Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)

JavaFX GUI Basics

CSE 114: Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming
Paul Fodor
Stony Brook University
http://www.cs.stonybrook.edu/~cse114
GUI Examples

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Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)
 Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)
 provides user-friendly human interaction
 they were the initial motivation for object-oriented programming
 predefined classes for GUI components, event processing interfaces
 Building GUIs require use of GUI frameworks:
 JavaFX (part of JSE 8, 2014)
 Older Java frameworks:
 Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT):
java.awt.*, java.awt.geom.*,
java.awt.event.*
 SWING:
 javax.swing.*, javax.swing.event.*

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What does a GUI framework do for you?
 Provides ready, interactive, customizable components
and event handling management
 you wouldn’t want to have to code your own window class, label class,
text fields and text areas classes, button class, checkbox, radio buttons,
lists, geometrical figures, containers/layout managers, etc.

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 JavaFX vs AWT and Swing
 Swing and AWT were older Java frameworks replaced by the
JavaFX platform for developing rich Internet applications in JDK8.
 When Java was introduced, the GUI classes were bundled in a library
known as the Abstract Windows Toolkit (AWT).
 AWT was prone to platform-specific bugs
 AWT was fine for developing simple graphical user interfaces, but not for
developing comprehensive GUI projects.
 The AWT user-interface components were replaced by a more robust,
versatile, and flexible library known as Swing components.
 Swing components were painted directly on canvases using Java code.
 Swing components depended less on the target platform and used less of the
native GUI resource.
 With the release of Java 8, Swing was replaced by a
completely new GUI platform: JavaFX.
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 How do GUIs work?
• GUIs loop and respond to events:
• Example: a mouse click on a button
• The Operating System recognizes mouse
click, determines which window it was Construct GUI Components
inside and notifies that program by
putting the event on that program's input
buffer/queue
• The program runs in loop: Render GUI

• renders the GUI

• checks input buffer filled by OS Check to see if any input
• if it finds a mouse click, determines
which component in the program,
respond appropriately according to
Respond to user input
handler

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GUI Look vs. Behavior
 Look: physical appearance
GUIs components
containment and layout management
 Behavior: responding to events
event programmed response through
event handlers that we define

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 Stage
Scene
Basic Structure of a
Button JavaFX GUI
 javafx.application.Application is
the entry point for JavaFX applications
 JavaFX creates an application thread for running the
application start method, processing input events,
and running animation timelines.
 We override the start(Stage) method!
 javafx.stage.Stage is the top level JavaFX
container (i.e., window)
 The primary Stage is constructed by the platform.
 javafx.scene.Scene class is the container
for all content in a scene graph in the stage.
 javafx.scene.Node is the base class for
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scene graph nodes (i.e., components).
(c) Paul Fodor and Pearson Inc.
 import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.Button;

public class MyFirstJavaFX extends Application {

@Override // Override the start method in the Application class
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
// Create a button and place it in the scene
Button btOK = new Button("OK");
Scene scene = new Scene(btOK, 200, 250);
primaryStage.setScene(scene); // Place the scene in the stage
primaryStage.setTitle("MyJavaFX"); // Set the stage title
primaryStage.show(); // Display the stage
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);
}
}

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// Multiple stages can be added beside the primaryStage
import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.Button;

public class MultipleStageDemo extends Application {

@Override // Override the start method in the Application class
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
// Create a scene and place a button in the scene
Scene scene = new Scene(new Button("OK"), 200, 250);
primaryStage.setTitle("MyJavaFX"); // Set the stage title
primaryStage.setScene(scene); // Place the scene in the stage
primaryStage.show(); // Display the stage
Stage stage = new Stage(); // Create a new stage
stage.setTitle("Second Stage"); // Set the stage title
// Set a scene with a button in the stage
stage.setScene(new Scene(new Button("New Stage"), 100, 100));
stage.show(); // Display the stage
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);
}
}
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 Panes, UI Controls, and Shapes

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 Layout Panes
 JavaFX provides many types of panes for organizing nodes
in a container.

