down key moves the cursor one page
down at a time.
vii) Cursor up key (cursor upward key) moves
the cursor one line up in the text.
viii) Cursor down key (down arrow key) moves
the cursor one line down in the text.
ix) Cursor right key (right arrow key) moves the
cursor one character position to the right
of the screen.
x) Cursor left key (left arrow key) moves the
cursor one character position to the left of
the screen.

30

Theme: Computer application


5 Other special keys scroll lock
pause

escape print screen

There are other special keys on the computer


keyboard. These are escape, print screen, scroll
lock and pause keys.
The use of the four keys depends on the
software being used at a particular time.

Activity

:
;

Label the various keys on the keyboard


shown in the above diagram. 31

Theme: Computer application


UNIT Using the mouse
FIVE

We can communicate with the computer using


a mouse, and without having to type com-
mands. A mouse is a hand-held input device
that moves a pointed arrow on a computer
screen. The arrow is known as the cursor.
A mouse has two or three buttons on it.
Commands are entered into the computer by
clicking on these buttons. The mouse also has a
ball at its bottom. This ball is known as the mouse
track ball. When the mouse is moved over a flat

32

Theme: Computer application


surface the ball rotates. This is translated into the
movement of the cursor.

track ball

Generally, a mouse comes with a mouse pad


on which the user moves the mouse. A mouse
pad is a soft and flat material. A mouse is
connected to the system unit by a cable
attached to it.

mouse pad

33

Theme: Computer application


The buttons on the mouse function as
follows:
1 Clicking: This is done by pressing and
releasing the left mouse button quickly. This
is used for selecting a menu or an item on
the screen.
2 Double clicking: This is done by pressing and
releasing the left mouse button twice. This is
used for opening a document or program.
3 Dragging and dropping: This is done by
placing the pointer over an item on the
screen and clicking and holding down the
left mouse button. While still holding the
button, the object can be moved or
dragged to another location on the screen.
The button is then released. This is often used
for copying a document into a floppy disk.
4 Right clicking: When the right mouse button
is pressed, a list of commands is displayed
on the screen. The application in use
determines the type of commands
displayed.
34

Theme: Computer application


UNIT Windows as an operating
SIX system

An operating system is a type of computer


software that directs the operation of a
computer. Without an operating system, the
computer cannot function. Therefore, operating
systems are switched on as soon as you turn on,
or boot, the computer.
The term booting refers to the process of
starting the computer and loading the operating
system software into the computer’s main
memory. The operating system remains in the
main memory until you turn off the computer. In
Unit 6 of Book 4, we learned how to boot a
computer system and the two types of booting.
Nowadays, in most personal computers, the
operating system is the Windows. In this unit, we
shall learn how to use the computer with
Windows as the operating system.

35

Theme: Computer application


After booting the computer, the Windows
desktop appears.

The Windows desktop is the starting point for all


Windows operations, and it contains the icons,
start button and the task bar.
Some of the common icons you will find on
a typical PC desktop and their functions are:
1 My computer
When this icon is opened the contents of
your computer such as the hard drive,
floppy disk drive, CD drive, application
packages, folders and files are displayed.

36

Theme: Computer application


2 Recycle Bin
This is where objects (files, programs, etc)
that are no longer needed are placed by
the computer until you empty the bin. Items
in the bin can be retrieved if you realise that
you may still need such items. However,
once the bin is emptied, you can no longer
retrieve the items.

3 Internet Explorer
This is an application package that you can
use to access (get onto) the internet.

37

Theme: Computer application


4 Outlook Express
This software allows you to send and receive
e-mail.

5 My documents
This is a folder for storing other folders, files
and documents.

6 Task bar
At the bottom of the screen, you will find
the task bar. This contains the start button
and rectangles that represent any
applications that are being used on the
system.

7 Start button
Clicking the start button displays a menu
from which you can choose to open an
application, open a document, find a file
or folder, get help, or shut down the
computer.

