Publication Since 2012 | ISSN: 2321-9939 | ©IJEDR 2020 Year 2020, Volume 8, Issue 4

Voltage Stability Assesment Using Modal Analysis

1Rina R Prajapati, 2Bhavin.J.Shah, 3Shukla Darshan H
1Lecturer, 2Associate Professor, 3Lecturer
1C.U.Shah Government Polytechnic Surendranagar,
2L.D.Enginnering Collage,
3C.U.Shah Government Polytechnic Surendranagar

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract - The continuous increase in the demand of active and reactive power in the power system network has limits
as scope for network expansion many a times poses serious problem.The power system must be able to maintain
acceptable voltage at all nodes in the system at a normal operating condition as well as post disturbance periods.
Among all stability issues, voltage instability due to the inability of the transmission or generation system to deliver the
power requested by loads is one of major concerns in today's power system operations. Usually, voltage instability
initiates from a local bus but may develop to wide-area or even system-wide instability. Voltage stability assessment in
a power system for preventing disaster of voltage collapse.By reducing jacobian modal analysis can be present for
voltage stability assessment.To know the Status of stability eigenvalues are to be find using jacobian.As the smallest
value of eigenvalue will identify critical mode of system.The methodology is tested using IEEE 9 and IEEE 14 bus of
power system.
keywords - Modal Analysis, IEEE 9 and IEEE 14 Bus system, Eigen value,voltage collapse, Participation factor.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, modern power systems have experienced many technical challenges due to increasing complexities in
operation and structure of the interconnected power grid. Voltage stability is recognized as one of the major problems in many
power systems throughout the world such as the western region (WECC) of the United States in 1996, the Chilean power
system in 1997 accounting for a loss of 80% of its total load, the Hellenic system covering the entire Athens and the
neighboring area in 2004 [1]. Voltage instability is mainly associated with the inability of the power system to maintain
acceptable voltages at all buses in the system under normal conditions and after being subject to disturbances such as gradual
load increases or outages of critical lines or generating units. The general characteristic of voltage instability is that the
voltage level at different locations slightly changes after the disturbance but abruptly declines near to the collapse point.
Therefore, the voltage level itself is not a good indicator. The system operator needs performance indices either in online or
offline modes to determine how close the system is to the collapse and what the control actions should be carried out in that
event. In offline planning activities, computational speed is generally not a problem. However, for online analysis, real-time
or faster-than-real-time tools are of the key interest for monitoring and enhancing stability of the power system. There are a
few challenges in developing such tools for online operation. First, power systems under the deregulated environment in
many parts of the world are operated by several independent transmission operators. Among these operators, only limited
number of information is exchanged primarily due to business competitions. This makes a study of the entire system harder
than before [2]. The dynamics involved in voltage instability are restricted to load buses with LTC, restorative loads etc.
These load voltage control devices are operated for few minutes to several minutes. So, generator dynamics can be substituted
by appropriate equilibrium conditions. Under stressed conditions, coupling between voltage and active power is not weak [3].
So, insufficient active power in the system also leads to voltage instability problems. The following are the main contributing
factors to voltage instability problem.
 Increased stress on power system.
 Insufficient reactive power resources.
 Load restoring devices in response to load bus voltages.
 Unexpected and or unwanted relay operation following a drop-in voltage magnitude
 Line or generator outages.
 Increased consumption in heavy load centers

II CHALLENGES AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVES :

Voltage stability problem is significant since it affects the power system security and reliability. Voltage stability [1] is related
to the \ability of a power system to maintain acceptable voltages at all buses under normal conditions and after being
subjected to a disturbance". Definitions proposed by various authors related to voltage stability are mentioned in the literature
review. Voltage instability is an aperiodic, dynamic phenomenon. As most of the loads are voltage dependent and during
disturbances, voltages decrease at a load bus will cause a decrease in the power consumption. However, loads tend to restore
their initial power consumption with the help of Distribution Voltage Regulators, Load Tap Changers (LTC) and thermostats.
These control devices try to adjust the load side voltage to their reference voltage. The increase in voltage will be
accompanied by an increase in the power demand which will further weaken the power system stability. Under these
conditions’ voltages undergo a continuous decrease, which is small at starting and leads to voltage collapse. When a single

