Stem Dakahlia Geology club

Grade:10

Semester:1

- Learning - skills:
outcome: - ‣A. Identifying and differentiating sedimentary
rocks.
- ‣B. Using hand specimen and microscopic scale
LO5 features to classify different types of sedimentary
rocks.
- ‣C. Using sedimentary textures to interpret
depositional environment.
- ‣D. Interpreting geological maps that describe the
- References: geology of Egypt.

Earth comm
- Concepts:
- ‣
- ‣

- Presented by: - ‣

Nourhan Abd - ‣
ElMonem
Laila Emad Al Din
Sedimentary rocks
-Sedimentary rocks made of sediment, and it cover about
three fourths of earth's land surface.
-Common sedimentary rocks include: limestone,
dolomite, mudstone, sandstone, siltstone, shale,
conglomerate, rock salt and coal.
types of sedimentary rocks:
1-Clastic: -
fragments of rocks and minerals that have been
physically transported and deposit and then converted
into rocks.
2-organ: -
Remains of plants and animals that have been converted
into rock.
3-Chemical: -
Direct precipitation of minerals from a solution.
Clastic sedimentary rocks: -
are made of fragments, called clasts. The clasts are eroded
from other rocks. Conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone,
mudstone, claystone, and shale are clastic sedimentary
rocks. Clasts are classified according to their size. The
smallest clasts are too small to see without a microscope.
They are called clay. Clasts with sizes between clay and
sand are called silt.
Claystone consists of clay-sized particles.
Siltstone consists of silt-sized particles.
Mudstone consists of a mixture of silt-sized and clay-sized
particles. When a claystone or mudstone breaks into
small, flat chips, it is often called a shale.
Sandstone is made of sand-sized particles.
Conglomerate is made of gravel-sized particles. The size of
the particles ranges from small pebbles to large boulders.
The particle sizes usually reflect the strength of the
medium that carried the sediment.
Pieces of gravel are much larger than tiny clay particles.
Therefore, faster flows of water are needed to move them
from where they originate to where they are deposited.
Chemical Sedimentary rocks:
Sometimes, water cannot hold all of the material that is
dissolved in it. When this occurs, some of the material
comes out of the solution as solids.
This process is called precipitation. It can happen when
some or all of the water evaporates. It can also happen
when the water is cooled.
Chemical sedimentary rocks consist of materials that have
precipitated from ocean water or lake water.
Limestone is the most common chemical sedimentary
rock. It consists of the mineral calcite. This is a calcium
carbonate mineral with the formula CaCO3.
Some of the calcium carbonate is precipitated directly out
of seawater. Some is precipitated by marine animals to
make them shells.
Dolomite is another common chemical sedimentary rock.
It consists of the mineral dolomite. (The mineral and the
rock have the same name.) Its chemical formula is CaMg
(CO3)2, Gypsum (Caso4. 2H2o), and halite (NaCl) are also
precipitated out of solution. They are also called rock salt.
They form when solvent evaporates. The concentration of
the solution then increases. At some point, the
concentration is enough for the rock salt to precipitate out
of solution. Areas with arid (dry) climates are where
intense evaporation is most likely to occur.
Organic sedimentary rocks:
are made of organic materials. Coal is the best example.
Coal forms when plants in swamps with a lot of
vegetation die and are buried by the remains of later
plants. The plant material becomes compacted. Over time,
the weight of overlying sediment turns the vegetation into
rock.
The first material to form is called peat.
It has not yet been buried deeply. Peat is used by humans
for fuel and for agriculture. With time and greater
compaction, peat is converted to lignite (“brown coal”).
With further compaction, bituminous coal (“soft coal”)
forms.
Approximately 35 m of original plant matter is compacted
to form 30 cm of bituminous coal. The most deeply buried
coal is called anthracite (“hard coal”).
Sedimentary Environment:
Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments that are
deposited in various places at Earth’s surface.
For example, limestone is usually deposited in a shallow
ocean.
Sandstone can also be deposited in a shallow ocean.
However, it can form in a beach, desert, or river as well.
Coal is usually formed in swamps.
A sedimentary rock can therefore tell you something
about the environment in the past.
Sedimentary Rocks and Climate:
Sedimentary rocks can tell you about past climates.
For example, sandstone that was deposited as desert sand
dunes records a time when the area was dry. Protective
vegetation would have been lacking.
Limestones suggest deposition in warm, shallow oceans.
Coal forms in tropical to subtropical climates. Ancient coal
is found in Antarctica.
This suggests that the climate has changed over time in
the Antarctic.
How Sediment Becomes Rock:
In many places, sediments are deposited for a long time.
They become buried deep below Earth’s surface. The
pressure on the sediment increases. As a result, the
particles are pressed together.
This process is called compaction. Water solutions from
deep in Earth can filter up through the pore spaces of the
sediment. Materials precipitate from these solutions. They
are deposited around the sediment particles.
The material acts like a cement. This process is called
cementation. Compaction
and cementation cause the sediment to turn into a solid
sedimentary rock. In Part A of the Investigate, your
mixture of glue and water modeled the natural
cementation process. Clastic sediments usually turn into
solid rock deep under the surface. This usually occurs
after many hundreds, or even thousands, of meters of
burial. On the other hand, chemical sediments can
become sedimentary rocks with very shallow burial. They
can form from meters to a few hundreds of meters below
the surface.
Classifying Sedimentary Rocks:
Sediments are deposited in many different environments.
As a result, there are many different types of sedimentary
rocks. Scientists have developed a classification system for
these rocks. They have grouped them by features they
find important. It helps them discuss the different types of
rocks with each other.
 Question in sedimentary rocks

1. Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed of _____ and ___

______ derived from pre-existing material.

2. What is physical weathering?

3. What is chemical weathering?

4. What are the three major agents of erosion?

5. What does the term sorting refer to?

6. The angularity of the edges and corners of grains in a sedimentary rock is referred to as

a. roughness

b. smoothness

c. rounding

d. abruptness

e. none of the above

7. In general the greater the distance sediment is transported the more __ ___ and

___ sediment becomes.

8. Grains of sand make up one component of a sandstone while grains smaller than sand make

up another. The former is called the _______ while the latter is called the

_____.

9. The pores of clastic sedimentary rocks are the _____ between grains.

10. The process of reducing pore space by depositing younger sediments on top of older

material is referred to as
a. dilation
b. reduction
c. contraction

d. compaction

e. none of the above

11- The cement in a sandstone is typically the result of the precipitation of minerals like quartz

and calcite from

a. the atmosphere

b. organisms

c. fauna

d. flora

e. solutions

12. All clastic sedimentary rocks display a ________ or _____

texture.

13. Gravels (including pebbles) are pieces of older rock material greater than

a. 2 mm

b. 4 mm

c. 64 mm

d. 256 mm

e. 0.06 mm

14. A sedimentary rock composed of rounded gravel is called a ______.

15. A sedimentary rock composed of angular gravel is called a ______.

16. The largest clast size in the range of gravel is

a. pebble

b. cobble

c. very coarse sand

e. none of the above

17. Sand is cohesionless sediment ranging in size between __ mm and __ mm.

18. Sand that is cemented with calcite is called ______.

19. In the following illustration fill in the missing labels (a) and (b)

28. A mound shaped feature composed chiefly of the calcareous remains of sedentary marine

organisms are a

a. limestone mound

b. fossil mound

c. fossil burial ground

d. reef

e. none of the above

29. A common mineral found in carbonate sedimentary rocks is

a. quartz
b. K-feldspar

c. plagioclase

d. calcite

e. gypsum

30. What would you call a carbonate rock composed of calcite and abundant pieces of clam

shells?

31. Microfossils found in chalk are

a. Radiolaria

b. porifera

c. redistils

d. coccolithophore

e. foraminifera

32. Oolite limestone is an example of an organic carbonate rock. True or false

33. A dolostone is composed mostly of the mineral _____.

34. An example of a siliceous chemical sedimentary rock is

a. quartz siltstone

b. quartz sandstone

c. quartz mudstone

d. chert

e. siliceous argillite

35. NaCl when found in rock form is referred to as ___ ____.

36. Rock that is the result of compaction of variably decayed plant matter is referred to as

____.

37. Beds are thicker than ___ cm

38. Laminations are thicker than beds. True or false

a. 1:48000

b. 1:24000

c. 1:12000

d. 1:6000

e. None of the above

40. What is a contact?

41. What is the significance of cross beds and ripples?

42. What do mud cracks signify?

43. Graded beds are the result of deposition by

a. rivers

b. blowing wind

c. moving ice

d. turbidity currents

e. none of the above

44. Sediment always carried above the river bed in the moving current is classified as the

a. solution load

b. bed load

c. suspended load

d. episodic load

e. continuous load

45. Sediment dragged, pushed, or bounced along the river bed is classified as the

a. solution load

b. bed load

c. suspended load
d. episodic load

e. continuous load

46. The current adjacent to the cut bank is moving ____ than the current along the point

bar side

47. Alluvial fans develop at the base of

a. the continental shelf

b. the continental slope

c. mountain fronts

d. fault scarp

e. none of the above

48. When rivers enter large bodies of standing water, they typically debouche their loads

forming

a. alluvial fans

b. submarine fans

c. barrier islands

d. deltas

e. none of the above

49. Strips of sand and gravel lying above sea level and paralleling the adjacent coastline but

separated from it by a narrow body of water are called

a. alluvial fans

b. submarine fans

c. barrier islands

d. deltas

e. none of the above

51. What do you call accumulations of sand that are the result of blowing wind?

52. Where are submarine fans found?

53. In the following illustration what are (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) called?

a. _______

b. _______

c. _______

d. _______

e. _______
Answers

1. minerals, rock fragments

2. The in situ mechanical breakdown of rock material by plants,

and thawing

3. The chemical alteration of weathered material brought on by

biosphere, and atmosphere

4. wind, water, and ice

5. The range in grain size of sediment in a given sample.

6. c. rounding

7. well sorted, rounded

8. framework, matrix

9. voids or empty space

10. d. compaction

11. e. solution

12. fragmental, clastic

13. a. 2

14. conglomerate

15. breccia
16. d. boulder

17. 0.06 and 2

18. calcareous sandstone or just simply sandstone

19. (a) = framework grains; (b) = matrix

20. b. quartz arenite

21. d. feldspathic wacke

22. c. lithic arenite

23. 0.004, 0.06 mm

24. e. clay stones

25. claystone

26. Fiscality refers to the characteristic of parting into even parallel

hammer.

27. Shale exhibits facility while a mudstone does not.

28. d. reef

29. calcite

30. bioclastic limestone

31. d. coccolithophore

32. false

33. dolomite

34. d. chert

35. rock salt

36. coal
37. 1

38. false

39. b. 1:24000

40. A contact is a 3D surface separating rocks of differing lithological

41. Cross beds and ripples are sedimentary structures that indicate
the general direction of wind or water currents during deposition

42. Mud cracks signify the evaporation of water and the drying out of
a sedimentary environment.

43. d. turbidity currents

44. c. suspended load

45. b. bedload

46. faster

47. c. mountain fronts

48. d. deltas

49. c. barrier islands

50. beach

51. dunes or sand dunes

52. Submarine fans are common features of continental rise

53. (a) shelf; (b) shelf-slope break; (c) slope; (d) rise; (e) abyssal plain
0