MODULE IN

PRE-CALCULUS

Engg Math 1

Department of Mathematics

SAMCIS

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 MODULE 3: SOLID MENSURATION
UNIT 1: PLANE FIGURES
Learning outcomes:
At the end of the module, you should have achieved the following topic learning
outcome:
1. Solve problems involving area of plane figures.

SOLID MENSURATION

The Great Pyramids near Cairo, Egypt is an example of a type of solids that we will discuss
in this module.

Figure 1http://world-placez.blogspot.com/2013/02/Great-Pyramid-Giza-Egypt.html

Other solid shapes are illustrated in architectural designs of buildings. Our world as three
dimensional is composed of solids and space figures which can be characterized by
contrasting measures of length, width, and depth.

Solid Mensuration (also known as Solid Geometry) is the study of three-dimensional shapes.
It is the study of the measure of volume, area, height, length, and other geometric parts.
This subject is widely used in the practice of engineering. The knowledge that is to be
acquired from this subject is necessary for any project construction such as road and
bridge construction, chemical and physical analyses, and in a large variety of commercial
and engineering projects.

In solving problems in Solid Mensuration, it is suggested that you draw an appropriate figure
showing all given dimensions. Next is to write the formulas that are necessary to be used in
solving for the unknown quantities. Identify the quantities and variables that can be
substituted in the formula.

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 Before we can proceed to the study of surface areas and volumes of solids, it is important
that we consider first Plane Geometry which is the study of geometric figures that can be
drawn on a plane, which is a two-dimensional surface.

Area of Plane Figures

A plane is an infinite two-dimensional figures. A closed or bounded portion of the plane is
called a region. When a region is measured, this is called the area of the plane region and
the unit used to measure area is called a square unit as it is a square with each side of
length one. The measure of the area of region is the number of non-overlapping square
units that can be placed adjacent to each other in the region.

The following is a list of formulas relating to plane figures.

Square
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒)2
𝐴 = 𝑎2

Rectangle
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
𝐴 = 𝑏𝑎
Right Triangle
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
1
𝐴 = 2 𝑏𝑎
Pythagorean Theorem
(𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒)2 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑠
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

Oblique Triangle
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
1
𝐴 = 2𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
Heron’s Formula:
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝐴 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) where 𝑠 =
2
Parallelogram
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
Cyclic Quadrilateral (Inscribed Quadrilateral)
Brahmagupta’s Formula:
𝐴 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) where
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
𝑠=
2

Trapezoid
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 12 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 × 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
1
𝐴 = 2(𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ

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 Regular Polygon
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠;
𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒; 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 (𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚)(𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)
1
𝐴 = 2 𝑎𝑃

Circle
𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2𝜋(𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠) = 𝜋(𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑅 = 𝜋𝐷
𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋(𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)2 = (𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)2
4
𝜋
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑅2 = 𝐷2
4

Sector of a Circle
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 × 𝑎𝑟𝑐
1 1
𝐴 = 2 𝑅𝑐 = 2 𝑅2 𝜃 (𝜃 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠)
𝜃
𝐴 = 360 𝜋𝑅2 (𝜃 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠)

Segment of Circle
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 − 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝐴 = 12𝑅𝑐 − 12𝑏𝑎

Ellipse
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏

Solved Problems
1. Given the figure below, find the area of ▱𝑀𝑁𝑃𝑄 by using base a) 𝑀𝑁, and b) 𝑃𝑁.

Solution:

a) Using 𝑀𝑁 as the base.

𝐴▱𝑀𝑁𝑃𝑄 = 𝑀𝑁ℎ1 = (8)(5) = 40 sq. units.

b) Using 𝑃𝑁 as the base.

𝐴▱𝑀𝑁𝑃𝑄 = 𝑃𝑁ℎ2 = (6)(623) = 40 sq. units.

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 2. Suppose you are asked to purchase a carpet that will cover the floor area below.
You are asked to determine the area of the floor to be covered.
Solution:

Area of the floor = area of the square + area of the rectangle

𝐴𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 52 + (4)(1)
= 25 + 4
𝐴𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 = 29 𝑦𝑑2

3. The exterior wall (the gabled end of the house shown) remains to be painted.
a) What is the area of the outside wall?
b) If each gallon of paint covers approximately 105 ft 2 , how many gallons of paint
must be purchased?
c) If each gallon of paint is on sale for ₱500, what is the total cost of the paint?