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import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;
import javafx.scene.control.Button;

public class ButtonInPane extends Application {

@Override // Override the start method in the Application class

public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
// Create a scene and place a button in the scene
StackPane pane = new StackPane();
pane.getChildren().add(new Button("OK"));
Scene scene = new Scene(pane, 200, 50);
primaryStage.setTitle("Button in a pane"); // Set the stage title
primaryStage.setScene(scene); // Place the scene in the stage
primaryStage.show(); // Display the stage
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);
}
}

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FlowPane

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 import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.layout.FlowPane;
import javafx.scene.control.Label;
import javafx.scene.control.TextField;
import javafx.geometry.Insets;
public class ShowFlowPane extends Application {
@Override
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
FlowPane pane = new FlowPane();
pane.setPadding(new Insets(11, 12, 13, 14));
pane.setHgap(5);
pane.setVgap(5);
// Place nodes in the pane
pane.getChildren().addAll(new Label("First Name:"),
new TextField(), new Label("MI:"));
TextField tfMi = new TextField();
tfMi.setPrefColumnCount(1);
pane.getChildren().addAll(tfMi, new Label("Last Name:"),
new TextField());
// Create a scene and place it in the stage
Scene scene = new Scene(pane, 210, 150);
primaryStage.setTitle("ShowFlowPane");
primaryStage.setScene(scene); // Place the scene in the stage
primaryStage.show(); // Display the stage
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
launch(args);
15 }
(c) Paul Fodor and Pearson Inc.
}
 GridPane

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 import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.layout.GridPane;
import javafx.scene.control.*;
import javafx.geometry.*;
public class ShowGridPane extends Application {
@Override
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
// Create a pane and set its properties
GridPane pane = new GridPane();
pane.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER);
pane.setHgap(5.5);
pane.setVgap(5.5);
// Place nodes in the pane at positions column,row
pane.add(new Label("First Name:"), 0, 0);
pane.add(new TextField(), 1, 0);
pane.add(new Label("MI:"), 0, 1);
pane.add(new TextField(), 1, 1);
pane.add(new Label("Last Name:"), 0, 2);
pane.add(new TextField(), 1, 2);
Button btAdd = new Button("Add Name");
pane.add(btAdd, 1, 3);
GridPane.setHalignment(btAdd, HPos.RIGHT);
// Create a scene and place it in the stage
Scene scene = new Scene(pane);
primaryStage.setTitle("ShowGridPane");
primaryStage.setScene(scene); primaryStage.show(); }
public static void main(String[] args) {
17 launch(args);
(c) Paul Fodor and Pearson Inc.
}}
BorderPane

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 import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.layout.BorderPane;
import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;
import javafx.scene.control.Label;
import javafx.geometry.Insets;
public class ShowBorderPane extends Application {
@Override
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
BorderPane pane = new BorderPane();
pane.setTop(new CustomPane("Top"));
pane.setRight(new CustomPane("Right"));
pane.setBottom(new CustomPane("Bottom"));
pane.setLeft(new CustomPane("Left"));
pane.setCenter(new CustomPane("Center"));
Scene scene = new Scene(pane);
primaryStage.setScene(scene); primaryStage.show();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
launch(args);
}
}
class CustomPane extends StackPane {
public CustomPane(String title) {
getChildren().add(new Label(title));
setStyle("-fx-border-color: red");
setPadding(new Insets(11.5, 12.5, 13.5, 14.5));
}
19 }
(c) Paul Fodor and Pearson Inc.
Hbox and VBox

