Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 1

Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
I‡cb †mvm©wfwËK wjbv· Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g

gvneyeyi ingvb

wmm‡UK cvewj‡KkÝ wjwg‡UW

eyKm& GÛ KgwcDUvi Kg‡cø·, 38/3, evsjvevRvi, XvKv
†dvb t 7112406, 01714184844-5-6, 01711622565
Website : www.systechpublications.com
E-mail : [email protected]
2 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
I‡cb †mvm©wfwËK wjbv· Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g

cÖKvkK t g¨v‡bwRs wW‡i±i

wmm‡UK cvewj‡KkÝ wjwg‡UW
38/3, evsjvevRvi, XvKvÑ1100

mn‡hvwMZvq t gywbiæj nvmvb

cÖ”Q` t gywbiæj nvmvb

cÖKvkKvj t wW‡m¤^i, 2011

¯^Z¡ t cÖKvkK

g•j¨ t 300.00 UvKv (wmwWmn)

ISBN : 9789848980224

ubuntu by Mahbubur Rahman; Published by Managing Director, Systech Publications Ltd.,

Books & Computer Complex, 38/3, Banglabazar, Dhaka-1100.
© Author. e-mail : [email protected], [email protected],
web site: www.systechpublication.com
Price : Tk.300.00 (with CD)
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 3

DrmM©
evsjv‡`k I‡cb †mvm© †bUIqv‡K©i cÖavb
kª‡×q gwbi nvmvb fvB
evsjv‡`‡k Z_¨ cÖhyw³‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z
whwb ewjô f~wgKv †i‡L P‡j‡Qb|
Zvi G Kg© ZrciZvi aviv Ae¨vnZ _vKzK
G Kvgbv Kwi|

 gvneyeyi ingvb
4 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

m~wPcÎ
Aa¨vq-1 t Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi aviYv Aa¨vq-4 t Dey›Uz (11.10) †W¯‹Uc wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wK? .............................................. 1 Dey›Uz K¬¨vwmK †W¯‹Uc BÝUj Kiv .............................. 54
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g KLb mwµq nq I wK K‡i? ................ 1 fvP©yqvj †gv‡W Dey›Uz Pvjy Kiv .................................. 57
Wm (DOS-Disk Operating System) ................................. 1 w¯Œ‡bi †i‡Rvjy¨kb (Resolution) wba©viY ..................... 58
g¨vwKb‡Uvk Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ev g¨vK IGm (MAC OS) .. 2 c¨v‡bj cwiwPwZ (GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W) ................. 60
BDwb· (UNIX) .................................................... 2 Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj cwiwPwZ ......................................... 60
wjbv· (LINUX) .................................................... 2 wb‡Pi c¨v‡bj cwiwPwZ .......................................... 62
DB‡ÛvR (WINDOWS) ...........................................3 c¨v‡bj cwiwPwZ (mvaviY †gv‡W) .............................. 63
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi ¸iæZ¡ ........................................4 Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj cwiwPwZ ......................................... 63
I‡cb †mvm© Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ....................................4 ev‡gi c¨v‡bj cwiwPwZ .......................................... 66
I‡cb †mvm© Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Gi Amyweav ....................5 c¨v‡bj Kv‡÷vgvB‡Rkb (K¬¨vwmK †gvW) ..................... 73
Aa¨vq-2 t Dey›Uz wb‡q Av‡jvPbv c¨v‡b‡j A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨vi AvB‡Ug hy³ Kiv ........ 73
BwZnvm I Dbœqb cÖwµqv ..........................................7 c¨v‡bj‡K †QvU-eo Kiv, A‡UvnvBW Ges e¨vKMÖvD‡Û mwjW
ˆewkó¨mg~n ...........................................................8 Kvjvi I B‡gR hy³ Kiv ........................................ 76
ms¯‹iYmg~n .......................................................... 9 bZzb c¨v‡bj ˆZwi Kiv .......................................... 78
aibmg~n ............................................................ 10 c¨v‡bj wWwjU Kiv ............................................... 79
Dey›Uz mvf©vi GwWkb .............................................. 13 c¨v‡bj _vKv †Kv‡bv A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨vi‡K Pvjy Kiv . 80
K¬vDW KgwcDwUs .................................................. 14 A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨vi Gi jÂvi †cÖvcvwU©R †`Lv ......... 81
c¨v‡KR †kªYxwefvM I mg_©b ................................... 14 c¨v‡bj †_‡K †Kv‡bv A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨vi AvB‡Ug‡K
_vW©-cvwU© mdUIq¨vimg~‡ni cÖvc¨Zv .......................... 15 wigyf Kiv .......................................................... 82
Dey›Uz 11.10 ms¯‹i‡Yi wKQz ˆewkó¨ ........................... 15 c¨v‡b‡ji GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b †Kv‡bv
†jÝ I B›Uvi‡d‡m cwieZ©b .................................... 15 A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨vi AvB‡Ug‡K gyf Kiv ................. 82
Dey›Uz mdUIq¨vi †m›Uvi 5.0 ................................... 15 jyK A¨vÛ wdj ..................................................... 83
bZzb ARM AvwK©‡UKPvi ......................................... 16 e¨vKMÖvDÛ cwieZ©b Kiv ......................................... 83
ms‡kvwaZ wWwfwW Kb‡U›U ....................................... 16 w_g cwieZ©b Kiv ................................................. 86
bZzb A¨vc †W‡fjcvi mvBU .................................... 16 w¯Œb‡mfvi Gbvej Kiv .......................................... 88
bZzb †jvKvjvBRW AvBGmI Uzj .............................. 16 jMBb w¯Œ‡b e¨enviKvixi Qwe cwieZ©b Kiv ................ 92
Avc‡W‡UW A¨vwcø‡Kkbmg~n .................................... 16 cvmIqvW© cwieZ©b Kiv .......................................... 94
Aa¨vq-3 t Dey›Uz BÝUj Kiv †W¯‹U‡c wewfbœ ai‡bi kU©KvU AvBKb wb‡q Avmv ......... 95
†W¯‹U‡c _vKv AvBKb/AvB‡Ug¸‡jv myweb¨¯Í ivLv ......... 96
Dey›Uz BÝU‡ji Rb¨ wm‡÷g wiKqvi‡g›Umg~n ............... 17 Uª¨vk (Trash) Gi e¨envi ....................................... 97
wmwW/wWwfwW-ig †_‡K eyU Kivi Rb¨ ev‡qvm †mU Kiv .... 18 Uª¨vk †dvìvi I‡cb Kiv ......................................... 97
Award Bios Gi †ÿ‡Î .......................................... 19
A‡Uv jMBb Kiv .................................................. 98
Dell Systems Gi †ÿ‡Î ........................................ 20
jM AvDU (Log Out) nIqv ................................... 100
Dey›Uz BÝUj Kiv .................................................. 20 Guest Session G hvIqv I †diZ Avmv (mvaviY wfD‡Z) .. 101
†hfv‡e cv‡eb Dey›Uz .............................................. 21 KgwcDUvi‡K nvBevi‡bU (Hibernate) Kiv ................ 102
wjbv‡· WªvBf †hfv‡e wPwýZ nq .............................. 22 KgwcDUvi Shut Down A_ev Restart Kiv ............... 103
Dey›Uz‡K †hfv‡e BÝUj Kiv I Pvjv‡bv hvq .................. 23
¯^vfvweKfv‡e Dey›Uz BÝUj Kiv ................................ 23 Aa¨vq-5 t dvBj I †dvìvi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
fvPz©qvj cwi‡e‡k Dey›Uz BÝUj Kiv ............................ 28 †dvìvi I WKz‡g›U dvBj ˆZwi Kiv ........................ 105
fvP©yqvj e· A¨vwcø‡Kkb BÝUj Kiv .......................... 28 †dvìvi ˆZwi Kiv ............................................... 105
fvPz©qvj e· A¨vwcø‡Kk‡b bZzb fvPz©qvj †gwkb ˆZwi Kiv .30 WKz‡g›U dvBj ˆZwi Kiv ...................................... 106
fvPz©qvj †gwk‡b Dey›Uz BÝUj Kiv .............................. 36 dvBj ev †dvìvi jywK‡q ivLv (wn‡Wb Kiv) ............... 108
fvPz©qvj †gwk‡b USB wWfvBm mbv³KiY e¨e¯’v Kiv .....47 dvBj I †dvìvi GbwµÞ Kiv ............................... 109
Wubi Gi gva¨‡g Dey›Uz BÝUj Kiv ........................... 49 Truecrypt BÝUj Kiv ......................................... 109
Wubi.exe dvBj WvDb‡jvW Kiv ............................... 49 Gbwµ‡ÞW I cvmIqvW© cÖ‡U‡±W †dvìvi ˆZwi Kiv ..... 110
Dey›Uz BÝUj Kiv ..................................................50 dvBj mvP© Kiv ................................................... 118
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 5
K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W ..................................................... 118 Uª¨vK Bbdi‡gkb m¤úv`bv I †cÖvcvwU©R †`Lv ............. 170
K¬¨vwmK I mvaviY †gv‡W........................................ 119 mvDÛ wcÖdv‡iÝ wba©viY ........................................ 171
Recent WKz‡g›U I‡cb I wK¬qvi Kiv (K¬¨vwmK wfD‡Z) .. 120 Banshee wgwWqv †cøqvi Gi gva¨‡g AbjvBb wgwWqv
wi‡m›U Wgy‡K›U I‡cb Kiv ..................................... 120 A¨vK‡mm Kiv ................................................... 172
wi‡m›U Wgy‡K›U wK¬qvi Kiv ..................................... 121 Dey›Uz‡Z wfwWI †`Lv ........................................... 175
Aa¨vq-6 t Dey›Uz‡Z B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM ¯’vcb SMPlayer wgwWqv †cøqvi w`‡q wfwWI †`Lv ............... 175
Av‡M hv KiYxq .................................................. 122 mvaviY c×wZ‡Z wfwWwW I‡cb Kiv ........................ 176
Dey›Uz‡Z eªWe¨vÛ jvBb e¨envi Kiv ......................... 123 wfbœ c×wZ‡Z wfwWwW I‡cb Kiv ............................ 177
Iq¨vi‡jm Kv‡bKkb †mUAvc ................................ 124 wfwWIÕi Rb¨ wcÖdv‡iÝmg~n wba©viY Kiv ................... 178
†gvevBj eªWe¨vÛ Kv‡bKkb †mUAvc ....................... 126 PiTiVi wfwWI GwWU‡ii gva¨‡g wfwWI GwWU Kiv ...... 179
Aa¨vq-7 t Dey›Uz‡Z mdUIq¨vi BÝUj I wfwWI GwWU Kiv .............................................. 179
Dey›Uz †Z wW¯‹ ivBU Kiv ...................................... 183
AvbBÝUj Kiv Dey›Uz †Z mvDÛ †iKW© Kiv .................................... 184
Dey›Uz‡Z mdUIq¨vi BÝU‡ji wewfbœ c×wZ ................. 129 Aa¨vq-9 t †gvwhjv dvqvid· (Mozilla Firefox)
Dey›Uz mdUIq¨vi †m›Uvi (Ubuntu Software Center) Gi
gva¨‡g mdUIq¨vi BÝUj I AvbBÝUj Kiv ............... 130 I‡qe eªvDRvi e¨envi Kiv
†We (.deb) c¨v‡KR Gw·wKDU K‡i mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv 138 dvqvid· Pvjy Kiv ............................................. 187
KgvÛ jvBb w`‡q mdUIq¨vi BÝUj I AvbBÝUj Kiv . 142 dvqvid‡· I‡qe mvBU I‡cb Kiv .......................... 188
mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv ......................................... 142 GKB DB‡Ûv‡Z GKvwaK U¨v‡e I‡qe mvBU I‡cb Kiv . 188
mdUIq¨vi AvbBÝUj Kiv .................................... 144 wbe©vwPZ U¨ve eÜ Kiv .......................................... 189
mvBb¨vcwUK c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi (Synaptic Package bZzb DB‡Ûv †Lvjv .............................................. 189
Manager) e¨envi K‡i mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv ........... 145 DB‡Ûv eÜ Kiv .................................................. 189
Getdeb.net †_‡K mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv ................... 150 dvqvid‡· dvBj I‡cb Kiv ................................. 189
.rmp G·‡Ubkb hy³ dvBj use K‡i mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv .153 I‡qe †cBR †mf Kiv ......................................... 189
.bin G·‡Ubkb hy³ dvBj use K‡i mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv ..154 KgwcøU †cBR wn‡m‡e I‡qe †cBR †mf Kiv ............. 190
†mvm©‡KvW †_‡K mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv ..................... 154 eZ©gvb I‡qe †cBR wi‡jvW Kiv ............................ 190
KbwdMvi dvBj _vK‡j BÝU‡ji c×wZ .................... 155 †cBR †jvW nIqv eÜ Kiv ................................... 190
A¨vwWkbvj wmwW †_‡K mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv ............. 156 †Kv‡bv †cBR‡K †nvg †cBR evbv‡bv ....................... 191
Dey›Uz wjbv‡· nvW©Iq¨vi wW‡UKkb ........................... 157 Ab¨ †cB‡R _vKvi mgq †nvg †cB‡R hvIqv .............. 191
†cÖvcÖvBUwi (bb-wd«) MÖvwd· KvW© WªvBfvi BÝUj Kiv .... 157 c~e©eZx †cBR †diZ Avmv .................................... 191
AMD/ATI Gi Catalyst Linux fvm©b BÝUj Kiv ....... 159 cieZ©x †cB‡R Mgb ........................................... 192
†cÖvcÖvBUwi gvwëwgwWqv I †iw÷ª‡±W †Kv‡WK BÝUj Kiv....... 160 eyKgvK© Kiv ...................................................... 192
Dey›Uz 11.10 G MPlayer BÝUj Kiv ........................ 160 I‡qe †cBR Ryg Bb I Ryg AvDU Kiv ..................... 193
Dey›Uz 11.10 G w32 wfwWI †Kv‡WK Ges libdvdcss2 BÝUj mgwš^Z mvP© wm‡÷g ............................................ 193
Kiv ................................................................. 161 I‡qe †cB‡R wKQz †LuvRv ...................................... 193
dvqvid· Gi Rb¨ MPlayer cøvMBb BÝUj Kiv .......... 162 WvDb‡jvW g¨v‡bRvi ........................................... 194
bb-wd« †iw÷ª‡±W G·Uªv BÝUj Kiv .......................... 162 BÝU¨v›U I‡qe mvBU AvBwW .................................. 194
Update Manager Gi gva¨‡g mdUIq¨v‡ii Avc‡WU BÝUj wi‡m›U wn‡÷vwi gy‡Q †djv .................................... 195
Kiv ................................................................. 162 cvmIqvW© g¨v‡bRvi ............................................ 195
Avc‡WU g¨v‡bRvi Pvjy Kiv ................................... 163 A¨vW-Abm ....................................................... 195
d›U BÝUj Kiv ................................................. 164 Aa¨vq-10 t Dey›Uz‡Z G‡·mwiR Gi e¨envi
d›U WvDb‡jvW K‡i BÝUj Kiv ............................. 164 I A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªwUf KvR Kiv
Ubuntu Software Center †_‡K d›U BÝUj Kiv ......... 165 K¨vjKz‡jUi (Calculator) e¨envi Kiv ...................... 197
Aa¨vq-8 t Dey›Uz‡Z gvwëwgwWqvi e¨envi K¨v‡i±vi g¨vc (Character Map) e¨envi Kiv ............. 199
Av‡M hv KiYxq .................................................. 166 wW¯‹ BD‡mR A¨vbvjvBRvi (Disk Usage Analyzer) e¨envi
Dey›Uz‡Z Mvb †kvbv .............................................. 166 Kiv ................................................................. 201
Banshee wgwWqv †cøqvi w`‡q Mvb †kvbv .................... 166 †ní (Help) Gi e¨envi ....................................... 204
wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv wgwWqv †cøqvi‡K wWdë †cøqvi wn‡m‡e †mU Kiv 168 dvBj Lyu‡R †ei Kiv ........................................... 205
Banshee wgwWqv †cøqvi Gi gva¨‡g wgwWqv K‡›Uªvj Kiv . 169 Dey›Uz‡Z w¯ŒbkU †bqv .......................................... 206
6 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
Uvwg©bvj t KgvÛ jvBb cwiwPwZ .............................. 208 Aa¨vq-12 t Dey›Uz‡Z evsjvq KvR Kiv
Uvwg©bv‡j KvR Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wKQz KgvÛ .......... 209 Dey›Uz‡Z evsjv †jLv ............................................ 280
†U·U GwWUi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ................................. 212 BDwbRq †jAvDU e¨envi K‡i Dey›Uz‡Z evsjv †jLv ...... 284
mgq I ZvwiL †mU Kiv ........................................ 213 BDwbRq wK‡evW© †jAvDU ...................................... 290
Ugeq †bvUm (Tomboy Notes) ......................... 215 Aå (Avro) †dv‡bwUK e¨envi K‡i Dey›Uz‡Z evsjv †jLv. 290
AvK©vBf g¨v‡bRvi (Archive Manager) wb‡q KvR Kiv ... 217 Dey›Uz‡Z evsjv †jvKvjvB‡Rkb/evsjv j¨vs¸‡qR mv‡cvU© . 293
AvK©vBf g¨v‡bRvi Pvjy Kiv ................................... 218 Aa¨vq-13 t Dey›Uz‡Z BÝUjK…Z mdUIq¨vi I †WUv e¨vKAvc
AvK©vBf dvBj †Lvjv (AvbKg‡cÖkW Kiv) ................. 218 †WRv Wvc (Déjà Dup) e¨vKAvc Uzj e¨envi Kiv ....... 299
bZzb AvK©vBf dvBj ˆZwi Kiv ............................... 221 we‡kl †ÿ‡Î ..................................................... 302
wW¯‹ BDwUwjwU (Disk Utility) wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ............. 222 e¨vKAvc wi‡÷vi Kiv ......................................... 303
System Log Viewer e¨envi Kiv ........................... 225 AviI wKQz e¨vKAvc Uzj ....................................... 306
jM jvBb¸‡jv‡K wK¬c‡ev‡W© Kwc Kiv ....................... 226 d¬vBe¨vK (FlyBack) ........................................... 306
mvBWevi jyKv‡bv ............................................... 227 e¨vK Bb UvBg (Back In Time) .............................. 308
jM Bbdi‡gkb †`Lv .......................................... 227 GdWweøDe¨vKAvcm (Fwbackups) .......................... 308
jM eÜ Kiv ...................................................... 227 jvwK e¨vKAvc (luckyBackup) .............................. 309
jM dvBj wfDqvi †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmv ...................... 227 weGAvi (BAR) ................................................. 310
†gBb †gby (Main Menu) e¨envi Kiv ...................... 227 wWKc (Dkopp) ................................................. 310
Password and Keys wb‡q Av‡jvPbv ........................ 229 e¨v‡Kivcvi (Backerupper) ................................... 311
OpenPGP wK ˆZwi Kiv ....................................... 230 wRAviwm¼ (Grsync - Rsync GUI) ......................... 311
Dey›Uz‡Z n¨vs n‡q hvIqv †cÖvMÖvg eÜ Kiv .................. 231 Aa¨vq-14 t Dey›Uz Iqvb (Ubuntu One) wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
Aa¨vq-11 t MÖvwd· wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Dey›Uz Iqv‡b A¨vKvD›U †Lvjv ................................. 313
MÖvwd‡·i cÖKvi‡f`.............................................. 233 weKí I mnR c×wZ‡Z Dey›Uz Iqv‡b A¨vKvD›U ˆZwi Kiv 315
iv÷vi MÖvwd· ................................................... 233 Dey›Uz Iqvb A¨vKvD‡›U cÖ‡ek Kiv I G‡Z KvR Kiv .... 316
†f±i MÖvwd· ..................................................... 234 KgwcDUv‡ii Dey›Uz Iqvb †dvìviwU‡Z Mgb ............... 326
GIMP mdUIq¨vi e¨envi K‡i Dey›Uz‡Z Qwe m¤úv`bv .. 235 cv‡m©vbvj K¬vDW †_‡K dvBj wm¼ mvwf©m wWmKv‡b± Kiv 327
GIMP Image Editor Pvjy Kiv ............................... 235 Aa¨vq-15 t Dey›Uz‡Z Gw›UfvBivm e¨envi Kiv
Uzje· (Toolbox) cwiwPwZ ................................... 237 I‡cb‡mvm© Gw›UfvBivm ....................................... 328
Inkscape e¨envi K‡i Dey›Uz‡Z †f±i MÖvwd‡·i KvR Kiv 249
ClamAV Gw›UfvBivm BÝUj Kiv .......................... 328
B¼‡¯‹c †f±i MÖvwd· GwWUi Pvjy Kiv ..................... 250
B¼‡¯‹c B›Uvi‡dm cwiwPwZ.................................... 251 KgvÛ Øviv ClamAV Gw›UfvBivm BÝUj Kiv ............ 329
B¼‡¯‹c Gi gva¨‡g ev¯Íe cÖ‡R± ˆZwi....................... 254 Uvwg©bv‡j ClamAV Gw›UfvBivm e¨envi Kiv ............. 330
÷¨v¤ú (WvKwUwKU) ˆZwi Kiv ................................. 254 Gw›UfvBivm †Wwdwbkb Avc‡WU Kiv ....................... 330
Dey›Uz wjbv‡· ¯‹¨vb Kiv ....................................... 258 dvBjmg~n‡K ¯‹¨vb Kiv ........................................ 330
XSane BÝUj Kiv .............................................. 258 ClamAV †K Daemon wn‡m‡e ivb Kiv .................... 331
¯‹¨vbvi e¨envi K‡i ¯‹¨vb Kiv ................................ 259 AvµvšÍ dvBj¸‡jv‡K wigyf Kiv ............................. 331
B‡gR wfDqvi (Image Viewer) e¨envi Kiv .............. 261 ClamAV Gw›UfvBivm e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Îi wKQz KgvÛ ... 331
Shotwell Photo Manager e¨envi Kiv ...................... 264 Clamtk GUI Gw›UfvBivm BÝUj Kiv ..................... 331
kUI‡qj d‡Uv g¨v‡bRvi Pvjy I G‡Z KvR Kiv .......... 265 Clamtk Gw›UfvBivm e¨envi Kiv ............................ 332
wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv †_‡K kUI‡q‡j d‡Uv Bg‡cvU© Kiv .... 269 †cÖvcÖv‡qUvwi Gw›UfvBivm Gi wd« ........................... 335
K¨‡giv †g‡gvwi KvW© †_‡K kUI‡q‡j d‡Uv Bg‡cvU© Kiv 269 fvm©bmg~n ........................................................ 335
Qwe d¬¨vM (Flag) Kiv............................................ 269 avast! Linux Home Edition Gw›UfvBivm ................. 335
Qwe‡K d¬¨vM (Flag) ev Avbd¬¨vM (Unflag) Kiv ............ 270
Qwe‡Z †iwUs †`qv ................................................ 271 Aa¨vq-16 t Dey›Uz‡Z DB‡ÛvR †cÖvMÖv‡g KvR Kiv
Qwe‡Z U¨vM cÖ`vb Kiv .......................................... 272 Dey›Uz‡Z IqvBb BÝUj Kiv ................................... 338
Qwe‡K A‡Uv-Gb‡nÝ Kiv ....................................... 274 IqvBb (Wine) G DB‡Ûv‡Ri †cÖvMÖvg BÝUj Kiv ........ 341
Qwei Kvjvi A¨vWRv÷ Kiv .................................... 275 IqvB‡b BÝUj Kiv †cÖvMÖvg Pvjy Kiv ....................... 343
Qwe‡K µc Kiv .................................................. 276
Qwe †_‡K †iW-AvB (Red-eye) `~i Kiv ..................... 277
Qwe‡K †iv‡UU ev wd¬c Kiv .................................... 279
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 7

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KgwcDUvi KZ¸‡jv B‡j±ªwbK wWfvB‡mi mgš^q| Avi KgwcDUvi‡K w`‡q KvR Kwi‡q †bqvi Rb¨ Av‡Q wewfbœ
Gwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g n‡”Q KZ¸‡jv †cÖvMÖv‡gi mgš^q hviv KgwcDUv‡ii mKj B‡j±ªwbK
wWfvBm¸‡jvi KvR wbqš¿Y (Control), ch©‡eÿY (Observation) I ZË¡veavb (Supervice) Kivi gva¨‡g
Gwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨v‡ii Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i I KgwcDUvi e¨enviKvix‡K Zvi Pvwn`vg‡Zv AvDUcyU †c‡Z mnvqZv
K‡i| ms‡ÿ‡c Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g‡K ÔIGmÕ (OS) ejv nq|
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g KLb mwµq nq I wK K‡i?
Avgiv hLb KgwcDUv‡ii cvIqvi evU‡b Pvc w`‡q KgwcDUv‡i ˆe`y¨wZK ms‡hvM w`B †m gyn–Z© †_‡K KgwcDUvi
cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g †jvW n‡q Zvi cÖ_g KvR wn‡m‡e KgwcDUvi
cwiPvjbvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ mKj B‡j±ªwbK wWfvBm‡K GK GK K‡i ms‡KZ cvwV‡q cixÿv K‡i †`‡L †bq Zviv
wVKg‡Zv KvR Ki‡Q wK bv| mKj nvW©Iq¨vi wVKg‡Zv KvR Ki‡Q wbwðZ nevi ci Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g cÖ‡qvRbxq
Gwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi †jvW K‡i| Gwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi‡KI Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K|