38

Theme: Computer application


Files and folders
Each file in a computer has to be given a name.
Folders or directories are used for holding
documents. They allow users to group together
documents and files that are similar. That is,
similar files are grouped together in a folder.

39

Theme: Computer application


How to create a folder on the desktop
1 Right click the mouse in any clear area on
the desktop.
2 When the menu appears, select New.
3 On the menu, select Folder.

4 A folder icon appears on the desktop and


you can give it a name.
Windows Explorer
Windows Explorer is a software that enables you
to look at all the files and folders stored on your
system.

40

Theme: Computer application


Getting into Windows Explorer
i) Click on the Start button.
ii) Click on Programs.
iii) Select Windows Explorer.
The Windows Explorer screen will then be
displayed.

Creating a folder in Windows Explorer


Once the Windows Explorer window is opened,
select File and click on New.

41

Theme: Computer application


Copying files into a folder
1 Select the file or folder to be copied.
2 Click Copy from the Edit menu or tool bar.
3 Select the location where you want to place
the file or folder.
4 Click on Paste from the Edit menu or tool
bar.

To close Windows
1 Click start button on the Windows desktop.
2 On the menu, click Shut Down and a box
appears as follows:

42

Theme: Computer application


3 On this box, select Shut down the computer?
4 Then click, Yes.

Activity

Boot the computer system again. Select other


application packages in your school’s computer
system to see the first page of all these
packages. Shut down the computer properly,
each time. In your notebook, list all the
application packages in your school’s computer
system. Also, make another list of the ones you
saw their first pages.

43

Theme: Computer application


UNIT The internet
SEVEN

The internet is a set of computer networks that


communicate with each other. It connects
individual networks of computers situated in
different parts of the world. Any authorised
user from any part of the world can access
the internet for mailing or sharing information.
The internet helps individuals, schools,
companies and various government
departments to share information across
the world. Today, the internet is used in over
150 countries of the world.

Connecting to the internet


To connect to the internet, both hardware and
software items are required. The hardware

44

Theme: Computer application


requirements are
1 A personal computer
2 A modem
3 A telephone line
4 An account with an internet service provider
(ISP)
An ISP is a company that has a direct
connection to the global network and gives
internet users access to the internet for a fee.
When a user dials into the network of an ISP, he
gets connected to the internet.
The software requirement for connecting to
the internet is the Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). TCP/IP is a set of rules
that determine how computers within the
global network of the internet communicate
with each other to transfer data from one
computer to the other.

45

Theme: Computer application


Electronic mail (e-mail)
E-mail is the most popular application of the
internet. It allows you to communicate with
friends, family and businesses all over the world.
An e-mail program enables you to send, re-
ceive and manage electronic messages (text,
sound, video and graphics).

Advantages of e-mails
1 It is much faster than the traditional postal
system.
2 Sending e-mails is cheaper than the
traditional postal system.
3 Receiving e-mails is convenient, as the
receiver does not have to be present at a
particular place and time. E-mails sent to
someone can be received in any part of
the world and at any time the receiver
chooses to check his in-box.

46

Theme: Computer application


E-mail addresses
An e-mail can only be sent and/or received if
the user has an e-mail address. An e-mail
address is unique to a user in the same way
the home address is unique to someone send-
ing or receiving mails through the traditional
postal system.
The e-mail address has two parts. The two
parts are separated by the symbol @ (at). The
first part is the name of the user, which can be
a real name, nickname or any name made up
by the user. The second part is the domain
name. A domain name is the name of the ISP
to which the user is connected.
An e-mail address, therefore, is of the form:
username@domainname
In addition, free e-mail services offered by
some web sites may be used. Examples of such
web sites are Yahoo and Hotmail. An e-mail

47

Theme: Computer application


address can be created on such web sites by
just filling an on-line form.