Solution:
a) Area of the outside wall = 𝐴Triangular region + 𝐴Rectangular region
1
𝐴𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (24)(5) + 24(10) = 300 ft 2
2

b) If 1 gallon of paint covers approximately 105 ft 2 and the total area of the gabled
end to be painted is 300 ft 2 then
1 gal 20
Total gallons of paint needed = (300 ft 2 ) 2 = or 267 gallons
105 ft 7
Unless we can buy paint in fraction of gallons, a total of about 3 gallons of paint
must be purchased to cover the entire exterior wall.

c) If each gallon costs ₱500, then

₱500
Total cost of paint = (3 gal) = ₱1,500
1 gal

4. A beach tent is designed so that one side is open. Find the number of square feet of
canvass needed to make the tent.

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 Solution:
Total area of the canvass = 𝐴rectangular side + 𝐴trapezoidal side + 𝐴rectangular roof
In order to solve the area of the rectangular roof, the length of 𝑏 from the blue right
triangle must be solved first.

𝑏 = √62 + 22 = √40 = 2√10 𝑓𝑡.

1
Total area of the canvass = 6(12) + 2(6 + 8)(6) + 12(2√10) = 114 + 24√10 = 189.89 ft 2

5. Find the exact area of the shaded region.

Solution:
𝐴shaded region = 𝐴circle − 𝐴rectangle
To solve the area of circle, one needs to have the radius 𝑟 of the circle.

Let 𝑟 be the hypotenuse of the right triangle formed.

8 2 6 2
𝑟 = √( ) + ( ) = √42 + 32 = 5 ft
2 2

Hence, the exact value of the area of the shaded region is

𝐴shaded region = 𝜋(52 ) − 8(6) = (25𝜋 − 48) ft 2

6. Find the area of the shaded region.

Solution:
𝐴shaded region = 𝐴triangle − 3𝐴sector
Note that the triangle is equilateral. Using Heron’s formula

10 + 10 + 10
𝑠= = 15
2

𝐴triangle = √15(15 − 10)(15 − 10)(15 − 10 = 25√3 cm2

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 1
The area of triangle can also be solve using 𝐴 = 2 𝑏ℎ where
ℎ = √102 − 52 = 5√3 cm
1
𝐴triangle = (10)(5√3) = 25√3 cm2
2
𝜋(52 )(60) 25𝜋
𝐴sector = = cm2
360 6
25𝜋 50√3−25𝜋
𝐴shaded region = 25√3 − 3 ( 6 ) = 2
≈ 4.03 cm2

HOMEWORK 12:
1. Find the area of the largest circle which can be cut from a square of edge 5 in.
What is the area of the material wasted?

2. Solve for the area in two different ways.

3. Solve for the area of the shaded region.

4. Use the square configuration to complete the algebra rule: (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = _______________

5. In a two-pulley system, the centers of the pulleys are 20 in apart. If the radius of each
pulley measures 6 in, how long is the belt used in the pulley system?

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 6. In the right triangle, find the length of the altitude drawn to the hypotenuse.

7. Three pipes, each of radius 4 in, are stacked as shown. What is the height of the
stack?

8. A windshield wiper rotates through a 120° angle as it cleans a windshield. From the
point of rotation, the wiper blade begins at a distance of 4 in. and ends at a
distance of 18 in. (The wiper blade is 14 in. in length.) Find the area cleaned by the
wiper blade.

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 UNIT 2: SOLIDS FOR WHICH VOLUME = (AREA OF THE BASE)(HEIGHT), 𝑽 = 𝑩𝒉

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the module, you should have achieved the following topic learning
outcome:
1. Solve the volume of solids under 𝑽 = 𝑩𝒉
2. Solve the lateral and total surface area of solids under 𝑽 = 𝑩𝒉.

A solid is any limited portion of space, bounded by surfaces. A section of a solid is the
plane figure cut from the solid by passing a plane through it.

Plane M cuts from a solid the section ABCDE

A polyhedron is a solid bounded by planes. The edges of a polyhedron are intersections of

the bounding planes. The faces of the solid are polygons. The vertices are the intersections
of the edges.

CUBE
A cube is a polyhedron whose 6 faces are all squares. The three dimensions of a cube are
equal to each other. Since the six faces of a cube is a square of edge 𝑎, the area of one
face is 𝑎2 .

The total area (surface area) 𝑻 of a cube is equal to the sum of the areas of its faces.

