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MED439 FILE 2
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INTRODUCTION TO
MEDICAL
INFORMATICS
Medical Color index:
informatics
439
Main Text | Female Slides | Male Slides | Extra
| Important | Dr’s Notes | Golden notes |
Textbook

*THE Introduction to medical informatics.pdf

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 Medical Informatics

Informatics

● The science concerned with gathering, manipulating, storing, retrieving and classifying recorded information.
438 notes
Medical Informatics -Data: raw material, not
processed and it is not only
number; it can be graphs.
Data alone does not provide
any meaning unless the
● “The field that concerns itself with the cognitive, information processing, and communication person has a reference and a
tasks of medical practice, education, and research, including the information science and the knowledge about this data.
technology to support these tasks”. Greenes & Shortliffe 1990 -Information: analysis. You
- What is meant by processing is gathering, manipulating, storing, retrieving. start to refer the data to
another value to have a
meaning that can be
● “Medical informatics is a rapidly developing scientific field that deals with the storage, understood and later be
retrieval, and optimal use of biomedical information, data, and knowledge for compared to other
information to get the
problem solving and decision making.” knowledge. Examples: are
Blois, M.S., and E.H. Shortliffe. in Medical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care, 1990, p. 20 mean and standard
deviation.

- The difference between information and data: -Knowledge: interpretation,

A patient’s blood sugar is 140 --> data. you are trying to get a
message from the
A patient’s blood sugar is 140 and you know that the normal range of blood sugar information you have; you
is less than 125 = patient has hyperglycemia --> Information. refer to other information
and compare.

● “Medical informatics is a developing body of knowledge and a set of techniques concerning -In a research, data is what
you collect, your target
the organizational management of information in support of medical research, education, population. Information is
and patient care.... the result of the analysis of
data. Knowledge is the
discussion, conclusion and
● Medical informatics combines medical science with several technologies and disciplines in the recommendations.
information and computer sciences and provides methodologies by which these can contribute
to better use of the medical knowledge base and ultimately to better medical care. “ definition by Asso. of American Medical
Colleges

● "Medical informatics comprises the theoretical and practical aspects of information processing and communication,
based on knowledge and experience derived from processes in medical and Healthcare." Van Bemmel, J.H. "The structure of
medical informatics" Medical Informatics, 9(1984), p. 175

● "Medical informatics is the application of computers, communications and information technology and systems to all
fields of medicine - medical care, medical education and medical research.“
definition by MF Collen (MEDINFO '80, Tokyo, later extended).

● "Medical Informatics is the interdisciplinary study of the design, development, adoption and application of IT-based
innovations in healthcare services delivery, management and planning.“
HIMSS Feb. 2019

● Medical informatics attempts to provide the theoretical and scientific basis for the application of computer and
automated information systems to biomedicine and health affairs . . . medical informatics studies biomedical
information, data, and knowledge their storage, retrieval, and optimal use for problem solving and decision
making .” Lindberg, D.A.B. NLM Long Range Plan. Report of the Board of Regents, 1987, p. 31.

Health information technology (HIT) are single-entry points into a clinical world in which computational tools
assist not only with patient-care matters (reporting results of tests, allowing direct entry of orders or patient
information by clinicians, facilitating access to transcribed reports, and in some cases supporting telemedicine
applications or decision-support functions) but also administrative and financial topics , research ,scholarly
information, even office automation .
 Medical Informatics

Origin of term: “Medical Informatics”

Russian French English

informatika 1968 by AI Mikhailov, “informatique de médecine” in 1968 first appeared in 1970s Columbia
"Oznovy Informatika" ("Foundation of university departments established University changed its name from
Informatics") structure and properties of with this title. Medical Information Science to
scientific information. medical informatics.

History of Medical Informatics1

● Early names of medical informatics included medical computing, medical computer science, computer medicine,
medical electronic data processing, medical automatic data processing, medical information processing, medical
information science, medical software engineering and medical computer technology.
-(438) Dates are not important they’re just to get the concept.