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machine is connected to a load bus then there will be pure voltage instability. When a single machine is connected to infinite
bus then there will be pure angle instability. When synchronous machines, infinite bus and loads are connected then there will
be both angle and voltage instability but their influence on one another can be separated [2].method was also shown to have
parallels with the well-accepted modal analysis of the Jacobian matrix. These include defining geometric indices to identify
critical buses and participation factors to quantify contribution of network elements to their criticality. The method however
does not require post power flow solution processing of the Jacobian matrix; such computational advantage may make it
suitable for online applications.

III Research Objectives

The specific objectives of the research described hereafter are summarized as follows.
 Study of power system voltage stability: There are various techniques for assessing voltage stability of the power
system, such as continuation method, optimization method, or performance indices. The study emphasizes
comparing performances of different indices and suggesting appropriate selection of the analysis method according
to availability of data and computational budget.
 Voltage Stability assessment using Modal Analysis for IEEE 14-bus network.
 Voltage stability improvement and comparative analysis.
 Weak grid identification in grid network and integration of STATCOM with weak grid for grid parameters control.

Even though voltage instability phenomenon is dynamic in nature, both static and dynamic analysis methods [4] are used. To
operate the system safely, system is to be analyzed for various operating conditions and contingencies. In most cases, the
system dynamics affecting voltage stability are usually quite slow and much of the problem can be analyzed using static
analysis that gives information about the maximum load ability limit and factors contributing to instability problem. Static
approach involves computation of only algebraic equations and it is faster than dynamic approach. Static analysis takes less
computational time compared to dynamic analysis and conventional power ow is used in the static analysis. A few static
voltage stability analysis methods are proposed in the literature for analyzing the problem.

P-V and Q-V Curves

V-P curves, also known as the nose curves, show the relationship between the power injection and the corresponding change
in voltage at a bus. Figure-2 shows a V-P curve. The upper part of the curve corresponds to a stable operating region, while
the lower part of the curve corresponds to the unstable region. The tip of the “nose curve” is known as the stability limit.
These curves are obtained by continuation power flow. At the voltage stability limit the Jacobian matrix of power flow
equations becomes singular and the regular power flow solution does not converge.
The continuation power flow overcomes this problem by reformulating the load-flow equations so that they remain well-
conditioned at all possible loading conditions. This allows the solution of the load-flow problem for stable, as well as unstable
equilibrium points (that is, for both upper and lower portions of the V-P curve).

Figure.2 P-V Curve

Another useful characteristic for voltage stability analysis is the Q-V curves. These curves show the sensitivity and variation
of bus voltages with respect to reactive power injections. Figure-3 shows a Q-V curve. The bottom of the curve where dQ/dV
is equal to zero represents the voltage stability limit. The right-hand side of the curve is stable since an increase in Q is
accompanied by an increase in V. The left-hand side is unstable since an increase in Q represents a decrease in V.

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Figure.3 Q-V Curve

P-V and Q-V curves are one of the most considered methods to find active power margin and reactive power margin.
However, the main disadvantage of these curves is the fact that for many different operating points and contingencies many
such curves would be required to obtain complete information on the voltage stability of the whole system. Each one of those
curves is generated by executing many power flows. This makes them very time-consuming and hence not practical for on-
line voltage stability monitoring of large power systems. Voltage stability may be classified into two categories. These are
 Large-disturbance Voltage Stability
 Small-disturbance Voltage Stability

V. Voltage Stability Assessment

The static voltage stability analysis for a given power system state involves the determination of how close the system is to
voltage instability. The proximity to instability can be measured by an index preferably defined in terms of physical quantities
such as load level, reactive power reserve, etc. Voltage collapse typically occurs on power systems which are heavily loaded,
faulted and/or have reactive power shortages. Voltage collapse is a system instability in that it involves many power system
components and their variables at once. Indeed, voltage collapse often involves an entire power system, although it usually
has a relatively larger involvement in one area of the power system. Although many other variables are typically involved,
some physical insight into the nature of voltage collapse may be gained by examining the production, transmission and
consumption of reactive power. Voltage collapse is typically associated with the reactive power demands of loads not being
met because of limitations on the production and transmission of reactive power.