Total Area = 6 (area of one square face)

𝑻 = 𝟔𝒂𝟐

The volume of a solid is the number of times it contains a given solid which is chosen
arbitrarily as the unit of volume. It is a number that measures the amount of enclosed
space. The volume of a cube is equal to the cube of its edges.

Volume = (edge)3
𝑽 = 𝒂𝟑

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 RECTANGULAR PARALLELIPIPED
A rectangular parallelepiped is a polyhedron whose six faces are all rectangles. The
parallel edges are equal and the opposite lateral faces are equal and parallel. Any two
opposite faces may be taken as the bases. It is also called rectangular cuboid or
sometimes simply a cuboid.

 The total area (surface area) 𝑻 and volume 𝑽 of a rectangular parallelepiped are

Total Area = sum of the areas of the rectangular faces

𝑻 = 𝟐(𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒂𝒄)

Volume = (Area of the Base)(height)

𝑽 = 𝒂𝒃𝒄

PRISMS

Suppose that two congruent polygons lie in parallel planes in such a way that their
corresponding sides are parallel. If the corresponding vertices of these polygons are joined
by line segments, then the solid that results is a prism. The congruent figures that lie in the
parallel planes are the bases of the prism.

In Figure (a), the congruent triangles ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 and ∆𝐴′𝐵′𝐶′ are the bases, 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅, 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶 , ̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅, ̅̅̅̅ 𝐴′𝐵′, ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴′ 𝐶′
𝐵′ 𝐶 ′ are base edges, and, ̅̅̅̅̅
and ̅̅̅̅̅̅ 𝐴𝐴′, ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐵′, and ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐶′ are the lateral edges of the prism. Because
the lateral edges of this prism are perpendicular to its base edges, the lateral faces are
rectangles. Points 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐴′ , 𝐵′ , and 𝐶′ are the vertices of the prism.

In Figure (b), the lateral edges of the prism are not perpendicular to its base edges; in this
situation, the lateral edges are often described as oblique (slanted). For the oblique prism,
the lateral faces are parallelograms.

Both prisms have an altitude, also known as the height of the prism, which is the
perpendicular distance between the two planes that contain the two congruent bases.

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 A prism is named according to its base. For example, Figure (a) is a triangular prism,
specifically a right triangular prism and Figure (b) oblique square prism.
The following are other examples of prisms.

A regular prism is a prism whose bases are regular polygons, that is, the length of all the
sides of the bases are equal.
 The lateral area 𝑳 of a prism is the sum of the areas of all lateral faces. A right section
of a prism is a section perpendicular to the lateral edges.
 Let 𝒆 be the lateral edge and 𝑷𝒌 be the perimeter of the right section.

𝑳 = 𝒆𝑷𝒌
 Let 𝒉 be the height of the prism and 𝑷 be the perimeter of the base.
𝑳 = 𝒉𝑷
 The total area (surface area) 𝑻 of a prism is the sum of the lateral area of the prism
and the areas of the bases.
 Let 𝑳 be the lateral area of the prism and 𝑩 be the base area.
𝑻 = 𝑳 + 𝟐𝑩
 The volume V of a prism is the product of the area 𝑩 of the base and the height 𝒉 of
the prism.
Volume = (Area of the Base)(height)
𝑽 = 𝑩𝒉
Volume = (Area of the Right Section)(lateral edge)
𝑽 = 𝑲𝒆
Cylindrical Surface
A cylindrical surface is a surface generated by a moving straight line (generator)
which is always parallel to a fixed line, and will always intersects a fixed plane curve
(directrix) not in the plane with the fixed line. An element of a cylindrical surface is the
generator in any particular position. If the directrix of a cylindrical surface is a closed curve,
the surface is closed.

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 Cylinder
A cylinder is a solid bounded by a closed cylindrical surface and two parallel planes. The
bounding cylindrical surface of a cylinder is called the lateral surface, and the two
bounding parallel planes are called the bases. The bases of a cylinder are equal and the
perpendicular distance between the bases is the altitude of a cylinder. A right section of a
cylinder is a section perpendicular to all elements of the cylinder.

The lateral area 𝑳 of a cylinder is equal to the product of the perimeter 𝑷𝒌 of a right
section and an element 𝒆.
𝑳 = 𝑷𝒌 𝒆
 The volume V of a cylinder is either equal to the product of the area 𝑩 of the base
and the height 𝒉, or to the product of an element 𝒆 and area 𝑲 of a right section.
Volume = (Area of the Base)(height)
𝑽 = 𝑩𝒉
Volume = Area of the Right Section)(lateral edge)
(
𝑽 = 𝑲𝒆
Circular Cylinder
A circular cylinder is a cylinder which has a circular right section.