D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi bvg I cwiwPwZ

Pvwn`v I e¨enviKvix‡`i gv‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i wewfbœ KgwcDUv‡i wewfbœ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g e¨envi Kiv nq| wb‡gœ
K‡qKwU Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi bvg D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|
1. GgGm Wm (MS DOS)
2. wcwm Wm (PC DOS)
3. GgGm DB‡ÛvR (MS Windows)
4. GgGm DB‡ÛvR GbwU (MS Windows NT)
5. BDwb· (Unix)
6. wjbv· (Linux)
7. g¨vK IGm (Mac OS)
8. mvb †mvjvwim (Sun Solaris)
9. OS/2 Wrap
10. XENIX BZ¨vw`|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Dci mswÿß cwiwPwZ †`qv n‡jv|
Wm (DOS-Disk Operating System)
70 Gi `k‡K gvB‡µvmdU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi ˆZwi GgGm Wm (MS DOS) Ges AvBweGg (IBM) †Kv¤úvwbi ˆZwi
wcwm Wm (PC DOS) wQj me©vwaK RbwcÖq Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g| AvBweGg KgwcDUv‡ii Dchy³ G Wm Acv‡iwUs
2 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
wm‡÷‡gi mv‡_ †m mg‡q AviI GKwU Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq G‡mwQj Zv n‡jv wmwc/Gg| Z‡e AvBweGg
ZLbKvi kxl©¯’vbxq wcwm wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb Ges Zv‡`i wcwm‡Z Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wn‡m‡e Wm‡K cQ›` Kivq wmwc/Gg
RbwcÖqZv cvqwb| Wm Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU ˆewkó¨ n‡jv t
1. Wm GKwU eY©wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g e‡j Kx-†evW© w`‡q KgvÛ wj‡L wj‡L KvR Ki‡Z nq|
2. wmwiqvj cÖ‡mwms Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g A_©vr GKmv‡_ GKvwaK †cÖvMÖvg Pvjbv Kiv hvq bv|
3. †KejgvÎ GKK BDRvi mg_©b K‡i Ges GKK cÖ‡mmi mg_©b K‡i|
4. Avi GKwU eo Amyweav n‡”Q Wm †KejgvÎ 640 wK‡jvevBU ev 0.64 †gMvevBU i¨vg (RAM) †g‡gvwi
mg_©b K‡i| †hLv‡b AvR‡Ki KgwcDUvi¸‡jv‡Z A‡bK †ewk cwigvY i¨vg _v‡K|
5. MÖvwd·, gvwëwgwWqv, Gwb‡gkb, I‡qe wWRvBb Gme wb‡q KvR Kivi myweav Kg|
g¨vwKb‡Uvk Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ev g¨vK IGm (MAC OS)
GwU A¨vcj †Kv¤úvwbi ˆZwi †gwKb‡Uvk KgwcDUvi cwiPvjbvKvix Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g| GRb¨
G‡K g¨vK-Im (Mac-OS) ejv nq| wPÎwfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wn‡m‡e g¨vK IGm cÖ_‡g
evRv‡i Av‡m Ges RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i| G‡Z gvDm, cyjWvDb †gbymn Ggb mnR MÖvwdK¨vj
ev wPÎwfwËK BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm Av‡Q hvi mvnv‡h¨ KgwcDUvi wel‡q AwZ mvaviY Ávb wb‡q
†h †KD KgwcDUv‡i KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ cÖKvkbv wk‡í g¨vK-IGm cwiPvwjZ g¨vwKb‡Uvk
KgwcDUv‡ii e¨envi RbwcÖq| g¨vK-IGm Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU ˆewkó¨ n‡jv t
1. g¨vK IGm-Gi MÖvwd· I i‡Oi e¨envi AZ¨šÍ PgrKvi|
2. wPÎwfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g nIqvq GwU e¨envi Kiv Lye mnR|
3. g¨vK IGm †Kej A¨vcj KgwcDUv‡i e¨envi Kiv hvq|
BDwb· (UNIX)
me©v‡cÿv cyivZb Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wn‡m‡e BDwb· cwiwPZ| weMZ kZvwãi mËi
`k‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© hy³iv‡óªi †ej j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wKb Ugmb BDwb· Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
cÖ_g iPbv K‡ib| g~jZ AMÖmi M‡elYv I Dbœqb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ BDwb· Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷g D™¢vweZ nq| evwYwR¨K wfwˇZ cÖPvi bv K‡i †ej j¨ve‡iUwi †_‡K BDwb·
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g‡K wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vjq I M‡elYv cÖwZôv‡b cvVv‡bv nq Gi AviI Dbœq‡bi Rb¨| †bUIqvK©
wm‡÷‡g e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_g †_‡KB BDwb· GKwU kw³kvwj I Kvh©Kwi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
†UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb wk‡íi weKv‡k BDwb· Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Kvh©Ki f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| BDwb· cÖvq me ai‡bi
KgwcDUv‡iB P‡j|
BDwb· Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU ˆewkó¨ n‡jv t
1. mycvi KgwcDUvi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wcwm ch©šÍ me KgwcDUv‡iB BDwb· e¨envi Kiv hvq|
2. gvwëUvw¯‹s Ges gvwëBDRvi Gwcø‡Kk‡bi Rb¨ BDwb· Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g LyeB Dc‡hvMx|
3. BDwb· GKwU wms‡Mj wmwcBD-Gi mv‡_ GKvwaK wK‡evW© Ges gwbUi ms‡hvM K‡i A‡bK e¨enviKvix‡K
GK‡Î KvR Kivi my‡hvM †`q|
wjbv· (LINUX)
wjbv·, webvg~‡j¨ cvIqv hvq Ggb GKwU Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g| BDwb· Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
wb‡q KvR Kivi mgq wdbj¨v‡Ûi hyeK Linus Torvalds wjbv· Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gwUi
D™¢veb K‡ib| Db¥y³ †mvm© †KvWwfwËK G Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi wewfbœ ms¯‹iY e¨w³MZ I
evwYwR¨Kfv‡e evRv‡i cvIqv hv‡”Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †iWn¨vU wjbv·, K¨vj‡Wiv, †d‡Wviv
me©vwaK RbwcÖq| wd« ev bvggvÎ g~‡j¨ cvIqv hvq weavq w`‡b w`‡b Gi e¨envi e„w× cv‡”Q|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 3
wjbv· Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU ˆewkó¨ n‡jv t
1. wjbv‡·i †Kvb GKK gvwjK †bB| G‡K I‡cb †mvm© Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g e‡j| kZ kZ †cÖvMÖvgvi‡`i
wb‡ew`Z cÖ‡Póvi dmj wn‡m‡e wjbv· AvR mycÖwZwôZ|
2. wjbv‡·i †mvm©‡KvW Db¥y³ e‡j GKRb `ÿ KgwcDUvi †cÖvMÖvgvi Gi ms‡kvab Ges Dbœqb NUv‡Z mÿg
hv Ab¨ †Kvb Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g m¤¢e bq|
3. wjbv‡·i WKz‡g‡›Ukb †ek mg„×| wjbv· Bb÷j Kiv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †cwi‡divj ms‡hvRbmn hveZxq
wel‡qi cysLvbycy•L weeiY i‡q‡Q|
4. wjbv· Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g e¨envi K‡i mvaviY wcwm w`‡q mvfv©i wcwmi KvR Kiv hvq|
DB‡ÛvR (WINDOWS)
g¨vKIGm GKwU wPÎwfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Ges Gi RbwcÖqZvi Kvi‡Y cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K _vK‡Z Avwki
`k‡Ki gvSvgvwS gvB‡µvmdU K‡cv©‡ikb wPÎwfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ˆZwii cwiKíbv K‡i Ges 1985 mv‡j
DB‡ÛvR 1.0 fvm©b evRv‡i Qv‡o|
Zv‡`i eY©wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Wm Gmg‡q eûjfv‡e e¨eüZ nw”Qj| Zv‡`i cÖ_g I wØZxq fvm©b †Zgb
RbwcÖq n‡q DV‡Z bv cvi‡jI 1990 mv‡j DB‡ÛvR 3.0 fvm©b wKQzUv RbwcÖq n‡q I‡V| AvBweGg KgwcDUv‡ii
Rb¨ DB‡ÛvR wb‡R‡K Av`k© K‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i Gi cieZ©x fvm©b DB‡ÛvR 3.1 †_‡K| Gici evRv‡i
Av‡m DB‡Ûv‡Ri cieZ©x fvm©b DB‡ÛvR 3.2 Ges Zvi c‡ii eQi DB‡ÛvR 3.3|
DB‡ÛvR 95 (Windows 95) t 1995 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m 32 we‡Ui wPÎwfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g DB‡ÛvR 95
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g AviI DbœZ n‡q evRv‡i Av‡m| PgrKvi MÖvwd·, †bUIqv‡K©i wewea my‡hvM myweav I B›Uvi‡bU
e¨env‡ii myweav _vKvq DB‡ÛvR 95 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g AviI RbwcÖq n‡q I‡V|
DB‡ÛvR 98 (Windows 98) t DB‡ÛvR 98 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g DB‡ÛvR 95
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi GKwU Avc‡MÖW ev DbœZ fvm©b| DB‡ÛvR 95 Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷‡gi mewKQ~B DB‡ÛvR 98 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g Av‡Q Ges AviI wKQz bZzb
ˆewkó¨ Zvi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q‡Q|
DB‡ÛvR GbwU/2000 mvf©vi t 1993 mv‡j gvB‡µvmdU K‡c©v‡ikb DB‡ÛvR GbwU evRv‡i Qv‡o| GbwU (NT)
K_vwUi A_© n‡”Q bZzb †UK‡bvjwR (New Technology)| wKš‘ Gi mvBR GZ eo wQj Ges †m mg‡q cvimbvj
KgwcDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi G Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g e¨env‡ii Dchy³ wQj bv| cieZ©x‡Z gvB‡µvmdU K‡c©v‡ikb G‡K
mvf©vi I IqvK©‡÷k‡b e¨env‡ii Rb¨ iƒcvšÍi K‡i| Gi bvg nq DB‡ÛvR GbwU mvf©vi| DB‡ÛvR 2000 mvf©vi
gvB‡µvmd‡Ui Av‡iKwU mvf©vi fvm©b Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g| DB‡ÛvR GbwU mvf©v‡ii g‡Zv GwUI †QvU I gvSvwi †ÿ‡Î
†bUIqvK© Kivi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|
DB‡ÛvR 2000 cÖ‡dkbvj I wg‡jwbqvg t DB‡ÛvR 98 Gi ci gvB‡µvmdU DB‡ÛvR 2000 cÖ‡dkbvj I
wg‡jwbqvg ev ÔGgBÕ bv‡gi `yÕwU fvm©b †ei K‡i| GgB fvm©bwU ¯^íKvj ¯’vqx nq Ges Gi ciB G·wc evRv‡i
Av‡m| wKš‘ GbwU Gi †UK‡bvjwR‡Z ˆZwi DB‡ÛvR 2000 cÖ‡dkbvj GLbI RbwcÖq Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
DB‡ÛvR G·wc t DB‡ÛvR G·wc Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g evRv‡i Qvovi Av‡M gvB‡µvmdU A‡bK cÖPvi cÖPviYv K‡i|
GbwU †UK‡bvjwR e¨envi K‡i ˆZwi Kiv nq DB‡ÛvR G·wc d¨vU32 (FAT32) I GbwUGdGm (NTFS) dvBj
wm‡÷g e¨envi K‡i| DB‡ÛvR G·wc‡Z MÖvwd· I i‡Oi e¨envi PgrKvi| G‡Z †bUIqvK© I AbjvB‡bi gva¨‡g
Avc‡MÖ‡Wi e¨e¯’v Av‡Q| G·wc‡Z GKmv‡_ GKvwaK BDRvi ˆZwi K‡i ivLv hvq Ges cÖ‡Z¨K BDRv‡ii dvBj,
†dvìvi I WKz‡g›U Avjv`v Avjv`v K‡i msiÿY Kiv hvq|
4 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
DB‡ÛvR wfmZv t DB‡ÛvR G·wc Gi c‡i gvB‡µvmdU K‡cv©‡ikb wiwjR K‡i Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g DB‡ÛvR
wfmZv| bZzb G wm‡÷gwU †Wfjc Ki‡Z cÖvq 5 eQ‡iiI †ewk mgq a‡i KvR K‡i‡Q gvB‡µvmdU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi
wPd mdUIq¨vi AvwK©‡U± wej †MU‡mi wekvj wUg| Kuv‡Pi g‡Zv ¯^”Q Avi AwfRvZ MÖvwd‡·i mgwš^Z B›Uvi‡dm,
D”PZi mvwP©s I dvBj AMv©bvB‡Rkb Uzj, m¤•–Y© gvwëwgwWqv wbf©i †Kvjv‡ev‡ikb my¨U Ges m‡e©vcwi Avcv`g¯ÍK
wbivcËv †eówb‡Z Ave×Zv bZzb DB‡ÛvR wfmZ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi ¯^vfvweK ¯^Zš¿ ˆewkó¨| DB‡ÛvR wfmZv
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g gvB‡µvmdU BDRv‡ii wm‡÷‡gi wbivcËv †`evi e¨vcK e¨e¯’v ivLv nq|
DB‡ÛvR 7 t DB‡ÛvR †m‡f‡b †ek wKQz bZzb wdPvi hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| B›Uvi‡d‡m wekvj cwieZ©b QvovI G‡K
Av‡Mi me fvm©b †_‡K mnR Kiv n‡q‡Q| DB‡ÛvR wfmZvq †h D”PZi wmwKDwiwU wm‡÷g gvB‡µvmd‡Ui
†Wfjcviiv hy³ K‡iwQ‡jb Zv †m‡f‡b G‡m AviI kw³kvjx Kiv n‡q‡Q| DB‡ÛvR †m‡f‡b GKwU bZyb wfD dvBj
†÷v‡iR ÷ª¨vKPvi †W‡fjc Kiv n‡q‡Q hvi bvg †`qv n‡q‡Q jvB‡eªwi| Gi gva¨‡g GKB DB‡Ûv n‡Z wewfbœ
†÷v‡iR †jv‡Kk‡b A¨vK‡mm Kiv hvq| wewfbœ dvBj, †cÖvMÖvg wKsev BdwUwjwUmg~n DB‡Ûv‡Ri Av‡Mi †h‡Kv‡bv
fvm©‡bi †P‡q †m‡fb fvm©‡b A‡bK mnR K‡i †Zvjv n‡q‡Q|
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi ¸iæZ¡
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g KwZcq mdUIq¨vi †cÖvMÖv‡gi mgvnvi, hv †Kv‡bv KgwcDUvi wm‡÷‡gi wi‡mvm©mg–n‡K wbqš¿Y,
ch©‡eÿY I ZË¡veavb K‡i| KgwcDUvi cwiPvjbvq Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| GwU KgwcDUvi I
e¨enviKvixi g‡a¨ †mZzeÜb ˆZwi K‡i| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g n‡”Q KZ¸‡jv †cÖvMÖv‡gi mgš^q hviv KgwcDUv‡ii
mKj B‡j±ªwbK wWfvBm¸‡jvi KvR wbqš¿Y (Control), ch©‡eÿY (Observation) I ZË¡veavb (Supervice) Kivi
gva¨‡g Gwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨v‡ii Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i I KgwcDUvi e¨enviKvix‡K Zvi Pvwn`vg‡Zv AvDUcyU †c‡Z
mnvqZv K‡i| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Qvov KgwcDUvi cÖvYnxb †`‡ni g‡Zv| wb‡P Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Av‡iv KZ¸‡jv
¸iæZ¡ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv t
1. Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g mKj Kv‡Ri g‡a¨, mKj wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ mgš^qKvixi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
2. Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek ˆZwi K‡i|
3. †g‡gvwi e¨e¯’vcbv K‡i|
4. BbcyU/AvDUcyU Acv‡ikb K‡i|
5. dvBj wm‡÷g wbqš¿Y K‡i|
6. Kvh©ve¯’vq mgm¨vi wi‡cvU© K‡i I mgvavb †`q|
7. wi‡mvm© g¨v‡bR‡g›U K‡i|
8. e¨enviKvix I †cÖvMÖv‡gi wbivcËv cÖ`vb K‡i|
9. †bUIqvK© e¨e¯’vcbv K‡i|
I‡cb †mvm© Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g (Open Source Operating System)
I‡cb †mvm© Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ej‡Z IB mg¯Í Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g‡K †evSvq hv‡`i †mvm© †KvW Db¥y³ _v‡K Ges
hvi d‡j †h †KD PvB‡j IB Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gwU wb‡q †h‡Kv‡bv M‡elYv, Gi
†Kv‡bv Dbœqb, cwiea©b, cwigvR©b Gi KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GKwU
mdUIq¨vi jvB‡m‡Ýi Aax‡b (GPL/LGPL, BSD, BSD/CDDL, APSL
cÖf„wZ) Gi KwcivBUmn Ab¨vb¨ AwaKvi¸‡jv msiwÿZ nq| I‡cb †mvm©
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g¸‡jv mvaviYZ webvg~‡j¨ I wbw`©ó kZ©vax‡b e¨w³MZ I
evwYwR¨Kfv‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq| B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K G¸‡jv Lye mn‡RB
WvDb‡jvW K‡i e¨envi Kiv hvq| I‡cb †mvm© wfwËK wKQz Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
Avevi evwYwR¨Kfv‡e evRv‡i wKb‡ZI cvIqv hvq| Z‡e G¸‡jvi `vg Ab¨vb¨
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi PvB‡Z A‡bK Kg n‡q _v‡K|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 5

webvg–‡j¨ wKsev ¯^íg~‡j¨i nIqvi Kvi‡Y AvR wek¦Ry‡o I‡cb †mvm©wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g¸‡jvi e¨envi µgk
†e‡o P‡j‡Q| AmsL¨ DϨgx †cÖvMÖvgvi wKsev †Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖvgvi MÖæ‡ci wbijm cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g cÖwZwbqZ Gme
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Dbœqb mvwaZ nIqvq bvbv myweav I ˆewkó¨ G¸‡jv‡Z †hvM n‡”Q Ges djkÖæwZ‡Z G¸‡jv
AvKvkPzw¤^ RbwcÖqZv jvf Ki‡Q| RbwcÖq K‡qKwU I‡cb †mvm© Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g t
 Ubuntu Linux (Dey›Uz wjbv·)
 Linux Mint (wjbv· wg›U)
 Debian Linux (†Wweqvb wjbv·)
 Fedoura Linux (†d‡Wviv wjbv·)
 Free BSD (wd«weGmwW)
 Open BSD (I‡cbweGmwW)
 Open Solaris (I‡cb‡mvjvwim)
 Minix (wgwb·)
 Redhet Enterprise Linux (†iWn¨vU G›UvicÖvBR wjbv·) wjbv· Gi †Wfjcvi Linus Torvalds

KgwcDUv‡ii cvkvcvwk ¯§vU©‡dvb¸‡jvi †ewkifvM Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gB I‡cb †mvm©wfwËK| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ A¨vK‡mm
wjbv· cøvUdg©, A¨vbWª‡qW, evWv, I‡cb‡gv‡Kv wjbv·, I‡dvb, wg‡Mv, †gvwewjbv·, wj‡gv cøvUdg©, I‡qeIGm
cÖf„wZ Ab¨Zg|
I‡cb †mvm© Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Gi myweav t
1. webvg–‡j¨ ev ¯^íg~‡j¨ cvIqv hvq|
2. wbivcËv e¨e¯’v kw³kvjx|
3. e¨enviKvix Zvi cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv mn‡R Kv÷gvBR Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
4. †fÛi‡`i Kv‡Q e¨enviKvixiv Kg wbf©ikxj|

I‡cb †mvm© Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Gi Amyweav t

1. mvaviYZ evwYwR¨Kfv‡e G ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi ˆZwi Kiv nq bv weavq Gi eo †Kv‡bv Dbœqb nIqvi
wbðqZv _v‡K bv|
2. cÖwZ‡hvwMZv _v‡K bv weavq e¨enviKvix‡`i Rb¨ mg„× A‡bK wdPvi AšÍf³
y© _v‡K bv|
3. UªvejïwUs Kivi Rb¨ mywbwðZ mvwf©m Kg cvIqv hvq|
4. KwcivBU _v‡K bv weavq GKR‡bi Dbœqb Kiv As‡ki `vwe`vi Av‡iKRb n‡Z cv‡i| AvBwc
(Bb‡UjyKPzqvj †cÖvcvwU©) e¨e¯’vcbvq mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
6 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

Aa¨vq t 2
Dey›Uz wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
eZ©gvb mg‡qi Ab¨Zg RbwcÖq I eûj Av‡jvwPZ KgwcDUvi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g n‡jv Dey›Uz (Ubuntu)| GwU
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AšÍi AšÍi Dey›UzÕi bZzb ms¯‹iY cÖKvk K‡i hv‡”Q Ges cÖwZwU ms¯‹i‡Yi
Rb¨ 18 gv‡mi wmwKDwiwU wd·, c¨vP †_‡K ïiæ K‡i RwUjZi evMmg~n
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28 GwcÖj| Avi me©‡kl mvaviY wiwjRwU n‡jv (G eBwU †jLvi mgq) Dey›Uz
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Dey›Uz 11.10 Gi B›Uvi‡dm

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Dey›Uz †W¯‹U‡c GKwU MÖ¨vwdK¨vj †W¯‹Uc cwi‡ek AšÍf³
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wba©viY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc Dey›Uzi cÖ_g ms¯‹i‡Yi K_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| GB ms¯‹iYwU wQj Dey›Uz 4.10
†hwU 20 A‡±vei 2004 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| fwel¨‡Z Dey›Uzi ms¯‹iY b¤^i wba©viY Kivi †ÿ‡Î GKB c×wZ
Aej¤^b Kiv n‡e| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y wba©vwiZ gv‡m cÖKvwkZ bv n‡j Gi ms¯‹iY b¤^iI ¯^qswµqfv‡e cwiewZ©Z n‡q
hv‡e|
Dey›Uz ms¯‹iYmg~‡ni GKwU weKí †KvW bvg †`qv nq| GKwU we‡klY Ges GKwU cÖvYxi bv‡gi mgš^‡q GwU ˆZwi
Kiv nq| †hgbÑ B›UªvwcW AvB‡e·, KviwgK †Kvqvjv BZ¨vw`| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv bvg Bs‡iwR eY©gvjvi µgvbyhvqx
wba©viY Kiv nq| Z‡e Dey›Uzi cÖ_g wZbwU ms¯‹iY Gi e¨wZµg wQj| eY©µwgK nIqvq bZzb ms¯‹iYmg~n mn‡RB
wPwýZ Kiv hvq| mvaviYfv‡e wewfbœ ms¯‹iY eySv‡Z †KvW bv‡gi we‡klY AskwU e¨eüZ nq|
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ms¯‹iY e¨envi Kiv nq| wKQz wbe©vwPZ ms¯‹iY †hgbÑ Dey›Uz 6.06 †Wgvi †WªK, Dey›Uz 8.04 nvwW© n¨vib, Dey›Uz
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mdUIq¨vimg~n Ges wbivcËv Avc‡WUmg~n cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Aciw`‡K LTS bq Ggb ms¯‹iYmg~n e¨env‡ii
cieZ©x mnvqZv Kiv nq cieZ©x 18 gvm ch©šÍ|
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Gi †KvW †bg n‡jv ÒI‡bBwiK I‡mjUÓ| wb‡P G ch©šÍ cÖKvwkZ Dey›Uzi mKj ms¯‹i‡Yi †KvW †bg I cÖKv‡ki
ZvwiL D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|
ms¯‹iY †KvW †bg cÖKv‡ki ZvwiL
4.10 IqvwU© IqvU©nM 20 A‡±vei 2004
5.04 †nvqvwi †nRnM 8 GwcÖj 2005
5.10 weªwR e¨vRvi 13 A‡±vei 2005
6.06 LTS W¨vcvi †WªK 1 Ryb 2006
6.10 GwR Gd&U 26 A‡±vei 2006
7.04 †dw÷ dvDb 19 GwcÖj 2007
7.10 Mvw÷ wMeb 18 A‡±vei 2007
8.04 LTS nvwW© n¨vib 24 GwcÖj 2008
8.10 B›UªvwcW AvB‡e· 30 A‡±vei 2008
10 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
9.04 Rw›U R¨vKjc 23 GwcÖj 2009
9.10 KviwgK †Kvqvjv 29 A‡±vei 2009
10.04 LTS jywWm wjs· 29 GwcÖj 2010
10.10 g¨vfwiK wgiKU 10 A‡±vei 2010
11.04 b¨vwU b¨vinj 28 GwcÖj 2011
11.10 I‡bBwiK I‡mjU 13 A‡±vei 2011

aibmg~n
Awdwmqvj Dey›Uz GwWkbmg~n †h¸‡jv K¨v‡bvwbK¨vj I Dey›Uz KwgDwbwU KZ…K © ˆZwi I Z`viwK Kiv nq Ges
K¨v‡bvwbK¨vj, Gi Askx`viMY I KwgDwbwU †_‡K c~Y© mg_©b MÖnY K‡i †m¸‡jv wbgœiƒc t
 Dey›Uz †W¯‹Uc t GwU †W¯‹Uc I j¨vcUc wcwmi Rb¨ wWRvBbK…Z (c~‡e© Dey›Uz †bUeyK GwWkbI wQj hv 10
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Avi Pvwj‡q †bqv nqwb KviY Gi BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm I dvskvwbwjwU‡K †W¯‹Uc GwWk‡b AšÍf³ y© Kiv
n‡qwQj)| †W¯‹Uc ms¯‹iYwU Aëvi‡bU BÝUj wmwW e¨envi K‡iI BÝUj Kiv hvq †hwU †Wweqvb-
BÝUjviwU e¨envi K‡i _v‡K Ges Dey›Uzi †ek wKQz †¯úkvwj÷ BÝU‡jkb‡K m¤úv`‡bi my‡hvM †`q
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Avc‡MÖW Kiv, LVM Ges/A_ev RAID cvwU©kb Kiv, 256 †gMvevB‡UiI Kg i¨vg m¤^wjZ wm‡÷‡g
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 Dey›Uz mvf©vi t mvf©v‡i e¨env‡ii Rb¨ GwU ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| mvf©vi BÝUj wmwWwU e¨enviKvix‡K †Kv‡bv
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wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq| GwU †Kv‡bv MÖ¨vwdK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm BÝUj Ki‡e bv|
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c¨v‡KRmg~n BÝUj K‡i _v‡K hv wKbv
Awdwmqvj Dey›Uz wWw÷ªweDkb¸‡jvi PvB‡Z
wfbœZi| K¨v‡bvwbK¨vj mgw_©Z Gme
wWw÷ªweDkb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q t
 GWyey›Uz (Edubuntu) t GKwU
M‡bvg (GNOME) [†KD †KD
GwU‡K wR‡bvg bv‡gI Wv‡Kb]
wfwËK Dey›Uzi mn-cÖKí, g~j
ms¯‹i‡Yi mv‡_ AwZwi³ wKQz
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Kiv nq| GwU g~jZ ¯‹zj Ges
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GWyey›Uz 11.04 M‡bvg
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IqvK©‡¯úm †W¯‹Uc cwi‡ek e¨envi K‡i _v‡K|

Kzey›Uz 11.04

 wg_ey›Uz (Mythbuntu) t MythTV w`‡q GKwU †nvg w_‡qUvi wcwm ˆZwii Rb¨ GwU wWRvBb Kiv n‡q‡Q
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wg_ey›Uz 8.04.1
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 Dey›Uz ÷zwWI (Ubuntu Studio) t †ckv`vi gv‡bi wfwWI Ges AwWI m¤úv`bvi Dc‡hvMx GKwU
wWw÷ªweDkb| GB ai‡bi KvR Kivi Rb¨ GLv‡b DbœZgv‡bi †ek wKQz wd« m¤úv`bv mdUIq¨vi †`qv
_v‡K| GwU wWwfwW AvBGmI (DVD .iso) dvBj wn‡m‡e WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z nq †hLv‡b Dey›Uzi Ab¨vb¨
ms¯‹iYmg~n wmwW †_‡KB e¨envi Kiv hvq|

Dey›Uz ÷zwWI 10.04

 hyey›Uz (Xubuntu) t M‡bvg (GNOME) Gi cwie‡Z© Xfce †W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U wfwËK GKwU
wWw÷ªweDkb| GwU Ggbfv‡e ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q †hb Lye fv‡jv gv‡bi nvW©Iq¨vi hy³ Kiv †bB Ggb
KgwcDUv‡i Lye fv‡jvfv‡e Pj‡Z cv‡i| g~jZ GLv‡b e¨eüZ DB‡Ûv g¨v‡bRvi GB KvRwU Ki‡Z
we‡klfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i|

hyey›Uz 11.04
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Dey›Uz 11.10 ms¯‹i‡Yi wKQz ˆewkó¨

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 512 †gMvevBU ev Z`yaŸ© i¨vg e¨envi Ki‡j fv‡jv dj cv‡eb|
 nvW©wW‡¯‹i †¯úm hZ †ewk n‡e Avcbvi Kv‡Ri ¯^vaxbZv ZZ e„w× cv‡e|
 DbœZgv‡bi MÖvwd· KvW© e¨envi Ki‡j w_ªwW †gv‡Wi KvR¸‡jv ¯^v”Q‡›`¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wmwW/wWwfwW WªvBf wKsev GKwU BDGmwe (USB) †cvU© A_ev G‡`i me¸‡jvB cÖ‡qvRb|
18 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
 wK‡evW© Ges gvDm jvM‡e|
 Kgc‡ÿ 800×600 †iRy‡jkb AvDUcyU cÖ`k©‡b mÿg GKwU gwbUi (wmAviwU, GjwmwW-wUGdwU, GjwmwW-
GjBwW wKsev Ab¨ hv wKQz)|
 B›Uvi‡b‡Ui ms‡hvM _vKvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB Z‡e Zv _vK‡j LyeB fv‡jv|

wmwW/wWwfwW-ig †_‡K eyU Kivi Rb¨ ev‡qvm †mU Kiv

weMZ eQi¸‡jv‡Z AvaywbK me KgwcDUvi wm‡÷g Drcv`Kiv wmwW †_‡K eyU Kivi wdPviwUi mv‡cvU© w`‡q
Avm‡Qb| Z‡e ev‡qv‡m GB wdPviwU KbwdMvi K‡i †bqvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î eyU cÖv‡qvwiwU
wmKz‡qÝwU wfbœ iƒ‡c _vK‡Z cv‡i| KgwcDUviwU Pvjy Kiv ci †mUAvc wK (Key) Gi Rb¨ eyU-w¯ŒbwU hvPvB Kiæb|
AwaKvsk bZzb wcwm‡Z GwU DELETE wK n‡q _v‡K ZvB Av‡M GwU hvPvB K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
AmiBios Gi †ÿ‡Î
1. †mUAv‡c cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ DEL wK Pvcyb|

2. wb‡Pi g‡Zv w¯Œb Avm‡j Boot AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb| Boot Device Priority wm‡j± Kiæb Ges 1st Boot
Device Gi Rb¨ CDROM wbe©vPb Kiæb| Gici 2nd Boot Device Gi Rb¨ Hard Drive wbe©vPb Kiæb|

3. †mwUswU †mf K‡i ev‡qvm †gvW †_‡K †ei n‡q Avmvi Rb¨ F10 Pvcyb Ges AvMZ wb‡`©kbv AbymiY
Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 19
Award Bios Gi †ÿ‡Î
1. †mUAv‡c cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ DEL wK Pvcyb|

2. Advanced Bios Features wbe©vPb Kiæb|

3. First Boot Device Gi Rb¨ CDROM, Second Boot Device ev Third Boot Device Gi Rb¨ HDD-0
wbe©vPb Kiæb|

4. †mwUswU †mf K‡i ev‡qvm †gvW †_‡K †ei n‡q Avmvi Rb¨ F10 Pvcyb Ges AvMZ wb‡`©kbv AbymiY
Kiæb|
20 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
Dell Systems Gi †ÿ‡Î
1. ev‡qvm †mUAv‡c cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ F2 wK Pvcyb|

2. Gevi Boot Sequence wbe©vPb Kiæb| Gici Dc‡i-wb‡P Avmv hvIqvi Rb¨ - , + †P‡c 1. IDE CD-
ROM Device wbe©vPb Kiæb Ges GwU Gbvej Kivi Rb¨ †¯úm Pvcyb|
3. ESC Pvcyb Ges Save Settings I Exit wbe©vPb Kiæb|
4. wKQz wKQz †Wj wm‡÷‡g F2 †P‡c Avcwb ev‡qv‡m XyK‡Z cv‡ib| Avevi A‡bK mgq wKQz †Wj wm‡÷‡g
A¯’vqxfv‡e wmwW †_‡K eyU Kivi Rb¨ Avcwb F12 Pvc‡Z cv‡ib|

wKQz wKQz KgwcDUv‡i CD/HDD/Floppy/USB wWfvBm †_‡K A¯’vqxfv‡e eyU Kivi Ackb _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î ïay F8
evUbwU †P‡c Boot Menu †Z Avmyb Ges Zvici Avcbvi Drcv`‡Ki CDRom wU †e‡Q wbb|

Dey›Uz BÝUj Kiv

Ab¨vb¨ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi wmwW/wWwfwW evRv‡i evwYwR¨KwfwˇZ wKb‡Z cvIqv †M‡jI Dey›Uzi wmwW/wWwfwW
mvaviYZ evRv‡i evwYwR¨KwfwˇZ wKb‡Z cvIqv hvq bv| ZviciI evRv‡ii wKQz wKQz †`vKv‡b Avcwb GwU †c‡q
†h‡Z cv‡ib (A‡bK cÖwZôvb bMY¨ g~‡j¨ GwU wewµ K‡i _v‡Kb)| Ggb A‡bK cÖwZôvb i‡q‡Q hviv GwU webvg~‡j¨
weZiY K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e G ai‡bi †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ Avcbvi cwiPq bv _vK‡jI Avcwb Dey›Uzi Awdwmqvj
mvBU †_‡K me©‡kl ms¯‹i‡Yi BÝUjviwU Lye mn‡RB msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges Zvici Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i BÝUj
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 21
†hfv‡e cv‡eb Dey›Uz
Dey›Uz‡K cvevi mePvB‡Z mnR c×wZ n‡jv Gi Awdwmqvj mvBU †_‡K Zv WvDb‡jvW Kiv| GRb¨ wb‡Pi
c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Avcbvi I‡qe eªvDRviwU e¨envi K‡i http://www.ubuntu.com/download/ubuntu/download †cBRwU
†bwf‡MU Kiæb (G‡ÿ‡Î Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡ii mv‡_ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui ms‡hvM _vK‡Z n‡e)|
2. Avcbvi cÖ‡mm‡ii AvwK©‡UKPvi wm‡j± Kiæb (32 ev 64 weU)|
3. "Start download" G wK¬K Kiæb| GKwU cc-Avc DB‡Ûv Lyj‡e †hLv‡b Rvb‡Z PvB‡e †h Avcwb
dvBjwU‡K †Kv_vq ivb ev †mf Ki‡eb|

4. B›Uvi‡bU G·‡cøviv‡i BÝU‡jkb dvBjwU‡K ¯^qswµqfv‡e GKwU wmwW evwb©s BDwUwjwU‡Z †Lvjvi Rb¨
Run G wK¬K Kiæb wKsev Avcbvi wW‡¯‹ dvBjwU‡K †mf Ki‡Z PvB‡j Save G wK¬K Kiæb| Avi Avcwb
hw` †gvwhjv dvqvid· eªvDRviwU e¨envi K‡ib Z‡e BÝU‡jkb dvBjwU‡K GKwU wmwW evwb©s BDwUwjwU‡Z
†Lvjvi Rb¨ Open with wm‡j± Kiæb wKsev dvBjwU‡K Avcbvi wW‡¯‹ †mf Kivi Rb¨ Save File wm‡j±
Kiæb| GQvov Direct url for this download wjsK n‡Z BÝUjv‡ii wjsKwU Kwc K‡i †h‡Kv‡bv WvDb‡jvW
g¨v‡bRv‡ii gva¨‡gI Avcwb GwU wbwe©‡Nœ WvDb‡jvW K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|
22 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
5. Dey›Uz BÝU‡jkb wmwW B‡gRwU (ISO wW¯‹ B‡gR) WvD‡jvW Kivi ci Avcbv‡K GwU‡K GKwU wmwW ev
wWwfwW †Z evb© Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i Av‡M †_‡K †Kv‡bv wmwW/wWwfwW evwb©s
A¨vwcø‡Kkb (†hgbÑ †b‡iv evwb©s ig) BÝUj Kiv _vK‡Z n‡e|
6. †iKW© Kiv hvq Ggb (eø¨v¼) wmwW ev wWwfwW Avcbvi wmwW/wWwfwW WªvB‡f cÖ‡ek Kivb|
7. wmwW/wWwfwW †Z .ISO B‡gR dvBj evb© Ki‡Z cv‡i Giƒc A¨vwcø‡KkbwU Pvjy Kiæb|
8. wW¯‹ B‡gRwU‡K ivBU (evb©) Kiæb| e¨vm ˆZwi n‡q †M‡j Avcbvi Dey›Uzi BÝU‡jkb wmwW|
9. GB wmwWwU‡K eªvDR Ki‡j Avcwb †ek wKQz dvBj I †dvìvi †`L‡Z cv‡eb hv †`‡L Avcwb wbwðZ n‡Z
cv‡ib †h Avcwb mwVKfv‡e ev‡b©i KvRwU m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb| Avi hw` †Kej .ISO dvBjwU‡KB †`‡Lb Z‡e
ey‡S †b‡eb Avcwb mwVKfv‡e GwU evb© K‡ibwb| †m‡ÿ‡Î cybivq dvBjwU‡K mwVKfv‡e evb© K‡i wbb|

D‡jøL¨, GB eBwUi mv‡_ mieivnK…Z wmwWwU‡Z Dey›Uz †`qv i‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB WvDb‡jvW bv K‡iI Avcwb GwU †c‡Z
cv‡ib|

wjbv‡· WªvBf †hfv‡e wPwýZ nq

wjbv· BÝU‡jk‡bi c~‡e© wjbv‡· wewfbœ WªvBf wKfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq †m m¤ú‡K© Rvbv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| wjbv‡· g~j
cvwU©kb‡K iæU cvwU©kb ejv nq Ges Zvi gvD›U c‡q›U nq Ò / Ó| nvW©wW¯‹ cÖvBgvwi gv÷vi, cÖvBgvwi †¯øf,
†m‡KÛvwi gv÷vi, †m‡KÛvwi †¯ø‡f jvMv‡bv _vK‡j Zv wPwýZ n‡e hda, hdb, hdc, hdd wn‡m‡e| Avevi Avcbvi
WªvBfwU mvUv (SATA) n‡j Zv wPwýZ n‡e sda,sdb,sdc,sdd wn‡m‡e| cÖ_g WªvB‡fi cÖ_g cÖvBgvwi cvwU©kb n‡e
hda1, wØZxq cÖvBgvwi cvwU©kb _vK‡j Zv n‡e hda2| †h‡nZz GKwU nvW©wW‡¯‹ m‡e©v”P 4wU cÖvBgvwi cvwU©kb _vK‡Z
cv‡i ZvB jwRK¨vj cvwU©kb ïiæ nq hda5 †_‡K| cieZ©x jwRK¨vj cvwU©kb¸‡jv n‡e hda6,hda7.... BZ¨vw`|
D`vniY¯^iƒc, aiæb GKwU wcwm‡Z `ywU nvW©wW¯‹ i‡q‡Q hvi WªvBf cÖ_g wW‡¯‹ C, D, E Ges WªvBf wØZxq wW‡¯‹ F,
G, H i‡q‡Q| Gi cvwU©k‡bi web¨vmwU wbgœiƒc n‡e t

wW¯‹ WªvBf WªvB‡fi wjbv‡· †`qv bvg /dev wW‡i±wi‡Z Gw›Uª Dey›Uz‡Z wWdë wW‡i±wi
cÖK…wZ IDE SATA IDE SATA IDE SATA
nvW©wW‡¯‹i nvW©wW‡¯‹i nvW©wW‡¯‹i nvW©wW‡¯‹i nvW©wW‡¯‹i nvW©wW‡¯‹i
†ÿ‡Î †ÿ‡Î †ÿ‡Î †ÿ‡Î †ÿ‡Î †ÿ‡Î
1g C cÖvBgvwi hda1 sda1 /dev/hda1 /dev/sda1 /media/hda1 /media/sda1
nvW©wW¯‹ D jwRK¨vj hda5 sda5 /dev/hda5 /dev/sda5 /media/hda5 /media/sda5
E jwRK¨vj hda6 Sda6 /dev/hda6 /dev/sda6 /media/hda6 /media/sda6
2q F cÖvBgvwi hdb1 sdb1 /dev/hdb1 /dev/sdb1 /media/hdb1 /media/sdb1
nvW©wW¯‹ G jwRK¨vj hdb5 sdb5 /dev/hdb5 /dev/sdb5 /media/hdb5 /media/sdb5
H jwRK¨vj hdb6 sdb6 /dev/hdb6 /dev/sdb6 /media/hdb6 /media/sdb6
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 23
Dey›Uz‡K †hfv‡e BÝUj Kiv I Pvjv‡bv hvq
†ek wKQz Dcv‡q Dey›Uz‡K BÝUj Kiv hvq Ges Pvjv‡bv hvq| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q t
 Avcbvi GKK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wn‡m‡e (wm‡½j eywUs)|
 Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi cvkvcvwk †i‡L (Wy‡qj eywUs)|
 Avcbvi we`¨gvb Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi †fZ‡i †i‡LB (fvPz©qvjvB‡Rkb)| [fvPz©qvj cwi‡e‡k Dey›Uz
BÝU‡ji cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© cieZ©x‡Z Avgiv Rvb‡ev|]
 Avcbvi wmwW wW¯‹ WªvBf †_‡K, jvBf wmwW e¨envi K‡i|
 Avcbvi BDGmwe (USB) WªvBf †_‡K (2004 mv‡ji cieZ©x Ges eZ©gv‡bi KgwcDUvi¸‡jv‡Z)|
 DB‡ÛvR n‡Z DB‡Ûv‡Ri eyU g¨v‡bRvi e¨envi K‡i Wubi BÝU‡jk‡bi gva¨‡g|
¯^vfvweKfv‡e Dey›Uz BÝUj Kiv
¯^vfvweKfv‡e Dey›Uz (A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q Dey›Uzi cyi‡bv fvm©b _vK‡Z cv‡i| ZvB GLv‡b cÖ_‡gB 10.04 ms¯‹iYwUi
BÝU‡jkb †`Lv‡bv n‡jv) BÝUj Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Avcbvi wmwW/wWwfwW WªvB‡f Dey›Uzi wW¯‹wU cÖ‡ek Kivb (1st Boot Device wn‡m‡e CDROM wbe©vwPZ
_vKv Ae¯’vq)|
2. KgwcDUviwU ÷vU© ev wi÷vU© Kiæb| j¨vs¸‡qR w¯Œb Avm‡e|

