Electromagnetics

1. Vector Algebra
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Scalars and Vectors

 Scalar:
A quantity whose value is characterized by a
magnitude only.
값이 크기로만 특징지어지는 (물리)양.
Speed, time, mass, distance, temperature, entropy,
electric potential, and population

 Vector:
A quantity whose value is characterized by both a
magnitude and a direction.
값이 크기와 방향으로 특징지어지는 (물리)양.
Velocity, force, displacement, and electric field
intensity
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Scalar and Vector Fields

 Field: A function that specifies a particular quantity
everywhere in a region.
주어진 (모든) 영역에서 특정한 (물리) 양을 나타내는 함수

 Scalar field: A function that specifies a scalar quantity

everywhere in a region.
• Temperature distribution in a building
• Sound intensity in a theater
• Electric potential in a region
• Refractive index of a stratified medium

 Vector field: A function that specifies a vector quantity

everywhere in a region.
• Gravitational force on a body in a space
• Velocity of raindrops in the atmosphere
• Electric field intensity in a region
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Fields
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Law of Vector Algebra

A  a x A x  a y A y  az A z

Any vector A can be written in terms of a

magnitude and a direction.
Base vectors

A  a A  aA A  A  A 2x  A 2y  A 2z

A ax A x  ay A y  az A z
a 
A A 2x  A 2y  A 2z

Unit vector is a vector, a, with a unity

magnitude in the direction of A. (Also
call as a base vector.) Components of A
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Vector Addition and Subtraction

A  A x ax  A y a y  A z az B  B x a x  By ay  Bz az

• Vector addition

C  A  B   A x  B x  a x   A y  B y  a y   A z  Bz  az

• Vector subtraction
D  A  B   A x  Bx  ax   A y  By  a y   A z  Bz  az
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Vector Addition and Subtraction

C  A B D  A B

Parallelogram rule

Head-to-tail rule
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Basic Laws of Vector Algebra

Law Addition Multiplication

Commutative A+B=B+A kA=Ak

Associative A+(B+C)=(A+B) +C k(lA)=(kl)A

Distributive k(A+B)=kA+kB
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Position and Distance Vector

 Position vector (위치벡터): A vector having directed distance
from the origin to a coordinate point in space.

R1  OP1  x1a x  y1a y  z1a z

R 2  OP2  x 2a x  y 2 a y  z 2a z

 Distance vector (거리벡터): A vector having

directed distance between two
coordinate points in space.

R12  PP
1 2  R 2  R1

  x 2  x1  xˆ   y 2  y1  yˆ   z 2  z1  zˆ Distance and position vectors.

 x 2  x1    y 2  y1    z2  z1 
2 2 2
d  R12 
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Vector Multiplication
 Scalar Product or “Dot Product” (벡터의 내적)

The product of the magnitudes of A and B, and the cosine

angle between them.

A  B  A B cos  AB B  A  B A cos BA

• Commutative A

A B  B  A

• Distributive
BA
AB
A  B  C   A  B  A  C B
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Vector Multiplication
 Scalar Product or “Dot Product”

The product of the magnitude of one vector and the

projection of the other vector upon the first one.

A  B  A B cos  AB  B  A cos AB   B  A  B  A B cos AB  A  B cos AB   A 

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Vector Multiplication
 Scalar Product or “Dot Product”
It can be either a positive or negative quantity, depending
on whether
o
the angel between them is smaller or larger
than 90 .

A  B  A B cos AB  
A  B  A B cos 180o  AB   A B cos  AB
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Vector Multiplication

 Scalar Product or “Dot Product”

ax  ay  ay  ax  0

ay  az  az  ay  0

az  a x  ax  az  0

ax  ax  ay  ay  az  az  1
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Vector Multiplication
 Vector Product or “Cross Product”
Magnitude: product of the magnitudes
of A, B, and the sine of the smaller Area of
parallelogram
angle between them.
Direction: perpendicular to the plane
containing A and B. Cross product
A  B  A B sin  AB an
Right-hand rule
• Anticommutative: A  B  B  A
• Not associative: A  B  C    A  B   C
• Distributive: A  B  C   A  B  A  C

ax ay az
A B  Ax Ay A z   A yB z  A zB y  a x   A zB x  A xBz  a y   A xB y  A yB x  az
Bx By Bz
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Vector Multiplication
 Vector Product or “Cross Product” (벡터의 내적)

a x  a y  a z  a y  a x

a y  az  a x  a z  a y

a z  a x  a y  a x  a z

a x  ax  a y  a y  az  a z  0
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Example: Vectors and Angles

In Cartesian coordinates, vector A points from the origin to point P1=(2,3,3),
and vector B is directed from P1 to point P2=(1,-2,2). Find
(a) vector A, its magnitude A, and unit vector a

A  2a x  3a y  3a z
A 2a x  3a y  3a z
a 
A 22
A  A  22  32  32  22

(b) the angle between A and y-axis

A  a y   2a x  3a y  3a z   a y  3

A  a y  A a y cos   A cos 
ay
 A  ay
1  1  3 
  cos    cos    50.2 o

 A   22 
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Example: Vectors and Angles

In Cartesian coordinates, vector A points from the origin to point P1=(2,3,3),
and vector B is directed from P1 to point P2=(1,-2,2). Find
(c) vector B
B  1  2  a x   2  3  a y   2  3  a z  a x  5a y  a z A

(d) the angle AB between A and B

A  B   2a x  3a y  3a z    a x  5a y  a z   20
A  22

A  B  A B cos AB  AB cos  AB

 A B  1  20 
 AB  cos 1    cos    145.1o

 AB   22 27 

(e) the perpendicular distance from the origin to vector B.

  
OP3  A sin 180o   AB  22 sin 180o  145.1o  2.68 
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Example 2-3-1
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Example 2-3-1
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Example 2-3-1
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Example 2-3-2
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Example 2-3-2
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Example 2-3-3
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Scalar Triple Product

Scalar Triple Product
Height  A  an

A  B  C   B   C  A   C   A  B 

Ax Ay Az
A  B  C   B x By Bz
Cx Cy Cz
Area  B  C

Volume of the parallelepiped

A  (B  C )  ( A  an ) B C sin BC
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Cross Product

ax ay az
A B  Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz

Ay Az Az Ax Ax Ay
 ax  ay  az
By Bz Bz Bx Bx By

 A yBz  A zB y a x  A zB x  A xBz a y  A xB y  A yB x az
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Vector Triple Product

Given A  a x  a y  2a z , B  a y  a z , and C  2a x  3a z, find  A  B   C and
compare with A  B  C .

ax ay az ax ay az
A B  1 1 2  3a x  a y  a z  A  B  C  3 1 1  3a x  7a y  2a z
0 1 1 2 0 3

ax ay az ax ay az
BC  0 1 1  3a x  2a y  2a z A  B  C   1 1 2  2a x  4a y  a z
2 0 3 3 2 2

 A  B  C    A  B   C
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Vector Triple Product

A  (B  C)  B ( A  C)  C ( A  B)

( A  B) C  A (B  C)

( A  B) C = C ( A  B)