The solid on the left is an oblique circular cylinder, and the solid on the right is a right
circular cylinder. The altitude ℎ is called the height of the cylinder.

Right Circular Cylinder

A right circular cylinder is a circular cylinder whose elements are perpendicular to its base.
The axis of a right circular cylinder is the line joining the centers of the base. A right circular
cylinder may be generated by the revolution of a rectangle about one side as an axis, and
is called a cylinder of revolution. Any element of a right circular cylinder is equal to its
altitude.

Solved Problems
1. Find the largest volume and total area of the largest cube of wood that can be cut
from a log of circular cross section whose radius is 12.7 in.

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 Solution:
Let 𝑎 denotes the edge of the cube.

Consider the isosceles right triangle formed by the two radii.

127√2
𝑎 = √12.72 + 12.72 = 10
≈ 17.96 in
2
127√2
𝑇 = 6( ) = 1935.48 in2
10
3
127√2
𝑉=( ) = 5793.70 in3
10
2. Two aquariums are connected by a small square prism. Find the volume of the
double aquarium.

Solution:
Volume of each of the larger aquariums = (4)(3)(3) = 36 ft 3
Volume of connecting prism = (1)(1)(2) = 2 ft 3
VolumeAquarium = 2(36) + 2 = 74 ft 3
3. Find the lateral area 𝐿 and the surface area 𝑇 of the regular hexagonal prism given
below.

Solution:
For the lateral area of the right hexagonal prism,
𝐿 = ℎ𝑃 = 10(6)(4) = 240 in2 .

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 For the surface area of the right hexagonal prism, we need the area of the base. As
the base is a regular hexagon, then to find for the length of the apothem (a line
segment from the center of a regular polygon to the midpoint of a side) we
consider the equilateral triangle of the hexagon with corresponding parts shown
below.

The area 𝐵 of the hexagonal base is

1
𝐵 = 6 [ (2√3)(4)] = 24√3 in2 ≈ 41.57 in2.
2

The surface area or the total area 𝑇 of the right hexagonal prism is
𝑇 = 𝐿 + 2𝐵 = (240 + 48√3) in2 ≈ 323.14 in2

4. A storage shed is in the shape of a trapezoidal prism. Each trapezoid represents one
of its bases. With dimensions as shown, what is the storage capacity (volume) of its
interior?

1
Solution: 𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ = [2 (6 + 8)(8)] (8) = 448 ft 3

5. A trough is formed by nailing together, edge to edge, two boards 11 ft in length, so

that the right section is a right triangle. If 15 gallons of water are poured into the
trough and if the trough is held level so that a right section of the water is an
isosceles right triangle, how deep is the water? (231 cu.in. = 1 gal.)

Solution:
Convert the given volume of water in gallons to its volume in cubic inches,
231 in3
Volumewater = 15 gal ( ) = 3465 in3
1 gal

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 Using the isosceles right triangle base of the trough, let ℎ be the depth of the water,
in inches:
The area 𝐵 of the base is
1
𝐵 = 2 (2ℎ)(ℎ) = ℎ2 .

Since the volume

12 in
𝑉 = 𝐵(11 ft) ( 1 ft ) = 132ℎ2 in3,
the Volumewater = 𝑉. Thus, we obtain
3465 = 132ℎ2
3465 √105
Then ℎ = √ 132 = 2
≈ 5.12 in

6. Find the area of the shaded portion, which is the area of the triangle ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, if the
right prism’s base is a regular polygon with 𝐵𝐶 = 4 ft and 𝐴𝐷 = 8 ft.
Solution:

As the base is a regular pentagon, then 𝐷𝐹 = 𝐹𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 = 4 ft.

Then for ∆𝐶𝐹𝐷
𝐷𝐶 = √𝐶𝐹 2 + 𝐷𝐹 2 − 2(𝐶𝐹 )(𝐷𝐹 ) cos 108° = √42 + 42 − 2(4)(4) cos 108° ≈ 6.47 ft

Using the right triangle ∆𝐴𝐶𝐷

𝐴𝐶 = √𝐴𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐶 2 = 10.29 ft
Now, consider triangle ∆𝐴𝐵𝐸, and since 𝐴𝐸 = 𝐷𝐶, 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐸𝐵,
𝐴𝐵 = √𝐸𝐵2 + 𝐴𝐸 2 = √𝐴𝐷2 + 𝐷𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐶 = 10.29 ft.
(Note that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 must be true without even solving, because of SAS triangle
congruence.)