3. Avcbvi Kvw•ÿZ fvlvwU wbe©vPb K‡i Install Ubuntu 10.04 LTS G wK¬K Kiæb| Where are you?
DB‡ÛvwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
24 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

4. Avcbvi †jv‡KkbwU‡Z gvD‡mi mvnv‡h¨ wK¬K Kiæb Ges Zvici Forward evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Keyboard
layout DB‡Ûv Avm‡e|

5. Suggested option wU mwVK bv n‡j mwVK wK‡evW© †jAvDUwU wm‡j± Kiæb| Forward evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
Prepare disk space DB‡Ûv Avm‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 25

6. Avcwb hw` cy‡iv nvW© WªvBf Ry‡oB Dey›Uz‡K BÝUj Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e Erase and use the entire disk wm‡j±
Kiæb Ge †h nvW© WªvB‡f Avcwb Dey›Uz‡K BÝUj Ki‡Z Pvb †mwU wm‡j± Kiæb| Gici Forward evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb (mZK©Zv t cy‡iv nvW© wW‡¯‹ Dey›Uz BÝUj Ki‡j Zv H WªvB‡f _vKv mKj †WUv‡K gy‡Q †dj‡e|
Kv‡RB wbwðZ n‡q GB KvRwU Ki‡eb)|
26 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
A_ev,
Avcwb hw` Dey›Uz‡K wm‡½j GKwU cvwU©k‡b Wy‡qj eywUs Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e Guided – resize wm‡j± Kiæb|
New partition size Gwiqv‡Z Avcbvi Kvw•ÿZ cvwU©kb mvBR ˆZwii Rb¨ `yBwU cvwU©k‡bi ga¨Kvi
GwiqvwU‡K Wª¨vM Kiæb| Forward evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

7. Who are you? DB‡Ûv Avm‡e|

8. cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨¸‡jv cÖ`vb Kiæb Ges Forward evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Ready to install DB‡Ûv Avm‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 27

9. j¨vs¸‡qR, †jAvDU, †jv‡Kkb Ges cv‡m©vbvj Bbdi‡gkb¸‡jv hvPvB Kiæb| mewKQz wVKVvK _vK‡j
Install evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| BÝU‡jkb DBRvW©wU ïiæ n‡e|

10. BÝU‡jkb DBRvW©wU m¤úbœ nevi ci Installation complete DB‡ÛvwU Avm‡e| KgwcDUviwU‡K wi÷vU©
Kivi Rb¨ Restart now evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Dey›Uz GLb BÝUj n‡q †Mj Ges GwU e¨env‡ii Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z|
28 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

fvPz©qvj cwi‡e‡k Dey›Uz BÝUj Kiv

GLb Avgiv fvPz©qvj cwi‡e‡k Dey›Uzi BÝUj cÖwµqvwU †`L‡ev| GB cÖwµqvq Dey›Uz 11.10 Ges Dey›Uz 11.04 Dfq
ms¯‹iYB BÝUj Kiv hv‡e| A‡b‡KB Av‡Qb hviv Av`‡Z DB‡Ûv‡Ri e¨enviKvix wKš‘ Dey›UzI e¨envi Ki‡Z
AvMÖnx| G ai‡bi e¨enviKvixiv DB‡ÛvR Pvjy †i‡LB fvPz©qvj cwi‡e‡k Dey›Uz‡K BÝUj I e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
G‡Z myweav n‡jv Avcwb DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gwU e¨enviKvjxb mg‡qB KgwcDUviwU wi÷vU© bv K‡iB
DB‡Ûv‡R †h Ae¯’v‡Z Av‡Qb †mB Ae¯’v‡ZB Dey›Uz‡K Pvjy K‡i KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î wfbœ GKwU fvPz©qvj
DB‡Ûv‡Z Dey›Uz Pvjy n‡e| DB‡Ûv cwieZ©b K‡i Avcwb GKB mv‡_ DB‡ÛvR Ges Dey›Uz‡Z KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
RbwcÖq fvP©yqvj †gwkb A¨vwcø‡Kkb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Xen, VirtualBox, VMWare, Microsoft Virtual PC
BZ¨vw`| G‡`i g‡a¨ mvb gvB‡µvwm‡÷gm Gi I‡cb-†mvm© fvPz©qvj †gwkb VirtualBox A¨vwcø‡KkbwU DB‡ÛvR
e¨enviKvix‡`i Kv‡Q LyeB RbwcÖq n‡q D‡V‡Q| http://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads G wM‡q †cB‡Ri
Dc‡ii w`‡K _vKv VirtualBox platform packages n‡Z VirtualBox 4.1 for Windows hosts Gi cv‡ki wj¼wU‡Z
wK¬K K‡i wKsev mivmwi http://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/4.1.0/VirtualBox-4.1.0-73009-Win.exe
wj¼ n‡Z GwU Avcwb WvDb‡jvW K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|

fvP©yqvj e· A¨vwcø‡Kkb BÝUj Kiv

fvP©yqvj e· A¨vwcø‡KkbwU BÝUj Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. fvPz©qvj e· Gi BÝUjvi dvBjwU‡Z (.exe) Wvej-wK¬K Kiæb| †mUAvc DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| Next evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb|
2. Custom Setup DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| evBwWdë C:\ WªvB‡f GwU BÝUj n‡e| Ab¨ †Kv‡bv WªvB‡f GwU BÝUj
Ki‡Z PvB‡j Browse evU‡b wK¬K K‡i †jv‡Kkb wba©viY K‡i w`b| Gici Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 29

3. cieZ©x av‡c cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| cÖ‡qvRbxq Ackb¸‡jv wm‡j± K‡i Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
4. Warning: Network Interface DB‡ÛvwU Avm‡j Yes evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

5. Ready to Install DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| Install evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| BÝUj cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e| cy‡iv cÖwµqvwU
m¤úbœ n‡Z wKQz mgq jvM‡e|
30 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
6. BÝUj cÖwµqv m¤úbœ n‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv DB‡Ûv cÖ`wk© n‡e| BÝU‡ji ci A¨vwcø‡KkbwU ¯^qswµqfv‡e Pvjy
Ki‡Z PvB‡j GLv‡b _vKv AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb| Avi cieZ©x‡Z A¨vwcø‡KkbwU Pvjy Ki‡Z PvB‡j
AckbwU wWwm‡j± Kiæb| Gici Finish evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

fvPz©qvj e· A¨vwcø‡Kk‡b bZzb fvPz©qvj †gwkb ˆZwi Kiv

fvPz©qvi e· A¨vwcø‡KkbwU BÝU‡ji ci G‡Z bZzb fvPz©qvj †gwkb ˆZwi Ki‡Z wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Start > All Programs > Oracle VM VirtualBox > Oracle VM VirtualBox wbe©vPb Kiæb| wb‡Pi g‡Zv
DB‡Ûv Avm‡e|
2. New evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

3. Create New Virtual Machine DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 31

4. VM Name and OS Type DBRvW© Avm‡e| GLv‡b Name Gwiqvi wd‡ì Ubuntu 11.10 wjLyb| OS Type
Gwiqvi Operating System Ges Version wd‡ì ¯^qswµqfv‡e Linux I Ubuntu wbe©vwPZ n‡q hv‡e|
Gici Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

5. Memory DBRvW© Avm‡e| gvD‡mi mvnv‡h¨ ¯øvBWviwU‡K Wª¨vM K‡i Base Memory Size †K wba©viY
Kiæb| B‡”Q Ki‡j cv‡k N‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq †g‡gvwii cwigvY UvBcI K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| Gici Next evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb|
32 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
6. Virtual Hard Disk DBRvW© Avm‡e| GLv‡b evBwWdë hv wbe©vwPZ Av‡Q †mwUB ivLyb| AZtci Next
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

7. Welcome to the virtual disk creation wizard Avm‡e| GLv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi dvBj UvBc Ackb _vK‡e
hv‡`i g‡a¨ Avcbv‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq GKwU UvBc‡K †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e| evBwWdë wbe©vwPZ VDI (Virtual Disk
Image) AckbwUB wbe©vwPZ ivLyb| Gici Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

8. Virtual disk storage details DBRvW© Avm‡e| evBwWdë wbe©vwPZ _vKv Dynamically allocated AckbwU
wbe©vwPZ †i‡LB Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 33
9. Virtual disk file location and size DBRvW© Avm‡e| Location Gwiqvi Wv‡bi †dvìvi AvBKb hy³ evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb|

10. bZzb GKwU DB‡Ûv Avm‡e †hLvb †_‡K Avcwb nvW© wW‡¯‹i †h‡Kv‡bv WªvBf (†hLv‡b cÖPzi Lvwj RvqMv
i‡q‡Q) †K Dey›Uz BÝU‡ji Rb¨ wm‡j± Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wbw`©ó WªvBfwU wm‡j± K‡i †mLv‡b GKwU †dvìvi
ˆZwi K‡i wbb Ges †mB †dvìviwU wm‡j± Kiæb| B‡”Q Ki‡j Avcwb WªvBfwU‡Z Av‡M †_‡KB D³
†dvìviwU ˆZwi K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡ib| †m‡ÿ‡Î GLb †mwU wbe©vPb Ki‡jB n‡e| †hgbÑ Avgvi Ubuntu
11.10 Installed †dvìviwU Av‡MB ˆZwi Kiv wQj| Gici Save evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| D³ †jv‡Kk‡b bZzb
nvW© wW¯‹ B‡gR dvBjwU †mf n‡e|
34 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
11. Gevi DB‡Ûvi wb‡Pi As‡k _vKv Size Gwiqv †_‡K fvPz©qvj wW‡¯‹i Rb¨ mvBR wba©viY Kiæb| B‡”Q Ki‡j
cv‡ki N‡i msL¨v wj‡L w`‡qI Avcwb GwU wMMvevB‡U wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e †Lqvj ivL‡eb Avcbvi
nvW©wW‡¯‹i Lvwj RvqMvi cwigvY we‡ePbvq †i‡L GwU Ki‡Z n‡e| Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

12. Summary DBRvW© Avm‡e| Create evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

13. cybivq Create evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 35
14. Ubuntu 11.10 bv‡g bZzb GKwU fvPz©qvj †gwkb ˆZwi n‡q hv‡e|

15. Settings evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Settings DB‡Ûv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Gi evg w`‡K _vKv System AckbwU wm‡j±
Kiæb| System AckbwUi AvIZvaxb AvB‡Ug¸‡jv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Boot Order Gwiqv n‡Z Floopy
AckbwU DwV‡q (wWwm‡j±) w`b| Gici OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
36 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
fvPzq© vj †gwk‡b Dey›Uz (11.10 ms¯‹iY) BÝUj Kiv
fvPz©qvj †gwk‡b Dey›Uz (Dey›Uz 11.10 Ges Dey›Uz 11.04 Dfq ms¯‹iYB BÝU‡jkb Kiv hv‡e) BÝU‡jk‡bi Rb¨
wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. KgwcDUv‡ii wmwW/wWwfwW ig WªvB‡f Dey›Uzi wmwWwU cÖ‡ek Kivb|
2. Gevi Oracle VM VirtualBox A¨vwcø‡KkbwU Pvjy _vKv Ae¯’vq Ges Ubuntu 11.10 wU wbe©vwPZ _vKv
Ae¯’vq Start evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

3. bZzb GKwU DB‡Ûv‡Z Dey›Uz eyU n‡e| KLbI KLbI eyU bv n‡q Gii †g‡mR †`Lv‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î
DB‡ÛvwUi †gby †_‡K Device > CD/DVD Device > Host Drive wbe©vPb Kiæb| D‡jøL¨, Avcbvi
wmwW/wWwfwW WªvBf †hwU n‡e Zvi WªvBf †jUvi GLv‡b cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Avgv‡`i WªvBfwU J: nIqvq GLv‡b
†mwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡”Q|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 37
4. Gevi †gby †_‡K Machine > Reset wbe©vPb Kiæb|

5. Avcwb mwZ¨B fvPz©qvi †gwkbwU‡K wi‡mU Ki‡Z Pvb wKbv Zv Rvb‡Z PvB‡e| Reset evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

6. fvPz©qvj †gwkbwU wi‡mU n‡e Ges cybivq wmwW †_‡K eyU Kivi †Póv Ki‡e| wKQzÿY ci wb‡Pi g‡Zv
w¯ŒbwU DB‡Ûvi †fZi cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

7. I‡qjKvg DB‡Ûv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Install Ububtu evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

38 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

8. Preparing to install Ubuntu DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i (DB‡Ûv‡R) hw` B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM
†_‡K _v‡K Z‡e Download updates while installing Ges Install this third-party software Ackb `ywU
wm‡j± K‡i Continue evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Zv‡Z K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq Avc‡UWmg~n I wKQz _vW©-cvwU©
mdUIq¨vi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi mv‡_B BÝUj n‡q hv‡e| Avi B›Uvi‡b‡Ui ms‡hvM bv _vK‡j Avcbv‡K
cieZ©x‡Z Gme Avc‡WU¸‡jv WvDb‡jvW K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 39
9. Installtion type DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| GLv‡b Erase disk and install Ubuntu Ges Something else bv‡gi `ywU
Ackb cv‡eb| cÖ_g AckbwU wm‡j± Ki‡j Avcbvi wW¯‹wU gy‡Q †d‡j †mLv‡b Dey›Uz BÝUj n‡e| Zv‡Z
K‡i D³ wW‡¯‹ _vKv mKj dvBj wWwjU n‡q hv‡e| Avgiv †h‡nZz wW‡¯‹i wKQz Ask e¨envi K‡i Dey›Uz‡K
e¨envi Ki‡Z PvBwQ †m‡nZz Something else AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb Ges Continue evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

10. wb‡Pi DB‡ÛvwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| /dev/sda wbe©vwPZ _vKv Ae¯’vq New Partition Table evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

11. wb‡Pi g‡Zv evZ©v cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Continue evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
40 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

12. Gevi /dev/sda Gi wb‡Pi free space wbe©vwPZ _vKv Ae¯’vq Add evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

13. Create Partition WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLv‡b Use as: Gi AšÍM©Z Wvb w`‡K _vKv Wªc-WvDb AvBK‡b
wK¬K Kiæb Ges swap area AckbwU wbe©vPb Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 41

14. New partition size in megabytes (1000000 bytes): Gi wd‡ì UvBc Kiæb 2000| Avcwb Avcbvi
B‡”Qg‡ZvI cvwU©kb mvBR wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †m‡ÿ‡Î Av‡M wn‡me K‡i wb‡Z n‡e Avcbvi wW¯‹
†¯úm KZ Ges KZUzKz‡K e¨envi Ki‡Z Pvb| Gici OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

15. swap UvB‡ci WªvBf †¯úm A¨v‡jv‡KU n‡e Ges bZzb K‡i free space ˆZwi n‡e| Gevi D³ free space
wU wm‡j± K‡i cybivq Add evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
42 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

16. AveviI Create Partition WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLv‡b Use as: Gi AšÍM©Z Wvb w`‡K _vKv Wªc-WvDb
AvBK‡b wK¬K Kiæb Ges AvMZ †gby †_‡K Ext3 journaling file system AckbwU wbe©vPb Kiæb| Zvici
Mount point: Gi AšÍM©Z Wªc-WvDb †gby n‡Z Ò/Ó wbe©vPb Kiæb| Zvici OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 43
17. evwK wd« †¯úmUzKz‡Z Ext3 UvB‡ci WªvBf †¯úm A¨v‡jv‡KU n‡e| Gevi Install Now evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

18. BÝUj cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e|

19. Where are you? DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| GLv‡b gvDm c‡q›Uvi Øviv wK¬K K‡i Avcwb †h ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb Ki‡Qb
†mwU wPwýZ K‡i w`b|
44 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

20. wKQzÿY ci Keyboard layout DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| GLv‡b _vKv wK‡evW© †jAvDU †_‡K Avcwb †h‡Kv‡bv
†jAvDU‡K †e‡Q wb‡Z cv‡ib| GLv‡b evsjv †jAvDUI AšÍfy©³ Av‡Q| hviv evsjv e¨envi Ki‡Z Pvb
Zviv wj÷ n‡Z eªvDR K‡i evsjv †e‡Q wb‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Avgiv GLb wK‡evW© †jAvDU wn‡m‡e USA
wbe©vPb Ki‡ev| Gici Continue evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

21. Who are you? DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| GLv‡b G‡K G‡K Avcbvi bvg, Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡ii bvg, GKwU DBRvi
†bg, GKwU cvmIqvW©, cybivq Kbdvg© cvmIqvW© BZ¨vw` cÖ`vb Kiæb| Gici Require my passward to
log in AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb| KviY Avgiv Pvw”Q Dey›Uz‡Z jMBb Ki‡Z †M‡j †hb Avgv‡`i cvmIqvW©wU
PvIqv nq| Avcwb hw` †nvg †dvìviwU‡K GbwµÞ K‡i ivL‡Z Pvb Z‡e Encrypt my home folder
AckbwU wm‡j± K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| Gici Continue evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 45

22. BÝUj cÖwµqv Pj‡Z _vK‡e| GB Ae¯’vq wKQzÿY ci ci w¯Œb cwiewZ©Z n‡e Ges Avcbv‡K Dey›Uzi
wewfbœ wdPvi m¤ú‡K© AewnZ Kiv n‡e|
46 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
23. wewfbœ ai‡bi Avc‡WU I _vW©-cvwU© mdUIq¨vi WvDb‡jvW I BÝUj Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ cy‡iv BÝU‡jkb
cÖwµqvwU m¤úbœ n‡Z †ek LvwbKUv mgq jvM‡Z cv‡i| GB mgqUv ˆah©¨ a‡i A‡cÿv Kiæb| BÝU‡jkb
cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nevi ci wb‡Pi g‡Zv evZ©v cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Restart Now evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

24. KgwcDUviwU fvPz©qvwj wi÷vU© n‡e (cÖK…Z DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gwU bq) Ges Dey›Uzi wmwWwU‡K †ei
K‡i Avbv ev miv‡bvi Rb¨ ej‡e| G mgq wmwW/wWwfwW WªvB‡f ivLv wW¯‹wU‡K †ei K‡i Avbyb|

25. Dey›Uz Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gwU wi÷vU© n‡e Ges fvPz©qvj e‡· Zvi jMBb w¯ŒbwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 47
26. cvmIqvW© cÖ`vb K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb| Dey›Uzi B›Uvi‡dmwU fvP©yqvj e‡·i DB‡Ûv‡Z cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

fvPzq© vj †gwk‡b BDGmwe (USB) wWfvBm mbv³Ki‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv

KgwcDUv‡i KvR Ki‡Z †M‡j Avcbv‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi BDGmwe (USB) wWfvBm e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| AvRKvj
KgwcDUv‡ii mv‡_ e¨envi‡hvM¨ AwaKvsk wWfvBmB cøvM-GÛ-†cø auv‡Pi A_©vr G‡`i‡K BDGmwe †cv‡U©i gva¨‡g
KgwcDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ †cb WªvBf, ¯‹¨vbvi, wcÖ›Uvi, wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv, I‡qeK¨vg BZ¨vw`|
fvPz©qvj †gwk‡b Avcwb hLb Dey›Uz‡K BÝUj Ki‡eb ZLb BÝU‡ji ci Dey›Uz‡Z cÖ‡ek Kivi ci KgwcDUv‡ii mv‡_
BDGmwe †cvU©©hy³ †Kv‡bv wWfvBm‡K (gvDm e¨wZZ) mshy³ Ki‡j †mwU mvaviYZ Dey›Uz KZ…K
© wW‡U± n‡e bv| GB
mgm¨v mgvav‡b Avcbv‡K mvgvb¨ GKUz KvR K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. DB‡ÛvR †_‡K B›Uvi‡bU eªvDRv‡i wM‡q http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-
storage/virtualbox/downloads/index.html#extpack †cBRwU †_‡K Oracle VM VirtualBox Extension
Pack wU Gi mswkøó wjsK †_‡K WvDb‡jvW K‡i wbb|
2. Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i Oracle VM VirtualBox Extension Pack wU BÝUj Kiæb|
3. aiæb, Avgiv †cb WªvBf e¨envi Ki‡Z Pvw”Q| †m‡ÿ‡Î Gevi Oracle VM VirtualBox A¨vwcø‡KkbwU Pvjy
_vKv Ae¯’vq Ges Settings evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
48 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
4. Settings WvqvjM e· Avm‡j Gi evg w`K †_‡K USB wm‡j± Kiæb Ges Wvb w`K †_‡K Enable USB
2.0 (EHCI) Controller AckbwU †PK (wUK gvK© w`‡q wm‡j±) Kiæb| Gici WvqvjM e‡·i Wvb cÖv‡šÍi
BDGmwe+ wPýhy³ AvBKbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb Ges AvMZ ccAvc †gby †_‡K JetFlash Mass Storage
Device [1100] wbe©vPb Kiæb|

5. wbe©vPb Kiv gvÎB GwU WvqvjM e‡·i gvSLv‡b cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GwU hw` †PK Kiv bv _v‡K Z‡e †PK K‡i
w`b|
6. OK evU‡b wK¬K K‡i WvqvjM e·wU eÜ Kiæb|
7. Gevi Oracle VM VirtualBox A¨vwcø‡KkbwU n‡Z Ubuntu 11.10 wU wbe©vwPZ _vKv Ae¯’vq Start evU‡b
wK¬K K‡i Dey›Uz Pvjy Kiæb|
8. cvmIqvW© w`‡q Dey›Uz †W¯‹U‡c cÖ‡ek Kivi ci GKwU †cb WªvBf BDGmwe †cv‡U© hy³ Kiæb| wKQzÿ‡Yi
g‡a¨ †cb WªvBfwU mbv³ n‡e Ges Gi AvBKb cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| †cb WªvBfwU‡K †Kv‡bv dvBj _vK‡j
†m¸‡jv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 49

Wubi Gi gva¨‡g Dey›Uz BÝUj Kiv

†h mg¯Í DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvix Dey›Uz‡K Wy‡qj eywUs‡qi Aax‡b BÝUj Ki‡Z Pvb Zviv Wubi Gi gva¨‡g Zv Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| Wubi n‡jv DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvix‡`i Rb¨ Awdwkqvwj mv‡cv‡U©W Dey›Uz BÝUjvi| GwU Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv
DB‡ÛvR A¨vwcø‡Kk‡bi g‡Zv GKB Dcv‡q Dey›Uz‡K BÝUj I AvbBÝUj Ki‡Z cv‡i| Dey›Uzi BÝUjvi wmwWi
mv‡_B Wubi.exe dvBjwU †`qv _v‡K| wmwW eªvDR K‡i GB dvBjwU‡Z Wvej-wK¬K K‡i GwU Pvjy Ki‡Z nq|
GLv‡b LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †h welqwU Avcbvi Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb †mwU n‡jv, A‡b‡KB Wubi.exe dvBjwUi gva¨‡g Dey›Uz
BÝUj Ki‡Z wM‡q e¨_© n‡Z cv‡ib| dvBjwUi mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y GwU n‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î civgk© n‡jv, Dey›Uzi cy‡iv
wmwWwU Kwc K‡i †Kv‡bv †dv‡ìv‡i ivLv (.iso dvBj n‡j †mwU GKwU †dvìv‡i ivL‡Z n‡e)| Zvici Wubi.exe
dvBjwU c„_Kfv‡e WvDb‡jvW K‡i Av‡Mi Wubi.exe dvBjwU‡K wi‡cøm K‡i (.iso Gi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRb †bB) D³
†dvìv‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| cieZ©x‡Z Dey›Uz BÝUj Kivi mgq GB dvBjwU‡Z Wvej-wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|

Wubi.exe dvBj WvDb‡jvW Kiv

B›Uvi‡b‡U mvP© Ki‡j Avcwb Wubi.exe dvBjwU WvDb‡jv‡Wi wewfbœ wjsK †c‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e DËg Dcvq n‡jv
Dey›Uzi mvBU †_‡K GwU WvDb‡jvW K‡i †bqv| GRb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. B›Uvi‡bU eªvDRvi I‡cb K‡i http://www.ubuntu.com/download/ubuntu/windows-installer wjsKwU‡Z
cÖ‡ek Kiæb|

2. Start download evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

3. dvBjwU WvDb‡jvW Kivi Ackb cÖ`wk©Z n‡j †mwU wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv †jv‡Kk‡b †mf Kiæb|
50 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
Dey›Uz BÝUj Kiv
Wubi Gi gva¨‡g Dey›Uz BÝUj Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. wbw`©ó †jv‡Kk‡b _vKv Wubi.exe dvBjwU‡Z Wvej-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. wmwKDwiwU †g‡mR Avm‡j Continue evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

3. Ubuntu Installer DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| GLv‡b Avcbvi BDRvi †bg I cvmIqvW© cÖ`vb Kiæb| cvmIqvW©wU `yB
evi wj‡L w`‡Z n‡e| Gici Install evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

4. †dvìv‡i Kwc K‡i ivLv Dey›Uz ev Gi .iso n‡Z dvBjmg~n WvDb‡jvW n‡e Ges ¯^qswµqfv‡e BÝUj n‡e|
Gi wKQzÿY ci KgwcDUvi wieyU Kivi WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| Reboot now wbe©vPb K‡i Finish evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 51

5. KgwcDUvi wi÷vU© nevi ci DB‡ÛvR eyU g¨v‡bRvi n‡Z Ubuntu wbe©vPb K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb|

6. Dey›Uz Pvjy n‡e Ges BÝUj cÖwµqv cy‡iv`‡g ïiæ n‡e| evwK BÝUj cÖwµqv c~‡e© ewY©Z cÖwµqv¸‡jvi
g‡ZvB|
52 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

Aa¨vq t 4
Dey›Uz (11.10) †W¯‹Uc wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
Dey›Uz BÝUj Kivi ci wcwm Pvjy Kivi (wm‡½j eywUs wn‡m‡e) mv‡_ mv‡_ Dey›Uz Pvjy nq| Avi hw` Dey›Uz‡K Ab¨
†Kv‡bv Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi cvkvcvwk BÝUj Kiv nq (†hgbÑ DB‡Ûv‡R Wy‡qj eywUs wn‡m‡e) Z‡e wcwm Ab Kivi
mv‡_ mv‡_ GKwU eyU †jvWvi Pvjy n‡e †hLvb †_‡K Avcwb B‡”Qg‡Zv †h‡Kv‡bv Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| GB Ae¯’vq Avcwb hw` Dey›Uz‡K wbe©vPb K‡ib Z‡e Dey›Uz Pvjy n‡e| Dey›Uzi LightDM jMBb w¯ŒbwU
†`L‡Z cv‡eb| Gi †mwUsm †gby (Wvb w`‡Ki PvKvi AvK…wZi AvBKb) †Z wK¬K Ki‡j Avcwb Ubuntu Ges Ubuntu
2D bvgK `ywU BDwbwU †`L‡Z cv‡eb| mvaviYZ Ubuntu 2D BDwbwUwU wbe©vwPZ _v‡K| Avcwb wb‡Ri B‡”Qg‡Zv
BDwbwU wm‡j± Kiæb| Zvici cvmIqv‡W©i N‡i Avcbvi cvmIqvW©wU cÖ`vb K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb|

Dey›Uz‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| Dey›Uzi †W¯‹UcwU †`L‡Z wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 53
†W¯‹U‡ci w`‡K jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`L‡eb Dc‡ii G‡Kev‡i evg cÖv‡šÍ Desktop †jLv †`Lv hv‡”Q| Gi Dci gvDm
c‡q›Uvi ai‡j Avcwb GKwU †gbyevi †`L‡Z cv‡eb| cÖwZwU †gby‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j Zv mswkøó †gby AvB‡Ug¸‡jv‡K
cÖ`k©b Ki‡e †h¸‡jv w`‡q Avcwb wewfbœ ai‡bi KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| D‡jøL¨, c¨v‡b‡j Aew¯’Z wfbœ wfbœ AvB‡Ug
wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq D³ ¯’v‡b wfbœ wfbœ bvg I †gbyevi cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

c¨v‡b‡ji G‡Kev‡i Dc‡i _vKv ÒW¨vk †nvgÓ AvB‡U‡gi (Dey›Uzi †jv‡Mv m¤^wjZ) Dci wK¬K Ki‡j wb‡Pi g‡Zv
w¯ŒbwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GLv‡b mvP© e‡· cÖ‡qvRbxq A¨vwcø‡Kkb ev UzjwUi bvg wj‡L w`‡j †mwU BÝUj Ae¯’vq _vK‡j
w¯Œ‡b cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| cieZ©x‡Z Avcwb D³ A¨vwcø‡Kk‡b wK¬K K‡i †mwU Pvjy Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
54 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

Dey›Uz K¬¨vwmK †W¯‹Uc BÝUj Kiv

Dey›Uz 11.10 ms¯‹iYwU‡Z GNOME K¬¨vwmK †W¯‹Uc BÝUj Kiv _v‡K bv; hw`I Dey›Uz 11.04 ms¯‹iYwU‡Z GwU
AšÍf³ y© wQj| Dey›Uz 11.10 †Z †gBb †mkb wn‡m‡e Unity (Compiz mn) e¨eüZ nq| Avi Unity 2D wU e¨eüZ
nq dje¨vK †gvW wn‡m‡e hv mvaviYZ Compiz wfwËK BDwbwU Pvjv‡Z Aÿg KgwcDUvi¸‡jv‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
A‡b‡KB Av‡Qb hviv Dey›Uz K¬¨vwmK †W¯‹U‡c KvR K‡i Af¨¯Í; Zv‡`i Kv‡Q nVvr K‡iB Dey›Uz 11.10 ms¯‹iYwU
Sv‡gjvi g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| Zv‡`i Rb¨ myLei n‡jv Avcwb Dey›Uz 11.10 G GNOME K¬¨vwmK †W¯‹Uc e¨envi Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb Z‡e Zv n‡e GNOME 3 K¬¨vwmK †W¯‹Uc| A‡Mi †mB GNOME 2 †W¯‹UcwU Avi cv‡”Qb bv| GwU
e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Avcbv‡K gnome-session-fallback BÝUj K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| GwU Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv
MÖnY Kiæb t
1. evg c¨v‡b‡ji G‡Kev‡i Dc‡i _vKv cÖ_g AvB‡U‡gi (Dey›Uzi †jv‡Mv m¤^wjZ ÒW¨vk †nvgÓ AvBKb) Dci
wK¬K Kiæb|
2. mvP© e‡· Terminal UvBc Kiæb| Terminal AvB‡UgwU †c‡j †mwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|

3. Uvwg©bvj I‡cb n‡j sudo apt-get install gnome-session-fallback UvBc K‡i

G›Uvi Pvcyb (D‡jøL¨, GB Ae¯’vq Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i B›Uvi‡b‡Ui ms‡hvM _vK‡Z n‡e| bq‡Zv GwU
BÝUj n‡e bv| B›Uvi‡bU †mUAv‡ci Rb¨ eB‡qi 5g Aa¨vqwU AbymiY Kiæb)|
4. cvmIqvW© PvB‡j Avcbvi A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªUi cvmIqvW©wU cÖ`vb K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb| cvmIqvW© UvB‡ci mgq
Avcwb †Kv‡bv wKQz †`L‡Z cv‡eb bv|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 55
5. BÝU‡ji cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e| wKQzÿY ci cÖwµqvwU Pvwj‡q †h‡Z Pvb wKbv Zv Rvb‡Z PvB‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î y
UvBc K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb|
6. cÖ‡qvRbxq WvDb‡jvW cÖwµqv m¤úbœ n‡Z _vK‡e| G‡Z wKQzUv mgq †b‡e| Avcbvi B›Uvi‡b‡U MwZi Dci
GwU wbf©ikxj|

7. wKQzÿY ci WvD‡jvW I BÝUj cÖwµqvwU mym¤úbœ n‡e|

8. Gevi Dey›Uz n‡Z jM AvDU †nvb| LightDM jMBb w¯Œb n‡Z GNOME Classic wm‡j± Kiæb|
56 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

9. GNOME3 Classic dje¨vK †gv‡W Dey›Uz‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e|

10. Avcwb hw` K¬¨vwmK †gvW †_‡K Av‡Mi †gv‡W †diZ Avm‡Z Pvb wKsev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †gv‡W †h‡Z Pvb Z‡e
jMAvDU n‡q cybivq jMBb w¯Œ‡bi D³ †gby †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq †gvWwU wbe©vPb K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|