● Medical informatics began in the 1950s with the growth of devices, and computer applications in
medicine.
● The earliest use of computation for medicine was in dental projects in the 1950’s at the National
1950
Bureau of Standards by Robert Ledley.
● The next step in the mid 1950s was the development of expert systems (decision support
systems) such as MYCIN (first medical informatics system) and INTERNEST-I.

1968 ● In 1968 homer Warner, founded the department of medical informatics at the university of Utar.

● In 1970 the international medical informatics association was founded. In the same year the
19702
MUMPS language and operating system was developed and used for clinical applications.

● In the United States in 1996, HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)
concerning privacy and medical record transmission created the impetus for large numbers of
1996
physicians to move towards using EMR (Electronic Medical Record) software, primarily for the
purpose of secure medical billing.

● Nov 1999, TO ERR IS HUMAN: BUILDING A SAFER HEALTH SYSTEM, by the

NOV. 1999
institute of Medicine - (438) Analysis of previous report (to err is human) found that more than 50% of medical errors
due to mishandling with patient information.
- (438) High recommendation to implement EMR for safety of patient not for automation.

● March 2001, CROSSING THE QUALITY CHASM: A NEW HEALTH SYSTEM FOR THE
Mar. 2001
21ST CENTURY - (438) Based or retrospective studies in new york & pittsburg, that alarmed the medical community
about increased mortalities due to medical errors.

1- The first practical application of automatic computing relevant to medicine was Herman Hollerith’s development of a punched-card data-processing system.or the 1890 U.S.

2- Biomedical-computing activity broadened in scope and accelerated with the appearance of the minicomputer in the early 1970s. These machines made it possible for
individual departments or small organizational units to acquire their own dedicated computers and to develop their own application systems. MUMPS language (Greenes et al.
1970;Bowie and Barnett 1976), which was specially developed for use in medical applications. For several years, MUMPS was the most widely used language for medical record
processing.
 Why medical informatics for healthcare (advantages)

Increase healthcare organization efficiency.

Improve healthcare quality
Reducing cost and achieves quality of healthcare.
Better data access
Improve staff productivity.

Faster data retrieval and storage Reduce redundant tests, services and information entry.

High quality data Manage billing and payment system.

Support medical and non-medical decision making Eliminate and reduce errors.

Enhance quality assurance Reduce duplication of efforts.

Enhance outcome researches and studying programs

Provide unified access to all existing data.
Sharing medical data

Health Informatics

● Health Informatics is the intersection of information science, Information Technology, and health care.

● It deals with resources, devices, & methods required to optimize the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of
information in health and biomedicine.

● Health informatics tools include clinical guidelines, formal medical terminologies, information & communication
systems. It is applied to the areas of nursing, clinical care, dentistry, pharmacy, public health and (bio)medical research.

The prevention, treatment and management

of illness and the promotion of health and
well-being through the services offered by the
Health Care medical, nursing and allied health professions.

The collection, classification, Health The theoretical foundations of

manipulation, storage, retrieval and Informatics information and computation
dissemination of information; Information Computer together with their
The application and use of knowledge; Science Science implementation and application in
The interaction between people, computer systems.
organisations and information systems.
Computer science = information technology
 Biomedical Informatics

Biomedical Informatics (BMI)1

● Biomedical Informatics: is the interdisciplinary field that studies and pursues the effective uses of biomedical
data , information, and knowledge for scientific inquiry (ex: using patients’ medical records for research) ,
problem solving (ex: telemedicine to reach patients) , and decision making (ex: drug library), driven by efforts to
improve human health. E.H. Shortliffe and Marsden S. Blois 2014
- Biomedical informatics is the bigger umbrella for health informatics.

● Application areas 2: Range from bioinformatics to clinical and public health informatics and span the spectrum
from the molecular to population levels of health and biomedicine. .“ AMIA amiajnl-2012

● Scope and breadth of the discipline: BMI investigates and supports reasoning, modeling, simulation,
experimentation, and translation across the spectrum from molecules to individuals and to populations, from
biological to social systems, bridging basic and clinical research and practice and the health care enterprise.