VI .Static Var Compensator (SVC)

SVC serves as a fixed sensitivity tool. It absorbs or injects reactive energy into the system.
When SVC is fully inductive V= I/Blmax
Blmax= Maximum inductive susceptance.
When SVC is fully capacitive V=-I/Bcmax
Bcmax= Capacitive susceptance maximum.

Variable Susceptance Model

The SVC can be used as a variable reactance with either the firing-angle limits or the susceptance limits. The analogous
circuit given in Figure 3.5 compute the SVC 's nonlinear electrical equations and the linear equations that Newton 's method
requires.

Fig 3.5 (a) SVC Firing angle Model and (b) SVC total Susceptance Model
With reference to Figure 3.5, t he current drawn by the SVC is

ts a s ts ro 3.6.1

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And the reactive power drawn by the SVC, which is the reactive energy in K, is also injected.
Is ts a o a ro ts 3.6.2
V is the bus voltage, While Qsvc is the SVC reactive power which is directly proportional to the product of the square of the
voltage and the variable susceptance, Bsvc.
From the equations, we see the direct proportionality of reactive power of the SVC, to the magnitude of the bus voltage
raised to power 2.This means that the adjustment of Bsvc makes a direct impact on the Qsvc; thus, regulating its quantity in a
manner in which the susceptance is varied.

III METHODOLOGY
Modal analysis
In the Newton Raphson power flow there is the linear system model to represent the injected power in buses as shown in
equation [3.1]

‹‹ ‹ t
a ……….. ……………………3. 1
‹ r

By letting P = 0 in Equation (3.1):

a a ‹‹ t ‹ r, t a ‹‹ ‹
‹ r ……… 3.2

a ‹ t r ……………………….. 3.3
Substituting Equation (3.2) in Equation (3.3)
a R r …………. ……………….. 3.4
Where
JR= ‹

‹
JR = ‹ ‹‹ ‹

JR is the reduced Jacobian matrix of the system.

Equation (3.4) can be written as

V a JR ‹ Q ………... 3.5
The matrix JR represents the linearized relationship between the incremental changes in bus voltage (∆V) and bus reactive
power injection (∆Q). It’s well known that, the system voltage is affected by both real and reactive power variations. In order
to focus the study of the reactive demand and supply problem of the system as well as minimize computational effort by
reducing dimensions of the Jacobian matrix J the real power (∆P = 0) and angle part from the system in Equation (3.1) are
eliminated.
The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the reduced order Jacobian matrix JR are used for the voltage stability characteristics
analysis. Voltage instability can be detected by identifying modes of the eigenvalues matrix JR. The magnitude of the
eigenvalues provides a relative measure of proximity to instability. The eigenvectors on the other hand present information
related to the mechanism of loss of voltage stability. Eigenvalue analysis of JR results in the following

JR = …………………………………………… 3.6
a right eigenvector matrix of
a left eigenvector matrix of
aDiagonal eigenvalue matrix of JR

Equation (3.6) can be written as:

‹
JR = ……………………………………………… 3.7
Where a
Substituting Equation (3.7) in Equation (3.5):
………….. ………………………….3.8

Where is the ith eigenvalue, i is the of ith column right eigenvector and i is the ithrow left eigenvector of matrix JR.
Each eigenvalue and corresponding right and left eigenvectors i and i, define the ith mode of the system. The ithmodal
reactive power variation is defined as:

㌳ a䀀 ……………………………………….. 3.9
Where Ki is a scale factor to normalize vector such that

Ki2 ∑Øji2 = 1
The corresponding ithmodal voltage variation is:

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‹
Vmi a Qmi …………………………………. 3.10
Equation (3.10) can be summarized as follows:

The voltage stability can be defined by the mode of eigenvalue λi. The minimum eigenvalue in a power system is the global
VSI value. Larger value of λi will give smaller changes in the voltages when the small disturbance happen. When the system
is weaker, the voltage becomes weaker. A system is stable when the eigenvalue of Jr is positive. The limit is reached when
one of the eigenvalue reach zero. If one of the eigenvalue is negative the system is unstable.

