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Columns

This document discusses columns and column design. It defines a column as a vertical structural member primarily subjected to axial compression. It describes different types of column cross-sections and loadings, including concentrically loaded and eccentrically loaded columns. It also discusses critical buckling load, the maximum load a column can support before buckling, and Euler's formula for calculating the critical buckling load of an ideal column with pin supports. The document notes factors that influence column buckling strength, such as the column's effective length.

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Muhammad Muzamil
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84 views17 pages

Columns

This document discusses columns and column design. It defines a column as a vertical structural member primarily subjected to axial compression. It describes different types of column cross-sections and loadings, including concentrically loaded and eccentrically loaded columns. It also discusses critical buckling load, the maximum load a column can support before buckling, and Euler's formula for calculating the critical buckling load of an ideal column with pin supports. The document notes factors that influence column buckling strength, such as the column's effective length.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Muzamil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mechanics of Materials

BS. Civil Engineering

Columns

1
Column

1. It is a vertical member which is primarily subjected to axial


compression in which major deformation is shortening.
2. Types of column
✓ Square Section.
✓ Rectangular Section.
✓ Circular Section.
✓ L-Section.
✓ T-Section.

2
Column

Concentrically Loaded Column


When the resultant of the load coincides
with the centroid of the cross-section, the
column is said to be concentrically loaded
column.

3
Column

Eccentrically Loaded Column


When the resultant of the load
does not coincide with the
centroid of the cross-section,
the column is said to be
eccentrically loaded column.
There are two types of
eccentrically loaded columns
Uni-axially eccentrically loaded column.

Bi-axially eccentrically loaded column.


4
Critical Load
1. Not only must a structural member satisfy the strength
and deflection requirements but it must also be stable.
2. Stability is particularly important if the member is long
and slender, and it supports a compressive loading that
becomes large enough to cause the member to suddenly
deflect laterally.
3. Such members are called columns, and the lateral
deflection that occurs is called buckling.
4. Quite often the buckling of a column can lead to a
sudden and dramatic failure of a structure
5. Special attention must be given to the design of columns
so that they can safely support their intended loadings
without buckling. 5
Critical Load

⚫ The maximum axial load that a


column can support when it is
on the verge of buckling is
called the critical load, Pcr,

⚫ Any additional loading will


cause the column to buckle

⚫ Buckling is Sudden
Buckling
6
Buckling 7
Ideal Column With Pin Supports

⚫ Following are the conditions for


an ideal column

i. Made of homogeneous linear


elastic material
ii. Perfectly straight before
loading
iii. Load is applied through the
centroid of the cross section.

8
Ideal Column With Pin Supports

⚫ Euler’s Buckling Load (1757 AD)

9
Ideal Column With Pin Supports
b

100 mm a a

b
300 mm
300 1003
I a −a = = 25  106 mm 4 Smaller Value
12
100 3003
I b −b = = 225 106 mm 4
12
Column will
buckle about axis
a-a 10
Ideal Column With Pin Supports
⚫ Since Pcr is directly related to I, a column will
buckle about the principal axis of the cross
section having the least moment of inertia
(the weakest axis), provided it is supported
the same way about each axis.
⚫ A column having a rectangular cross section,
will buckle about the a–a axis, not the b–b axis.
⚫ Engineers usually try to achieve a balance,
keeping the moments of inertia the same in all
directions.
⚫ Geometrically, circular tubes make excellent
columns. Square tubes or those shapes having
Ix ≌ Iy are also often selected for columns. 11
Ideal Column With Pin Supports
For design purposes, the Pcr equation can also
be written in terms of stress, by using I = Ar2,
where A is the cross-sectional area and r is the
radius of gyration of the cross-sectional area.

The geometric ratio L/r is known as the


slenderness ratio. It is a measure of the column’s
flexibility, it serves to classify columns as long, 12
intermediate, or short.
Ideal Column With Pin Supports

For a steel column, if L/r< 89, the column’s stress will exceed
the yield point before buckling can occur, and so the Euler 13

formula cannot be used.


Columns Having Various Types Of Supports

⚫ The Euler’s buckling load was derived for a


column that is pin connected at both ends.

⚫ To use Euler’s formula for columns having


different types of supports, we will modify
the column length L to represent the
distance between the points of zero
moment (inflection point) on the column.

⚫ This distance is called the column’s


effective length, Le. Obviously, for a pin-
ended column Le = L, 14
Columns Having Various Types Of Supports

15
Columns Having Various Types Of Supports

⚫ Rather than specifying the column’s effective length,


many design codes provide column formulas that
employ a dimensionless coefficient K called the
effective-length factor. This factor is defined from

⚫ Euler’s formula can be written as

OR

16
Must Read the Book

Concluded

17

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