● Theory and methodology : BMI develops, studies, and applies theories, methods, and processes for the
generation, storage, retrieval, use, management, and sharing of biomedical data, information, and knowledge.

● Technological approach: BMI builds on and contributes to computer, telecommunication, and information
sciences and technologies, emphasizing their application in biomedicine.

1-Biomedical informatics is, by its nature, an experimental science, characterized by posing questions, designing experiments,
perform- ing analyses, and using the information gained to design new experiments. One goal is simply to search for new
knowledge, called basic research. A second goal is to use this knowledge for practical ends, called applications (applied) research.
- biomedical informatics (BMI) is inherently motivated by problems encountered in a set of applied domains in biomedicine. The
first of these historically has been clinical care (including medicine, nursing, dentistry, and veterinary care), an area of activity that
demands patient-oriented informatics applications,We refer to this area as clinical informatics. It includes several sub-topics and
areas of specialized expertise,including patient-care foci such as nursing informatics, dental informatics, and even veterinary
informatics.Furthermore, medical informatics reserved for those applied research and practice topics that focus on disease and
the role of physicians. Closely tied to clinical informatics is public health informatics.Two other large areas of application overlap in
some ways with clinical informatics and public health informatics. These include imaging informatics (and the set of issues
developed around both radiology and other image management and image analysis
Finally, there is the burgeoning area of bioinformatics, which at the molecular and cellular levels is offering challenges that draw on
many of the same informatics methods as well. At the next level, workers focus on tissues and organs, which tend to be the
emphasis of imaging informatics work (also called structural informatics).

4 main subdivisions

Ex: Using AI to Ex: electronic Ex: dealing with

interpret medical record, epidemics, social media,
mammograms request a surveillance.
prescription.
 Biomedical Informatics

The Fundamental Theorem of Biomedical Informatics

-Charles friedman proposed the fundamental theorem of biomedical informatics which

states that “a person working with an information resource is better than that same person
unassisted”.
- Information resources are usually, but do not have to be, computer-based.

Bioinformatics
● The collection, organization, and analysis of large amounts of biological data, using computers and databases.
● Historically, bioinformatics concerned itself with the analysis of the sequences of genes and their products (proteins),
but the field has since expanded to the management, processing, analysis, and visualization of large quantities of data
from genomics, proteomics, drug screening, and medicinal chemistry.
● Bioinformatics also includes the integration and “mining” of the ever-expanding databases of information from these
(biological) disciplines.

- -Closely tied to clinical informatics is public health informatics .where similar methods are generalized for
application to populations of patients rather than to single individuals . clinical informatics and public health
informatics share many of the same methods and techniques.

Applications of Medical Informatics

1
Telemedicine

It is composed of the Greek word τελε (tele) meaning 'far', and medicine.
It is therefore the delivery of medicine at a distance.
-A more extensive definition is that it is the use of modern telecommunication and information technologies for the
provision of clinical care to individuals located at a distance and to the transmission of information to provide that care.
- (438) Examples of telemedicine:
1. Teleconsultation (this requires the consultant to have an access to the patient information so he/she can do the
consultation).
2. Teleradiology.

2
Telehealth

The delivery of health related services, enabled by the innovative use of technology, such as videoconferencing, which the
need of travel. -(438) Telehealth was established because of the aging age group who need a support especially those who
are lonely to provide support at home and also for home monitoring and health education.
 Applications of Medical Informatics

VS
clinical services related health services
telemedicine telehealth
(doc-patient) (everything else)

Telehealth is not a bigger umbrella than telemedicine, they’re different and not correlated to
each other.

3
E-health
Also written e-health, is a relatively recent term for healthcare practice which is supported by electronic processes and
communication, some people would argue the term is interchangeable with Health Informatics.
- Four essential components make the e-health:
1. Medical knowledge (data, information, knowledge) that lends itself to being stored in computer files (digital format).
2. People who are willing/able to share, apply and use this knowledge.
3. Data processing equipment to record, store and process this data.
4. Telecommunication facilities to transfer (exchange) this data electronically between remote locations.