10.29+10.29+4
Finally, by Heron’s Formula, with 𝑠 = 2
= 12.29 ft
Area of the shaded region = √12.29(12.29 − 4)(12.29 − 10.29)(12.29 − 10.29)
Area of the shaded region ≈ 20.19 ft 2

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 7. A smokestack of a ship is 25 ft long with a rake aft (angle of the stack’s inclination
from the vertical) so that its top rises 24 ft above the deck. The cross section of the
1
flue is a circle with diameter of 3 𝑓𝑡. Completely encircling the flue is a protective
2
stack. The distance between the two stacks is 6 in. Find the space enclosed
between the two stacks and also the outside painting surface of the protective
stack. Neglect the thickness of the metal.
Solution:
Volume of the space between the two stacks, 𝑉 = 𝑉outer − 𝑉inner

𝑉 = (𝐴outer − 𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 )(25)

𝜋
𝑉 = [(3.5 + 2(0.5))2 − 3.52 ](25) = 157.08 𝑓𝑡 3
4

Outside Painting Surface = 𝐿 = 𝑃𝑘 𝑒

= 𝜋(4.5)(25)
225𝜋
= or 353.43 ft 2
2

HOMEWORK 13:
1. For the box shown below, determine the value of 𝑥 if the total area is 94 cm3 .

2. A storage shed is in the shape of a pentagonal prism. The front represents one of its
two pentagonal bases. What is the storage capacity (volume) of its interior?

3. A solid concrete porch consists of 3 steps and a landing. The steps have a tread of
11 in, a rise of 7 in, and a length of 7 ft; the landing is 6 ft by 7 ft. How much material
was used in its construction?

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 4. The figure represents a rectangular parallelepiped; 𝐴𝐷 = 20 in, 𝐴𝐵 = 10 in, 𝐴𝐸 = 15 in.
(a) Find the number of degrees in the angles ∠𝐴𝐹𝐵, ∠𝐵𝐹𝑂, ∠𝐴𝐹𝑂, ∠𝐵𝑂𝐹, 𝐴𝑂𝐹, and
∠𝑂𝐹𝐶.
(b) Find the area of each of the triangles ∆𝐴𝐵𝑂, ∆𝐵𝑂𝐹, and ∆𝐴𝑂𝐹.
(c) Find the perpendicular distance from 𝐵 to the plane 𝐴𝑂𝐹.

5. Find the volume of water in a swimming pool with vertical ends and sides. The length
measured at the water line is 50 ft and the breadth is 20 ft. The bottom of the
swimming pool is a plane sloping gradually downward so that the depth of the
water at one end is 4 ft and at the other end is 8 ft.

6. The dimensions of a rectangular solid are in the ratio 1 ∶ 3 ∶ 12 and its volume is
562.5 cm2 . Find the volume of a cube whose surface area is equal to the surface
area of the rectangular solid.

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 𝟏 𝟏
UNIT 3: SOLIDS FOR WHICH VOLUME = (AREA OF THE BASE)(HEIGHT), 𝑽 = 𝑩𝒉
𝟑 𝟑
Learning outcomes:
At the end of the module, you should have achieved the following topic learning
outcome:
𝟏
1. Solve the volume of solids under 𝑽 = 𝟑 𝑩𝒉.
𝟏
2. Solve the lateral and total surface area of solids under 𝑽 = 𝟑 𝑩𝒉.
𝟏
Solids for which 𝑽 = 𝟑 𝑩𝒉
1
This section is for solids whose volumes are found by means of the formula 𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ.
3
Pyramid
A pyramid is a polyhedron of which one face, called the base, is a polygon of any
number of sides and the other faces are triangles which have a common vertex. The
triangular faces are called the lateral faces. The altitude of a pyramid is the length of the
perpendicular dropped from the vertex to the plane of the base.