D‡jøL¨, Avgiv g~jZ Dey›Uz K¬¨vwmK †W¯‹U‡cB †ewk KvR Ki‡ev| Z‡e we‡kl cÖ‡qvR‡b mvaviY †gv‡WI KvR
Ki‡ev| Avcwb Avcbvi B‡”Qg‡Zv †h‡Kv‡bv †gv‡W KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 57

fvP©yqvj †gv‡W Dey›Uz Pvjy Kiv

Avcwb hw` fvPz©qvj cwi‡e‡k Dey›Uz‡K BÝUj K‡ib Z‡e (hv Avgiv Av‡Mi Aa¨vqwU‡Z Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ) fvPz©qvj
mdUIq¨viwU BÝUj Kivi ci Avcbv‡K †mLvb †_‡K Dey›Uz‡K ivb Kiv‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY
Kiæb t
1. IivKj wfGg fvPz©vqvje· mdUIq¨viwU Pvjy Kiæb|
2. Ubuntu 11.10 wbe©vwPZ _vKv Ae¯’vq Start evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

3. wfbœ GKwU DB‡Ûv‡Z eywUs cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e Ges wKQzÿ‡Yi g‡a¨B Dey›Uz Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gwU Pvjy n‡q
jMBb w¯Œb cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
58 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
4. Avcbvi jMBb cvmIqvW©wU cÖ`vb K‡i Login evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Dey›Uz †W¯‹UcwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

w¯Œ‡bi †i‡Rvjy¨kb (Resolution) wba©viY

Dey›Uz †W¯‹U‡c cÖ_gevi cÖ‡e‡ki ci Avcbv‡K w¯Œ‡bi †i‡Rvjy¨kb wVK Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| †W¯‹UcwU w¯Œ‡bi mv‡_
¯^qswµqfv‡e A¨vWRv÷ bv n‡j Avcwb g¨vbyqvwj Zv K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. GNOME K¬¨vwmK G Dey›Uz †W¯‹U‡ci Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj n‡Z Applications > System Tools > System
Settings wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avi mvaviY †gv‡W _vKv Ae¯’vq ev‡gi c¨v‡bj n‡Z System Settings AvBK‡b
wK¬K Kiæb|

K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W mvaviY †gv‡W

 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 59
2. System Settings DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| GLvb †_‡K Hardware Gi Aax‡b _vKv Displays AvBK‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

3. Displays WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| WvqvjM e·wUi wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv Resolution: Gi WªcWvDb AvBK‡b
wK¬K Kiæb|

4. we`¨gvb †i‡Rvjy¨kb¸‡jv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Avcbvi w¯Œ‡bi Dc‡hvMx †iRjy¨kbwU wbe©vPb K‡i Apply evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb| †W¯‹U‡ci AvKvi cwiewZ©Z n‡q Displays WvqvjM e‡·i wb‡P cÖ`wk©Z n‡e Ges GB Ae¯’vq
Does the display look OK? †g‡mR e·wU Avwef~Z © n‡e| Avcwb hw` g‡b K‡ib †h we`¨gvb
†i‡Rvjy¨kbwU Avcbvi Rb¨ mwVK Z‡e Keep This Configuration evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
60 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

5. Displays WvqvjM e‡· †diZ Avm‡e| Gevi Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i WvqvjM e·wU eÜ Kiæb|

c¨v‡bj cwiwPwZ (GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W)

Dey›Uz‡Z 11.10 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gwU K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W Pvjy Kivi ci Gi †W¯‹U‡c cÖv_wgKfv‡e Avcwb `ywU c¨v‡bj
†`L‡Z cv‡eb| G‡`i GKwU w¯Œ‡bi Dc‡i Ges GKwU w¯Œ‡bi wb‡Pi w`‡K|

Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj cwiwPwZ

 Dc‡ii c¨v‡b‡j i‡q‡Q Applications Ges Places bv‡gi `ywU †gby| cÖwZwU †gby‡Z AmsL¨ mve-†gby
i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv‡Z _vKv KgvÛ e¨envi K‡i Dey›Uzi hveZxq KvR¸‡jv cwiPvjbv Kiv nq|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 61
 c¨v‡b‡ji wVK gvSvgvwS i‡q‡Q ZvwiL I mgq m¤^wjZ GKwU evi †hLv‡b wK¬K K‡i Avcwb Avcbvi
A¨vc‡q›U‡g›U I Uv¯‹¸‡jv‡K †`‡L wb‡Z cv‡ib| Gi Edit evU‡b wK¬K K‡i AvMZ Clock Preferences
WvqvjM e‡·i General, Locations I Weather U¨ve¸‡jv n‡Z Avcwb cÖ‡qvRbxq Ackb¸‡jv wba©viY
K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| GLvb †_‡K Avcwb UvBg †mwUsmI wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

 cieZ©x‡Z c¨v‡b‡ji Wvb w`‡K i‡q‡Q fwjDg K‡›Uªv‡ji GKwU AvBKb| GB AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j fwjDg
K‡›Uªv‡ji Rb¨ GKwU ¯øvBWvi Avwef~Z
© nq †hwU‡K Wª¨vM K‡i fwjDg‡K evov‡bv ev Kgv‡bv hvq|

 Gici Wvb w`‡K i‡q‡Q †bUIqvK© BwÛ‡KUi AvBKb A_©vr Avcbvi wcwmwU B›Uvi‡b‡U hy³ Av‡Q wKbv Zv
GLv‡b cÖwZfvZ nq| GQvov GB AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j AvMZ †gby †_‡K B›Uvi‡bU I †bUIqvwK©s msµvšÍ
wKQz welq wba©viY Kivi my‡hvM cvIqv hvq|
62 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

 Gici Wvb w`‡K Avcwb †h BDRvi wn‡m‡e jMBb K‡i Av‡Qb Zvi bvgwU †`L‡Z cv‡eb| †hgbÑ GLv‡b
Munirul Hasan †`Lv‡”Q| bvgwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j GKwU †gby Avm‡e †hLvb †_‡K Avcwb Avcbvi ÷¨vUvm
A_©vr Avcwb Available bvwK Busy Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov Online Accounts I System
Settings wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Online Accounts Gi gva¨‡g Avcwb wR‡gBj A¨vKvD›U‡K †mU K‡i
w`‡Z cv‡ib| Avi System Settings G wK¬K K‡i wm‡÷g †mwUsm msµvšÍ wewfbœ welq¸‡jv GLvb †_‡KB
wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov Lock Screen, Switch User, Log Out, Shut Down BZ¨vw` AvB‡Ug¸‡jvI
GLv‡b cv‡eb|

wb‡Pi c¨v‡bj cwiwPwZ

 wb‡Pi c¨v‡b‡ji me©ev‡g GKwUgvÎ AvB‡Ug e· _v‡K| G‡Z ivBU wK¬K Ki‡j Preferences †gby †`Lv
hvq Ges †mwU wm‡j± Ki‡j Window List Preferences DB‡ÛvwU cÖ`wk©Z nq| GLvb †_‡K Avcwb DB‡Ûv
wj÷ Kb‡U›U I DB‡Ûv MÖæwcs wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 63

 Gici wb‡Pi c¨v‡b‡ji Wvb w`‡K ci ci 4wU IqvK©‡¯úm i‡q‡Q| Avcwb eZ©gv‡b †h IqvK©‡¯ú‡m KvR
Ki‡Qb †mwU GLv‡b D¾¡j n‡q cÖ`wk©Z nq| Avcwb †h‡Kv‡bv IqvK©‡¯úm wm‡j± K‡i †mLv‡b wewfbœ
ai‡bi †cÖvMÖvg †Lvjv †i‡L KvR K‡i Avevi Ab¨ IqvK©‡¯ú‡m wM‡q GKBfv‡e AviI wKQz †cÖvMÖvg Ly‡j
KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

Avcwb hLb wfbœ wfbœ IqvK©‡¯ú‡m _vK‡eb ZLb ïay †mB IqvK©‡¯ú‡m Ly‡j ivLv †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jvB †`L‡Z
cv‡eb; Ab¨ IqvK©‡¯ú‡mi †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv GLv‡b cÖ`wk©Z n‡e bv| Gi gva¨‡g Avcwb †ek cwi”Qbœfv‡e
KvR Ki‡Z mÿg n‡eb| aiæb, Avcwb Workspace 1 G MÖvwd· m¤úwK©Z wKQz †cÖvMÖvg Ly‡j KvR Ki‡Qb|
GB Ae¯’vq Avcbvi B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K wi‡mvm© msMÖ‡ni cÖ‡qvRb co‡jv| Avcwb †m‡ÿ‡Î Workspace 2
wm‡j± K‡i Zv‡Z I‡qe eªvDRvi Pvjy K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq mvBU¸‡jv Ly‡j KvR Ki‡jb| Gici Avevi †Kv‡bv
Kvi‡Y Avcbvi †Kv‡bv Awdm †cÖvMÖv‡g KvR Kivi cÖ‡qvRb co‡jv †hgbÑ LibreOffice Writer,
LibreOffice Math, LibreOffice Calc, LibreOffice Impress BZ¨vw` †m‡ÿ‡Î Avcwb Workspace 3
wm‡j± K‡i †mLv‡b H †cÖvMÖvgwU ev †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv Ly‡j KvR Ki‡jb| Zvn‡j cÖ‡qvRb Abyqvqx Avcbvi
me¸‡jv †cÖvMÖvgB ¸Qv‡bv Ae¯’vq iB‡jv| Avcbvi hLb †h IqvK©‡¯ú‡m KvR Kiv `iKvi ZLb †mB
IqvK©‡¯ú‡m wM‡q Avcwb AZ¨šÍ my›`ifv‡e KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| G‡ÿ‡Î me¸‡jv †cÖvMÖv‡gi AvwaK¨
GKK †Kv‡bv IqvK©‡¯ú‡m cÖfve †dj‡e bv| mewKQzB _vK‡e cwicvwU|

c¨v‡bj cwiwPwZ (mvaviY †gv‡W)

Avcwb hw` Dey›Uz‡Z 11.10 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gwU‡K mvaviY †gv‡W (Ubuntu ev Ubuntu 2D) Pvjy K‡ib Z‡e Gi
†W¯‹U‡c cÖv_wgKfv‡e `ywU c¨v‡bj †`L‡Z cv‡eb| G‡`i GKwU w¯Œ‡bi Dc‡i Ges GKwU w¯Œ‡bi evg w`‡K w`‡K|

Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj cwiwPwZ

 mvaviY †gv‡W (Dey›Uz 11.10 BÝUj Ki‡j ¯^vfvweK †h †gvWwU _v‡K) Dc‡ii c¨v‡b‡j †Kv‡bv ai‡bi †gby
†bB| GB †gv‡W Dc‡ii c¨v‡b‡ji Wvb w`‡K cÖ_‡gB i‡q‡Q Lv‡gi g‡Zv GKwU AvBKb †hLv‡b wK¬K
Ki‡j GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ`wk©Z nq|
64 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
Avcwb GLvb †_‡K P¨vU †mUAvc (Empathy) Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Chat Accounts (Empathy K¬v‡q›U) Gi
gva¨‡g Avcwb ¸Mj UK, GAvBGg, DB‡ÛvR jvBf Ges G RvZxq Ab¨vb¨ P¨vU †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv e¨envi
Ki‡Qb Giƒc eÜzevÜe I mnKg©x‡`i mv‡_ P¨vU Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov gvB‡µv‡dvb ev I‡qeK¨vg Gi
gva¨‡g Avcwb AwWI ev wfwWI KjI Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| P¨vwUs Ae¯’vq Avcwb Avcbvi ÷¨vUvm¸‡jv A_©vr
Available, Away, Busy, Invisible, Offline BZ¨vw` GLvb †_‡K wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Set Up
Broadcast Accounts Gi gva¨‡g Avcwb Twitter, Facebook Ges Identi.ca †mvk¨vj †bUIqv‡K©i Rb¨
A¨vKvD›U †mUAvc K‡i G¸‡jv e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Set Up Mail wbe©vPb K‡i Avcwb _vÛvievW© †gBj
G †gBj A¨vKvD›U †mUAvc Ki‡Z I Zv e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov Ubuntu One wbe©vPb K‡i Dey›Uz
Iqvb K‡›Uªvj c¨v‡b‡j wM‡q cv‡m©vbvj K¬vD‡Wi myweav Dc‡fvM Kiv hvq|

 Gici c¨v‡b‡ji Wvb w`‡K i‡q‡Q †bUIqvK© BwÛ‡KUi AvBKb A_©vr Avcbvi wcwmwU B›Uvi‡b‡U hy³
Av‡Q wKbv Zv GLv‡b cÖwZfvZ nq| GQvov GB AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j AvMZ †gby †_‡K B›Uvi‡bU I
†bUIqvwK©s msµvšÍ wKQz welq wba©viY Kivi my‡hvM cvIqv hvq|

 cieZ©x‡Z i‡q‡Q fwjDg K‡›Uªv‡ji GKwU AvBKb| GB AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j fwjDg K‡›Uªv‡ji cvkvcvwk
wgDwRK †cøqvi‡K K‡›Uªvj I mvDÛ †mwUs¸‡jv‡K wba©viY Kiv hvq|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 65

 Gi ciciB i‡q‡Q K¨v‡jÛvi I Nwo †hLv‡b wK¬K K‡i Avcwb mgq I ZvwiL‡K wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i mvwR‡q
wb‡q c¨v‡b‡j cÖ`k©b Kiv‡Z cv‡ib|

 Gici Wvb w`‡K Avcwb †h BDRvi wn‡m‡e jMBb K‡i Av‡Qb Zvi bvgwU †`L‡Z cv‡eb| †hgbÑ GLv‡b
Munirul Hasan †`Lv‡”Q| bvgwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j GKwU †gby Avm‡e †hLvb †_‡K Avcwb Switch User
Account, Guest Session, Online Accounts I User Accounts wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Online
Accounts Gi gva¨v‡g Avcwb Avcbvi wR‡gBj A¨vKvD›UwU‡K †mUAvc Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Avi User
Accounts Gi gva¨‡g A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªUi A¨vKD›U I Ab¨vb¨ A¨vKvD›Umg~n wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

 G‡Kev‡i me©Wv‡b _vKv ûBj AvK…wZi AvBKbwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j Avcwb GKwU †gby cv‡eb †hLvb †_‡K
System Settings, Displays, Startup Applications, Updates Available, Attached Devices, Printers,
Lock Screen, Log Out, Suspend, Hibernate, Shut Down BZ¨vw` AvB‡Ug¸‡jv cvi‡eb|
66 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

ev‡gi c¨v‡bj cwiwPwZ

 ev‡gi c¨v‡b‡j wewfbœ ai‡bi †cÖvMÖv‡gi AvBKb j¤^vjw¤^ mvRv‡bv _v‡K| GLv‡b mvaviYZ AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
†cÖvMÖvg I Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi AvBKb¸‡jvB mw¾Z _v‡K| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Av‡QÑ W¨vk †nvg, †nvg †dvìvi,
dvqvid· I‡qe eªvDRvi, wje‡iAwdm ivBUvi, wje‡iAwdm K¨vé, wje‡iAwdm Bg‡cÖm, Dey›Uz
mdUIq¨vi †m›Uvi, Dey›Uz Iqvb, wm‡÷g †mwUsm, IqvK©‡¯ú‡mm Ges Uª¨vk BZ¨vw` AvBKb|
 W¨vk †nvg (Dash home) AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j †cÖvMÖvg Lyu‡R †ei Kivi Rb¨ †W¯‹U‡c wb‡Pi g‡Zv w¯Œb
nvwRi nq| Gi mvP© e‡· cÖwZwU Aÿi UvBc Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ D³ Aÿi w`‡q hZ¸‡jv †cÖvMÖvg Dey›Uz‡Z
BÝUj Kiv Av‡Q Zv‡`i ZvwjKv P‡j Av‡m| Kvw•ÿZ †cÖvMÖv‡gi bvgwU GLv‡b cÖ`wk©Z bv n‡j D³
†cÖvMÖv‡gi bv‡gi AviI K‡qKwU Aÿi UvBc Ki‡jB Avcwb †mB †cÖvMÖvgwU GLv‡b †c‡q hv‡eb| Gici
D³ †cÖvMÖv‡gi AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡jB †mwU Pvjy n‡e| cybivq W¨vk †nvg AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j D³ w¯ŒbwU
†W¯‹Uc †_‡K we`vq n‡q hv‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 67

 †nvg †dvìvi (Home Folder) AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j KgwcDUv‡ii Home †dvìviwU cÖ`wk©Z nq| GLvb
†_‡K Avcwb Desktop, Documents, Downloads, Music, Pictures, Videos, File System, Trash BZ¨vw`
†dvìvimn KgwcDUv‡ii WªvBf¸‡jv‡Z A¨vK‡mm Kivi my‡hvM cv‡eb|

 dvqvid· I‡qe eªvDRv‡ii AvBKbwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j eªvDRviwU Lyj‡e| Gi gva¨‡g Avcwb B›Uvi‡bU
A¨vK‡mm Kivi my‡hvM cv‡eb|
68 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

 wje‡iAwdm ivBUvi Gi AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j †cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjy n‡e| GwU DB‡Ûv‡Ri RbwcÖq Awdm †cÖvMÖvg
gvB‡µvmdU IqvW© Gi GKwU weKí †cÖvMÖvg| †jLv‡jwL Z_v IqvW© cÖ‡mwms msµvšÍ hveZxq KvR¸‡jv
Avcwb GB †cÖvMÖv‡g Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 69
 wje‡iAwdm K¨vé Gi AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j †cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjy n‡e| GwU DB‡Ûv‡Ri RbwcÖq Awdm †cÖvMÖvg
gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j Gi GKwU weKí †cÖvMÖvg| wnmve wbKv‡ki msµvšÍ hveZxq KvR¸‡jv Kivi Rb¨ GwU
PgrKvi GKwU †¯cÖWwkU †cÖvMÖvg|

 wje‡iAwdm Bg‡cÖm Gi AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j †cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjy n‡e| GwU DB‡Ûv‡Ri RbwcÖq Awdm †cÖvMÖvg
gvB‡µvmdU cvIqvic‡q›U Gi GKwU weKí †cÖvMÖvg| `viæY `viæY me †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb Avcwb Gi gva¨‡g
ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

 eZ©gv‡b Dey›Uz‡Z mdUIq¨vi BÝUj I AvbBÝU‡ji me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gva¨g n‡jv Dey›Uz mdUIq¨vi
†m›Uvi (Ubuntu Software Center)| Gi AvBKbwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j GwU Pvjy nq| Gi gva¨‡g Avcwb Dey›Uz
70 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
wi‡cvwRUwi †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv BÝUj K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov BÝUj Kiv mdUIq¨vi ev
†cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv‡K GLvb †_‡K AvbBÝUjI Kiv hvq| mvP© e‡· UvBc K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq †cÖvMÖvgwU Lyu‡R †ei
Kiv hvq| GQvov wewfbœ K¨vUvMwi‡Z wK¬K K‡iI cÖ‡qvRbxq mdUIq¨vi I Uzj¸‡jv Lyu‡R †ei K‡i †m¸‡jv
BÝUj ev AvbBÝUj Kiv hvq|

 Dey›Uz Iqvb (Ubuntu One) AvBKbwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j Zv Dey›Uz Iqvb K‡›Uªvj c¨v‡bj Pvjy K‡i| Dey›Uz
Iqv‡b A¨vKvD›U Ly‡j Avcwb cv‡m©vbvj K¬vD‡Wi ¯^v` Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Gi gva¨‡g Avcbvi
Kb‡U›U¸‡jv‡K †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’vb †_‡K wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| webvg~‡j¨ wewfbœ cø¨vUd‡g©
dvBjmg~n‡K wm¼ Kiv, 5 wMMvevB‡Ui †÷v‡iR myweav, dvBj I †dvìvi¸‡jv‡K †kqvi Kiv, †gvevB‡jI
Gme Kb‡U›U‡K †kqvi Kiv BZ¨vw`mn ¯^íg~‡j¨ wgDwRK w÷ªwgs, 20 wMMvevB‡Ui †÷v‡iR BZ¨vw`mn
AviI eûwea myweav Avcwb Gi gva¨‡g cv‡eb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 71
 c¨v‡b‡ji wm‡÷g †mwUsm (System Settings) AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Zv wm‡÷‡gi wewfbœ ai‡bi
†mwUs¸‡jv‡K System Settings WvqvjM e‡· nvwRi K‡i| GB WvqvjM e‡· wewfbœ K¨vUvMwi‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
†mwUs¸‡jv ZvwjKvfy³ _v‡K| wbw`©ó †mwUs‡qi AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j †mwU Pvjy nq Ges †mLvb †_‡K
cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b¸‡jv mvab Kiv hvq|

 Gici ev‡gi c¨v‡b‡ji wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv IqvK©‡¯ú‡mm (Workspaces) Gi AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j g~j
w¯ŒbwU Pvifv‡M fvM n‡q 4wU IqvK©‡¯úm cÖ`k©b K‡i|

G‡`i g‡a¨ †h‡Kv‡bvwU wm‡j± Ki‡j †mwU cÖ_‡g eo n‡q w¯Œ‡b cÖ`wk©Z nq| cybivq Zv‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j
†mwU cy‡ivcywi †W¯‹UcRy‡o weivR K‡i Ges evwK IqvK©‡¯úm¸‡jv A`„k¨ n‡q hvq| GB Ae¯’vq Avcwb
72 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
hw` cybivq IqvK©‡¯ú‡mm (Workspaces) Gi AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡ib Z‡e AveviI 4wU IqvK©‡¯úm w¯Œ‡b
fvM n‡q cÖ`wk©Z nq| Gici Avcwb Avcbvi B‡”Qg‡Zv Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv IqvK©‡¯úm wm‡j± K‡i †mLv‡b
KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
Avcwb †h‡Kv‡bv IqvK©‡¯úm wm‡j± K‡i †mLv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi †cÖvMÖvg †Lvjv †i‡L KvR K‡i Avevi Ab¨
IqvK©‡¯ú‡m wM‡q GKBfv‡e AviI wKQz †cÖvMÖvg Ly‡j KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Avcwb hLb wfbœ wfbœ
IqvK©‡¯ú‡m _vK‡eb ZLb ïay †mB IqvK©‡¯ú‡m Ly‡j ivLv †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jvB †`L‡Z cv‡eb; Ab¨
IqvK©‡¯ú‡mi †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv GLv‡b cÖ`wk©Z n‡e bv| Gi gva¨‡g Avcwb †ek cwi”Qbœfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z
mÿg n‡eb| aiæb, Avcwb Workspace 1 G MÖvwd· m¤úwK©Z wKQz †cÖvMÖvg Ly‡j KvR Ki‡Qb| GB
Ae¯’vq Avcbvi B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K wi‡mvm© msMÖ‡ni cÖ‡qvRb co‡jv| Avcwb †m‡ÿ‡Î Workspace 2 wm‡j±
K‡i Zv‡Z I‡qe eªvDRvi Pvjy K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq mvBU¸‡jv Ly‡j KvR Ki‡jb| Gici Avevi †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y
Avcbvi †Kv‡bv Awdm †cÖvMÖv‡g KvR Kivi cÖ‡qvRb co‡jv †hgbÑ LibreOffice Writer, LibreOffice
Math, LibreOffice Calc, LibreOffice Impress BZ¨vw` †m‡ÿ‡Î Avcwb Workspace 3 wm‡j± K‡i
†mLv‡b H †cÖvMÖvgwU ev †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv Ly‡j KvR Ki‡jb| Zvn‡j cÖ‡qvRb Abyqvqx Avcbvi me¸‡jv
†cÖvMÖvgB ¸Qv‡bv Ae¯’vq iB‡jv| Avcbvi hLb †h IqvK©‡¯ú‡m KvR Kiv `iKvi ZLb †mB IqvK©‡¯ú‡m
wM‡q Avcwb AZ¨šÍ my›`ifv‡e KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| G‡ÿ‡Î me¸‡jv †cÖvMÖv‡gi AvwaK¨ GKK †Kv‡bv
IqvK©‡¯ú‡m cÖfve †dj‡e bv| mewKQzB _vK‡e cwicvwU|
 ev‡gi c¨v‡b‡ji mevi wb‡P i‡q‡Q Szwoi g‡Zv †`L‡Z GKwU AvBKb hv‡K Uª¨vk (Trash) ejv nq| †Kv‡bv
dvBj ev †dvìvi‡K wm‡j± I Wª¨vM K‡i Gi Dci G‡b Wªc Ki‡j †m¸‡jv gy‡Q hvq| dvBj ev
†dvìvimg~n‡K Dey›Uz †_‡K gy‡Q †dj‡j Zv Uª¨v‡k wM‡q Rgv nq hv DB‡Ûv‡Ri wimvBKj we‡bi g‡ZvB
KvR K‡i| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y gy‡Q †djv dvBj ev †dvìvi¸‡jv‡K cybivq wdwi‡q Avbvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Uª¨vk
(Trash) AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Uª¨vk WvqvjM e· I‡cb nq| GB WvqvjM e· †_‡K gy‡Q †djv
dvBj¸‡jv‡K wdwi‡q Avb‡Z cvi‡eb| GQvov Uª¨v‡k Rgv †Kv‡bv dvBj ev †dvìv‡ii Avi cÖ‡qvRb bv
n‡j †mwU Avcwb Uª¨vk †_‡K ¯’vqxfv‡e gy‡Q †dj‡ZI cv‡ib|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 73

c¨v‡bj Kv‡÷vgvB‡Rkb (K¬¨vwmK †gvW)

Dey›Uz‡K Avcbvi g‡bi g‡Zv K‡i mvwR‡q wb‡Z i‡q‡Q wewfbœ ai‡bi Ackb †h¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i Avcwb Avcbvi
Dey›Uz‡K Ab¨‡`i PvB‡Z Avjv`v K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡ib| Avcwb Dey›Uzi Dc‡ii I wb‡Pi c¨v‡bj `ywU‡K B‡”Qg‡Zv
mvRv‡Z cv‡ib| PvB‡j c¨v‡b‡ji msL¨v Kgv‡Z ev evov‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e wWdëfv‡e Avmv `ywU c¨v‡bjB
e¨enviKvixi Pvwn`v‡K c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j mvaviYZ GB `ywU c¨v‡bjB †ewk e¨eüZ nq|

c¨v‡b‡j A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨vi AvB‡Ug hy³ Kiv

c¨v‡bj Kv‡÷vgvB‡Rk‡bi gva¨‡g G‡Z †Kv‡bv A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨vi AvB‡Ug hy³ Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv
MÖnY Kiæb t
1. cÖ_‡g wK‡evW© †_‡K Alt wK †P‡c aiæb Ges Zvici †h c¨v‡bjwU Kv‡÷vgvBR Ki‡Z Pvb †mB c¨v‡bjwUi
Dci ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. GKwU cc-Avc †gby Avm‡e| GLv‡b cÖ_‡g _vKv Add to panel AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb|

3. Add to panel WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLv‡b †QvU †QvU A‡bK¸‡jv A¨vwcø‡Kkb cv‡eb| ¯Œjevi e¨envi
K‡i me¸‡jv A¨vwcø‡Kkb cÖZ¨ÿ Kiæb| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †h A¨vwcø‡KkbwU Avcbvi cÖ‡qvRb †mwU wm‡j±
K‡i Add evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Zvici Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i WvqvjM e·wU eÜ Kiæb|

4. A¨vwcø‡KkbwU H c¨v‡b‡j hy³ n‡q hv‡e| Gfv‡e Avcwb GKvwaK A¨vwcø‡Kkb‡K c¨v‡b‡j hy³ Ki‡Z
cv‡ib|
74 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

5. wfbœfv‡eI Avcwb c¨v‡b‡j A¨vwcø‡Kkb hy³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Add to panel WvqvjM e‡·i Dc‡ii w`‡K
i‡q‡Q Application Launcher bv‡gi GKwU AvB‡Ug| GwU wm‡j± K‡i Forward evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

6. Avcbvi wcwm‡Z BÝUj Kiv mg¯Í mdUIq¨v‡ii ZvwjKv Avm‡e †hLv‡b mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv Accessories,
Games, Graphics, Internet, Office BZ¨vw`mn AviI eû fv‡M web¨¯Í _vK‡e| cÖwZwU fv‡Mi evg w`‡K
GKwU K‡i †QvU wÎfyR †`L‡Z cv‡eb †hLv‡b wK¬K Ki‡j H ai‡bi hZ¸‡jv mdUIq¨vi Avcbvi wcwm‡Z
BÝUj Kiv Av‡Q †m¸‡jvi ZvwjKv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 75
7. G ZvwjKv †_‡K †_‡K †h mdUIq¨viwU Avcbvi cÖ‡qvRb †mwU wbe©vPb Kiæb| Zvici Add evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb| c¨v‡b‡j H mdUIq¨viwUi wjsK hy³ n‡q hv‡e| Zvici Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i WvqvjM e·wU eÜ
Kiæb|

8. c¨v‡b‡j cQ›`g‡Zv mdUIq¨vi hy³ Kivi Av‡iKwU c×wZ n‡jv Add to panel WvqvjM e‡·i Dc‡ii
w`‡K _vKv Custom Application Launcher AvB‡UgwU e¨envi Kiv| GwU wm‡j± K‡i Add evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb| Create Launcher DB‡Ûv Avm‡e hvi gva¨‡g Avcwb Avcbvi cQ›`g‡Zv Ab¨ †Kv‡bv mdUIq¨vi
c¨v‡b‡j hy³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

9. Create Launcher DB‡Ûv Avm‡e hvi gva¨‡g Avcwb Avcbvi cQ›`g‡Zv Ab¨ †Kv‡bv mdUIq¨vi c¨v‡b‡j
hy³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

10. me‡k‡l Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Add to panel WvqvjM e·wU eÜ Kiæb|
76 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
c¨v‡bj‡K †QvU-eo, A‡UvnvBW Ges e¨vKMÖvD‡Û mwjW Kvjvi I B‡gR hy³ Kiv
c¨v‡bj †cÖvcvwU©R Gi gva¨‡g Avcwb GB KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. wK‡evW© †_‡K Alt wK †P‡c a‡i c¨v‡b‡ji Dci ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ cc-Avc †gby †_‡K Properties AckbwU wbe©vPb Kiæb|

3. Panel Properties DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| G‡Z General Ges Background bv‡g `ywU U¨ve i‡q‡Q| General
U¨v‡e wK¬K K‡i Avcwb c¨v‡b‡ji Awi‡q‡›Ukb (Top, Bottom, Left, Right) wba©viY, mvBR A_©vr
c¨v‡bj‡K †QvU-eo Ki‡Z, c¨v‡bj‡K G·cvÛ, A‡UvnvBW Ki‡Z Ges nvBW evUb¸‡jv‡K †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨
c¨v‡b‡ji `yB cÖv‡šÍ A¨v‡iv hy³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ GLv‡b †ek wKQz Ackb i‡q‡Q|

c¨v‡b‡ji `yB cÖv‡šÍ _vKv A¨v‡iv evU‡bi †h‡Kv‡bvwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j c¨v‡bjwU Wv‡b ev ev‡g nvBW n‡q hvq|

c¨v‡bjwU nvBW n‡q †M‡Q| cybivq A¨v‡iv evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j GwU c~e©ve¯’vq wd‡i Avm‡e|
4. GQvovI Avcwb c¨v‡b‡ji e¨vKMÖvD‡Û †Kv‡bv mwjW Kvjvi ev B‡gR hy³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †h‡Kv‡bv mwjW
Kvjvi wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ Background U¨v‡ei Aaxb Solid color: AckbwU wbe©vPb Kiæb Gici Color: Gi
cv‡ki e·wU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j Pick a color WvqvjM e· Avm‡e †hLvb †_‡K Avcwb cQ›`mB Kjvi wbe©vPb
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 77
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Kvjvi wbe©vP‡bi ci Style: Gi ¯øvBWviwU‡K ev‡g ev Wv‡b Wª¨vM K‡i Avcwb D³ Kvjv‡ii
AcvwmwU‡K Kgv‡Z ev evov‡Z cv‡ib| AcvwmwU Kgv‡j c¨v‡b‡j D³ KvjviwU UªvÝcv‡i›U n‡q cÖ`wk©Z
n‡e| Avi AcvwmwU evov‡j c¨v‡b‡j D³ KvjviwU A‡cÿvK…Z mwjW n‡q cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

KvjviwU c¨v‡b‡j UªvÝcv‡i›U n‡q cÖ`wk©Z n‡”Q

KvjviwU c¨v‡b‡j mwWj n‡q cÖ`wk©Z n‡”Q

5. c¨v‡b‡ji e¨vKMÖvD‡Û †Kv‡bv B‡gR e¨envi Ki‡Z PvB‡j Background U¨v‡ei wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv
Background image: AckbwU wbe©vPb Kiæb| Gici wb‡Pi e·wU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb| Select background
WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| †mLvb †_‡K wbw`©ó †jv‡Kkb †_‡K wbw`©ó B‡gRwU wm‡j± K‡i Open evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb| Select background WvqvjM e·wU eÜ n‡q hv‡e Ges B‡gRwU c¨v‡b‡j cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
78 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

6. hveZxq cwieZ©b mva‡bi ci Panel Properties WvqvjM e·wU eÜ Kivi Rb¨ Close evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

bZzb c¨v‡bj ˆZwi Kiv

Dey›Uz †W¯‹U‡c we`¨gvb `ywU c¨v‡b‡ji evB‡i Avcwb hw` AviI GK ev GKvwaK c¨v‡bj hy³ Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e †mwU
Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. wK‡evW© †_‡K Alt wK †P‡c a‡i c¨v‡b‡ji Dci ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ cc-Avc †gby †_‡K New Panel AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb|