-(438) E-health was used for business reasons (selling and buying medical devices and drugs). Nowadays
is used for all applications used for healthcare such as heartbeat monitors .. etc

- Telehealth vs E-health: E-health is much more than tele-health as tele is a limiting factor to the form of
technology in health. E-health could be at distance or local.
- E- health = ‫أي اﺳﺗﺧدام إﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ ﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت ﺻﺣﯾﺔ‬. Tele-health, Telemedicine e prescription ‫ ھم ﺗﺣت‬E-health.

From Telemedicine to E-health:

- The practice of telemedicine will become more prominent and will be part of the mainstream of Healthcare.
- It will become increasingly difficult to differentiate telemedicine from many other uses of technology in the
delivery of healthcare.
- E-health is all inclusive and captures the use of Internet technologies and the rise of the information economy.
This includes: information technology, telecommunication technology, Data transmission protocols and
techniques.
- E-Health is all inclusive and captures all types of Healthcare and Healthcare professionals: it is not limited to
medicine and not limited to doctors.

4
Electronic medical records
EMR is A general term describing computer-based patient record systems. It is sometimes extended to
include other functions like order entry for medications and tests, amongst other common functions.
● EMR is important for decision support.

438 notes
● if a patient had a pacemaker and you wanted to do an MRI, this system will prevent the MRI
from taking place avoided the complications.
● Another example is drug-drug interaction and allergies.
 Applications of medical informatics cont.

5
Dental informatics

● is the name given to the application of information technology to dentistry.

● It is often considered a subset of Medical Informatics and Biomedical Informatics.
● (438) Dental practice use medical informatics more than medical practice because these practitioners take
the case from A to Z alone.

6
Distance learning

● With aid of telecommunications technologies and internet, distance learning is now widely applied in may
universities, eg: Open University.
● It is now possible to earn university degrees from home, at every level from bachelor’s to doctorate.

7
Nursing informatics

● Nursing Informatics is a specialty of Health Informatics (like Medical Informatics, Consumer Health
Informatics, and Telehealth) which deals with the support of nursing by information systems in delivery,
communication, documentation, administration and evaluation of patient care and prevention of diseases.

438 notes
● Nursing depend on informatics a lot because they do a lot of documentations.
● Another example, a nurse can’t give a patient a medication until they check the patient code
with a device that has all patients information about the drugs.

8
Continuing Medical Education (CME)

Definition: The science of medicine advances at such a rapid rate that much of what is taught becomes outmoded,
and it has become obligatory for physicians to be lifelong learners, both for their own satisfaction and, increasingly,
as a formal government requirement to maintain licensure.
● Doctors who practice in rural areas or other more isolated locations may face considerable obstacles to obtain
hours for CME.
● The cost of web-based or online CME is much lower than the cost of traditional CME.
● (438) Blackboard used in our college is an example and also DXR.
 Applications of medical informatics cont.

9
Evidence based medicine

Definition: “EBM is the process of systematically reviewing, appraising and using clinical research findings to aid the
delivery of optimum clinical care to patients.”
● Entails a system that provides information on appropriate treatment under certain patient conditions.
● A healthcare professional can look up whether his/her diagnosis is in line with latest (up-to-date) scientific research.
● The advantage is that the practice can be kept up-to-date with published knowledge.
● The integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values‘ which when applied by
practitioners will ultimately lead to improved patient outcome.
● EBM falls under the education area in health informatics.

● There are three main pillars or components of EBM:

1. Best evidence (Relevant Scientific Evidence): clinical research that has been conducted using
rigorous methodology.
2. Clinical expertise ( judgment) refers to the clinician's cumulated education, experience and
clinical skills.
3. Patients preferences, values and concerns which patient brings to a clinical encounter.