The lateral area 𝑳 of a pyramid is equal to the sum of the areas of the lateral faces

(triangular faces) of the pyramid.
𝑳 = 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐬
 The volume V of a pyramid is equal to one-third the product of the area 𝑩 of the
base and the altitude 𝒉.
1
Volume = (Area of the Base)(height)
3
𝟏
𝑽 = 𝑩𝒉
𝟑
Regular Pyramid
A regular pyramid is a pyramid whose base is a regular polygon whose center
coincides with the foot of the perpendicular dropped from the vertex to the base.

The lateral edges of a regular pyramid are equal. The lateral faces are congruent isosceles
triangles. The slant height of a regular pyramid is the altitude of a lateral face.
 The lateral area 𝑳 of a regular pyramid is equal to one-half the product of the
perimeter 𝑷 of the base and the slant height 𝓵.
1
𝐿 = (Perimeter of the Base)(slant height)
2
𝟏
𝑳 = 𝑷𝓵
𝟐

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  The volume V of a regular pyramid is equal to one-third the product of the area 𝑩 of
the base and the altitude 𝒉.
1
Volume = (Area of the Base)(height)
3
𝟏
𝑽 = 𝟑 𝑩𝒉

Solved Problems
1. A pyramidal book end made of composition material has a base in the shape of an
irregular polygon whose measurements are shown in the sketch. The faces are
triangles whose vertices are coincident. The common vertex is in the plane of the
face against which the books rest. This latter face is at right angles to the base and
1
has an altitude of 7 in and a base of 4 2 in. Find the amount of material in 1000 pairs
of such book ends.
Solution:

Area of the Base, 𝐵 = 2𝐴Triangle + 2𝐴Trapezoid

1 1
𝐵 = 2 [ (1.125)(1.6875)] + 2 [ (2.25 + 1.6875)(1.125)]
2 2
405
𝐵=
64
𝐵 ≈ 6.3281 in2
1
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
3
1 405
𝑉= ( ) (7)
3 64
945
𝑉=
64
𝑉 ≈ 14.77 in3

For 1000 pairs of book ends:

945
𝑉𝑇 = ( ) (2)(1000) = 29,531.25 in3
64

2. A pyramid 𝑉-𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is cut from a cube of edge 12 in as shown in the figure below. The
vertex 𝑉 is the midpoint of an upper edge of the cube. Compute the lateral surface
of the pyramid.
Solution:
𝐿 = Area ∆𝐴𝐵𝑉 + 2Area ∆𝐵𝐶𝑉 + Area ∆𝐶𝐷𝑉
1 1 1
𝐿 = (𝐴𝐵)(12) + 2 [ (𝐵𝐶)(𝑉𝐵)] + (𝐶𝐷)(𝑉𝑀)
2 2 2
where 𝑀 is the midpoint of edge 𝐷𝐶.

𝑉𝐵 = √122 + 62 = 6√5 in
𝑉𝑀 = √122 + 122 = 12√2 in

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 1 1 1
𝐿 = (12)(12) + 2 [ (12)(6√5)] + (12)(12√2)
2 2 2
𝐿 = 72 + 72√5 + 72√2
𝐿 ≈ 334.82 in2

3. Find the volume of the regular square pyramid.

Solution:
1
𝑉 = 𝐵ℎ
3
To solve for the volume, we find first the height ℎ using the blue triangle. The base of
the blue triangle can be solved from the square base below.

2
ℎ = √62 − (2√2) = √28 = 2√7 ft

Now, we have

1 32√7
𝑉 = (42 )(2√7) = or 28.22 ft 3
3 3

Practice Exercise
1. If a plane is passed through the vertices 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 of the cube shown in the figure
below, show that the volume of the pyramid cut off is one-sixth that of the cube.

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 2. The roof of a water tower is composed of 6 equal isosceles triangles whose vertices
meet in the center of the roof. If the inclined edges measure 17 ft and the height of
the roof is 8 ft, find the number of square feet of tar paper necessary to cover the
roof.
3. A popcorn container at a movie theatre has a shape of a frustum of a pyramid.
With dimensions as indicated in the figure below, find the volume or capacity of the
container.

4. In the given square figure below, the sides 𝐴𝐷 and 𝐴𝐵 have points 𝐸 and 𝐹 as their
midpoints, respectively. The square is then folded such that the vertices 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐷
joined together become a new vertex of the pyramid with triangular base ∆𝐸𝐹𝐶. If
the square has a side length of 6 cm, what is the volume of the pyramid?

Similar Figures

Similar polyhedrons are polyhedrons that have the same number of faces,
respectively similar and similarly placed, and have their corresponding polyhedral angles
equal. Corresponding lines of similar figures are proportional.