3. bZzb GKwU c¨v‡bj ˆZwi n‡e| Gfv‡e Avcwb AviI A‡bK c¨v‡bj ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

4. bZzb c¨v‡b‡j ˆZwi Kivi ci Avcwb Zv‡Z A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨vi AvB‡Ug hy³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges †mB
c¨v‡bjwU‡K wb‡Ri g‡bi g‡Zv K‡i ¸wQ‡q wb‡Z cv‡ib (Dc‡i B‡Zvc~‡e© c¨v‡b‡j AvB‡Ug hy³ Kivi
c×wZ ewY©Z n‡q‡Q, †mwU AbymiY Kiæb)| AwaK e¨eüZ nq Ggb A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv‡K Avcwb
c¨v‡b‡j ivL‡Z cv‡ib Ges cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx gvÎ GK wK¬‡KB †h‡Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖvg‡K Pvjy Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
G‡ÿ‡Î Avcbvi c¨v‡b‡ji wbqš¿Y AvcbviB nv‡Z|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 79

c¨v‡bj wWwjU Kiv

†h‡Kv‡bv c¨v‡bj‡K wWwjU Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. wK‡evW© †_‡K Alt wK †P‡c a‡i †h c¨v‡bjwU‡K wWwjU Ki‡Z Pvb Zvi Dci ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ cc-Avc †gby †_‡K Delete This Panel AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb|

3. c¨v‡bjwU †W¯‹Uc †_‡K wWwjU n‡q hv‡e|

80 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

c¨v‡bj _vKv †Kv‡bv A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨vi‡K Pvjy Kiv

c¨vb‡j _vKv †Kv‡bv A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨vi‡K Pvjy Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. †h A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨viwU‡K Pvjy Ki‡Z Pvb Zvi AvBK‡b wm‡½j wK¬K Kiæb|
A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨viwU Pvjy n‡e| GwU A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨vi Pvjy Kivi me‡P‡q mnR c×wZ|
A_ev,
†h A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨viwU‡K Pvjy Ki‡Z Pvb Zvi AvBK‡b gvD‡mi ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ cc-Avc †gby †_‡K Launch AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb|

3. A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨viwU Pvjy n‡e|

 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 81

A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨vi Gi jÂvi †cÖvcvwU©R †`Lv

jÂvi †cÖvcvwU©R wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨ Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. †h A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨viwUi jÂvi †cÖvcvwU©R †`L‡Z Pvb c¨v‡b‡j †mwUi Dci gvD‡mi ivBU-wK¬K
Kiæb|
2. AvMZ cc-Avc †gby †_‡K Properties AckbwU wbe©vPb Kiæb| Launcher Properties WvqvjM e·
Avm‡e|

3. GLv‡b Type:, Name:, Command: I Comment: wd츇jvi Aax‡b Avcwb cÖ‡qvRbxq wKQz Z_¨ cv‡eb|
Z_¨¸‡jv‡K Avcwb wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i ¸wQ‡q wb‡Z cv‡ib| †hgbÑ Avcwb hw` c¨v‡b‡ji †Kv‡bv AvBK‡bi
Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi iv‡Lb Z‡e GKwU UzjwUc cÖ`wk©Z n‡e hv †`‡L Avcwb eyS‡Z cvi‡eb †h D³
A¨vwcø‡KkbwU Kx ai‡bi KvR K‡i| GwU g~jZ Comment: wd‡ì †jLv _v‡K e‡j Avcwb †`L‡Z cvb|
Kv‡RB Avcwb Avcbvi Kg‡›Ui †U·UwU hw` GLv‡b cwieZ©b K‡i †`b Z‡e cieZ©x‡Z Avcwb hLbB D³
A¨vwcø‡Kk‡bi AvBK‡bi Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi ivL‡eb ZLbB UzjwU‡c Avcbvi †`qv Z_¨¸‡jv †`L‡Z
cv‡eb|
4. jvÂvi †cÖvcvwU©R †`Lvi ci wKsev GLv‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b mva‡bi ci WvqvjM e·wU eÜ Kivi Rb¨
Close evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
82 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
c¨v‡bj †_‡K †Kv‡bv A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨vi AvB‡Ug‡K wigyf Kiv
c¨v‡b‡j _vKv †Kv‡bv A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨vi AvB‡Ug‡K wigyf Kivi Rb¨ Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. wK‡evW© †_‡K Alt wK †P‡c a‡i †h A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨vi AvB‡Ug‡K wigyf Ki‡Z Pvb c¨v‡b‡j †mwUi
Dci gvD‡mi ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ cc-Avc †gby †_‡K Remove From Panel AckbwU wbe©vPb Kiæb|

3. D³ c¨v‡bj †_‡K AvB‡UgwU wigyf n‡q hv‡e|

c¨v‡b‡ji GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b †Kv‡bv A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨vi AvB‡Ug‡K gyf Kiv
GwU Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. †h A¨vwcø‡Kkb/mdUIq¨vi AvB‡Ug‡K gyf Kiv‡Z Pvb c¨v‡bj n‡Z †mwU‡K Wª¨vM K‡i Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv Lvwj
¯’v‡b Wªc Kiæb|
A_ev,
c¨v‡bj n‡Z D³ AvBUgwUi AvBK‡bi Dci gvD‡mi ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ cc-Avc †gby †_‡K Move AckbwU wbe©vPb Kiæb|

3. GKwU nv‡Zi AvBKb cÖ`wk©Z n‡e Ges †cÖvMÖvg AvBKbwU GLb Lye ¯§y_wj gyf Kiv‡bv hv‡e| Avcwb gvDm
c‡q›Uvi‡K †hw`‡K †b‡eb AvBKbwU gvDm c‡q›Uv‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_ †mw`‡K gyf n‡e| AvBKbwU‡K †h ¯’v‡b
G‡b ivL‡Z Pvb †mLv‡b wK¬K Kiæb| †cÖvMÖvg AvBKbwU †m ¯’v‡b e‡m hv‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 83

jyK A¨vÛ wdj

Dey›Uz‡Z 11.10 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gwU BÝU‡ji ci Gi †Pnviv †hgbwU †`L‡Z cv‡eb †mwU‡K Avcwb wb‡Ri g‡Zv
K‡i Kv‡÷vgvBR Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Avcwb B‡”Qg‡Zv e¨vKMÖvDÛ, w_g, wewfbœ ¯’v‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi d›U BZ¨vw` wba©viY
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

e¨vKMÖvDÛ cwieZ©b Kiv

Dey›Uz‡Z we`¨gvb e¨vKMÖvDÛ‡K cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. †W¯‹U‡ci Dci ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ cc-Avc †gby †_‡K Change Desktop Background AckbwU wbe©vPb Kiæb| A_ev †gby †_‡K
Applications > System Tools > System Settings wbe©vPb Kiæb Ges AvMZ System Settings WvqvjM
e· †_‡K Appearance wbe©vPb Kiæb|

3. Appearance WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLv‡b Background Gi Aax‡b _vKv Wallpaper AckbwU wm‡j±
Ae¯’vq cv‡eb| Gi wb‡Pi w`‡K Avcwb †ek wKQz wcÖBÝUjW Iqvj‡ccvi Gi _v¤^‡bBj †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
†h Iqvj‡ccviwU Avcbvi cQ›` n‡e †mwUi _v¤^‡bB‡j wm‡j± Kiæb| Iqvj‡ccviwU Avcbvi w¯Œ‡b †mU
n‡q hv‡e| GB Ae¯’vq Avcwb Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i WvqvjM e· †_‡K †ewi‡q Avm‡Z cv‡ib|
84 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

4. Dey›Uz‡Z wWdëfv‡e we`¨gvb Iqvj‡ccvi¸‡jv hw` Avcbvi cQ›` bv nq Z‡e Avcwb wb‡Ri B‡”Qg‡Zv
†h‡Kv‡bv B‡gR‡K e¨vKMÖvDÛ wn‡m‡e †mU K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ Appearance WvqvjM e‡·i
Wallpaper ¸‡jvi wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv cøvm (+) wPý m¤^wjZ A¨vW evUbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb| Browse for
more pictures WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
5. Iqvj‡ccvi wn‡m‡e †h QwewU‡K †mU Ki‡Z Pv‡”Qb †mwU †h †dvìv‡i Av‡Q †mLv‡b wM‡q QwewU‡K wm‡j±
Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 85
6. Open evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Iqvj‡ccviwU Avcbvi w¯Œ‡b †mU n‡q hv‡e Ges Browse for more pictures
WvqvjM e·wU eÜ n‡q Appearance WvqvjM e‡· †diZ Avm‡e|
7. GB Ae¯’vq Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i WvqvjM e· †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmyb| †W¯‹U‡c wbe©vwPZ Iqvj‡ccviwU
†`L‡Z cv‡eb|

8. Avcwb hw` B‡g‡Ri cwie‡Z© †Kv‡bv mwjW Kvjvi I †MÖwW‡q‡›Ui gva¨‡g e¨vKMÖvD‡Ûi Iqvj‡ccvi
wba©viY Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e Appearance WvqvjM e‡·i Wallpaper AckbwUi cv‡ki WªcWvDb AvBK‡b wK¬K
Kiæb Ges AvMZ ZvwjKv †_‡K Colors & Gradients AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb|

9. Gevi mwjW Kvjvi ev †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU †MÖwW‡q›U _v¤^‡bBj‡K wm‡j± Kiæb| Zvici WvqvjM e‡·i wb‡Pi
w`‡K _vKv Kvjvi e·/e·¸‡jv‡Z wK¬K Kiæb| AvMZ Pick a Color WvqvjM e· n‡Z cQ‡›`i iO/iO¸‡jv
wbe©vPb K‡i w`‡q Select evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Appearance WvqvjM e‡· †diZ Avm‡e Ges Avcbvi mwjW
Kvjvi ev †MÖwW‡q›U Kvjvi¸‡jv †mU n‡q w¯Œ‡b cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
86 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

10. Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i WvqvjM e· †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmyb| †W¯‹U‡c wbe©vwPZ Iqvj‡ccviwU †`L‡Z
cv‡eb|

w_g cwieZ©b Kiv

Dey›Uz‡Z evBwWdë wKQz w_g †`qv _v‡K| Avcwb B‡”Q Ki‡j Gme w_g‡K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| w_g cwieZ©‡bi
Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. †W¯‹U‡ci Dci ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ cc-Avc †gby †_‡K Change Desktop Background AckbwU wbe©vPb Kiæb| A_ev †gby †_‡K
Applications > System Tools > System Settings wbe©vPb Kiæb Ges AvMZ System Settings WvqvjM
e· †_‡K Appearance wbe©vPb Kiæb|
3. Appearance WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GB WvqvjM e‡·i wb‡Pi w`‡K Theme As‡ki AšÍM©Z Ackb
wba©viYx evUbwUi Wªc WvDb AvBK‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Dey›Uz‡Z _vKv w_g¸‡jvi bvg †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 87

4. GB w_g¸‡jv g~jZ Dey›Uzi BDRvi B›Uvi‡d‡m e¨env‡ii Rb¨| Dey›Uzi Av‡Mi fvm©b¸‡jv‡Z w_‡gi
cwigvY †ewk _vK‡jI Dey›Uz 11.10 fvm©‡b w_‡gi cwigvY nv‡Z †Mvbv K‡qKwU| G‡`i ga¨ †_‡K Avcbvi
cQ›`g‡Zv †h‡Kv‡bv w_g‡K wm‡j± Kiæb| GB Ae¯’v‡ZB w¯Œ‡b cwieZ©b jÿ¨ Ki‡eb Ges D³ w_gwU
Kvh©Ki n‡e| A_©vr wbe©vwPZ w_g Øviv Avcbvi mKj WvqvjM e· I †W¯‹U‡ci c¨v‡bj¸‡jvi wWRvB‡b
cwieZ©b Avm‡e|

5. Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i WvqvjM e· †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmyb|

88 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
w¯Œb‡mfvi Gbvej Kiv
Dey›Uz 11.10 Oneiric Ocelot fvm©bwU‡Z †Kv‡bv w¯Œb‡mfvi c¨v‡KR BÝUj Kiv †bB hw`I Av‡Mi fvm©b¸‡jv‡Z
GwU we`¨gvb wQj| KgwcDUviwU hLb Ajm e‡m _v‡K ZLb GNOME 3 wU †Kej GKwU Kv‡jv w¯Œb cÖ`k©b K‡i|
Avcwb hw` Dey›Uz 11.10 fvm©‡b w¯Œb‡mfvi‡K Gbvej Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e Avcbv‡K Xscreensaver BÝUj K‡i wb‡Z
n‡e| Xscreensaver n‡jv ÷¨vÛvW© w¯Œb‡mfvi Kv‡jKkb †hwU AwaKvsk wjbv· I BDwb· wm‡÷‡g e¨eüZ nq
†h¸‡jv X11 DB‡Ûv wm‡÷‡g PvwjZ| X11 wm‡÷g¸‡jv‡Z GwU GKwU gwWDj w¯Œb‡mfvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i †hLv‡b
i‡q‡Q 200wUiI †ewk w¯Œb‡mfvi Ges GKwU w¯Œb jKvi|
Dey›Uz 11.10 fvm©‡b w¯Œb‡mfvi Gbvej Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. cÖ_‡gB Avcbv‡K Dey›Uz 11.10 Gi wWdë GNOME w¯Œb‡mfviwU‡K wigyf K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| GRb¨
Uvwg©bvj I‡cb K‡i sudo apt-get remove gnome-screensaver KgvÛwU Kvh©Ki Kiæb|

2. Gevi Xscreensaver I Gi Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cøvMBbmg~n BÝUj Kivi Rb¨ Uvwg©bv‡j wb‡Pi KvgvÛwU
Kvh©Ki Kiæb :
sudo apt-get install xscreensaver xscreensaver-gl-extra xscreensaver-data-extra

3. mvaviY †gv‡Wi evg c¨v‡b‡ji ÒW¨vk †nvgÓ AvBK‡b wK¬K Kiæb Ges mvP© e‡· Xscreensaver wjLyb|
Screensaver bv‡g GKwU AvB‡Ug cvIqv hv‡e †mwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 89

Avi Avcwb hw` GNOME K¬¨vwmK G _v‡Kb Z‡e †gby †_‡K Applications > Other > Screensaver
wbe©vPb Kiæb|

4. wb‡Pi evZ©vwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡j OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

5. Screensaver Preferences WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLv‡b Display Modes U¨vewU wm‡j± Ae¯’vq _vK‡e|
Gi Aax‡b _vKv Mode: Gi WªcWvDb AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡i Avcwb w¯Œb‡mfv‡ii Rb¨ 4 ai‡bi †gvW n‡Z
†h‡Kv‡bvwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
90 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

6. †gvW wbe©vP‡bi ci cÖwZwU †gv‡Wi Aax‡b _vKv w¯Œb‡mfvi¸‡jv n‡Z Avcwb Avcbvi cQ‡›`i w¯Œb‡mfviwU
†e‡Q wb‡Z cv‡ib| †h‡Kv‡bv w¯Œb‡mfvi‡K wm‡j± Ki‡j cv‡ki wcÖwfD As‡k Zv `„k¨gvb n‡e| Gfv‡e
me¸‡jv w¯Œb‡mfvi‡K †`‡L †`‡L Avcwb cQ‡›`i w¯Œb‡mfviwU evQvB Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
7. Blank After… minutes Ges Cycle After… minutes n‡Z Avcwb w¯Œb‡mfv‡ii Rb¨ mgq wba©viY K‡i
w`‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov KZ wgwbU ci w¯Œb jK Ki‡Z Pvb Zv Lock Screen After… minutes AckbwU
wm‡j± K‡i wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
8. cy‡iv w¯ŒbRy‡o w¯Œb‡mfviwUi bgybv †`L‡Z PvB‡j Preview evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| wcÖwfD †`Lvi ci dzjw¯Œb
Z¨vM K‡i c~e©eZ©x© Ae¯’vq wd‡i Avmvi Rb¨ w¯Œ‡bi Dci wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 91
9. Setting evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Avcwb w¯Œb‡mfv‡ii Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi †mwUsm wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib|
†mwUsm wba©vi‡Yi ci OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

10. GQvov Advanced U¨v‡e wK¬K K‡i Avcwb B‡gR g¨vwbcy‡jkb, †U·U g¨vwbcy‡jkb, wWm‡cø cvIqvi
g¨v‡bR‡g›U, †dwWs I Kvjvi g¨vcm Gi bvbv Ackb wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib|

11. me‡k‡l Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Screensaver Preferences WvqvjM e·wU eÜ Kiæb|
92 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
jMBb w¯Œ‡b e¨enviKvixi Qwe cwieZ©b Kiv
Dey›UzÕi jMBb w¯Œ‡b e¨enviKvixi Qwe hy³ Ki‡Z ev we`¨gvb †Kv‡bv Qwe‡K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv
MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Avcwb hw` K¬¨vwmK wfD‡Z _v‡Kb Z‡e Dey›Uzi Dc‡ii c¨v‡b‡ji G‡Kev‡i Wvb cÖv‡šÍ _vKv DBRv‡ii
bv‡gi AskwUi Dci wK¬K Kiæb| Avi hw` mvaviY wfD‡Z _v‡Kb Z‡e c¨v‡b‡ji G‡Kev‡i Wvb cÖv‡šÍ
PvKvi g‡Zv †`‡L‡Z (BDRvi †b‡gi Wv‡b) AvBKbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb| AvMZ †gby †_‡K System Settings
wbe©vPb Kiæb|

K¬¨vwmK wfD‡Z mvaviY wfD‡Z

2. System Settings WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLvb †_‡K User Accounts Gi Dci wK¬K Kiæb|

3. User Accounts WvqvjM e· Avm‡j BDRv‡ii bv‡gi evg cv‡k _vKv gvby‡li AvK…wZi AvBKbwU‡Z wK¬K
Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 93

4. A‡bK¸‡jv Qwei _v¤^‡bBj †`L‡Z cv‡eb| GLvb †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU Qwe‡K Avcwb Avcbvi jMBb
w¯Œ‡bi Rb¨ wm‡j± K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| Avi G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bvwUB Avcbvi cQ›` bv n‡j Browse for
more pictures wjs‡K wK¬K Kiæb|

5. Browse for more pictures WvqvjM e· Avm‡j wbw`©ó †jv‡Kkb n‡Z cQ‡›`i QwewU wm‡j± K‡i Open
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
94 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
6. wb‡Pi g‡Zv DB‡Ûv Avm‡j B‡g‡Ri KZUzKz Ask Avcwb wm‡j± Ki‡Z Pvb Zv gvD‡mi gva¨‡g †U‡b
†`wL‡q w`‡q Select evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
7. User Accounts WvqvjM e‡· †diZ Avm‡e Ges GLv‡b Av‡Mi B‡g‡Ri ¯’v‡b Avcbvi †`qv B‡gRwU
cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

8. Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i User Accounts WvqvjM e·wU eÜ Kiæb|

cvmIqvW© cwieZ©b Kiv

Dey›UzÕi e¨enviKvixi cvmIqvW©wU cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Avcwb hw` K¬¨vwmK wfD‡Z _v‡Kb Z‡e Dey›Uzi Dc‡ii c¨v‡b‡ji G‡Kev‡i Wvb cÖv‡šÍ _vKv DBRv‡ii
bv‡gi AskwUi Dci wK¬K Kiæb| Avi hw` mvaviY wfD‡Z _v‡Kb Z‡e c¨v‡b‡ji G‡Kev‡i Wvb cÖv‡šÍ
PvKvi g‡Zv †`‡L‡Z (BDRvi †b‡gi Wv‡b) AvBKbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb| AvMZ †gby †_‡K System Settings
wbe©vPb Kiæb|
2. System Settings WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLvb †_‡K User Accounts Gi Dci wK¬K Kiæb|
3. User Accounts WvqvjM e· Avm‡j wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv Password Gi Wv‡bi evUbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 95
4. cvmIqvW© cwieZ©bKvix DB‡Ûv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GLv‡b Current Password: Gi N‡i Avcbvi eZ©gvb
cvmIqvW©wU cÖ`vb Kiæb| New password: I Confirm password: Gi N‡i Avcbvi bZzb cvmIqvW©wU
UvBc Kiæb|

5. ¯^vfvweKfv‡e cvmIqvW© UvBc Kivi mgq Avcwb †Kvb Aÿi¸‡jv Pvc‡Qb †m¸‡jv †`Lv hvq bv| wKš‘
Avcwb hw` G¸‡jv †`‡L cvmIqvW© cÖ`vb Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e DB‡Ûv‡Z _vKv Show password AckbwU
wm‡j± K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|
6. me‡k‡l Change evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| cvmIqvW©wU cwiewZ©Z n‡e Ges User Accounts DB‡Ûv‡Z †diZ
Avm‡e|
7. User Accounts DB‡ÛvwU eÜ Kivi Rb¨ Close evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

†W¯‹U‡c wewfbœ ai‡bi kU©KvU AvBKb wb‡q Avmv

cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv Dey›Uz 11.10 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gwU Pvjy Ki‡j c¨v‡b‡ji AvBKb¸‡jv Qvov †W¯‹U‡c Avcwb Avi
†Kv‡bv AvBKb †`L‡Z cv‡eb bv| wKš‘ AviI cÖ‡qvRbxq wKQz Kv‡Ri I †cÖvMÖv‡gi AvBKb¸‡jv ev kU©KvU¸‡jv
Avcwb †W¯‹U‡c wb‡q Avm‡Z cv‡ib hvi gva¨‡g cieZx©‡Z Hme kU©vKvU/AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡iB Avcwb
†cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv‡Z ev KgwcDUv‡ii dvBj/†dvìvi¸‡jv‡K A¨vK‡mm Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
Dey›Uz †W¯‹U‡ci (GNOME K¬¨vwmK G) Dc‡ii c¨v‡b‡j Applications Ges Places bv‡gi `ywU †gby i‡q‡Q|
†h‡Kv‡bv †gby‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j Avcwb †ek wKQz AvB‡Ug cv‡eb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv AvB‡U‡gi Avevi mve-†gby i‡q‡Q|
Avcbvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Kv‡Ri ev †cÖvMÖv‡gi AvBKbwU †h †gby ev mve-†gby‡ZB _vKzb bv †Kb AvBKbwU a‡i Wª¨vM K‡i
†W¯‹U‡ci Dci G‡b †Q‡o w`b| Zvn‡j D³ AvBK‡bi GKwU cÖwZiƒc †W¯‹U‡c ms‡hvwRZ n‡e| aiæb, Avgiv
LibreOffice Writer (DB‡Ûv‡Ri MS Word Gi g‡Zv) †cÖvMÖvgwUi AvBKb‡K †W¯‹U‡c wb‡q Avm‡Z PvB| GwU
Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applcation > Office †gby‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ ZvwjKv †_‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv LibreOffice Writer Gi AvBKbwU‡K Wª¨vM K‡i †W¯‹U‡ci Dci
G‡b †Q‡o w`b|
96 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

3. †W¯‹U‡c AvBKbwUi GKwU cÖwZiƒc/kU©KvU ¯’vwcZ n‡e|

4. Gfv‡e Avcwb †h‡Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖvg ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRbxq Kv‡Ri AvBK‡bi kU©KvU †W¯‹U‡c ¯’vcb
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

†W¯‹U‡c _vKv AvBKb/AvB‡Ug¸‡jv myweb¨¯Í ivLv

Dey›Uz †W¯‹U‡c _vKv AvBKb ev AvB‡Ug (†hgbÑ kU©KvU, †Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖvg dvBj BZ¨vw`) hw` Qov‡bv-wQUv‡bv _v‡K
Z‡e †`L‡Z my›`i jv‡M bv| ZvQvov Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡ÎI GwU Sv‡gjvi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ Avcwb †W¯‹U‡c _vKv
wewfbœ ai‡bi AvBKb/AvB‡Ug¸‡jv‡K myweb¨¯Í K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. †W¯‹U‡ci †h‡Kv‡bv Lvwj RvqMvq gvD‡mi ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ †gby †_‡K Organize Desktop by Name AckbwU wbe©vPb Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 97
3. †W¯‹U‡c _vKv AvBKb/AvB‡Ug¸‡jv myweb¨¯Í n‡q Ae¯’vb Ki‡e|

Uª¨vk (Trash) Gi e¨envi

DB‡Ûv‡Ri wimvBKj web Gi mv‡_ Avgiv mK‡jB cwiwPZ| Dey›Uz‡Z GB wimvB‡Kj web (Recycle Bin) †K Uª¨vk
(Trash) bv‡g WvKv nq| Dey›Uz‡Z †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U, dvBj ev †dvìvi gy‡Q †dj‡j †mwU mvgwqKfv‡e Uª¨vk bv‡gi
Szwo‡Z wM‡q Rgv nq| GB Uª¨vk †_‡K cieZ©x‡Z †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U, dvBj ev †dvìvi‡K Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wi‡÷vi K‡i
wb‡q Avmv hvq Ges Zv‡Z KvR Kiv hvq| Uª¨v‡k _vKv †Kv‡bv AvB‡Ug‡K gy‡Q †dj‡j †mwU KgwcDUvi †_‡K
¯’vqxfv‡e gy‡Q hvq Ges GwU Avi mvaviYZ wdwi‡q Avbv hvq bv|
mvaviYZ Dey›Uz †W¯‹U‡ci evg c¨v‡b‡ji G‡Kev‡i wb‡Pi w`‡K (mvaviY †gv‡W) GB Uª¨vk AvBKbwU †`L‡Z cvIqv
hvq| Uª¨v‡ki Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi Avb‡j Gi bvgwU cÖ`wk©Z nq| Z‡e GNOME K¬¨vwmK Gi †W¯‹U‡c GwU Avcwb
†`L‡Z cv‡eb bv| GwU †c‡Z PvB‡j Places †gby‡Z _vKv †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU AvB‡U‡g wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|

Uª¨vk †dvìvi I‡cb Kiv

Uª¨vk †dvìvi I‡cb Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. mvaviY †gv‡W _vK‡j Uª¨v‡ki Dci gvDm wK¬K Kiæb| Avi Avcwb hw` GNOME K¬¨vwmK G _v‡Kb Z‡e
Places †gby‡Z _vKv †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU AvB‡U‡g wK¬K Kiæb|
98 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
2. mvaviY †gv‡W _vK‡j mivmwi Trash †dvìviwU Lyj‡e| Avi hw` GNOME K¬¨vwmK G _v‡Kb Z‡e mswkøó
†dvìviwU Lyj‡e| Gici †mB †dvìvi †_‡K Trash wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| Uª¨vk †dvìv‡i gy‡Q †djv
AvB‡Ug¸‡jv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

3. †Kv‡bv AvB‡Ug‡K wi‡÷vi Ki‡Z PvB‡j AvB‡UgwU wm‡j± K‡i Dc‡ii w`‡K _vKv Restore Selected
Items evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| AvB‡UgwU Trash †dvìvi †_‡K AcmvwiZ n‡q c~‡e©i †jv‡Kk‡b wi‡÷vi n‡e|
4. Uª¨v‡k _vKv AvB‡Ug¸‡jv‡K gy‡Q †d‡j GB †dvìviwU‡K Lvwj Ki‡Z PvB‡j Empty Trash evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb| me¸‡jv AvB‡Ug gyQ‡eb wKbv Zv Rvb‡Z †P‡q GKwU †g‡mR Avm‡e| Uª¨vk Lvwj Ki‡Z PvB‡j
Empty Trash evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb Avi hw` Lvwj Ki‡Z bv Pvb Z‡e Cancel evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

5. Zvici Cancel evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Trash †dvìvi †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmyb|

A‡Uv jMBb Kiv

Avcwb hw` GKvB Dey›Uz e¨envi K‡ib Z‡e PvB‡jB Avcwb wm‡÷‡g A‡Uv jMBb wdPviwU Gbveì K‡i ivL‡Z
cv‡ib| Gi d‡j cieZ©x‡Z hLb Avcwb KgwcDUviwU Pvjy Ki‡eb ZLb Avcbvi Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv jMBb w¯Œb Avm‡e
bv ev Avcbv‡K †Kv‡bv cvmIqvW© cÖ`vb K‡i KgwcDUv‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e bv| KgwcDUvi Pvjyi mv‡_ mv‡_B
¯^qswµqfv‡e Avcwb jMBb n‡q hv‡eb| GwU Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Avcwb hw` Dey›Uzi mvaviY wfD‡Z _v‡Kb Z‡e c¨v‡b‡ji DBRv‡ii bv‡gi AskwUi Dci wK¬K Kiæb Ges
AvMZ †gby †_‡K User Accounts wbe©vPb Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 99

Avi hw` Avcwb GNOME K¬¨vwmK wfD‡Z _v‡Kb Z‡e Dey›Uzi Dc‡ii c¨v‡b‡ji G‡Kev‡i Wvb cÖv‡šÍ _vKv
DBRv‡ii bv‡gi AskwUi Dci wK¬K K‡i AvMZ †gby †_‡K System Settings wbe©vPb Kiæb| System
Settings WvqjM e· Avm‡j †mLvb †_‡K User Accounts AvBK‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
2. User Accounts DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| Gi Dc‡ii Wvb w`‡K _vKv Unlock evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

3. Authenticate DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| GLv‡b Password Gi N‡i Avcbvi A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªwUf cvmIqvW©wU UvBc
K‡i wb‡Pi Authenticate evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

4. GB Ae¯’vq Unlock †jLvwU Lock †jLvq cwiewZ©Z n‡e| Gevi DB‡Ûvi wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv Automatic
Login Gi OFF †jLvi Dci wK¬K Kiæb| GwU ON n‡q hv‡e| A_©vr Avcbvi A‡Uv‡gwUK jMBb mPj
n‡q hv‡e|
100 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

5. me¸‡jv Ackb wbe©vP‡bi ci Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i DB‡ÛvwU eÜ Kiæb|

6. cieZ©x‡Z Avcwb hLbB Dey›Uz Pvjy ev wi÷vU© Ki‡eb ZLb wbw`©ó mgq weiwZi ci Dey›Uz‡Z A‡Uv jMBb
n‡e|

jM AvDU (Log Out) nIqv

A‡bK mgqB Ggb nq †h, Avcwb KvR Ki‡Qb wKš‘ †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y Avcbv‡K KgwcDUvi †_‡K Aí mg‡qi Rb¨
Ab¨ †Kv_vq †h‡Z n‡e ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| Avcbvi GB Abycw¯’‡Z Ab¨ †KD †hb Avcbvi wcwm‡Z
cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †mRb¨ Avcwb w¯ŒbwU jK K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡ib hw`I H Ae¯’vq Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i Ly‡j ivLv
†cÖvMÖvg I DB‡Ûv¸‡jv Pvjy _vK‡e| Dey›Uz‡Z jM AvDU nevi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Dey›Uz †W¯‹U‡ci Dc‡ii c¨v‡b‡ji Wv‡b _vKv me©‡kl evUbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ †gby †_‡K Log Out wbe©vPb Kiæb|

K¬¨vwmK wfD‡Z mvaviY wfD‡Z

 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 101
3. jM AvDU n‡Z Pvb wKbv Zv Rvb‡Z †P‡q GKwU WvqvjM e· nvwRi n‡e| Gi Log Out evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb|

K¬¨vwmK wfD‡Z

mvaviY wfD‡Z
4. wKQzÿ‡Yi g‡a¨B Avcwb jM AvDU n‡q hv‡eb Ges Dey›Uzi wWdë LightDM wWm‡cø g¨v‡bRviwU w¯Œ‡b
cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

5. cieZ©x‡Z Dey›Uz‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡j e¨enviKvix‡K Zvi BDRvi cvmIqvW©wU cÖ`vb K‡i G›Uvi Pvc‡Z
n‡e|

†M÷ †mkb (Guest Session) G hvIqv I †diZ Avmv (mvaviY wfD‡Z)

e¨enviKvix Zvi A¨vKvD‡›U _vKv Ae¯’vq †M÷ †mk‡b wM‡q KvR Ki‡Z PvB‡j Ges †mLvb †_‡K eZ©gvb
A¨vKvD‡›U †diZ Avm‡Z PvB‡j wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e t
1. Dey›Uz †W¯‹U‡ci Dc‡ii c¨v‡b‡ji Wv‡b _vKv BDRvi A¨vKvD‡›Ui evUbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ †gby †_‡K Guest Session wbe©vPb Kiæb|
102 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
3. †M÷ †mkb †_‡K cybivq e¨enviKvix Zvi wb‡Ri A¨vKvD‡›U wd‡i Avm‡Z PvB‡j †W¯‹U‡ci Dc‡ii
c¨v‡b‡ji Wv‡b _vKv Guest A¨vKvD‡›Ui evUbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb Ges AvMZ †gby †_‡K wb‡Ri BDRvi
†b‡gi Dci wK¬K Kiæb †hgbÑ GLv‡b Munirul Hasan Gi Dci wK¬K Kiv n‡q‡Q|