● It is clear that EBM depends on the structured knowledge databases that contains the most recent and valid clinical
research output. It is the integration of best and latest evidence with clinical expertise and patient values component
could improve the clinical practice outcome and patients’ satisfactions.

438 notes
● Why EBM is part of informatics? Because all knowledge must be up to date and get these
we need a medium for that in which all can reach and also a fast one.
● What is the difference between evidence based practice and none? Latest knowledge!
● EBM is found to reduce errors. The knowledge has to be structured.

10
Hospital Information System
HIS: is a comprehensive information system dealing with all aspects of information processing in a hospital.

● This encompasses human information processing as well as data processing machines.

● As an area of Medical Informatics the aim of HIS is to achieve the best possible support of patient care and
administration by electronic data processing.
● HIS elements:
1- Patients care (clinical documentation, order entry, OR…)
2- Patients administration (registration, outpatient, inpatient, ER…)
3- Financial & admin services.
4- Materials (inventory, purchase, engineering management…)
5- Clinical support (labs, pharmacy, radiology…)
All the notes in this page are from 438’s R.

HIS
- ‫ ﻛﻠﮭم ﻣوﺟودﯾن ﻓﻲ‬HIS

Telehealth
- ‫ ﻧﻔس اﻟﻔﻛرة اذا ﻛﺎن ﻋﻧدي اﺷﯾﺎء ﻣن‬clinical area of biomedical
informatics and telecommunications and labs etc ‫اﻗدر اﺳوي‬
telehealth.

healthcare/clinical practice
Modeling = ‫اﻟﻧﻣذﺟﺔ‬.

Evidence based medicine

- ‫ اذا ﻋﻧدي‬databases etc and EMR
‫اﻗدر اﺳوي اﺳﺋﻠﺔ و اﺑﺣث ﻋﻧﮭﺎ‬

Telemedicine
- ‫ اذا ﻋﻧدي‬telecommunication and
scheduling and CPOE etc ‫اﻗدر اﺳوي‬
telemedicine.

Original diagram for doctor’s slides

Biomedical informatics relationship to Biomedical Science and Clinical Practice:

The exciting accomplishments of biomedical informatics, and the implied potential for future benefits to medicine, must be viewed in the con- text of our
society and of the existing health care of potential areas of application (Fig. 1.19). The analogy with other basic sciences is that biomedi- cal informatics
uses the results of past experience to understand, structure, and encode objective and subjective biomedical findings and thus to make them suitable for
processing. This approach supports the integration of the findings and their analyses.

Biomedical informatics Relationship to Computer Science :

early 1960s (when health- computing experts occasionally talked about and, in a few instances, developed special medical terminals) have people assumed
that biomedical applications would use hardware other than that designed for general use.

The question of whether biomedical applications would require specialized programming languages might have been answered affirmatively in the 1970s
by anyone examining the MGH Utility Multi-Programming System, known as the MUMPS language (Greenes et al. 1970;Bowie and Barnett 1976), which
was specially developed for use in medical applications. For several years, MUMPS was the most widely used language for medical record processing.

Biomedical informatics relationship to Biomedical Engineering :

Biomedical engineering departments emerged 40 years ago, when technology began to play an increasingly prominent role in medi- cal practice.16 The
emphasis in such departments has tended to be research on, and development of, instrumentation (e.g., as discussed in Chaps. 19 and 20, advanced
monitoring systems, specialized transducers for clinical or laboratory use, and image-enhancement techniques for use in radiology), with an orientation
toward the development of medical devices, pros- theses, and specialized research tools.

Applying a computer (or any formal computation) to a physical problem in a medical context is no different from doing so in a physics laboratory or for an
engineering application. The use of computers in various low-level processes (such as those of physics or chemistry) is similar and is independent of the
application In biomedicine, however, there are other higher-level processes carried out in more complex objects such as organisms (one type of which is
patients). Many of the important informational processes are of this kind. In light of these remarks, the general enterprise known as artificial intelligence
(AI) can be aptly described as the application of computer science to high-level, real-world problems.