There is no need to evaluate all the eigenvalues of JR of a large power system because it is known that once the minimum
eigenvalues becomes zeros the system Jacobian matrix becomes singular and voltage instability occurs. So the eigenvalues of
importance are the critical eigenvalues of the reduced Jacobian matrix JR. Thus, the smallest eigenvalues of JR are taken to be
the least stable modes of the system. The rest of the eigenvalues are neglected because they are considered to be strong
enough modes. Once the minimum eigenvalues and the corresponding left and right eigenvectors have been calculated the
participation factor can be used to identify the weakest node or bus in the system.

Identification of the Weak Load Buses

The minimum eigenvalues, which become close to instability, need to be observed more closely. The appropriate definition
and determination as to which node or load bus participates in the selected modes become very important. This necessitates a
tool, called the participation factor, for identifying the weakest nodes or load buses that are making significant contribution to
the selected modes.

If and i represent the right- and left- hand eigenvectors, respectively, for the eigenvalue of the matrix JR, then the
participation factor measuring the participation of the kth bus in ith mode is defined as

o a o o ……………………………………… 3.11

Note that for all the small eigenvalues, bus participation factors determine the area close to voltage instability.

Equation (3.11) implies that Pki shows the participation of the ith eigenvalue at bus k. The node or bus k with highest Pki is the
most contributing factor in determining ith mode. Therefore, the bus participation factor determines the area close to voltage
instability provided by the smallest eigenvalue of JR.

SIMULATION AND RESULT DISCUSSION

A) Circuit Diagram and Description

Fig 11: The IEEE 9-bus test system

B) Circuit Description
An IEEE 9-bus test system as shown in Fig. 3 is used for voltage stability studies. The test system consists of three generators
(bus no. 1, 2, 3), six PQ bus or load bus (bus no. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) and 6transmission lines.
The Modal analysis method has been Successfully applied to the IEEE 9 bus power system. The Eigen value analysis are
done for selected buses in order to identify the weakest bus. A power flow program based on Matlab is developed to:
1. Calculate the load flow solution.
2. Analyze the voltage stability based on modal analysis.
The modal analysis method is applied and the voltage profile of the buses is presented from the load flow simulation.
Then, the minimum eigenvalue of the reduced Jacobian matrix is calculated. After that, the weakest load buses, which are
subject to voltage collapse, are identified by computing the participating factors. The results are shown as follows

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Fig. Voltage profile of all Buses (IEEE-9 Bus system)

Figure shows the voltage profile of all buses of the Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) 3-Machines 9-Bus system
as obtained from the load flow. It can be seen that all the bus voltages are within the acceptable level (±5%); some standards
consider (±10%). The lowest voltage compared to the other buses can be noticed in bus number 5.Since there are nine buses
among which there is one swing bus and two PV buses, then the total number of eigenvalues of the reduced Jacobian matrix
JR is expected to be six. Participation factors is calculated for min. Eigen value = 5.6802.
Table 1
Voltage Profile, Participation Factors for WSCC 9 Bus System
Bus No Voltage Profile Participation Factor

1 1.0400 0
2 1.02530 0
3 1.02500 0
4 1.02562 0.113897037
5 0.99327 0.275674748
6 1.01573 0.268569891
7 1.02820 0.109846004
8 1.01178 0.166295948
9 1.02891 0.065716372

Fig.12: Participating factor for minimum eigenvalue

The result shows that the buses 5, 6 and 8 have the highest participation factors to the critical mode. The largest
participation factor value “0.2756” at bus 5 indicates the highest contribution of this bus to the
voltage collapse.
comparison of voltage before and after placing SVC
Normal Voltage Voltages after SVC placing at bus 5
1.0400 1.0400

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1.02530 1.0250
1.02500 1.0250
1.02562 1.097635196
0.99327 1.152697898
1.01573 1.098376137
1.02820 1.067600647
1.01233 1.128606712
1.03202 1.070603226

According to Table 4.5, we can mention the voltage of bus 5 for the base case without SVC is lower than that of other loading
buses. After placing of SVC on bus 5, eigenvalue has been also increased which indicate that the system become more stable.

