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Carbon

This document discusses the topic of carbon and its compounds. It begins by listing the topics to be covered, including the covalent bond, allotropes of carbon, hydrocarbons, structural isomerism, and functional groups. It then discusses carbon's versatility due to its ability to form chains and rings through catenation and its tetravalent nature. Key points covered include the structures of different allotropes of carbon like diamond and graphite, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, and the concepts of isomerism, functional groups, and homologous series.

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33 views17 pages

Carbon

This document discusses the topic of carbon and its compounds. It begins by listing the topics to be covered, including the covalent bond, allotropes of carbon, hydrocarbons, structural isomerism, and functional groups. It then discusses carbon's versatility due to its ability to form chains and rings through catenation and its tetravalent nature. Key points covered include the structures of different allotropes of carbon like diamond and graphite, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, and the concepts of isomerism, functional groups, and homologous series.

Uploaded by

kulbantsingh1507
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Topics To Be Discussed

1. Introduction
6. Hydrocarbons
2. The Covalent Bond • Saturated Hydrocarbons
• Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
3. Types of Covalent Bonds
7. Structural Isomerism
4. Allotropes of Carbon
8. Functional Groups
5. Versatile Nature of Carbon
9. Homologous Series
• Catenation
• Tetravalency
Food, clothes, medicines, books, or many of the things that
you listed are all based on this versatile element Carbon.
In addition, all living structures are carbon based. The
amount of carbon present in the earth’s crust and in the
atmosphere is quite meagre.

The earth’s crust has only 0.02% carbon in the form of


minerals ( like carbonates, hydrogencarbonates, coal and
petroleum ) and the atmosphere has 0.03% of carbon
dioxide. In spite of this small amount of carbon available in
nature, the importance of carbon seems to be immense
The Covalent Bond
Carbon always forms covalent bond.

The bond formed by mutual sharing of electron pairs between two atoms in a
molecule is known as Covalent Bond

As we all know the atomic number of carbon is 6 and its electronic configuration
is 2, 4. To attain a noble gas configuration, carbon could either gain 4 electrons
or loose its 4 electrons from its valence shell. Having said that, it is difficult for a
carbon atom to gain or lose its valence electrons. It is so because it is very
difficult to hold extra electrons as this would require a large amount of energy
to remove and add four electrons.

Thus, carbon overcomes this problem by sharing of its valence electrons with
other carbon atoms or with atoms of other elements and forms a covalent bond.
Types of Covalent Bonds

Single Covalent Bond : When a single pair of electrons are shared


between two atoms in a molecule. For example; F2, Cl2, H2 etc.

Double Covalent Bond : When two pairs of electrons are shared


between two atoms in a molecule. For example; O2, CO2 etc.

Triple Covalent Bond : When three pairs of electrons are shared


between two atoms in a molecule. For example; N2 etc.
Hydrogen Atoms

H2 molecule

H H

Single bond between two hydrogen atoms


Oxygen atoms Nitrogen atoms
X X
X X X X X
N X X N XX
O XX X
X
O
X
X X
X X X X

O2 molecule N2 molecule

O O N N

Double Bond between two Triple Bond between two


Oxygen atoms Nitrogen atoms
Allotropes of Carbon

Different forms of an element that has same chemical properties


but different physical properties are known as Allotropes.

1.) Diamond -- In this, carbon, an


atom is bonded to four other atoms of
carbon forming three-dimensional
structures.
It is the hardest substance and an
insulator. It is used for drilling rocks
and cutting. It is also used for making
jewellery.
2.) Graphite -- In this, each carbon atom
is bonded to three other carbon atoms in
the same plane giving a hexagonal array.
Graphite is smooth and slippery. Graphite
is also a very good conductor of
electricity

3.) Buckminster Fullerene -- It is an


allotrope of the carbon-containing
cluster of 60 carbon atoms joined
together to form spherical molecules. It
is dark solid at room temperature.
Versatile Nature of Carbon
1.) Catenation : The self linking property of carbon atom through covalent
bonds to form long straight, branched and rings of different sizes is called
Catenation.
This property is due to :-

• The small size of the carbon atom.


• The great strength of the
carbon-carbon bond.
2.) Tetravalent Nature : As we all know that
carbon is an atom that has 4 valence electrons.
Since carbon can neither lose nor gain its
valence electrons to attain an octet, it forms a
covalent bond via sharing its 4 valence
electrons with other atoms.
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons : Compounds made of carbon and hydrogen
For example -- Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Ethene (C2H4), Ethyne (C2H2) etc

1.) Saturated Hydrocarbons : The hydrocarbons in which the


carbon atoms are connected by only a single bond are called
saturated hydrocarbons or Alkanes. Example – Methane, Ethane.

2.) Unsaturated Hydrocarbons : The hydrocarbons in which


the carbon atoms are connected by double or triple bonds are
called unsaturated hydrocarbons or Alkenes or Alkynes.
Example – Ethene, Ethyne.
Structural Isomerism
Compounds having the same molecular formula but different structures are
known as Isomers and this phenomenon is known as Structural Isomerism..
Functional Group

An atom or group of atoms


present in a molecule which
largely determines its chemical
properties are called Functional
Group..
Homologous Series

Homologous Series : Series of organic compounds having the same


functional group and chemical properties and successive members
differ by a CH2 unit or 14 mass units are known as Homologous series.
Example – CH4 , C2H6

Characteristic of Homologous Series :-

• The successive members in homologous series differ by CH2 unit or 14 mass unit.
• Members of given homologous series have the same functional group.
• All the members of homologous series shows similar chemical properties.
Chapter Finished !!
Thanks For Watching

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