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 Similar figures have the same shape (but not necessarily of the same size).
 The areas of similar plane figures or similar surfaces (𝑠, 𝑆) have the same ratio as the
squares of the corresponding lines. (𝑥, 𝑋).
𝒔 𝒙𝟐
=
𝑺 𝑿𝟐
 The volumes of similar solids (𝑣, 𝑉) have the same ratio as the cubes of the
corresponding lines. (𝑥, 𝑋).
𝒗 𝒙𝟑
=
𝑽 𝑿𝟑
 In similar figures of any kind, pairs of corresponding line segments such as 𝑥, 𝑋, and
𝑦, 𝑌 have the same ratio.
𝒙 𝒚
=
𝑿 𝒀

Solved Problem
1. A cube of ice is 6 ft by 6 ft by 6 ft. The ice melts until it becomes a cube which is one-
third as heavy as the original. Find the dimension of the new cube.
Solution:
Using the relationship,
𝑣 𝑥3
=
𝑉 𝑋3
where 𝑣 denotes the volume of the melted ice, 𝑥 denotes the dimension of the new
cube, 𝑉 denotes the volume of the original cube of ice, and 𝑋 denotes the
dimension of the original cube, it follows that
1 𝑥3
=
3 63
3 63
Then 𝑥 = √ 3 = 2√9 ≈ 4.16 ft.
3

2. Find the volume of the shaded region.

Solution:
𝑉Shaded Region = 𝑉Bigger Pyramid − 𝑉Smaller Pyramid
Since the ratio of the height of the smaller pyramid to the original (larger pyramid) is
1:2, the base 𝑏 of the larger pyramid can be obtain from
10 1
=
𝑏 2
which gives 𝑏 = 20 cm and
1
𝑉Shaded Region = [(202 )(30) − (102 )(15)] = 3500 cm3
3

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 Conical Surface
A conical surface is a surface generated by a moving straight line (generator) which
always intersects a fixed plane curve (directrix) and which always passes through a fixed
point (vertex) not in the plane of the curve.

Cone
A cone is the solid bounded by a conical surface (lateral surface) whose directrix is a
closed curve, and a plane (base) which cuts all the elements.

The altitude of a cone is the perpendicular distance from the vertex to the plane of the
base. Every section of a cone made by a plane passing through its vertex and containing
two points of the base is a triangle. The axis of a cone is the straight line joining the vertex
with the center of the base. A circular cone is a cone whose right section is a circle.

 The volume V of a cone is equal to one-third the product of the area 𝑩 of the base
and the height 𝒉.
1
Volume = (Area of the Base)(height)
3
𝟏
𝑽 = 𝑩𝒉
𝟑

 The lateral area 𝑳 of a right circular cone is one-half the product of slant height 𝓵
and circumference 𝑪 of the base
𝟏
𝑳 = 𝓵𝑪
𝟐
𝟏
𝑳 = 𝓵(𝟐𝝅𝒓) = 𝝅𝒓𝓵
𝟐
where 𝒓 is the length of the radius of the base.

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 Solved Problems
1. A solid is formed by cutting a conical section away from a right circular cylinder. If
the radius measures 6 in. and the altitude measures 8 in., what is the volume of the
resulting solid?

Solution:
𝑉 = 𝑉Cylinder − 𝑉Cone
1
= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ − 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
2 2
= 𝜋𝑟 ℎ
3
2
= 𝜋(62 )(8)
3
= 192𝜋
≈ 603.19 in3
2. The vertex of the cone shown in the figure is at the midpoint of an upper edge of
the cube; the base of the cone is a circle inscribed in the lower base of the cube. If
the edge of the cube is 12 in., find the volume of the cone.

Solution:
1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3
1
𝑉 = 𝜋(62 )(12) = 144𝜋 ≈ 452. 39 in3
3

3. How many square yards of canvas will be required to make a conical tent 15 ft high
and 18 ft in diameter, if 10 per cent of the material is wasted?