Worldwide Web
The worldwide web, also called the web, is a
part of the internet. It is made up of millions of
pages, and each page is called a web page.
Individuals and organisations like schools and
companies can create their own web pages.

48

Theme: Computer application


These are then put on the internet for others to
see. The opening page of the web pages for
any organisation is known as the homepage.

Browsers
Browsers are programs that help a computer
user to view the web pages. Examples of
browsers are Internet Explorer and Netscape
Navigator.

49

Theme: Computer application


Browsers are used for surfing the web pages
to obtain information on many aspects of life
such as education, business, aviation, law, travel,
football, religion and many more.

Chatting on the internet


Many people now enjoy chatting on the
internet. There are thousands of chat rooms on
the internet.
A chat room is made up of a group of
people that have common interests, and they
communicate with one another live.
There are chat rooms for various subjects
such as education, health, movies, fashion,
sports, religion and many more.

Uses of the internet


The internet is useful to us in many ways. Some
of the uses of the internet have been mentioned
in this unit. These are communicating

50

Theme: Computer application


throughout the world using the e-mail, the use
of the web by individuals and organisations, and
chatting on the internet.
In addition to all these, the internet is also very
useful in the following ways:
1 Products and services can be advertised
worldwide on the internet. This is electronic
advertisement (e-advertisement).
2 Information can be obtained from various
libraries of the world using the internet.
3 We can make travel plans to any part of the
world on the internet.
4 All kinds of goods and services could be
purchased and paid for on the internet.
5 An internet user can learn a lot from any
chosen field on the internet. The internet
contains abundant information on all
aspects of learning.

51

Theme: Computer application


Advantages of the internet
1 Messages and information are sent or
received easily, quickly and cheaply.
2 Internet services are always available
throughout the day and night. This is unlike
other services like the postal service.
3 There are always millions of people on the
internet. Therefore, goods and services
advertised on the internet will reach millions
instantly.
4 The internet has made many human
activities easier and convenient. Such
activities include banking, money transfer,
ordering goods and search for information.

52

Theme: Computer application


4 Only a few people should be in the
computer room at the same time, so that
accidents may not happen.

Hard Disk Hard Disk


MOK folder Advert folder Project folder MOK folder Advert folder Project folder

Computer bk 1 Computer bk 1

Hard Disk Hard Disk


MOK folder Advert folder Project folder MOK folder Advert folder Project folder

Computer bk 2 Computer bk 2

Computer bk 1 Computer bk 1

Science Bk 2 Science Bk 2

Computer bk 2 Computer bk 2

Science Bk 4 Science Bk 4

Science Bk 2 Science Bk 2

Trash Trash

Science Bk 4 Science Bk 4

Trash Trash

Hard Disk Hard Disk


MOK folder Advert folder Project folder MOK folder Advert folder Project folder

Hard Disk Hard Disk


Computer bk 1 Computer bk 1 MOK folder Advert folder Project folder MOK folder Advert folder Project folder

Computer bk 2 Computer bk 2 Computer bk 1 Computer bk 1

Science Bk 2 Science Bk 2 Computer bk 2 Computer bk 2

Science Bk 4 Science Bk 4 Science Bk 2 Science Bk 2

Trash Trash Science Bk 4 Science Bk 4

Trash Trash

5 Computer systems must be placed on stable


desks so that they will not topple over.
6 Do not drink anything while using the
computer. Liquids and computers do not
mix.

55

Theme: Computer ethics and human issues


7 Do not eat while using the computer, as
crumbs from food can damage your
keyboard.
8 Computer systems must be removed from
the source of electricity when not in use for
a long time.

Activities

1 Which of the precautions mentioned in this


Unit do you take in your school’s computer
room?
2 What are the functions of the following in a
computer room?
i) Air-conditioners
ii) Ceiling fans
iii) Dust covers
3 Is it allowed to take food and drinks into the
computer room? What are the reasons for
your answer?

56

Theme: Computer ethics and human issues

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