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 import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.layout.BorderPane;
import javafx.scene.layout.HBox;
import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
import javafx.scene.control.Button;
import javafx.scene.control.Label;
import javafx.scene.image.Image;
import javafx.scene.image.ImageView;
public class ShowHBoxVBox extends Application {
@Override
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
BorderPane pane = new BorderPane();
HBox hBox = new HBox(15);
hBox.setStyle("-fx-background-color: gold");
hBox.getChildren().add(new Button("Computer Science"));
hBox.getChildren().add(new Button("CEWIT"));
ImageView imageView = new ImageView(new Image("cs14.jpg"));
hBox.getChildren().add(imageView);
pane.setTop(hBox);
VBox vBox = new VBox(15);
vBox.getChildren().add(new Label("Courses"));
Label[] courses = {new Label("CSE114"), new Label("CSE214"),
new Label("CSE219"), new Label("CSE308")};
for (Label course: courses) {
vBox.getChildren().add(course);
}
pane.setLeft(vBox);
21 Scene scene = new Scene(pane); primaryStage.setScene(scene);
primaryStage.show(); (c) Paul Fodor and Pearson Inc.
 Display Shapes

 Programming Coordinate Systems start from the left-upper

corner

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 Shapes
JavaFX provides many shape classes for drawing texts,
lines, circles, rectangles, ellipses, arcs, polygons, and
polylines.

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 Text

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 import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.layout.Pane;
import javafx.scene.paint.Color;
import javafx.geometry.Insets;
import javafx.scene.text.Text;
import javafx.scene.text.Font;
import javafx.scene.text.FontWeight;
import javafx.scene.text.FontPosture;
public class ShowText extends Application {
@Override
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
Pane pane = new Pane();
pane.setPadding(new Insets(5, 5, 5, 5));
Text text1 = new Text(20, 20, "Programming is fun");
text1.setFont(Font.font("Courier", FontWeight.BOLD,
FontPosture.ITALIC, 15));
pane.getChildren().add(text1);
Text text2 = new Text(60, 60, "Programming is fun\nDisplay text");
pane.getChildren().add(text2);
Text text3 = new Text(10, 100, "Programming is fun\nDisplay text");
text3.setFill(Color.RED);
text3.setUnderline(true);
text3.setStrikethrough(true);
pane.getChildren().add(text3);
Scene scene = new Scene(pane, 600, 800);
primaryStage.setScene(scene); primaryStage.show();
}
25 ...
} (c) Paul Fodor and Pearson Inc.
 Helper classes: The Color Class

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 Helper classes: The Font Class

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 Line

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 import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.layout.Pane;
import javafx.scene.shape.Line;
import javafx.scene.paint.Color;
public class ShowLine extends Application {
@Override
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
Pane pane = new Pane();
Line line1 = new Line(10, 10, 10, 10);
line1.endXProperty().bind(pane.widthProperty().subtract(10));
line1.endYProperty().bind(pane.heightProperty().subtract(10));
line1.setStrokeWidth(5);
line1.setStroke(Color.GREEN);
pane.getChildren().add(line1);
Line line2 = new Line(10, 10, 10, 10);
line2.startXProperty().bind(pane.widthProperty().subtract(10));
line2.endYProperty().bind(pane.heightProperty().subtract(10));
line2.setStrokeWidth(5);
line2.setStroke(Color.GREEN);
pane.getChildren().add(line2);
Scene scene = new Scene(pane, 200, 200);
primaryStage.setScene(scene);
primaryStage.show();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
launch(args);
}
29 }
(c) Paul Fodor and Pearson Inc.
 Rectangle

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 import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.layout.Pane;
import javafx.scene.text.Text;
import javafx.scene.shape.Rectangle;
import javafx.scene.paint.Color;
import java.util.Collections;
public class ShowRectangle extends Application {
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
Pane pane = new Pane();
Rectangle r1 = new Rectangle(25, 10, 60, 30);
r1.setStroke(Color.BLACK);
r1.setFill(Color.WHITE);
pane.getChildren().add(new Text(10, 27, "r1"));
pane.getChildren().add(r1);
Rectangle r2 = new Rectangle(25, 50, 60, 30);
pane.getChildren().add(new Text(10, 67, "r2"));
pane.getChildren().add(r2);
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
Rectangle r = new Rectangle(100, 50, 100, 30);
r.setRotate(i * 360 / 8);
r.setStroke(Color.color(Math.random(), Math.random(),
Math.random()));
r.setFill(Color.WHITE);
pane.getChildren().add(r);
}
Scene scene = new Scene(pane, 250, 150);
primaryStage.setScene(scene); primaryStage.show();
31 }
...// main (c) Paul Fodor and Pearson Inc.
 Circle