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 Solution:
1
𝐿 = 𝐶ℓ = 𝜋𝑟ℓ
2

ℓ = √ℎ 2 + 𝑟 2 = √152 + 92 = 3√34 ft
𝐿 = 𝜋𝑟ℓ = 𝜋 (9)( 3√34) = 27√34𝜋 ≈ 494.60 ft 2

Allowing for 10% waste, then

Required Canvas, in sq yd
1 yd 2 1 yd2 33√34
= (𝐿 + 0.10𝐿) ( ) = 1.10(27√34𝜋 ft 2 ) ( 2
)= 𝜋 ≈ 60.45 yd2
3 ft 9 ft 10

4. When radii ̅̅̅̅

𝑂𝐴 and ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐵 are placed so that they coincide, a 240° sector of a circle is
sealed to form a right circular cone. If the radius of the circle is 6.4 cm, what is the
approximate lateral area of the cone that is formed?

Solution:

Let 𝑐 be the length of 𝑎𝑟𝑐(𝐴𝐵), then

𝜋 128𝜋
𝑐 = (240° ) (6.4) = ≈ 26.81 cm
180° 15
And 𝑐 = 𝐶 where 𝐶 is the circumference of circular base of the cone.
1
As the lateral area is 𝐿 = 2 𝐶ℓ,
1 128𝜋 2048𝜋
𝐿= ( ) (6.4) = ≈ 85.79 cm2
2 15 75

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 UNIT 4: THE SPHERE

Learning outcomes:
At the end of the module, you should have achieved the following topic learning
outcome:
1. Solve for volume of the sphere.
2. Solve for the surface area of the sphere.

Sphere
A sphere is a solid bounded by a closed surface every point of which is equidistant
from a fixed point called the center. A sphere is the surface determined when a circle (or
semicircle) is rotated about any of its diameter. Every plane section of a sphere is a circle. If
the plane contains a diameter of the sphere, the section is a great circle; otherwise, the
section is a small circle. The axis of a sphere is the diameter of the sphere perpendicular to
the plane of a great circle. The poles of a sphere are the ends of its axis.

 The surface area 𝑺 of a sphere is equal to the area of the four of its great circles
Surface Area, 𝑆 = Area of 4 Great Circles
𝑺 = 𝟒𝝅𝑹𝟐

 The volume V of a sphere is equal to four-thirds the product of 𝜋 and the cube of its
radius 𝑹.
4
Volume = 𝜋(radius)3
3
𝟒
𝑽 = 𝝅𝑹𝟑
𝟑

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 Solved Problems
1. A right circular cone is inscribed in a sphere. If the slant height of the cone has a length
equal to that of its diameter, find the length of the
a) Radius of the base of the cone.
b) Altitude of the cone.

Solution:
a) Let 𝑟 be the radius of the base of the cone. As the slant height has a length equal to
the diameter of the base of the cone then ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is an equilateral triangle.

Now, for the smaller right triangle,

it follows that the radius of the base of the cone is 𝑟 = 6 cos 30° = 3√3 in.

b) For the altitude ℎ of the cone, it follows that ℎ = 6 + 𝑥 where 𝑥 is the side of the
smaller right triangle.

𝑥 = 6 sin 30° = 3 in.

Finally, the altitude of the cone is ℎ = 6 + 3 = 9 in.

2. Find the percentage increase in its diameter when the surface area increases by
21%.
Solution:
Let 𝑟 be the radius of the original sphere so that its surface area is 𝑆 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 .
Suppose that the surface area increases by 21%.
(1.21)4𝜋𝑟 2 = 4𝜋(1.1𝑟)2
This means that the new diameter is 𝑑 = 2(1.1𝑟) = 1.1(2𝑟), and there has been an
increase of 10%.

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 HOMEWORK 14:
1. A sphere is inscribed in a right circular cone whose slant height has a length equal to
the diameter of its base. What is the volume of the sphere if the slant height and the
diameter of the cone both measure 12 cm?

2. An observatory has the shape of a right circular cylinder surmounted by a

hemisphere. If the radius of the cylinder is 14 ft and its altitude measures 30 ft, what is
the surface area of the observatory? If 1 gal of paint covers 300 ft 2, how many
gallons are needed to paint the surface if it requires two coats?

3. A leather soccer ball has an inside diameter of 8.5 in and a thickness of 0.1 in. Find
the volume of leather needed for its construction.
4. An igloo or Eskimo hut is built in the form of a hemispherical shell with an inside
diameter of 12 ft. If the igloo is constructed of snow blocks having a uniform
thickness of 2 ft and weighing 40 lb per cu. ft, find the weight of the igloo, neglecting
the entrance. Also, if fresh air contains 0.04 percent carbon dioxide, find the amount
of this gas in the igloo when freshly ventilated.

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