Integrating Biomedical Informatics and Clinical Practice:

We can summarize several global forces that are affecting biomedical computing and that will determine the extent to which computers are assimilated
into clinical practice: (1) new developments in computer hardware and soft- ware; (2) a gradual increase in the number of individuals who have been
trained in both medicine or another health profession and in BMI; and (3) ongoing changes in health care financing designed to control the rate of growth
of health- related expenditures

The new hardware technologies have made powerful computers inexpensive and thus available to hospitals, to departments within hospitals, and even to
individual physicians. The broad selection of computers of all sizes, prices, and capabilities makes computer applications both attractive and accessible.
Technological advances in information storage devices,17 including the movement of files to the “cloud”, are facilitating the inexpensive storage of large
amounts of data, thus improving the feasibility of data-intensive applications, such as the all- digital radiology department

Clinical personnel will continue to be unwilling to use computer- based systems that are poorly designed, confusing, unduly time-consuming, or lacking in
clear benefit (see Chaps. 4 and 6). As they become more sophisticated in the use of computers in other aspects of their lives, their expectations of clinical
software will become only more demanding.

The second factor is the increase in the number of professionals who are being trained to understand the biomedical issues as well as the technical and
engineering ones. Computer scientists who understand biomedicine are better able to design systems responsive to actual needs and sensitive to
workflow and the clinical culture.

The third factor affecting the integration of computing technologies into health care settings is managed care and the increasing pressure to control
medical spending. The escalating tendency to apply technology to all patient-care tasks is a frequently cited phenomenon in modern medical practice

In summary, rapid advances in computer hardware and software, coupled with an increasing computer literacy of healthcare professionals and
researchers, favor the implementation of effective computer applications in clinical practice, public health, and life sciences research. Furthermore, in the
increasingly competitive health care industry, providers have a greater need for the information management capabilities supplied by computer systems.
The challenge is to demonstrate in persuasive and rigorous ways the financial and clinical advantages of these systems
 Summary
Informatics ● The science concerned with gathering, manipulating, storing, retrieving and classifying recorded information.

Medical Informatics ● The field that concerns itself with the cognitive, information processing, and communication
tasks of medical practice, education, and research, including the information science and the technology to support these tasks

● is a rapidly developing scientific field that deals with the storage, retrieval, and optimal use of biomedical information, data, and knowledge for
problem solving and decision making.

● The difference between information and data:

A patient’s blood sugar is 140 --> data.
A patient’s blood sugar is 140 and you know that the normal range of blood sugar is less than 125 = patient has hyperglycemia --> Information.

● Medical informatics comprises the theoretical and practical aspects of information processing and communication, based on knowledge and experience
derived from processes in medical and Healthcare.

● The next step in the mid 1950s was the development of expert systems (decision support systems) such as MYCIN (first medical informatics system)
and INTERNEST-I.

● Informatika = one of the origin terms of medical informatics used by russia.

● In the United States in 1996, HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) concerning privacy and medical record transmission created
the impetus for large numbers of physicians to move towards using EMR (Electronic Medical Record) software, primarily for the purpose of secure
medical billing.
● Better data access and Enhance quality assurance are advantages of the use of medical informatics in health care.

Health Informatics ● Is the intersection of information science, Information Technology, and health care.

● Computer science = information technology

● Include clinical guidelines, formal medical terminologies, information & communication systems. It is applied to the areas of nursing, clinical care,
dentistry, pharmacy, public health and (bio)medical research.

Biomedical ● Is the interdisciplinary field that studies and pursues the effective uses of biomedical data , information, and knowledge for scientific inquiry (ex: using
patients’ medical records for research) , problem solving (ex: telemedicine to reach patients) , and decision making (ex: drug library), driven by efforts to
Informatics (BMI)
improve human health.
- Biomedical informatics is the bigger umbrella for health informatics.

● Application areas: Range from bioinformatics to clinical and public health informatics and span the spectrum from the molecular to population levels of
health and biomedicine. .“

● Health informatics subfields are clinical informatics and public health informatics.
● Ex of clinical informatics is EMR.
● Public health informatics is concerned with clinical application on the population.