4. ¯^qswµqfv‡e †M÷ †mkb †_‡K Avcbvi wbR¯^ BDRvi †mk‡b †diZ Avm‡eb|

KgwcDUvi‡K nvBevi‡bU (Hibernate) Kiv

Avcwb eZ©gvb †W¯‹U‡c †hme †cÖvMÖvg, dvBj I †dvìvimg~n Ly‡j KvR Ki‡Qb †m¸‡jv‡K †mB Ae¯’v‡Z †i‡LB
cy‡iv KgwcDUvi‡K Nyg cvwo‡q †`evi g‡Zv welq n‡jv nvBevi‡bU| GwU kxZwb`ªvi mv‡_ Zzj¨| nvBevi‡b‡U _vKv
†Kv‡bv KgwcDUvi‡K Pvjy Ki‡j Ges BDRvi cvmIqvW© w`‡q †W¯‹U‡c cÖ‡ek Ki‡j Avcwb wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvg, dvBj I
†dvìvi¸‡jv‡K †hfv‡e †i‡L wM‡qwQ‡jb †mfv‡eB cv‡eb|
KLbI KLbI Kv‡Ri Rb¨ KgwcDUvi‡K nvBevi‡bU KivUv †ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q I‡V| †hgbÑ Avcwb Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
GKwU KvR Ki‡Qb †hLv‡b AmsL¨ †cÖvMÖvg, dvBj I †dvìvi Ly‡j Avcbv‡K KvR Ki‡Z n‡”Q| wbw`©ó mgq a‡i
KvR Kivi ci Avcbv‡K †mB w`‡bi g‡Zv Kv‡Ri mgvwß Uvb‡Z n‡jv A_P Kv‡Ri A‡bKUvB evwK| GB Ae¯’vq
Avcwb hw` Avcbvi KgwcDUvi‡K eÜ K‡i †`b Z‡e cybivq KgwcDUvi Pvjy K‡i Av‡Mi †cÖvMÖvg, dvBj I
†dvìvi¸‡jv‡K Ly‡j KvR KivUv †ek Sv‡gjvc~Y© n‡q c‡o| G‡ÿ‡Î wewfbœ dvB‡ji bvg ¯§i‡Y ivLvI `y®‹i n‡q
co‡Z cv‡i| Avcbvi Giƒc Sv‡gjv †gUv‡Z cv‡i Dey›Uzi nvBevi‡bU myweav| DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvixiv hviv
B‡Zvg‡a¨ nvBevi‡bU myweav e¨envi Ki‡Qb Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Dey›Uzi GB nvBevi‡bU welqwU Lye GKUv AcwiwPZ g‡b
n‡e bv| GB myweav Dc‡fv‡Mi Rb¨ e¨enviKvixi KgwcDUv‡i †gvUvgywU DbœZgv‡bi MÖvwd· Kv‡W©i cÖ‡qvRb n‡e|
Dey›Uz‡Z nvBevi‡bU Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Dey›Uz †W¯‹U‡ci Dc‡ii c¨v‡b‡ji G‡Kev‡i Wv‡b _vKv evUbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ †gby †_‡K Hibernate wbe©vPb Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 103
3. Avcbvi KgwcDUviwU nvBevi‡bU cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q kvUWvDb n‡e| cieZ©x‡Z Avcwb hLb KgwcDUviwU
Pvjy Ki‡eb ZLb DBRvi cvmIqvW© cÖ`vb K‡i KgwcDUviwU AvbjK Ki‡jB †i‡L hvIqv †W¯‹UcwU
Avcwb †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
we t `ª t wKQz wKQz KgwcDUv‡i nvBevi‡bU Kivi ci Avcwb Av‡Mi Ae¯’v bvI wd‡i †c‡Z cv‡ib hv mvaviYZ
nIqvi K_v bq| GwU †Kv‡bv ev‡Mi Kvi‡Y n‡Z cv‡i| wVK GKB Kvi‡Y A‡bK e¨enviKvixB Suspend I Lock
Screen Ackb¸‡jvI e¨envi Ki‡Z Aÿg n‡Z cv‡ib| †mRb¨ G¸‡jvi e¨envi GLv‡b †`Lv‡bv n‡jv bv| GB
Ackb¸‡jv wb‡q B‡Zvg‡a¨ Dey›Uz †dvivg¸‡jv‡Z we¯Íi †jLv‡jwL Pj‡Q| Dey›Uz KZ…c
© ÿ nq‡Zv AwP‡iB G¸‡jvi
mgvavb Ki‡e|

KgwcDUvi kvU WvDb (Shut Down) A_ev wi÷vU© (Restart) Kiv

KgwcDUvi kvU WvDb ev wi÷vU© Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. mvaviY †gv‡W _vK‡j Dey›Uz †W¯‹U‡ci Dc‡ii c¨v‡b‡ji G‡Kev‡i Wv‡b _vKv evUbwU‡Z (ûBj AvK…wZi)
wK¬K Kiæb| Avi hw` Avcwb K¬¨vwmK wfD‡Z _v‡Kb Z‡e †W¯‹U‡ci Dc‡ii c¨v‡b‡ji G‡Kev‡i Wv‡b
_vKv BDRv‡ii bv‡gi AskwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ †gby †_‡K Shut Down wbe©vPb Kiæb|

mvaviY †gv‡W

K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W
104 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
3. Shut Down WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| Avcwb hw` KgwcDUviwU‡K kvU WvDb Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e Shut Down
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Avi hw` wi÷vU© Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e GB WvqvjM e‡·i evg w`‡K _vKv Restart evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb|

mvaviY †gv‡W

K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W
4. wKQzÿ‡Yi g‡a¨B KgwcDUviwU kvU WvDb ev wi÷vU© n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 105

Aa¨vq t 5
dvBj I †dvìvi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
dvBj I †dvìvi KgwcDUv‡i KvR Kivi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `ywU welq| Avcwb KgwcDUv‡i g~jZ wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvg dvBj
wb‡qB KvR K‡ib| Avi Gme dvBj¸‡jv †Kv‡bv †dvìv‡i msiwÿZ _v‡K| GB Aa¨v‡q Avgiv Dey›Uz‡Z Gme dvBj
I †dvìvi wb‡q wKfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z nq †m¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡ev| GQvov dvBj I †dvìv‡ii ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz e¨envi
m¤ú‡K©I Rvb‡ev|

†dvìvi I WKz‡g›U dvBj ˆZwi Kiv

Avcwb hw` B‡Zvc~‡e© DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb Z‡e a‡i †bqv hvq Avcwb dvBj I †dvìv‡ii
mv‡_ B‡Zvg‡a¨B cwiwPZ| DB‡Ûv‡R †hfv‡e dvBj I †dvìvimg~n ˆZwi Kiv n‡q _v‡K †mB GKB Dcv‡q
Dey›Uz‡ZI dvBj Ges †dvìvi ˆZwi K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi KvR Kiv nq|

†dvìvi ˆZwi Kiv

Dey›Uz‡Z †dvìvi ˆZwii Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. †W¯‹U‡c †dvìvi ˆZwii Rb¨ gvD‡mi ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ †gby †_‡K Create New Folder wbe©vPb Kiæb|
3. Untitled Folder bv‡g GKwU †dvìvi ˆZwi n‡e| †dvìviwUi Rb¨ GKwU bvg UvBc Kiæb Ges evB‡i
†Kv_vq wK¬K Kiæb| Avcbvi †`qv bv‡g †dvìviwUi bvgKiY n‡e|

4. †dvìviwUi †fZ‡i cÖ‡ek Kivi Rb¨ G‡Z Wvej-wK¬K Kiæb|

5. Gevi GB †dvìv‡ii †fZ‡iI Avcwb cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx AviI †dvìvi ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨
†dvìv‡ii †fZ‡i ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb Ges AvMZ †gby †_‡K Create New Folder wbe©vPb Kiæb| Zvici
Av‡Mi g‡Zv K‡i †dvìviwUi GKwU bvg UvBc K‡i w`‡q evB‡i wK¬K Kiæb|
106 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

6. Gfv‡e Avcwb †W¯‹Uc ev wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx AmsL¨ †dvìvi ˆZwi K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|

WKz‡g›U dvBj ˆZwi Kiv

Dey›Uz‡Z Lye mn‡R †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U dvBj ˆZwii Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. †W¯‹U‡c ev †Kv‡bv †dvìv‡i WKz‡g›U dvBj ˆZwii Rb¨ gvD‡mi ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ †gby †_‡K Create New Document > Empty Document wbe©vPb Kiæb|

3. Untitled Document bv‡g GKwU dvBj ˆZwi n‡e| dvBjwUi Rb¨ GKwU bvg UvBc Kiæb Ges Zvici
Avcwb †h ai‡bi dvBj ˆZwi Ki‡Z Pvb Zvi G·‡Ubkb hy³ Kiæb| †hgbÑ Avcwb hw` LibreOffice
Writer Gi †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U dvBj ˆZwi Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e dvB‡ji bv‡gi †k‡l .odt G·‡Ubkb hy³ Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 107
Avevi hw` LibreOffice Calc Gi †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U dvBj ˆZwi Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e dvB‡ji bv‡gi †k‡l .ods
G·‡Ubkb hy³ Kiæb| Gfv‡e †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi G·‡Ubkb hy³ K‡i Avcwb wbw`©ó †cÖvMÖv‡g e¨envi
Dc‡hvMx †Kv‡bv dvBj ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
4. AZtci evB‡i †Kv_vq wK¬K Kiæb| dvBjwU ˆZwi n‡q hv‡e| Gevi Avcwb hw` dvBjwU‡Z Wvej-wK¬K
K‡ib Z‡e mswkøó †cÖvMÖvg Øviv (†cÖvMÖvgwU BÝUj Kiv _vK‡j) Zv I‡cb n‡e| GwZ AwZ mn‡R dvBj
ˆZwii GKwU c×wZ|
weKí c×wZ
†Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖv‡g KvR Kivi mgq Avcwb †mLv‡b H †cÖvMÖv‡gi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U dvBj ˆZwi K‡i Avcbvi
KvR¸‡jv‡K msiÿY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GwU Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. †h †cÖvMÖv‡g KvR Ki‡Z Pvb †mwU I‡cb Kiæb (†W¯‹U‡c †cÖvMÖvgwUi kU©KvU AvBKb _vK‡j †mLv‡b
Wvej-wK¬K K‡i/c¨v‡b‡j †cÖvMÖvgwUi AvBKb _vK‡j †mLv‡b wm‡½j wK¬K K‡i/Dc‡ii c¨v‡b‡j _vKv
Application †gby †_‡K mswkøó †cÖvMÖvgwU wm‡j± K‡i)| aiæb, Avcwb LibreOffice Writer †cÖvMÖvgwU
Ly‡j‡Qb|
2. dvBjwU‡Z wKQz KvR Kivi ci wKsev Kv‡Ri ïiæ‡ZB †gby †_‡K File > Save wbe©vPb Kiæb wKsev Ctrl+S
wKØq GK‡Î Pvcyb|

3. Save WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLv‡b Name: Gi N‡i dvBjwUi Rb¨ GKwU bvg UvBc Kiæb, dvBjwU †h
†dvìv‡i †mf Ki‡Z Pvb Zv Save in folder: †_‡K wba©viY Kiæb| File type Gi wÎfyR AvK…wZi AvBK‡b
wK¬K K‡i AvMZ dvBj UvBc †_‡K Avcbvi cQ›`bxq dvBj di‡gUwU wba©viY Kiæb| Zvici Save evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb (cvmIqvW©mn dvBjwU †mf Ki‡Z PvB‡j Save with password AckbwU wm‡j± K‡i cieZ©x
wb‡`©kbv¸‡jv AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡ib)|
108 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

4. dvBjwU wbw`©ó †dvìv‡i †mf n‡q hv‡e| GB c×wZ‡Z Avcwb †h‡Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖvg †_‡K D³ †cÖvMÖv‡g Kv‡Ri
Dc‡hvMx dvBj ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

dvBj ev †dvìvi jywK‡q ivLv (wn‡Wb Kiv)

Dey›Uz‡Z Avcwb Avcbvi ˆZwi Kiv †Kv‡bv dvBj ev †dvìvi‡K jywK‡q Z_v wn‡Wb K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡ib| A‡bK mgqB
Avcbvi dvBj‡K wn‡Wb Kivi cÖ‡qvRb co‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î GwU Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. †h dvBj ev †dvìviwU wn‡Wb Ki‡Z Pvb †mwUi Dci ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ ZvwjKv †_‡K Rename AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb|

3. dvBj ev †dvìv‡ii bv‡gi Av‡M GKwU dzj÷c (.) wPý emvb| dvBj/†dvìviwU wn‡Wb n‡q hv‡e|
cieZ©x mg‡q Avcwb hLb dvBj/†dvìviwU‡K LyuR‡Z hv‡eb ZLb †mwU Avi wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b †`L‡Z cv‡eb
bv|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 109

4. wn‡Wb dvBj/†dvìvi †`Lvi Rb¨ View †gby †_‡K Show Hidden Files AckbwU wbe©vPb Kiæb A_ev
wK‡evW© †_‡K Ctrl+H wKØq GK‡Î Pvcyb|
5. wn‡Wb dvBj/†dvìviwU me mgq †Mvcb ivL‡Z PvB‡j View †gby †_‡K Show Hidden File Ack‡bi wUK
wPýwU DwV‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
6. wn‡Wb Ae¯’v †_‡K dvBj/†dvìviwU‡K ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq †diZ Avb‡Z PvB‡j View †gby †_‡K Show
Hidden Files AckbwU wbe©vPb Kivi ci Zv‡Z ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb Ges AvMZ ZvwjKv †_‡K Rename
AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb| Zvici dvBj/†dvìv‡ii bv‡gi Av‡Mi dzj÷c (.) wPýwU DwV‡q w`b|

dvBj I †dvìvi GbwµÞ Kiv

AvRKvj Avgiv AwZ †Mvcbxq dvBjmg~n‡K wb‡R‡`i KgwcDUv‡i msiÿY K‡i _vwK| Avevi GKBmv‡_ Avgiv
Avgv‡`i wm‡÷gwU‡K Ab¨vb¨ BDRvi‡`i mv‡_ †kqvi K‡i _vwK| †m‡ÿ‡Î Ab¨ BDRviMY Avcbvi Z_¨ A¨vK‡mm
Ki‡Z cv‡ib hv Avcwb KL‡bvB PvB‡eb bv| GB mgm¨v mgvav‡bi GKwU Dcvq n‡jv Avcbvi †Mvcbxq dvBj I
†dvìvi¸‡jv‡K GbwµÞ K‡i ivLv| GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †ek wKQz I‡cb‡mvm© mdUIq¨vi i‡q‡Q †hgbÑ TrueCrypt,
Crypkeeper BZ¨vw`| G‡`i g‡a¨ TrueCrypt mdUIq¨viwU RbwcÖq GKwU mdUIq¨vi †hwU Avcbvi †dvìvi ev
WªvBf¸‡jv‡K GbwµÞ K‡i Ges †m¸‡jv‡K cvmIqvW© Øviv myiwÿZ iv‡L| TrueCrypt GKwU µm cø¨vUdg©
mdUIq¨vi Ges GwU‡K wjbv·, g¨vK IGmG· I DB‡Ûv‡Ri Rb¨ WvDb‡jvW Kiv hvq|
Truecrypt BÝUj Kiv
TrueCrypt BÝUj Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t

1. cÖ_‡g Avcbv‡K TrueCrypt †K g¨vbyqvwj WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z n‡e (http://www.truecrypt.org/downloads

†_‡K)|
2. dvBjwUi Dci ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb Ges Zvici Extract Here G wK¬K Kiæb| †h dvBjwU G·Uª¨v± n‡e Zv‡Z
gvD‡mi ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb Ges AvMZ †gby †_‡K Open G wK¬K Kiæb|
3. AvMZ WvqvjM e· †_‡K Run evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
110 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
4. xmessage WvqvjM e· Avm‡j Install TrueCrypt evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

5. cÖ`wk©Z wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx BÝUj cÖwµqv ïiæi cÖv_wgK KvR¸‡jv av‡c av‡c AbymiY Kiæb| wKQzÿ‡Yi
†fZiB UªywµÞ BÝUj n‡q hv‡e|

Gbwµ‡ÞW I cvmIqvW© cÖ‡U‡±W †dvìvi ˆZwi Kiv

Gbwµ‡ÞW I cvmIqvW© cÖ‡U‡±W †dvìvi ˆZwii Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. TrueCrypt †cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjy Kiæb| GNOME K¬¨vwmK Gi †ÿ‡Î Avcwb GwU‡K Applications >
Accessories > TrueCrypt Gi †fZi †_‡K A¨vK‡mm Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Avi hw` mvaviY †gv‡W _v‡Kb
Z‡e evg c¨v‡b‡ji Dash Home evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb Ges mvP© e‡· TrueCrypt UvBc Kiæb| †cÖvMÖvgwU
†c‡q hv‡eb| Zv‡Z wK¬K Kiæb| †cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjy n‡e|

K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 111

mvaviY †gv‡W
2. Create Volume G wK¬K Kiæb|

3. Gevi Avcbv‡K wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, Avcwb GKwU Gbwµ‡ÞW †dvìvi bvwK Gbwµ‡ÞW WªvBf ˆZwi
Ki‡Z Pvb †mwU| G‡ÿ‡Î Avgiv Create an encrypted file container AckbwU wm‡j± Kijvg (Ab¨
†Kv‡bv mg‡q Avcwb Ab¨ AckbwUI e¨envi K‡i †`L‡Z cv‡ib)| Gici Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
112 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
4. ÷¨vÛvW© UªywµÞ fwjDg ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ Standard TrueCrypt volume AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb (evBwWdë
wm‡j± _v‡K)| Z‡e Avcwb †h fwjDgwU ˆZwi Ki‡Z hv‡”Qb †mwU‡K hw` nvBW Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e Hidden
TrueCrypt volume AckbwU wm‡j± Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Gici Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

5. †h UªywµÞ fwjDgwU ˆZwi Ki‡Qb †mwUi Rb¨ GLb Avcbv‡K GKwU bvg cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| †mRb¨ Select
File evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb Ges AvMZ Specify a New TrueCrypt Volume WvqvjM e· n‡Z fwjDgwUi
GKwU bvg UvBc K‡i w`b| Avcwb †Kvb †dvìv‡i fwjDgwU ˆZwi Ki‡Z Pvb †mwUI GLvb †_‡K †`wL‡q
w`‡Z cv‡ib| Gici Save evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

6. Specify a New TrueCrypt Volume WvqvjM e·wU P‡j hvevi ci Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
7. cieZ©x avc Encryption Options G cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| GLv‡b Avcwb 8 ai‡bi Gbwµckb A¨vj‡Mvwi`g
Ges 3wU n¨vk A¨vj‡Mvwi`g cv‡eb| G‡`i ga¨ †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bvwU Avcwb †e‡Qb wb‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e
evBwWdë hv hv wbe©vwPZ Av‡Q †m¸‡jvB ivLyb| Zvici Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 113

8. †dvìv‡ii mvBR wba©viY K‡i Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

9. Password: Gi N‡i fwjDgwUi Rb¨ GKwU cvmIqvW© cÖ`vb Kiæb| G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU fv‡jv cvmIqvW© w`b
†hwU wKbv Lye mn‡RB †KD Abygvb Ki‡Z bv cv‡i Ges †mwU‡Z wKQz †¯úkvj K¨v‡i±vi _v‡K| Gici
Confirm Password: Gi N‡i cybivq cvmIqvW©wU cÖ`vb Kiæb| Zvici Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
114 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
10. Avcbv‡K GKwU dvBj wm‡÷g wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î Dey›Uz e¨enviKvixiv mvaviYZ ext4 dvBj
wm‡÷gwUB wbe©vPb Ki‡eb| Zvici Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

11. Cross-Platform Support DBRvW© Avm‡e| fwjDgwU‡K Ab¨vb¨ cø¨vUd‡g© e¨envi Ki‡Z PvB‡j evBwWdë
_vKv I will mount the volume on other platform AckbwUB wm‡j± ivLyb, Ab¨_vq I will mount the
volume only on Linux AckbwU wm‡j± K‡i w`b| Zvici Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

12. Format evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| fwjDgwU di‡gU nIqv ïiæ n‡e| G‡Z wKQzÿY mgq jvM‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 115

13. fwjDg di‡gU nevi ci Avcbvi Kv‡Q A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªwUf cvIqvW© PvB‡e| cvmIqvW©wU cÖ`vb K‡i OK
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| wKQzÿY ci evZ©v Avm‡e †h Avcbvi UªywµÞ fwjDgwU mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ ˆZwi n‡q †M‡Q|
OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

14. Avcwb hw` Av‡iKwU UªywµÞ fwjDg ˆZwi Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e Next evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ab¨_vq Exit
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

15. Gevi TrueCrypt A¨vwcø‡KkbwUi Select File evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Gbwµ‡ÞW †dvìv‡i dvBjmg~n‡K †mf
Kivi Rb¨ Avcwb GKUz Av‡M †h †dvìviwU‡Z GwU †mf K‡iwQ‡jb †mB †dvìviwU‡Z †bwf‡MU Kiæb Ges
dvBjwU‡K wm‡j± Kiæb|
116 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

16. Gevi Volumes G †gby †_‡K Mount Volume wm‡j± Kiæb|

17. UªwµÞ dvBjwUi Rb¨ †h cvmIqvW© w`‡q G‡mwQ‡jb Zv cvmIqv‡W©i N‡i UvBc K‡i OK evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 117
18. Avcbvi A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªUi cvmIqvW© PvB‡e| cvmIqvW©wU cÖ`vb K‡i OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

19. fwjDgwU gvD‡›UW n‡e Ges †nvg †dvìviwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j †mLv‡b truecrypt1 bv‡gi GKwU †dvìvi
†`L‡Z cv‡eb hvi cv‡k nvW©wW‡¯‹i GKwU AvBKb _vK‡e|

20. nvW©wW‡¯‹i g‡Zv †`L‡Z truecrypt1 AvBK‡bi Dci wK¬K Kiæb| truecrypt1 †dvìv‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| GLb
GLv‡b mivmwi †Kv‡bv dvBj Kwc K‡i G‡b wKsev †Kv‡bv †dvìvi ˆZwi K‡i Zv‡Z Avcbvi dvBj¸‡jv
†c÷ K‡i ivLyb|

21. fwjDgwU‡K AvbgvD‡›UW Ki‡Z PvB‡j Truecrypt mdUIq¨viwU I‡cb K‡i fwjDgwU‡K wm‡j± K‡i
Dismount G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
118 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

22. Gevi Exit evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Truecrypt mdUIq¨vi †_‡K †ei n‡q Avmyb|
23. cieZ©x‡Z hZevi Avcwb GB †dvìviwU‡K e¨envi Ki‡Z PvB‡eb ZZevi Avcbv‡K GwU Mount K‡i
wb‡Z n‡e| KvR †k‡l GwU Dismount Ki‡Z fyj‡eb bv|

dvBj mvP© Kiv

K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W
Dey›Uz‡Z Avcwb AwZ mn‡RB †Kv‡bv dvBj I †dvìvi‡K mvP© Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †Kv‡bv dvBj‡K Lyu‡R †ei Kivi Rb¨
wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Dc‡ii c¨v‡b‡j _vKv †gby †_‡K Places > Search for Files wbe©vPb Kiæb|
2. Search for Files WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
3. Name contains: Gi N‡i dvBjwUi bvg ev bv‡gi Askwe‡kl UvBc K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb wKsev Find evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 119
4. D³ bvg ev bv‡gi Ask w`‡q †hme dvBj Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i me¸‡jvi Lyu‡R †ei K‡i Zv
Search results: As‡k cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| bv‡gi cvkvcvwk dvBjwU †Kvb †dvìv‡i i‡q‡Q, Gi mvBR, UvBc
Ges gwWdvB Kivi ZvwiL BZ¨vw`I cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

5. cÖ‡qvRbxq dvBjwU GB ZvwjKvq Lyu‡R †c‡j Zv‡Z Wvej-wK¬K Ki‡j dvBjwU mswkøó †cÖvMÖvg w`‡q Lyj‡e|

K¬¨vwmK I mvaviY †gv‡W

wfbœ Dcv‡qI Avcwb Dey›Uzi K¬¨vwmK wKsev mvaviY †h ai‡bi †gv‡WB _v‡Kb bv †Kb †mLvb †_‡KB AwZ mn‡R
dvBjmg~n‡K mvP© Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GRb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb|
1. K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j †gby †_‡K Places > Home Folder wbe©vPb Kiæb (Avcwb PvB‡j Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡b
†dvìviI wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cv‡ib)| Avi hw` mvaviY †gv‡W _v‡Kb Z‡e ev‡gi c¨v‡bj †_‡K Home Folder
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ DB‡Ûvi Dc‡ii Wvb w`‡K _vKv Search evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
120 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
3. Search e· Avm‡j wb‡Pi w`‡K Kvw•ÿZ dvBjwUi bv‡gi †h‡Kv‡bv Ask UvBc Kiæb| Gici G›Uvi Pvcyb
ev mvP© e‡·i Wvb w`‡K _vKv g¨vMwbdvBwqs Møv‡mi AvBK‡bi Dci wK¬K Kiæb|

4. Avcbvi UvBc Kiv k‡ãi mv‡_ †hme dvB‡ji bv‡gi †Kv‡bv As‡ki wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv hv‡e Zv‡`i
me¸‡jv mvP© n‡q Avcbvi mvg‡b nvwRi n‡e| GLvb †_‡K Avcwb Avcbvi dvBjwU †e‡Q wb‡Z cv‡ib|
Avi Avcwb hw` cy‡iv bvgwU mwVKfv‡e UvBc K‡i G›Uvi Pv‡cb Z‡e Avkv Kiv hvq ïay D³ dvBjwUB
Avcwb Lyu‡R cv‡eb|

5. Gici dvBjwU wb‡q Avcwb Avcbvi B‡”Qg‡Zv KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

wi‡m›U (Recent) WKz‡g›U I‡cb I wK¬qvi Kiv (K¬¨vwmK wfD‡Z)

mv¤cÖwZK mgq¸‡jv‡Z Avcwb Dey›Uz‡Z †h mg¯Í WKz‡g›U wb‡q KvR K‡i‡Qb ev †h mg¯Í dvBj‡K Ly‡j‡Qb Zv‡`i
GKwU ZvwjKv Dey›Uz msiÿY K‡i _v‡K| Gi d‡j PURjw` hw` †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U wb‡q KvR Kivi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o Z‡e
Avcwb mn‡RB †mB ZvwjKv †_‡K WKz‡g›U dvBjwU Lyu‡R †ei K‡i †mwU I‡cb K‡i KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GwU
mgqmvkªqxI e‡U| Avevi PvB‡j wi‡m›U WKz‡g›Umg~‡ni GB ZvwjKvwU‡K Avcwb wK¬qviI K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib|
wi‡m›U Wgy‡K›U I‡cb Kiv
1. Dc‡ii c¨v‡b‡j _vKv †gby †_‡K Places > Recent Documents wbe©vPb Kiæb|
2. m¤cÖwZ I‡cb Kiv WKz‡g›U¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv cv‡kB G·cvÛ n‡q cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 121

3. Avcbvi Kvw•ÿZ WKz‡g›UwU GLv‡b Lyu‡R †c‡j †mwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb| WKz‡g›UwU Zvi mswkøó †cÖvMÖvg Øviv
I‡cb n‡e| Gevi GLv‡b Avcwb cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvR©b, cwiea©bmn wb‡Ri B‡”Q g‡Zv hveZxq KvR¸‡jv
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wi‡m›U Wgy‡K›U wK¬qvi Kiv

1. Dc‡ii c¨v‡b‡j _vKv †gby †_‡K Places > Recent Documents wbe©vPb Kiæb|
2. m¤cÖwZ I‡cb Kiv WKz‡g›U¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv cv‡kB G·cvÛ n‡q cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Gi G‡Kev‡i wb‡P
Avcwb Clear Recent Documents bv‡g GKwU Ackb †`L‡Z cv‡eb| †mwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|
3. Clear Recent Documents †g‡mR e· cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Clear evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

4. mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q I‡cb Kiv me¸‡jv dvB‡ji ZvwjKv Recent Documents †_‡K wK¬qvi n‡q hv‡e Ges
†gby‡Z Recent Documents wU Aby¾¡j †`Lv‡e| GLbKvi g‡Zv dvBj¸‡jv wK¬qvi n‡q †M‡jI cieZ©x
mg‡q Avcwb Avevi hLb †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U I‡cb Ki‡eb ZLb Recent Documents G D³ WKz‡g‡›Ui
bvgwU hy³ n‡q hv‡e|
122 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

Aa¨vq t 6
Dey›Uz‡Z B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM ¯’vcb
KgwcDUv‡i Dey›Uz BÝU‡ji ci †h KvRwU mePvB‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †mwU n‡jv G‡Z B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv| KviY
Dey›Uz‡Z hveZxq mdUIq¨vi BÝUj n‡q _v‡K Dey›Uzi mvf©vi †_‡K WvDb‡jv‡Wi gva¨‡g| Kv‡RB Avcwb cÖ‡qvRbxq
wewfbœ mdUIq¨vi I bvbv ai‡bi Avc‡WU¸‡jv mvaviYZ B›Uvi‡bU Qvov BÝUj Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| Avcwb hw`
DB‡Ûv‡Ri †fZi Wy‡qj eywUs AvKv‡i Dey›Uz‡K BÝUj K‡ib wKsev fvPz©qvj cwi‡e‡k DB‡Ûv‡Ri †fZi Dey›Uz‡K
BÝUj K‡ib Z‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î DB‡Ûv‡R Avcwb B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i _vK‡j Zvi mv‡_ Dey›Uz ¯^qswµqfv‡e mshy³
n‡q hv‡e| Avcbv‡K B›Uvi‡bU †mUAvc Kivi cÖ‡qvRb co‡e bv| Z‡e wm‡½j eywUs wn‡m‡e Dey›Uz‡K BÝUj Ki‡j
†m‡ÿ‡Î Avcbv‡K B›Uvi‡bU †mUAvc K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| hviv Wy‡qj eywUs wn‡m‡e Dey›Uz BÝUj K‡i _v‡Kb Zv‡`i
B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM I e¨enviRwbZ Sv‡gjv A‡bK Kg nq|
B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi aib Abyhvqx B›Uvi‡b‡Ui KbwdMv‡ikbI wfbœ n‡q _v‡K| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wKQz B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM
n‡jv t
 eªWe¨vÛ jvB‡bi gva¨‡g ÷¨vwUK AvBwc B›Uvi‡bU
 †gvevBj B›Uvi‡bU ev †gvevBj eªWe¨vÛ
 PPPoE B›Uvi‡bU

GLv‡b we‡klfv‡e e‡j ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †h, DB‡Ûv‡R Avcwb mvaviYZ †hfv‡e eªWe¨vÛ jvBb e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb
†mwU Dey›Uz‡ZI e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e †gvevBj eªWe¨v‡Ûi †ÿ‡Î Dey›Uz‡Z wKQz Sv‡gjv n‡Z cv‡i| Dey›Uzi
wewfbœ fvm©‡b †gvevBj eªWe¨vÛ (MÖvgxY‡dvb B›Uvi‡bU, wmwU‡mj Ryg Avëªv, evsjvwjsK B›Uvi‡bU, evsjvjvqb I
wKDwe IqvBg¨v· BZ¨vw`) e¨env‡i e¨enviKvixiv bvbv ai‡bi mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡q _v‡Kb| G‡ÿ‡Î Avcbv‡K bvbv
ai‡bi civgk© I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wUcm w`‡q mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i wjbv· wbf©i †ek wKQz evsjv †dvivg I I‡qemvBU|
†gv‡Wg e¨envi K‡i B›Uvi‡bU e¨env‡i mgm¨v n‡j Avcwb Gme †dvivg I I‡qemvB‡U Zv Zz‡j ai‡Z I †mLvb
†_‡K mgm¨vi mgvavb †R‡b wb‡Z cv‡ib| G¸‡jv g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv http://forum.amaderprojukti.com/,
http://bdosn.org/ BZ¨vw`|

Av‡M hv KiYxq
Dey›Uz‡Z B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM cÖ`v‡bi Av‡M Avcbv‡K †ek wKQz wel‡qi cÖ¯‘wZ m¤úbœ K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| G¸‡jv n‡jv t
 Avcbvi B›Uvi‡bU weeiYx †hgbÑ IP Address, Netmask, Gateway, DNS †bg mvf©vi, WvqvjAv‡ci
†ÿ‡Î †cÖvfvBWv‡ii b¤^i cÖf„wZ Av‡MB msMÖn K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|
 WvqvjAv‡ci †ÿ‡Î †gv‡W‡gi K¨vej Ges †gvevB‡ji †ÿ‡Î BDGmwe K¨vej mshy³ Av‡Q wKbv Zv wbwðZ
Ki‡Z n‡e|
 B›Uvi‡bU wWfvBm †hgbÑ j¨vb KvW©, †gv‡Wg, †gvevBj BZ¨vw` Dey›Uz wPwýZ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q wKbv wbwðZ
n‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 123

Dey›Uz‡Z eªWe¨vÛ jvBb (÷¨vwUK AvBwc B›Uvi‡bU) e¨envi Kiv

†ewkifvM eªWe¨vÛ B›Uvi‡bU Kv‡bKk‡bB e¨enviKvix‡`i ÷¨vwUK AvBwc w`‡q _v‡K hv Zv‡`i KgwcDUvi‡K
AvBGmwci †bUIqv‡K© wPwýZ K‡i| Avcbvi B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi aib m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ nevi Rb¨ Avcbvi B›Uvi‡bU
†mev`vbKvix cÖwZôv‡bi KvQ †_‡K ms‡hvMwUi aib †R‡b wb‡Z cv‡ib| Avcbvi Kv‡bKkbwU hw` Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP) nq Z‡e Avjv`vfv‡e KbwdMvi Kivi †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb †bB| G‡ÿ‡Î K¨vej
Kv‡b± Ki‡j Dey›Uz ¯^qswµqfv‡e B›Uvi‡bU wW‡U± K‡i †b‡e| Z‡e Avcwb hw` ÷¨vwUK AvBwc e¨envi K‡ib Z‡e
Avcbv‡K g¨vbyqvwj †bUIqvK© †mUAvc Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î Avcbvi IP Address, Netmask, Gateway I DNS
Name servers †K nv‡Zi Kv‡Q ivLyb| B›Uvi‡bU KbwdMvi Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t

7. Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W (Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D BDwbwU‡Z) wM‡q Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K †bUIqvK© g¨v‡bRv‡i
wK¬K K‡i AvMZ †gby †_‡K Edit Connections wbe©vPb Kiæb|

8. Network Connections DB‡Ûv Avm‡e|

9. Wired U¨vewU wm‡j± Kiv bv _vK‡j U¨vewU wm‡j± Kiæb| Gici Wvb w`‡K _vKv Add evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
10. †h DB‡ÛvwU Avm‡e †mLv‡b Kv‡bKkbwUi †Kv‡bv bvg w`‡Z PvB‡j Connection name: N‡i †mB bvgwU
wj‡L w`b| Zvici IPv4 Settings U¨v‡e wK¬K Kiæb|
124 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
11. DB‡Ûvi Dc‡ii w`‡K _vKv Connect automatically AckbwU wm‡j± Kiv bv _vK‡j †mwU wm‡j± Kiæb
(†PK K‡i w`b)|

12. Method Ackb †_‡K Manual wbe©vPb Kiæb|

13. Addresses Gi AšÍM©Z Add evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Gici G‡K G‡K Address (IP), Netmask, Gateway,
DNS Servers, Search Domains mwVKfv‡e cÖ`vb Kiæb|
14. Save evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
15. KvR¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e n‡q †M‡j †W¯‹U‡ci Dc‡i Connection established bv‡g GKwU †bvwUwd‡Kkb
cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

Iq¨vi‡jm Kv‡bKkb †mUAvc

Iq¨vi‡jm Kv‡bKkb †mUAvc Kivi Av‡M †`‡L wbb †h Dey›Uz Avcbvi Iq¨vi‡jm KvW©wU‡K wW‡U± K‡i‡Q wKbv|
†bUIqvK© AvBK‡bi Dci wK¬K Ki‡j Iq¨vi‡jm Kv‡bKkbwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| hLb IqvB-dvB (Wi-Fi) wW‡U± n‡q
hv‡e ZLb Wi-Fi Kv‡bKkbwU‡K wm‡j± Kiæb Ges B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Ki‡Z _vKzb|
Avi hw` Avcwb Iq¨vi‡jm Kv‡bKkbwU‡K †`L‡Z bv cvb Z‡e Zvi gv‡b n‡jv Avcwb †cÖvcÖvB‡qUvwi Wi-Fi wPcm
e¨envi Ki‡Qb| †m‡ÿ‡Î Avcbv‡K D³ Wi-Fi wPcm Gi Rb¨ WªvBfvi Avjv`vfv‡e WvDb‡jvW K‡i BÝUj K‡i
wb‡Z n‡e|
Iq¨vi‡jm Kvb‡Kkb †mUAvc Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Network Connections DB‡Ûv †_‡K Wireless U¨v‡e wK¬K Kiæb|
2. Gici DB‡Ûvi Wvb w`‡K _vKv Add evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 125

3. †h DB‡ÛvwU Avm‡e †mLv‡b Kv‡bKkbwUi †Kv‡bv bvg w`‡Z PvB‡j Connection name: N‡i †mB bvgwU
wj‡L w`b|
4. DB‡Ûvi Dc‡ii w`‡K _vKv Connect automatically AckbwU wm‡j± Kiv bv _vK‡j †mwU wm‡j± Kiæb
(†PK K‡i w`b)|
5. Gevi Wireless, Wireless Security, IPv4 Settings I IPv6 Settings U¨ve¸‡jvi ga¨ †_‡K Dchy³ U¨vewU
wm‡j± K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨¸‡jv cÖ`vb Kiæb|

6. me‡k‡l Save evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

126 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

†gvevBj eªWe¨vÛ Kv‡bKkb †mUAvc

eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k †gvevBj eªWe¨vÛ †ek RbwcÖq n‡q D‡V‡Q| wewfbœ †gvevBj †dvb †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡`i B›Uvi‡bU
e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Avjv`v †gv‡Wg wewµ K‡i _v‡K| GQvov IqvBg¨v· cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jvI B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi
Rb¨ †gv‡Wg wewµ K‡i| G¸‡jv mvaviYZ DB‡ÛvR fvm©‡b Lye mn‡RB e¨envi Kiv hvq| Z‡e Dey›Uz‡Z G¸‡jv
e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Avcwb mgm¨vq co‡Z cv‡ib| †m‡ÿ‡Î mswkøó †Kv¤úvwbi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i
A_ev wewfbœ wjbv· †dviv‡gi gva¨‡g Avcwb mgm¨vi mgvavb †c‡Z cv‡ib|
Dey›Uz‡Z †gv‡W‡gi gva¨‡g †gvevBj eªWe¨vÛ e¨envi Ki‡Z PvB‡j wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e t
1. KgwcDUv‡ii BDGmwe †cv‡U© †gvevBj eªWe¨vÛ ms‡hvM cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ †gv‡WgwU mshy³ Kiæb|
2. Network Connections DB‡Ûv †_‡K Mobime Broadband U¨v‡e wK¬K Kiæb|
3. Gici DB‡Ûvi Wvb w`‡K _vKv Add evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

4. wb‡Pi DB‡ÛvwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Continue evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

5. Country or Region List: †_‡K Bangladesh wbe©vPb Kiæb| Zvici Continue evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 127

6. AvMZ DB‡Ûvi Dc‡ii w`‡K _vKv Select your provider from a list: AckbwU wm‡j± K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki
†gvevBj eªWe¨vÛ †cÖvfvBWvi‡`i bv‡gi ZvwjKv †_‡K Avcbvi e¨eüZ †cÖvfvBWviwU‡K wm‡j± Kiæb|
Gici Continue evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

7. cieZ©x DB‡Ûv‡Z †gvevBj eªWe¨vÛ Kv‡bKkb KbwdMvi n‡q hvevi Z_¨ Ges Avcbvi †cÖvfvBWv‡ii bvg
cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Apply evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
128 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
7. mswkøó †cÖvfvBWv‡ii bvg m¤^wjZ GwWwUs DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| Gi Dc‡ii w`‡K _vKv Connect automatically
AckbwU wm‡j± Kiv bv _vK‡j †mwU wm‡j± Kiæb (†PK K‡i w`b)|
8. Gevi Mobile Broadband U¨vewU wm‡j± K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨¸‡jv (BDRvi †bg I cvmIqvW©) cÖ`vb
Kiæb|

9. me‡k‡l Save evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 129

Aa¨vq t 7
Dey›Uz‡Z mdUIq¨vi BÝUj I AvbBÝUj Kiv
Dey›Uz Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gwU‡Z KvR Kivi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q wewfbœ ai‡bi nvRvi nvRvi mdUIq¨vi| Dey›Uz BÝU‡ji mgq
AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz mdUIq¨vi BÝUj n‡q hvq †h¸‡jvi gva¨‡g Avcwb Awdm msµvšÍ hveZxq KvRmn AviI
eûwea KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Z‡e Gme mdUIq¨vi nq‡Zvev Avcbvi cwic~Y© Pvwn`v‡K †gUv‡Z cvi‡e bv| †m‡ÿ‡Î
Avcwb bvbv Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx wewfbœ mdUIq¨vi‡K BÝUj K‡i †m¸‡jv e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Dey›Uz‡Z mdUIq¨vi
BÝU‡ji c~‡e© Avcbv‡K †h welqwU wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e †mwU n‡jv B›Uvi‡b‡Ui ms‡hvM| `ªæZ MwZm¤úbœ B›Uvi‡bU
ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi ciB Avcbvi Rb¨ Dey›Uz‡Z mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kivi KvRwU mnR n‡q hv‡e|
DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvixiv †hfv‡e mdUIq¨vi BÝUj K‡i Af¨¯Í Zvi PvB‡Z LvwbKUv wfbœ c×wZ‡Z
Dey›Uz‡Z mdUIq¨vimg~n‡K BÝUj Kiv n‡q _v‡K| DB‡Ûv‡R mvaviYZ BÝUjvi¸‡jv .exe wKsev
.msi G·‡Ubk‡bi n‡q _v‡K| Gme BÝUjv‡i Wvej-wK¬K Ki‡jB †m¸‡jv Pvjy n‡q hvq Ges
cieZ©x‡Z cÖ`wk©Z wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx av‡c av‡c G¸‡jv KgwcDUv‡i BÝUj Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K
Dey›Uz wjbv‡· i‡q‡Q wi‡cvwmUwi (Repository) bvgK wekvj mdUIq¨v‡ii fvÐvi †hLvb †_‡K
nvRvi nvRvi mdUIq¨vi webvg~‡j¨ WvDb‡jvW K‡i BÝUj Kiv hvq| GQvov e¨enviKvix PvB‡j wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv
†W‡fjcvi mvBU †_‡K .deb bvgK Gw·wKD‡Uej BÝUjvi WvDb‡jvW K‡i mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
GQvovI i‡q‡Q KgvÛ jvB‡bi gva¨‡g mdUIq¨vi BÝU‡ji e¨e¯’v|
Dey›Uz‡Z mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kivi c~‡e© wKQz welq we‡klfv‡e †Lqvj ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †hgbÑ Avcwb †h mdUIq¨viwU
BÝUj Ki‡Z Pv‡”Qb Av‡M †_‡KB Zvi mwVK bvgwU †RvMvo K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e, mdUIq¨vi BÝU‡jk‡bi mgq GKwU
c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †cQ‡b Ab¨ †Kv‡bv A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªwUf (iæU A¨vK‡m‡m) KvR Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z
n‡e BZ¨vw`|

Dey›Uz‡Z mdUIq¨vi BÝU‡ji wewfbœ c×wZ

Dey›Uz‡Z mdUIq¨vi BÝU‡ji Rb¨ †ek wKQz c×wZ i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv t
1. Dey›Uz mdUIq¨vi †m›Uvi (Ubuntu Software Center) Gi gva¨‡g
2. .deb c¨v‡KR Gw·wKD K‡i
3. KgvÛ jvBb e¨envi K‡i
4. mvBb¨vcwUK c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi (Synaptic Package Manager) e¨envi K‡i
5. Getdeb.net †_‡K mdUIq¨vi BÝUj K‡i
6. .rpm dvBj e¨envi K‡i
7. .bin G·‡Ubkb hy³ dvBj e¨envi K‡i
8. †mvm©‡KvW K¤úvBj K‡i
9. A¨vwWkbvj wmwW †_‡K mdUIq¨vi BÝUj K‡i
wb‡P Avgiv Gme c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡ev|
130 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

Dey›Uz mdUIq¨vi †m›Uvi (Ubuntu Software Center) Gi

gva¨‡g mdUIq¨vi BÝUj I AvbBÝUj Kiv
Dey›Uz‡Z mdUIq¨vi BÝUj I AvbBÝUj Kivi mnR I eûj e¨eüZ GKwU c×wZ n‡jv Ubuntu Software Center
e¨envi Kiv| GwU m¤ú~Y© Sv‡gjvwenxbfv‡e e¨enviKvix‡K mdUIq¨vi BÝUj I AvbBÝU‡ji my‡hvM w`‡q _v‡K|
c~‡e© mdUIq¨vi BÝUj I AvbBÝU‡ji Rb¨ wewfbœ c×wZ e¨eüZ n‡jI eZ©gv‡b G‡ÿ‡Î Dey›Uz mdUIq¨vi †m›Uvi
e¨envi Kiv‡KB Dey›Uz‡Z AwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© K‡i †Zvjv n‡q‡Q|

mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv

Ubuntu Software Center e¨envi K‡i mdUIq¨vi BÝU‡ji Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
16. Avcwb hw` Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gvWwU (Ubuntu ev Ubuntu 2D BDwbwU) e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb Z‡e Ubuntu
Software Center Gi AvBKbwU‡K w¯Œ‡bi evg cv‡k †c‡q hv‡eb| AvBKbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|

Avi Avcwb hw` Dey›Uzi GNOME K¬¨vwmK e¨envi K‡ib Z‡e Dey›Uz †W¯‹U‡ci Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K
Applications > Ubuntu Software Center wbe©vPb Kiæb|

17. Ubuntu Software Center DB‡ÛvwU Lyj‡e|

 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 131

18. GLv‡b DB‡Ûvi Dc‡ii w`‡K All Software, Installed, History evUb¸‡jv †`L‡Z cv‡eb| Gi Wvb
w`‡KB Av‡Q mvP© e· †hLv‡b mdUIq¨v‡ii bvg UvBc K‡i w`‡j †mwU BÝUj ev AvbBÝUj Ae¯’vq _vK
bv †Kb Zv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| mvaviYZ All Software evUbwU wm‡j± Ae¯’v‡ZB _v‡K|
19. DB‡Ûvi evg w`‡K Office, Science & Engineering, Sond & Video, System, Themes & Tweaks,
Universal Access BZ¨vw` K¨vUvMwi¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv cv‡eb| cÖwZwU AvB‡U‡g wK¬K Ki‡j G‡`i
Aaxb mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv Avcwb †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
20. Dey›Uz mdUIq¨vi †m›Uv‡ii gv‡Si AskwU Avevi `ywU fv‡M wef³| Dc‡ii As‡ki What’s New †Z bZzb
bZzb mdUIq¨vi Gi †jv‡Mvmn bvg I †iwUs cÖ`wk©Z nq| Avi Top Rated As‡k me‡P‡q RbwcÖq
mdUIq¨vi¸‡jvi †jv‡Mvmn bvg I †iwUs cÖ`wk©Z nq| cÖwZwU As‡ki More G wK¬K K‡i Avcwb AviI
AwaK msL¨K mdUIq¨v‡ii †jv‡Mvmn bvg I †iwUs †`L‡Z mÿg n‡eb| GQvov mdUIq¨vi¸‡jvi †KvbwU
webvg~‡j¨i Avi †KvbwU wK‡b e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e †mB Z_¨I GLv‡b †`qv _v‡K|
132 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
21. Avcwb hw` GB Ae¯’vq DB‡Ûvi wb‡Pi w`‡K `„wó †`b Z‡e †`L‡eb GLv‡b BÝUj‡hvM¨ mdUIq¨vimg~‡ni
me©‡gvU msL¨v cÖ`wk©Z n‡”Q (†hgbÑ eZ©gv‡b GLv‡b 36153 wU AvB‡Ug i‡q‡Q| mdUIq¨v‡ii msL¨v
e„w× †c‡j GLv‡b me©‡gvU msL¨vI cwiewZ©Z wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡e| Avcbvi †ÿ‡Î nq‡Zv ev GB AvB‡g‡Ui
msL¨v †ewkI n‡Z cv‡i)|
22. Dey›Uz mdUIq¨vi †m›Uvi Gi gva¨‡gB Avcwb bZzb mdUIq¨vimg~n‡K BÝUj Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Z‡e Zvi
Av‡M †`‡L †bqv fv‡jv †h Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i GB gyn~‡Z© †Kvb †Kvb mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv Av‡Q|
GRb¨ Installed evUbwU wm‡j± Kiæb| evg w`‡K Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i BÝUj _vKv mdUIq¨vi¸‡jvi
MÖæ‡ci ZvwjKv Avm‡e| ZvwjKv `xN© n‡j ¯Œj K‡i G¸‡jv Avcwb †`L‡Z cv‡eb| DB‡Ûvi G‡Kev‡i
wb‡Pi w`‡K Avcwb Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i G ch©šÍ BÝUj nIqv me©‡gvU mdUIq¨v‡ii msL¨v †`L‡Z
cv‡eb| MÖæ‡ci cÖwZwU AvB‡U‡gi ev‡gi w·KvYvKvi AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Zv G·cvÛ n‡q D³ MÖ æ‡ci
Aax‡b KgwcDUv‡i BÝUj nIqv mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv‡K cÖ`k©b Ki‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 133
23. Gevi cybivq All Software AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb| aiæb, Avgiv MÖvwd· wWcvU©‡g›Ufy³ †Kv‡bv GKwU
mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Ki‡Z Pvw”Q| GwU Kivi Rb¨ Graphics wWcvU©‡g‡›Ui Dci wK¬K Kiæb| MÖvwd·
mdUIq¨vi¸‡jvi mswÿß ZvwjKv MÖæc AvKv‡i †hgbÑ 3D Graphics, Drowing, Painting & Editing,
Photography, Publishing, Scanning & OCR, Viewers cÖf„wZ‡Z cÖ`wk©Z n‡e Ges wb‡P G ch©šÍ
we`¨gvb MÖvwd· mdUIq¨vimg~‡ni me©‡gvU msL¨v cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| c~Y© ZvwjKv †`L‡Z PvB‡j All AvBK‡b
wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Uc †i‡UW MÖvwd· mdUIq¨vi¸‡jvi ZvwjKvq DB‡Ûvi wb‡Pi As‡k cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

24. †h‡Kv‡bv MÖæ‡c wK¬K Kiæb Ges D³ MÖæcfy³ mdUIq¨v‡ii ZvwjKv †_‡K ¯Œj K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq
mdUIq¨viwU Lyu‡R †ei Kiæb| Avi hw` mdUIq¨viwUi bvg Av‡M †_‡KB Avcbvi Rvbv _v‡K Z‡e Dc‡ii
mvP© Gi N‡i mdUIq¨viwUi bvg UvBc K‡i w`b| mdUIq¨viwU GLv‡b †_‡K _vK‡j Zv gyn~‡Z©B cÖ`wk©Z
n‡e| mdUIq¨viwU wm‡j± Kiæb| More Info Ges Install bv‡g `ywU evUb †`L‡Z cv‡eb| mdUIq¨viwU
m¤ú‡K© AviI Z_¨ Rvb‡Z PvB‡j More Info evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Zv †`‡L wb‡Z cv‡ib| Zvici
mdUIq¨viwU BÝUj Kivi Rb¨ Install evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
134 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

25. KLbI KLbI mdUIq¨vi BÝU‡ji Rb¨ A‡_bwU‡Kk‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î Authenticate
WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| Avcbvi A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªwUf cvmIqvW©wU UvBc K‡i Authenticate evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

26. A‡_bwU‡Kk‡bi cÖ‡qvRb bv n‡j mv‡_ mv‡_B mdUIq¨viwUi BÝUj cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e Avi
A‡_bwU‡Kk‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j cvmIqvW© cÖ`v‡bi ci BÝUj cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e| mdUIq¨viwU BÝUj n‡Z
KZ mgq jvM‡e Zv wbf©i Ki‡e mdUIq¨viwUi mvBR KZ Ges Avcbvi B›Uvi‡b‡Ui w¯úW †Kgb Zvi
Dci| BÝUj nevi mgq Ubuntu Software Center DB‡ÛvwUi Dc‡ii w`‡K Progress †jLv m¤^wjZ
GKwU evUb `„k¨gvb n‡e Ges Gi AvKBbwU Nyi‡Z _vK‡e| Avi wb‡Pi Wvb w`‡K GKwU ev‡i mdUIq¨vi
BÝU‡ji AMÖMwZ cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 135

27. wbw`©ó mgq ci mdUIq¨viwU BÝUj n‡q hv‡e Ges mdUIq¨v‡ii AvKBbwUi cv‡k GKwU ivBU wPý
cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GQvov GLv‡b Install evU‡bi ¯’v‡b Remove evUb cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

28. Gfv‡e G‡K G‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv Avcwb BÝUj K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib| BÝUj Kiv †kl n‡j
Ubuntu Software Center DB‡ÛvwUi Dc‡ii me© ev‡g _vKv Cancel AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡i DB‡ÛvwU eÜ
Kiæb|

mdUIq¨vi AvbBÝUj Kiv

Ubuntu Software Center e¨envi K‡i mdUIq¨vi AvbBÝU‡ji Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Avcwb hw` Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gvWwU (Ubuntu ev Ubuntu 2D BDwbwU) e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb Z‡e Ubuntu
Software Center Gi AvBKbwU‡K w¯Œ‡bi evg cv‡k †c‡q hv‡eb| AvBKbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb| Avi Avcwb
hw` Dey›Uzi GNOME K¬¨vwmK e¨envi K‡ib Z‡e Dey›Uz †W¯‹U‡ci Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications >
Ubuntu Software Center wbe©vPb Kiæb|
2. Ubuntu Software Center DB‡ÛvwU Lyj‡e|
3. GLv‡b DB‡Ûvi Dc‡ii w`‡K All Software, Installed, History evUb¸‡jv †`L‡Z cv‡eb| Installed
AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb| evg w`‡K Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i BÝUj _vKv mdUIq¨vi¸‡jvi MÖæ‡ci ZvwjKv
Avm‡e| ZvwjKv `xN© n‡j ¯Œj K‡i G¸‡jv Avcwb †`L‡Z cv‡eb| DB‡Ûvi G‡Kev‡i wb‡Pi w`‡K Avcwb
Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i G ch©šÍ BÝUj nIqv me©‡gvU mdUIq¨v‡ii msL¨v †`L‡Z cv‡eb| MÖæ‡ci cÖwZwU
AvB‡U‡gi ev‡gi w·KvYvKvi AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Zv G·cvÛ n‡q D³ MÖæ‡ci Aax‡b KgwcDUv‡i BÝUj
nIqv mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv‡K cÖ`k©b Ki‡e|
4. Gevi GB ZvwjKv †_‡K ¯Œj K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq mdUIq¨viwU Lyu‡R †ei Kiæb| Avi hw` mdUIq¨viwUi bvg
Av‡M †_‡KB Avcbvi Rvbv _v‡K Z‡e Dc‡ii mvP© Gi N‡i mdUIq¨viwUi bvg UvBc K‡i w`b|
mdUIq¨viwU BÝUj Kiv _vK‡j Zv gyn~‡Z©B cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
136 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

5. mvP© K‡i wKsev ¯Œj K‡i mdUIq¨viwU Lyu‡R †ei Kivi ci Zv wm‡j± Kiæb| More Info Ges Remove
bv‡g `ywU evUb †`L‡Z cv‡eb| mdUIq¨viwU m¤ú‡K© AviI Z_¨ Rvb‡Z PvB‡j More Info evU‡b wK¬K
K‡i Zv †`‡L wb‡Z cv‡ib| Zvici mdUIq¨viwU AvbBÝUj Kivi Rb¨ Remove evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

29. A‡bK mgq mdUIq¨vi AvbBÝU‡ji Rb¨ A‡_bwU‡Kk‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î
Authenticate WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| Avcbvi A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªwUf cvmIqvW©wU UvBc K‡i Authenticate evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb|

6. A‡_bwU‡Kk‡bi cÖ‡qvRb bv n‡j mv‡_ mv‡_B mdUIq¨viwUi AvbBÝUj cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e Avi
A‡_bwU‡Kk‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j cvmIqvW© cÖ`v‡bi ci AvbBÝUj cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e| G mgq Ubuntu
Software Center DB‡ÛvwUi Dc‡ii w`‡K Progress evUb cÖ`wk©Z n‡e Ges Gi AvKBbwU Nyi‡Z _vK‡e|
Avi wb‡Pi Wvb w`‡K GKwU ev‡i mdUIq¨vi AvbBÝU‡ji AMÖMwZ cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 137
7. wKQzÿY ci mdUIq¨viwU AvbBÝUj n‡q hv‡e Ges Remove evU‡bi ¯’v‡b Install evUb cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

wet `ª t K¨vk Avc‡WU m¤úwK©Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨

KLbI KLbI mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Ki‡Z wM‡q Avcwb Install evUbwU Lyu‡R bv †c‡j a‡i †b‡eb Avcbvi K¨vk
Avc‡WU nqwb| ZvB cÖ_‡g GwU Avc‡WU Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ More Info evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j †h
†cBRwU‡Z hvq †mLv‡b Avcwb K¨vk Avc‡W‡Ui Rb¨ evUb †c‡q hv‡eb| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui ms‡hvM _vKv Ae¯’vq D³
evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Avc‡WUUzKz WvDb‡jvW n‡q hv‡e| G‡ÿ‡ÎI hw` †dBwjqi †g‡mR cÖ`wk©Z nq Z‡e eyS‡Z n‡e,
†h mvf©vi †_‡K GwU Avc‡WU n‡”Q †mLv‡b GwU Avc‡WU Kiv †bB| evsjv‡`kx e¨enviKvix‡`i †ÿ‡Î GwU wewW
mvf©vi †_‡K Avc‡W‡Ui †Póv Ki‡e| ZvB mePvB‡Z fv‡jv Dcvq n‡jv Dey›Uzi Main Server †_‡K hveZxq Avc‡WU
Kiv| Main Server wU wm‡j± Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. evg c¨v‡bj †_‡K System Settings AvBK‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

2. System Settings WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLvb †_‡K Software Sources G wK¬K Kiæb|
138 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
3. Software Sources DB‡Ûv Lyj‡e| Gi Ubuntu Software U¨vewU wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq Wv‡bi Download
from Gi WªcWvDb AvBK‡b wK¬K Kiæb Ges AvMZ ZvwjKv †_‡K Main Server wm‡j± Kiæb|

4. A‡_bwU‡KU DB‡Ûv Avm‡j Avcbvi A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªUi cvmIqvW© cÖ`vb K‡i Authenticate evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb|

5. Main Server wU wm‡j± n‡q hv‡e| cieZ©x‡Z Avcwb hZ ai‡bi WvD‡jv‡Wi KvR Ki‡eb Zv‡Z Avi
†Kv‡bv ai‡bi mgm¨v n‡e bv e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq|

†We (.deb) c¨v‡KR Gw·wKDU K‡i mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv

wjbv‡·i Lye RbwcÖq Av‡iKwU wWw÷ªweDkb Debian †_‡K .deb G·‡UbkbwU G‡m‡Q| Avi GB †Wweqvb
wWw÷ªweDk‡bi Dci wfwË K‡iB ˆZwi n‡q‡Q Dey›Uz| DB‡Ûv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv mdUIq¨v‡ii .exe dvB‡ji Dci
Wvej-wK¬K K‡i †mwU BÝUj Kiv hvq| wVK G ai‡biB GKwU e¨e¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q Dey›Uz‡Z| †Kv‡bv .deb dvB‡ji
Dci Wvej-wK¬K Ki‡j †mB mdUIq¨viwU Dey›Uz‡Z BÝUj n‡q hvq|
AwaKvsk mgq Avcbvi hLb mdUIq¨v‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq ZLb AbjvBb wi‡cvwmUwi †_‡K mdUIq¨vi BÝU‡ji Rb¨
Avcwb Ubuntu Software Center †K e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ Ggb hw` nq †h, Avcwb †h mdUIq¨viwU LyuR‡Qb
†mwU wi‡cvwmUwi‡Z †bB †m‡ÿ‡Î Avcbv‡K †Kv‡bv I‡qemvB‡U wM‡q †mwU WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi Avcwb hw`
.deb G·‡Ubkbhy³ †Kv‡bv dvBj‡K †Kv‡bv I‡qemvBU †_‡K WvDb‡jvW K‡ib Z‡e g‡b ivL‡eb, †mwU n‡jv
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 139
De›Uzi Rb¨ h_v_© mdUIq¨vi c¨v‡KR di‡gU| RbwcÖq eû mdUIq¨v‡ii mvB‡U Avcwb .deb G·‡Ubkbhy³ dvBj
cv‡eb| Z‡e KLbI KLbI H mdUIq¨viwU AviI wKQz †QvU †QvU mdUIq¨v‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj _v‡K hv H
mdUIq¨v‡ii Rb¨ wW‡c‡ÛwÝ| hw` KLbI wW‡c‡ÛwÝ mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv BÝUj Kiv bv _v‡K ZLb Kx Kx wW‡c‡ÛwÝ
mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi ZvwjKv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GgZve¯’vq Hme †QvU †QvU mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv ev wW‡c‡ÛwÝ
BÝUj Kivi ciB g~j mdUIq¨viwU BÝUj Ki‡Z nq|
Gevi nv‡Z Kj‡g .deb G·‡Ubkbhy³ GKwU dvBj WvDb‡jvW K‡i mdUIq¨vi BÝUj cÖwµqv †`Lv hvK| GLv‡b
Avgiv dvBj wms‡µvbvB‡Rkb/e¨vKAvc mvwf©‡mi RbwcÖq GKwU mdUIq¨vi Dropbox †K Dey›Uz wjbv‡· BÝUj
Ki‡ev| mdUIq¨viwU KgwcDUvimg~‡ni g‡a¨ dvBjmg~n‡K wm¼ K‡i, †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’vb †_‡K AbjvB‡b dvBj¸‡jv‡K
A¨vK‡mm Kiv Ges G¸‡jv Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ fvMvfwM Kivi myweav †`q| GRb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. dvqvid· eªvDRvi I‡cb K‡i http://www.dropbox.com/downloading?os=lnx †cB‡R cÖ‡ek Kiæb|
2. Ubuntu (x86 .deb) wjsKwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|

3. mdUIq¨vi BÝU‡ji DB‡ÛvwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| wWdëfv‡e GLv‡b Open with Ubuntu Software Center
(default) AckbwU wbe©vwPZ _vK‡e| GB Ae¯’vq Avcwb hw` OK evU‡b wK¬K K‡ib Z‡e mdUIq¨viwU
BÝUj nevi ci GwU ¯^qswµqfv‡e Ubuntu Software Center gva¨‡g I‡cb n‡e Ges Install evU‡b wK¬K
K‡i GwU Bb÷j Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
140 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
Avi Avcwb hw` Save File AckbwU wm‡j± K‡i OK evU‡b wK¬K K‡ib Z‡e mdUIq¨viwU BÝUj nevi
ci Zv‡Z Wvej-wK¬K K‡i BÝUjviwU Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e| Avgiv wØZxq AckbwU wbe©vPb K‡i OK evU‡b
wK¬K Ki‡ev|
4. Avcwb hw` GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _v‡Kb Z‡e mdUIq¨viwU WvDb‡jvW nevi ci Dey›Uzi Dc‡ii
c¨v‡bj †_‡K Places > Downloads wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avi hw` Dey›Uzi mvaviY BDwbwU †gv‡W _v‡Kb Z‡e
Wv‡bi c¨v‡bj †_‡K Home Folder G wK¬K Kiæb Ges AvMZ DB‡Ûv †_‡K Downloads †dvìviwU wm‡j±
Kiæb| Downloads DB‡ÛvwU I‡cb n‡e|
5. WvDb‡jvWK…Z .deb BÝUjviwU‡Z Wvej-wK¬K Kiæb|

6. Ubuntu Software Center Pvjy n‡e Ges Gi gva¨‡g mdUIq¨viwU BÝU‡ji cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e| Install
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

7. A‡_bwU‡KU WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| Avcbvi A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªwUf cvmIqvW©wU UvBc K‡i Authenticate evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb| BÝUj cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e Ges wKQzÿ‡Yi g‡a¨ mdUIq¨viwU Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i BÝUj n‡q
hv‡e|
8. Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Ubuntu Software Center eÜ Kiæb|
9. A‡bK mgq mdUIq¨vi BÝU‡ji ci Information Available WvqvjM e· Avm‡Z cv‡i †hLv‡b Avcbvi
Kv‡Q Bbdi‡gkb Avc‡WU Kivi AbygwZ PvB‡Z cv‡i| Avc‡WU Ki‡Z PvB‡j Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 141

10. Avc‡WU nevi ci Close evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

11. Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W _vK‡j Dash Home evU‡b wK¬K K‡i AvMZ mvP© e‡· dropbox UvBc K‡i w`‡j
A¨vwcø‡KkbwU cvIqv hv‡e| Avi hw` GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _v‡Kb Gevi Dey›Uzi Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K
Application > Internet wbe©vPb K‡i mswkøó MÖæ‡c †M‡j †mLv‡b Avcbvi BÝUjK…Z mdUIq¨viwUi bvg
†`L‡Z cv‡eb|
142 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

KgvÛ jvBb e¨envi K‡i mdUIq¨vi BÝUj I AvbBÝUj Kiv

Dey›Uz‡Z mdUIq¨vi BÝUj I AvbBÝU‡ji Av‡iKwU mnR I AwZ RbwcÖq c×wZ n‡jv KgvÛ jvB‡bi gva¨‡g Zv
Kiv| g~jZ Uvwg©bv‡ji gva¨‡g GwU Kiv n‡q _v‡K| DB‡Ûv‡R Wm †gv‡W †hgb KgvÛ wj‡L KvR Kiv nq wVK
†Zgwb Dey›Uz‡Z GB KvRwU K‡i _v‡K Uvwg©bvj bv‡gi GKwU †cÖvMÖvg| Avcwb †h mdUIq¨viwU BÝUj Ki‡Z Pvb
†mwUi mwVK bvgwU Avcbvi Rvbv _vK‡j Avcwb Uvwg©bv‡j KgvÛ wj‡LB mdUIq¨vi‡K BÝUj wKsev AvbBÝUj
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| B‡Zvg‡a¨B Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q Avgiv ÒDey›Uz K¬¨vwmK †W¯‹Uc BÝUj KivÓ As‡k KgvÛ jvB‡bi gva¨‡g
BÝUj Kivi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© †R‡b G‡mwQ| GLb AveviI c×wZwU m¤ú‡K© AviI wKQzUv Rvbv hvK|

mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv

KgvÛ jvB‡bi gva¨‡g mdUIq¨vi BÝU‡ji Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W _vK‡j evg c¨v‡b‡ji G‡Kev‡i Dc‡i _vKv Dey›Uzi †jv‡Mv m¤^wjZ ÒW¨vk †nvgÓ
AvBKbwUi Dci wK¬K Kiæb Ges AvMZ mvP© e‡· Terminal UvBc Kiæb| Terminal AvB‡UgwU †c‡j
†mwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|

Avi hw` Avcwb GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _v‡Kb Z‡e Dey›Uz †W¯‹U‡ci Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Application
> Accessories > Terminal wbe©vPb Kiæb|