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import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import javafx.scene.Scene; Circle in a Pane
import javafx.scene.layout.Pane;
import javafx.scene.shape.Circle;
import javafx.scene.paint.Color;

public class ShowCircle extends Application {

@Override // Override the start method in the Application class
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
// Create a circle and set its properties
Circle circle = new Circle();
circle.setCenterX(100);
circle.setCenterY(100);
circle.setRadius(50);
circle.setStroke(Color.BLACK);
circle.setFill(null);
// Create a pane to hold the circle
Pane pane = new Pane();
pane.getChildren().add(circle);
// Create a scene and place it in the stage
Scene scene = new Scene(pane, 200, 200);
primaryStage.setTitle("ShowCircle"); // Set the stage title
primaryStage.setScene(scene); // Place the scene in the stage
primaryStage.show(); // Display the stage
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);
}
}

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 Ellipse

radiusX radiusY
(centerX, centerY)

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 Arc radiusY length

startAngle

0 degree

radiusX
(centerX, centerY)

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 Polygon and Polyline

The getter and setter methods for property values and a getter for property
javafx.scene.shape.Polygon itself are provided in the class, but omitted in the UML diagram for brevity.

+Polygon() Creates an empty polygon.

+Polygon(double... points) Creates a polygon with the given points.
+getPoints(): Returns a list of double values as x- and y-coordinates of the points.
ObservableList<Double>

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The Image and ImageView Classes

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 import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.layout.Pane;
import javafx.scene.layout.HBox;
import javafx.scene.image.Image;
import javafx.scene.image.ImageView;
import javafx.geometry.Insets;

public class ShowImage extends Application {

@Override
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
// Create a pane to hold the image views
Pane pane = new HBox(10);
pane.setPadding(new Insets(5, 5, 5, 5));
Image image = new Image("paul.jpg");
pane.getChildren().add(new ImageView(image));
ImageView imageView2 = new ImageView(image);
imageView2.setFitHeight(100);
imageView2.setFitWidth(100);
imageView2.setRotate(90);
pane.getChildren().add(imageView2);
Scene scene = new Scene(pane);
primaryStage.setTitle("ShowImage");
primaryStage.setScene(scene);
primaryStage.show();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
launch(args);
38 }
(c) Paul Fodor and Pearson Inc.
}
 JavaFX CSS style and Node rotation
import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;
import javafx.scene.control.Button;
public class NodeStyleRotateDemo extends Application {
@Override
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
StackPane pane = new StackPane();
Button btOK = new Button("OK");
btOK.setStyle("-fx-border-color: blue;");
pane.getChildren().add(btOK);
pane.setRotate(45);
pane.setStyle("-fx-border-color: red; -fx-background-color: lightgray;");
Scene scene = new Scene(pane, 200, 250);
primaryStage.setTitle("NodeStyleRotateDemo"); // Set the stage title
primaryStage.setScene(scene); // Place the scene in the stage
primaryStage.show(); // Display the stage
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

launch(args);
}
}

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 JavaFX CSS style and Node rotation
import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;
import javafx.scene.control.Button;

public class NodeStyleRotateDemo extends Application {

@Override
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
StackPane pane = new StackPane();

/* The StackPane layout pane places all of the nodes within

a single stack with each new node added on top of the
previous node. This layout model provides an easy way to
overlay text on a shape or image and to overlap common
shapes to create a complex shape. */

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 JavaFX External CSS style file
// Example to load and use a CSS style file in a scene
import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.layout.BorderPane;

public class ExternalCSSFile extends Application {

@Override
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
try {
BorderPane root = new BorderPane();
Scene scene = new Scene(root,400,400);
scene.getStylesheets().add(getClass()
.getResource("application.css").toExternalForm());
primaryStage.setScene(scene);
primaryStage.show();
} catch(Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
launch(args);
}
41 }
(c) Paul Fodor and Pearson Inc.