Bioinformatics ● The collection, organization, and analysis of large amounts of biological data, using computers and databases.

● Historically, bioinformatics concerned itself with the analysis of the sequences of genes and their products (proteins), but the field has since expanded to
the management, processing, analysis, and visualization of large quantities of data from genomics, proteomics, drug screening, and medicinal chemistry.

● Includes the integration and “mining” of the ever-expanding databases of information from these (biological) disciplines.

Telemedicine 2 Definitions:
● Delivery of medicine at a distance.

● The use of modern telecommunication and information technologies for the provision of clinical care to individuals located at a distance and to the
transmission of information to provide that care.

Telehealth The delivery of health related services, enabled by the innovative use of technology, such as videoconferencing, which the need of travel.

E-health healthcare practice which is supported by electronic processes and communication, some people would argue the term is interchangeable with Health
Informatics.

- Four essential components make the e-health:

1. Medical knowledge (data, information, knowledge).
2. People who are willing/able to share, apply and use this knowledge.
3. Data processing equipment to record, store and process this data.
4. Telecommunication facilities to transfer (exchange) this data electronically between remote locations.

Evidence based ● Is the process of systematically reviewing, appraising and using clinical research findings to aid the delivery of optimum clinical care to patients.”
● A healthcare professional can look up whether his/her diagnosis is in line with latest (up-to-date) scientific research.
medicine
● The integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values.

● It depends on the structured knowledge databases that contains the most recent and valid clinical research output.
 MCQs
1- The term Medical Informatics 3- Health Informatics is the 5- Clinical guidelines are tools of
was first used by: intersection of: which of the following:

A- Robert ledley A- Information science, A- Health informatics.

B- The book “TO ERR IS HUMAN: Information Technology, and health B- Medical informatics.
BUILDING A SAFER HEALTH care. C- Biomedical informatics
SYSTEM” B- Clinical informatics, public D- Bioinformatics.
C- Columbia University. health informatics, and
D- The book “CROSSING THE Bioinformatics.
QUALITY CHASM: A NEW HEALTH C- Information science, information
SYSTEM FOR THE 21ST CENTURY” technology.
D- Public health informatics and
bioinformatics.

2- The Fundamental Theorem of 4- Which of the following 6- Teleradiology is an example of:

Biomedical Informatics states that: statements is true:

A- Four elements that make A- Telehealth.

A- Person > computer.
E-health are: medical knowledge , B- Telemedicine.
B- Person + computer > computer.
willing people, Data processing C- Distance learning.
C- Person + computer > person.
equipment, telecommunication D- Nursing informatics.
D- Person < computer.
facilities.
B- Tele-health is more than
E-health.
C- E-health is exclusive to
physicians.
D- The practice of E-health can only
be done locally.

Answers key

1- C 2- A 3- A 4- C 5- A 6- B
 FILE 1 EXCEL Medical Informatics

INTERNET PAINT
EXPLORER
Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Lecture 3 Lecture 4 Lecture 5

Lecture 1
RECYCLE
BIN THIS
Lecture 6 Lecture 7 Lecture 8 Lecture 9
COMPUTER Leaders
Norah alsheikh Yasmine alqarni

MED439 FILE 2 Notetakers

King Saud
University Abdulrahman Alswat Mohamed alquhidan

Members
Alaa Alsulmi Sarah AlQuwayz
Ghaida Alassiry Bader Altamimi
Leena Almazyad Sarah Almuqati
Rand AlRefaei Rania almutiri
Shayma Alghanoum Aljohara Alshathri
Medical
informatics Mohammed alsayyari Bader Alrayes
439
Hassan alshurafa Rana Alshamrani
Raghad Soaeed Abdulaziz Alderaywsh
Nasser Almutawa Samar almohammedi
*THE
REFERENCE*
Reference excerpts were added by:
Rania almutiri

*EDITING
Thank you all..!<3
FILE*