IEEE-14 Bus Test System

IEEE -14 Bus system consider as a test case. In this test case base, MVA is 100 and frequency of the system is 60 Hz. This
model is useful for voltage stability studies. The complete power system with all necessary components has been modelled
using power system toolbox integrated with MATLAB.
Fig line diagram of IEEE-14 Bus test System

Fig 5.2-Bus voltage magnitude profile of IEEE-14 Bus system.

Since there are fourteen buses, one of which is the swing bus and 4 the PV buses, the reduced Jacobian Matrix JR number is
estimated to be nine, According to Table 5.1. all eigenvalues are positive, which indicate the system become stable.
Table 5.1 IEEE -14 Bus system eigenvalues.
Mode Mode_ Mode Mode_ Mode Mode_ Mode_6 Mode_ Mode_8 Mode_9
1 _2 3 _4 5 7
Eigenval 59.838 36.669 21.657 1.5638 12.752 15.0981
ue 0 9 5 3 3 9 5.8793 18.8508 7.5994

Above table gives the value of bus voltage magnitude profile of IEEE-14 bus system. It noticeable that all bus voltages are 5
percent at the permissible level (±). Participation factors are planned for the lowest value of Eigen = 1,5638.
Table 5.2 bus voltage magnitude proile ,participation factor of all buses of the IEEE 14 Bus system

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Num_Bus Voltage Magnitude(p.u) Participation Factor

1_B 1.0600 -
2_B 1.0400 -
3_B 1.0100 -
4_B 1.0103 0.00274
5_B 1.0158 0.0020
6_B 1.0700 _
7_B 1.0443 0.05819
8_B 1.0800 -
9_B 1.0289 0.12579
10_B 1.0285 0.23397
11_B 1.0454 0.11537
12_B 1.0532 0.01593
13_B 1.0464 0.04228
14_B 1.0182 0.39914
Fig 5.3: Participating factor of all Buses for minimum eigenvalue

As per above result,we can seen that buses 14,10,9 have more participation factor among the all other buses. The bus 14 has
highest participation factor which gives the more contribution of this bus to voltage collapse.

Num_Bus Normal Voltage Voltages after0.39914

SVC
placig at bus 5
1_B 1.06 1.06
2_B 1.045 0.983133401
3_B 1.01 0.898179441
4_B 1.011682112 0.898861148
5_B 1.015819982 0.913765617
6_B 1.07 0.920077011
7_B 1.047839569 0.903838565
8_B 1.086741195 0.948414034
9_B 1.031734767 0.872142694
10_B 1.030922465 0.867109625
11_B 1.046646353 0.886968513
12_B 1.05335047 0.891589837
13_B 1.046816062 0.881151281
14_B 1.020047179 0.842547518

From Table 5.5,we can see that the voltage of bus 14 is lower for the base case without SVC than the voltage of other load
buses. All buses have fluctuations and loading capacity has been improved 0.4120 to 0.6354 after placing SVC

V. CONCLUSION
Voltage instability analysis is an important parameter for monitoring the bus voltage in the electrical power system,.Modal
Analysis Method is used in voltage stability analysis of power systems are presented. The voltage collapse problem is
studied by using above method. Bus 5 & 6 are more susceptible to voltage collapse in WSCC - 9 bus system while Bus 14 is
more susceptible to voltage collapse in IEEE 14 bus systemby all the three methods. The Q-V curves are used successfully to
confirm the result obtained by Modal analysis technique, where the same buses are found to be the weakest and contributing
to voltage collapse. The stability margin or the distance to voltage collapse is identified based on voltage and reactive power
variation. Furthermore, the result can be used to evaluate the reactive power compensation and better operation & planning..
The reactive power support to the weak bus is provided by using shunt connected FACTS device Static Var Compensator
(SVC) which is modelled as variable suscpetance mode. The voltage stability of the weak bus is enhanced after the placement
of svc.

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