2. Uvwg©bvj †cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjy n‡e| Uvwg©bv‡j sudo apt-get install (packagename) GB KgvÛwU [eª¨v‡KU Qvov
mdUIq¨v‡ii bvgwU wjL‡Z n‡e] UvBc K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb| †hgbÑ GLv‡b evolvotron bv‡gi GKwU
mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv n‡e weavq sudo apt-get install evolvotron UvBc K‡i G›Uvi †cÖm Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 143

3. Avcbvi Kv‡Q cvmIqvW© PvB‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î Avcbvi A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªwUf cvmIqvW©wU UvBc K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb|
D‡jøL¨, Avcwb cvmIqvW© UvBc Ki‡jI Zv w¯Œ‡b `„k¨gvb g‡b n‡e bv Ges Kvm©iwU GKB ¯’v‡b _vK‡e|

4. mdUIq¨viwU Dey›Uzi wi‡cvwRUwi †_‡K B›Uvi‡bU Gi gva¨‡g BÝUj nIqv ïiæ n‡e Ges Uvwg©bv‡j
cÖwµqvwU †U·‡Ui gva¨‡g `„„k¨gvb n‡e|

5. mdUIq¨viwU BÝUj n‡Z wKQz mgq †b‡e Ges G mgq w¯Œ‡b †U·‡Ui gva¨‡g eZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZ cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv
hv‡e|
144 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
6. Close AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡i Uvwg©bvj †cÖvMÖvgwU eÜ Kiæb|
7. Gevi Dey›Uzi Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Application wbe©vPb K‡i (GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j) mswkøó
MÖæ‡c †M‡j †mLv‡b Avcbvi BÝUjK…Z mdUIq¨viwUi bvg †`L‡Z cv‡eb|

mdUIq¨vi AvbBÝUj Kiv

KgvÛ jvB‡bi gva¨‡g mdUIq¨vi AvbBÝU‡ji Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j Dey›Uz †W¯‹U‡ci Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Application > Accessories >
Terminal wbe©vPb Kiæb| Ab¨_vq ÒW¨vk †nvgÓ AvBKbwUi Dci wK¬K K‡i AvMZ mvP© e‡· Terminal
UvBc Kiæb Ges Terminal AvB‡UgwU †c‡j †mwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|
2. Uvwg©bvj †cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjy n‡e| Uvwg©bv‡j sudo apt-get remove (packagename) GB KgvÛwU [eª¨v‡KU
Qvov mdUIq¨v‡ii bvgwU wjL‡Z n‡e] UvBc K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb| †hgbÑ GKUz Av‡M BÝUj Kiv
evolvotron bv‡gi mdUIq¨viwU‡K hw` Avcwb AvbBÝUj Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e Avcbv‡K Uvwg©bv‡ji KgvÛ
†gv‡W sudo apt-get remove evolvotron UvBc K‡i G›Uvi †cÖm Ki‡Z n‡e|

3. Avcbvi Kv‡Q cvmIqvW© PvB‡e| Avcbvi A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªwUf cvmIqvW©wU UvBc K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb| D‡jøL¨,
Avcwb cvmIqvW© UvBc Ki‡jI Zv w¯Œ‡b `„k¨gvb g‡b n‡e bv Ges Kvm©iwU GKB ¯’v‡b _vK‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 145
4. mdUIq¨viwU wigyf Z_v AvbBÝUj nevi cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e| Avcwb GB KvRwU Pvwj‡q †hZ Pvb wKbv Zv
Rvb‡Z PvB‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î y UvBc K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb|

5. mdUIq¨viwU AvbBÝUj n‡Z wKQz mgq †b‡e Ges G mgq w¯Œ‡b †U·‡Ui gva¨‡g eZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZ cÖZ¨ÿ
Kiv hv‡e|

6. Close AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡i Uvwg©bvj †cÖvMÖvgwU eÜ Kiæb|

mvBb¨vcwUK c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi (Synaptic Package Manager)

e¨envi K‡i mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv
Dey›Uz‡Z mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kivi Av‡iKwU RbwcÖq c×wZwU n‡jv Synaptic Package Manager e¨envi Kiv| GwU
GKwU DbœZ wm‡÷g c¨v‡KwRs Uzj hv g~jZ GKwU BDwUwjwU †hwU †Wweqvb wjbv· Ges †Wweqvb-PvwjZ
wWw÷ªweDkb¸‡jv‡Z (†hgbÑ Dey›Uz) mdUIq¨vimg~‡ni BÝU‡jkb‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| `xN©w`b a‡i hviv Dey›Uz e¨envi
K‡i Avm‡Qb Zv‡`i Kv‡Q mvBb¨vcwUK c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi k³ Avmb †M‡o wb‡q‡Q| Z‡e e¨enviKvixiv GLb †_‡K
Dey›Uz 11.10 (Oneiric Ocelot) ms¯‹i‡Y Avi wWdëfv‡e Synaptic Package Manager wU cv‡”Qb bv| KviY Dey›Uz
11.10 ms¯‹i‡Y RbwcÖq I †÷ej GB UzjwU‡K ev` †`qv n‡q‡Q| Gi ev` covi welqwU †Zgb AcÖZ¨vwkZ wQj bv|
Dey›Uz mdUIq¨vi †m›Uvi Pvjy nIqvi ci †_‡KB mvBb¨vcwUK c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRviwU‡K ev` †`qvi cwiKíbv Kiv nq|
146 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
Z‡e hviv Av‡M †_‡KB GwU e¨envi K‡i Af¨¯Í Zviv GLbI Dey›Uz mdUIq¨vi †m›Uvi †_‡K Lye mn‡RB GwU‡K
BÝUj K‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| mvBb¨vcwU‡Ki MÖvwdK¨vj B›Uvi‡dmwU Dey›Uz mdUIq¨vi †m›Uv‡ii g‡Zv AZUv
BDRvi †d«Ûwj bq Ges e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î A‡bK mgq weåvwšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Gi eo myweavwU n‡jv, GwU Avcbvi
wm‡÷‡g e¨env‡ii Rb¨ KbwdMvi Kiv †h‡Kv‡bv mdUIq¨vi wicwRUwi‡Z _vKv cÖwZwU GKK c¨v‡KR‡K ZvwjKvfy³
K‡i| Avi GB ZvwjKvwU mvP©‡hvM¨| †Kv‡bv c¨v‡K‡Ri bvg Avcbvi Rvbv bv _vK‡j Avcwb GwU‡K bvg ev eY©bv
Abyhvqx mvP© Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GQvovI mvBb¨vcwUK Avcbv‡K wm‡÷‡g BÝUjK…Z mKj †cÖvMÖvgmg~n‡K Avc‡MÖW Kivi
my‡hvM †`‡e|
Synaptic Package Manager e¨envi K‡i mdUIq¨vi BÝU‡ji Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. cÖ_‡gB Synaptic Package Manager wU BÝUj K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ Uvwg©bv‡j wb‡Pi KgvÛwU Kvh©Ki
Kiæb t
sudo apt-get install synaptic

2. GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j Dey›Uz †W¯‹U‡ci Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj n‡Z Applications > Other > Synaptic
Package Manager wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avi mvaviY †gv‡W _vK‡j Dash Home evU‡b wK¬K K‡i AvMZ mvP©
e‡· Synaptic UvBc K‡i w`‡j A¨vwcø‡KkbwU cvIqv hv‡e| †mLvb †_‡K GwU wK¬K Kiæb|

GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W mvaviY †gv‡W

 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 147

3. A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªwUf cvmIqvW© PvB‡e| cvmIqvW©wU cÖ`vb K‡i Authenticate evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Synaptic
Package Manager DB‡Ûv Avm‡e|

4. me©‡kl c¨v‡KR Bbdi‡gkb cvevi Rb¨ Reload evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K c¨v‡KR Bbdi‡gkb
WvDb‡jvW n‡e| G‡Z LvwbKUv mgq jvM‡Z cv‡i|
5. Quick filter e‡· mdUIq¨viwUi bvg UvBc Kiæb| aiæb, Avgiv agave bv‡gi GKwU Uzj BÝUj Ki‡Z
Pvw”Q|
148 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
6. mdUIq¨viwU cvIqv †M‡j Gi wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv mdUIq¨vi m¤úwK©Z mswÿß eY©bvwU c‡o Gi m¤ú‡K©
aviYv wb‡Z cv‡i| Gici mdUIq¨v‡ii bv‡gi Dci gvD‡mi ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb Ges AvMZ WvqvjM e·
n‡Z Mark For Installation wbe©vPb Kiæb|

7. †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mdUIq¨v‡ii †ÿ‡Î mZK©evZ©v cÖ`wk©Z n‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î mdUIq¨viwU BÝU‡ji Av‡M
cÖ`wk©Z †g‡mRwU ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i c‡o †`Lyb| †Kv‡bv msk‡qi KviY bv _vK‡j Mark evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
A‡bK mgq mdUIq¨viwU Ab¨ †Kv‡bv c¨v‡K‡Ri Dci wbf©ikxj n‡j GKwU ZvwjKvmn DB‡Ûv cÖ`wk©Z
n‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡ÎI Mark evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

8. mdUIq¨viwUi bv‡gi cv‡k GKwU †PKgvK© †`Lv hv‡e|

 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 149
9. Gevi mdUIq¨viwU BÝU‡ji Rb¨ Apply evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Summary WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| cybivq
Apply evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

10. c¨v‡KR dvBjmg~n WvDb‡jvW nIqv ïiæ n‡e| WvDb‡jvW cÖwµqv m¤úbœ n‡j Changes applied WvqvjM
e· cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

11. Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Changes applied WvqvjM e·wU eÜ Kiæb| Synaptic Package Manager G
†diZ Avm‡e| Avcbvi BÝUj Kiv mdUIq¨viwUi Wvb cv‡k Gevi meyR Pvi‡KvYv e· †`Lv hv‡e|
BÝUjK…Z mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv mvaviYZ meyR i‡O gvK© Kiv _v‡K|

12. Close AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡i Synaptic Package Manager DB‡ÛvwU eÜ Kiæb|
13. Gevi GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j Applications †gby †_‡K wbw`©ó MÖæ‡c †M‡j (†hgbÑ GLv‡b
Graphics MÖæ‡c †M‡j Agave †`L‡Z cvw”Q) Avcbvi BÝUj Kiv mdUIq¨viwU bvg †`L‡Z cv‡eb| Avi
150 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
mvaviY †gv‡W _vK‡j Dash Home evU‡b wK¬K K‡i AvMZ mvP© e‡· agave UvBc K‡i w`‡j
A¨vwcø‡KkbwU cvIqv hv‡e|

Getdeb.net †_‡K mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv

Dey›Uz‡Z mdUIq¨vi BÝU‡ji AcwiwPZ A_P mnR GKwU c×wZ n‡jv www.getdeb.net mvBU †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq
mdUIq¨viwU BÝUj K‡i †bqv| wKQz wKQz mdUIq¨vi †ek RbwcÖq n‡jI G¸‡jv wKsev G¸‡jvi bZzb ms¯‹iY
Ubuntu Software Center G ZvwjKfy³ n‡Z †ek mgq wb‡q _v‡K| d‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB †m¸‡jv‡K Avcwb
Ubuntu Software Center G Lyu‡R cv‡eb bv| G‡ÿ‡Î www.getdeb.net mvBUwU Avcbv‡K mdUIq¨vi cÖvwßi †ÿ‡Î
mnvqZv Ki‡e| Gi gva¨‡g mdUIq¨vi BÝU‡ji Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. dvqvid· eªvDRvi I‡cb K‡i http://www.getdeb.net hvb|
2. Gi Apps U¨v‡e wK¬K Kiæb| cy‡iv mdUIq¨viwU‡Z Kx Kx mdUIq¨vi i‡q‡Q Zvi ZvwjKv Avm‡e|
3. Dey›Uzi †Kv‡b fvm©‡bi Rb¨ mdUIq¨vi LyuR‡Qb †mwU Browsing software for: n‡Z wbe©vPb K‡i w`‡Z
cv‡ib| Avgiv GLv‡b Ubuntu 11.10 Gi Rb¨ mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Ki‡ev ZvB GwU wm‡j± Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 151

4. Avcwb Kx ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi Pvb †mwU Filter by Genre n‡Z †e‡Q wbb|

5. mdUIq¨v‡ii msL¨v †ewk n‡j †m¸‡jv AmsL¨ c„ôvq web¨¯Í n‡e| Avcbv‡K cÖ‡qvR‡b Gme c„ôvq eªvDR
K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq mdUIq¨viwU Lyu‡R wb‡Z n‡e| mdUIq¨viwU †c‡j Gi w¯Œbk‡Ui wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv
Install this now evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
6. Launch Application WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| mdUIq¨v‡ii wjsKwU †Lvjvi Rb¨ GKwU A¨vwcø‡Kk‡bi
cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| wWdëfv‡e Ubuntu Software Center A¨vwcø‡KkbwU wbe©vwPZ _vK‡e| Avcwb PvB‡j Ab¨
†Kv‡bv A¨vwcø‡KkbI wbe©vPb K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Avgiv hv Av‡Q ZvB ivL‡ev| Gici OK evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb|
152 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

7. Ubuntu Software Center A¨vwcø‡KkbwU Pvjy n‡e Ges †mLv‡b mdUIq¨viwU BÝU‡ji Rb¨ Install evUb
cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| evUbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|

8. A‡_bwU‡KU WvqvjM e· Avm‡j Avcbvi A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªwUf cvmIqvW©wU UvBc K‡i Authenticate evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb| mdUIq¨viwU BÝUj nevi cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e| mdUIq¨v‡ii mvBR I B›Uvi‡b‡U MwZi Dci
wbf©i K‡i GwU KgwcDUv‡i BÝUj n‡q hv‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 153

9. Close AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡i Ubuntu Software Center eÜ Kiæb|

10. Gevi GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j Applications †gby †_‡K wbw`©ó MÖæ‡c †M‡j (†hgbÑ GLv‡b
Graphics MÖæ‡c fotoxx †`L‡Z cvw”Q) Avcbvi BÝUj Kiv mdUIq¨viwU bvg †`L‡Z cv‡eb| Avi mvaviY
†gv‡W _vK‡j Dash Home evU‡b wK¬K K‡i AvMZ mvP© e‡· fotoxx UvBc K‡i w`‡j A¨vwcø‡KkbwU cvIqv
hv‡e|

.rmp G·‡Ubkb hy³ dvBj e¨envi K‡i mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv

Dey›Uz‡Z mdUIq¨vi BÝU‡ji me‡P‡q fv‡jv c×wZ n‡jv c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi e¨envi Kiv hv Avcwb Ubuntu
Software Center †_‡K A¨vK‡mm Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GQvovI AviI wKQz c×wZ m¤ú‡K©I Avgiv †R‡bwQ| †hgbÑ .deb
G·‡Ubkb hy³ dvB‡ji gva¨‡g mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv| Z‡e A‡bK mgq Avcwb Ggb cwiw¯’wZi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z
cv‡ib hLb .deb G·‡Ubkb hy³ dvBj nq‡Zv Avcwb cv‡eb bv| †m‡ÿ‡Î Avcwb .rpm G·‡Ubkb hy³
dvBj¸‡jvi gva¨‡g mdUIq¨vi BÝU‡ji †Póv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| .rpm dvBj¸‡jv cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Ab¨vb¨ wjbv·
wWw÷ªweDkbmg~‡ni (mvaviYZ Fedora ev Mandriva) Rb¨ c¨v‡KRK…Z| Z‡e Alien bv‡g GKwU A¨vwcø‡Kkb
(Synaptic e¨envi K‡i GwU BÝUj Kiv hvq) e¨envi K‡i Avcwb .rpm dvBj¸‡jv‡K .deb dvB‡j iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z
cv‡ib Ges cieZ©x‡Z †m¸‡jv‡K Dey›Uz‡Z BÝUj Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Zvi Av‡M Avcbvi wcwm‡Z Aek¨B Alien
A¨vwcø‡KkbwU BÝUj Kiv _vK‡Z n‡e| Gici ev`evwK BÝUj cÖwµqvi Rb¨ .deb dvBj BÝU‡ji cÖwµqv (Av‡M
ewY©Z n‡q‡Q) AbymiY Kiæb|
154 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

.bin G·‡Ubkb hy³ dvBj e¨envi K‡i mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv

Dey›Uz Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gwU n‡jv †WweqvbwfwËK| myZivs GwU .bin (binary) dvBj¸‡jv‡K Gw·wKDU K‡i bv| Z‡e
†Kv‡bv GKwU .bin A¨vwcø‡Kkb‡K Dey›Uz‡Z BÝUj Ki‡Z n‡j GwU‡K Uvwg©bv‡ji gva¨‡g Gw·wKDU Ki‡Z nq|
Uvwg©bvj e¨envi K‡i Avcwb .bin A¨vwcø‡Kkb‡K Dey›Uz‡Z Gw·wKDU Kivi Dc‡hvMx Ae¯’vq wb‡q Avm‡Z cv‡ib|
wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv AbymiY K‡i Avcwb .bin dvBj‡K Dey›Uz‡Z BÝUj Ki‡Z cv‡ib t
1. .bin G·‡Ubkbhy³ dvBjwU WvDb‡jvW Kiæb Ges Avcbvi B‡”Qg‡Zv †h‡Kv‡bv RvqMvq ivLyb| Z‡e
†W¯‹U‡c ivLvB fv‡jv KviY Zv‡Z K‡i Avcwb Uvwg©bv‡ji gva¨‡g Lye mn‡RB GwU †bwf‡MU Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
2. Gevi GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j Dey›Uz †W¯‹U‡ci Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Application >
Accessories > Terminal wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avi hw` Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W _v‡Kb Z‡e evg c¨v‡b‡ji
G‡Kev‡i Dc‡i _vKv Dey›Uzi †jv‡Mv m¤^wjZ ÒW¨vk †nvgÓ AvBKbwUi Dci wK¬K Kiæb Ges AvMZ mvP©
e‡· Terminal UvBc Kiæb| Terminal AvB‡UgwU †c‡j †mwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb| Uvwg©bvj I‡cb n‡e|
3. cd KgvÛ e¨envi K‡i Avcwb dvBjwU‡K †hLv‡b msiÿY K‡i‡Qb †mB †dvìv‡i †bwf‡MU Kiæb|
D`vniY¯^iƒc, Avcbvi dvBjwU hw` †W¯‹U‡c msiwÿZ _v‡K Z‡e Avcbv‡K cd Desktop UvBc Ki‡Z
n‡e (KgvÛ I dvBj †bg¸‡jv †Km-†mbwmwUf)| GLb Avcbvi Uvwg©bvj †KvW cwiewZ©Z n‡q –
user@user-desktop:-/Desktop$ G iKg n‡e| GKBfv‡e cd location e¨envi K‡i
Avcwb Ab¨vb¨ †jv‡Kk‡bI †bwf‡MU Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
4. wbw`©ó †jv‡KkbwU †bwf‡MU Kivi ci dvBj¸‡jv‡K wW‡i±wi‡Z wj÷ Kivi Rb¨ ls UvBc Kiæb Ges
Avcbvi .bin dvB‡ji cÖK…Z dvBj †bgwU Uz‡K ivLyb|
5. sudo chmod +x filename.bin UvBc Kiæb| GB KgvÛwU Dey›Uz‡K dvBjwU Gw·wKDU Kivi
my‡hvM †`q| GwU Avcbvi cvmIqvW© PvB‡e| cvmIqvW© UvBc K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb|
6. Gevi ./filename.bin UvBc Kiæb| Uvwg©bvj †_‡K .bin dvBjwU BÝUj nIqv ïiæ n‡e| ïay w¯Œ‡b
cÖ`wk©Z wb‡`©kbv¸‡jv AbymiY Kiæb|
7. BÝU‡jkb m¤úbœ nevi ci Uvwg©bvj DB‡ÛvwU eÜ Kiæb|

†mvm©‡KvW †_‡K mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv

Dey›Uz‡Z Avcwb †mvm©‡KvW †_‡KI mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ mdUIq¨vi †W‡fjcvi‡`i I‡qemvBU
†_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq c¨v‡KRwUi †mvm© dvBj WvDb‡jvW wb‡Z nq| Zvici †mvm© dvBjwUi Dci ivBU-wK¬K K‡i AvMZ
†gby †_‡K Extract Here wbe©vPb Ki‡Z (AwaKvsk †mvm© dvB‡ji G·Uª¨v±K…Z †dvìv‡i readme bvgK dvBj _v‡K
†hLv‡b GwU Kxfv‡e BÝUj Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi D‡jøL _v‡K) nq|

mvaviY c×wZ t
 Uvwg©bvjwU (Terminal) ivb Kiæb|
 KgvÛ UvBc K‡i Uvwg©bvj †_‡K G·Uª¨v±K…Z †dvìv‡i hvb
cd /(extracted folder name)
†hgbÑ cd /home/munirul/desktop/glib-2.16.6
 Gici ivb Kiæb
make
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 155
 me‡k‡l ivb Kiæb
sudo make install

KbwdMvi dvBj _vK‡j BÝU‡ji c×wZ t

hw` G·Uª¨v±K…Z .configure dvBj _v‡K Zvn‡j make Kgv‡Ûi c~‡e© ./configure KgvÛwU ivb Ki‡Z n‡e| G
mgq BÝU‡ji c×wZwU n‡eÑ
 Uvwg©bvjwU (Terminal) ivb Kiæb|
 KgvÛ UvBc K‡i Uvwg©bvj †_‡K G·Uª¨v±K…Z †dvìv‡i hvb
cd /(extracted folder name)
†hgbÑ cd /home/munirul/desktop/glib-2.16.6
 KbwdMvi Kivi Rb¨ ivb Kiæb (KbwdMvi Ackb †`Lvi Rb¨ ivb Ki‡Z n‡e ./configure-help)
./configure

 Gici ivb Kiæb

make

 me‡k‡l ivb Kiæb

sudo make install
156 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

A¨vwWkbvj wmwW †_‡K mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv

A¨vwWkbvj wmwW †_‡K mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j Dey›Uz †W¯‹U‡ci Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Other >
Synaptic Package Manager wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avi hw` Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W _v‡Kb Z‡e evg c¨v‡b‡ji
ÒW¨vk †nvgÓ AvBKbwUi Dci wK¬K Kiæb Ges AvMZ mvP© e‡· Synaptic UvBc Kiæb| Synaptic
AvB‡UgwU †c‡j †mwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|
2. cvmIqvW© PvB‡e| Avcbvi A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªUi cvmIqvW© cÖ`vb K‡i Authenticate evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
Synaptic Package Manager Pvjy n‡e|
3. Edit †gby †_‡K Add CD-ROM wbe©vPb Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 157
4. wmwWi †j‡ej Rvb‡Z PvB‡j †W¯‹Uc †_‡K wmwWi †j‡ej †`‡L wb‡q cÖvß WvqvjM e‡· Zv wj‡L w`b|
5. gvwëwgwWqvi Rb¨ Search e‡· vlc wj‡L mvP© w`b| †hme c¨v‡K‡Ri bvg Avm‡e Zvi Dci ivBU-wK¬K
K‡i Mark for installation wbe©vPb Kiæb|
6. Apply evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| BÝU‡jkb ïiæ n‡e|
7. GKBfv‡e mplayer, gstreamer BZ¨vw` wj‡L mvP© K‡i H mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv BÝUj Ki‡Z cv‡ib| mvaviYZ
G‡Z me ai‡bi gvwëwgwWqv dig¨vU e¨envi Kiv hvq|

Dey›Uz wjbv‡· nvW©Iq¨vi wW‡UKkb

Dey›Uz wjbv‡· †ek DbœZ nvW©Iq¨vi mv‡cvU© e¨e¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q| wewfbœ ai‡bi nvW©Iq¨vi †hgbÑ gwbUi, wcÖ›Uvi,
†gvevBj †dvb, wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv, ¯‹¨vbvi, †cb WªvBf BZ¨vw`mn AwaKvsk wWfvBmB Dey›Uz m¤^wjZ KgwcDUv‡i
jvMv‡bvi mv‡_ mv‡_B mvaviYZ wW‡U± n‡q hvq| A_©vr Gme wWfvBm¸‡jv Dey›Uz‡Z cøvM-GÛ-†cø Gi myweav †c‡q
_v‡K| GRb¨ wbw`©ó wWfvBmwU‡K KgwcDUv‡i h_vh_fv‡e K¨ve‡ji gva¨‡g hy³ K‡i wWfvBmwU‡K Ab Ki‡Z n‡e|
wKQzÿY A‡cÿvi ci GwU wb‡R †_‡KB wW‡U± n‡e| †hgbÑ Avcwb hw` Dey›Uz‡Z (wm‡½j ev Wy‡qj eywUs‡qi †ÿ‡Î)
†Kv‡bv †cb WªvBf cÖ‡ek Kivb Z‡e wKQzÿY ci Gi †W¯‹U‡c †cb WªvB‡fi GKwU AvBKb †`L‡Z cv‡eb| GB
AvKB‡b Wvej-wK¬K Ki‡j †cb WªvB‡f cÖ‡ek Ki‡e Ges Avcwb †cb WªvB‡fi †fZi †Kv‡bv wKQz Kwc K‡i †c÷
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ev †cb WªvBf n‡Z †Kv‡bv wKQz Kwc K‡i KgwcDUv‡i †c÷ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
A‡bK mgq Dey›Uz Avcbvi wWfvBmwU‡K wW‡U± bvI Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î wbw`©ó A¨vwcø‡Kkb Pvjv‡bvi Ackb w`‡Z
cv‡i| †Kv‡bv nvW©Iq¨vi WªvBfvi bv †c‡j GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j Avcwb †gby †_‡K Applications >
System Tools > System Settings wm‡j± K‡i Avi Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W _vK‡j evg c¨v‡b‡ji System Settings
AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡i AvMZ WvqvjM e· †_‡K Additional Drivers wm‡j± K‡i nvW©Iq¨vi WªvBfvi Lyu‡R †`L‡Z
cv‡ib| Zv‡ZI KvR bv n‡j AbjvB‡b Avcbvi nvW©Iq¨vi †¯úwmwd‡Kkb w`‡q WªvBfvi mjy¨kb Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z
n‡e Ges †mwU BÝUj Ki‡Z n‡e|
D‡jøL¨, fvPz©qvje· (VirtualBox) e¨envi K‡i Dey›Uz BÝUj Ki‡j fvPz©qvj cwi‡e‡k A‡bK mgq †cb WªvBf wW‡U±
bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î †cb WªvBf‡K wW‡U± Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ KiYxq welq m¤ú‡K© wØZxq Aa¨v‡qi ÒfvPz©qvj
†gwk‡b BDGmwe (USB) wWfvBm mbv³Ki‡Yi e¨e¯’v KivÓ As‡k Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †mLvb †_‡K c×wZwU
†`‡L wb‡Z cv‡ib|

†cÖvcÖvBUwi (bb-wd«) MÖvwd· KvW© WªvBfvi BÝUj Kiv

KgwcDUv‡i KvR Kivi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU nvW©Iq¨vi n‡jv MÖvwd· KvW©| Dey›Uz GKwU webvg~‡j¨i Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷g nIqvq Ges Gi AwaKvsk mdUIq¨viB Db¥y³ †mvm© †Kv‡Wi nIqvq evwYwR¨K wfwˇZ ˆZwi wewfbœ
nvW©Iq¨v‡ii WªvBfvi Dey›Uzi Rb¨ GLbI †miKg fv‡e Db¥y³ bq| Dey›Uz‡Z wWdëfv‡e †cÖvcÖvBUvwi ev bb-wd«
†Kv‡bv WªvBfvi ev †Kv‡WK _v‡K bv e‡j AwZwi³ MÖvwd· A¨vwb‡gkb Avbq‡b MÖvwd· KvW© WªvBfvi BÝUj Kivi
cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| eZ©gv‡b GPUs (graphical processing unit) ˆZwii †ÿ‡Î Nvidia, ATI Ges Intel Gi myL¨vwZ
i‡q‡Q Ges G‡`i ˆZwi MÖvwd· KvW©¸‡jvi cÖPzi e¨enviKvix i‡q‡Q| G‡`i g‡a¨ Nvidia Ges ATI Gi GPU Gi
AvwK©‡UKPvi Db¥y³ bq e‡j Kv‡b©j †W‡fjcviiv hviv wKbv GNU/Linux Kv‡b©j †W‡fjc K‡i _v‡Kb Zviv mn‡R
GwU‡K Gg‡eW Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv Ges wbR¯^ GPU/VGA WªvBfvi ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| Z‡e Intel G‡ÿ‡Î
A‡bKUvB D`vi| B‡›Uj Zvi GPU Gi A‡bK Z_¨B Db¥y³ K‡i‡Q hvi d‡j B‡›U‡ji Dci wbf©ikxjZv QvovB
†W‡fjcviiv B‡›U‡ji GPU/VGA WªvBfvi ˆZwi, G¸‡jvi Avc‡WU I evM-wd· Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb|
158 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
KgwcDUv‡i MÖvwd· KvW© WªvBfvi BÝU‡ji Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j †gby †_‡K Applications > System Tools > System Settings wm‡j±
K‡i Avi Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W _vK‡j evg c¨v‡b‡ji System Settings AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡i AvMZ WvqvjM
e· †_‡K Additional Drivers wm‡j± Kiæb|

2. Additional Drivers DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i hy³ _vKv MÖvwd· KvW©wU wW‡U± Ki‡Z cvi‡j
GB DB‡Ûv‡Z Zvi bvgwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Activate evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 159
3. Authenticate WvqvjM e· Avm‡j Avcbvi A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªwUf cvmIqvW© UvBc K‡i Authenticate evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb| WªvBfviwU WvDb‡jvW I BÝUj n‡Z ïiæ Ki‡e| GwU WvDb‡jvW n‡Z wK cwigvY mgq jvM‡e
Zv wbf©i Ki‡e B›Uvi‡b‡U MwZ I WªvBfv‡ii mvB‡Ri Dci|

4. WvDb‡jvW nevi ci GwU MÖvwd· WªvBfv‡ii bv‡gi cv‡k bxj i‡Oi GKwU euvKv‡bv Zxi wPý cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Additional Drivers DB‡Ûv †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmyb| WªvBfviwU A¨vKwU‡fU Kivi
Rb¨ Avcbv‡K KgwcDUviwU wi÷vU© w`‡Z n‡e|

AMD/ATI Gi Catalyst Linux fvm©b BÝUj Kiv

m¤cÖwZ AMD/ATI Zv‡`i Catalyst Linux fvm©‡bi GKwU Avc‡WU wiwjR K‡i‡Q| Avcwb hw` Ubuntu 11.10
Oneiric Ocelot Gi e¨enviKvix nb Z‡e Avcwb Lye mn‡RB ATI Catalyst 11.9 BÝUj Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

GRb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t

1. cÖ_‡g Avcbv‡K GB WªvBfviwU bZzb BÝU‡jkb ev Avc‡MÖ‡Wi wWw÷ªweDkb cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨
Uvwg©bvj Ly‡j †mLv‡b wb‡Pi KgvÛ wjLyb Ges G›Uvi Pvcyb :
sudo apt-get install build-essential cdbs fakeroot dh-make debhelper debconf
libstdc++6 dkms libqtgui4 wget execstack libelfg0 dh-modaliases

2. Avcbvi hw` Dey›Uz 11.10 Oneiric Ocelot 64we‡Ui nq Z‡e Aek¨B Uvwg©bv‡j wb‡Pi KgvÛwU wjLyb Ges
G›Uvi Pvcyb:
160 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
sudo apt-get install ia32-libs

3. Gevi Avcwb ATI Catalyst 11.9 WªvBfviwU Dey›Uz‡Z BÝUj Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GRb¨ Uvwg©bv‡j wb‡Pi
KgvÛ¸‡jvi ev¯Íevqb Kiæb :
cd

mkdir catalyst && cd catalyst

wget http://www2.ati.com/drivers/linux/ati-driver-installer-11-9-x86.x86_64.run

sh ./ati-driver-installer-11-9-x86.x86_64.run --buildpkg Ubuntu/oneiric

sudo dpkg -i fglrx*.deb

sudo aticonfig --initial -f

4. me‡k‡l KgwcDUviwU wi÷vi Kiæb| bZzb ATI Catalyst 11.9 WªvBfviwU BÝUj n‡q hv‡e|

†cÖvcÖvBUwi (bb-wd«) gvwëwgwWqv I †iw÷ª‡±W †Kv‡WK BÝUj Kiv

wewfbœ ai‡bi gvwëwgwWqv Kb‡U›U †hgbÑ AwWI, wfwWI, A¨vwb‡gkb BZ¨vw` Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ Dey›Uz‡Z wWdëfv‡e
†cÖvcÖvBUwi (bb-wd«) †Kv‡WK¸‡jv †`qv _v‡K bv e‡j Avcbv‡K G¸‡jv BÝUj K‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| wewfbœ
ai‡bi †cøqvi I †Kv‡WK BÝUj K‡i Avcwb cÖPwjZ wewfbœ di‡g‡Ui gvwëwgwWqv dvBj Dey›Uz‡Z Pvjv‡Z cvi‡eb|
G ai‡bi GKwU †cøqvi n‡jv MPlayer †hwU gywf I A¨vwb‡gkb Pvjv‡Z cv‡i Ges GwU AmsL¨ †Kv‡WK I dvBj
di‡gU‡K mg_©b K‡i hv‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q AwaKvsk MPEG, VOB, AVI, Ogg/OGM, VIVO 1/2,
ASF/WMA/WMV, QT/MOV/MP4, FLI, RM, NuppelVideo, yuv4mpeg, FILM, RoQ, PVA BZ¨vw` dvBj|
G‡Z cÖPzi MX/SSE (2)/3Dnow(Ex) AcwUgvBRW †bwUf AwWI Ges wfwWI †Kv‡WK i‡q‡Q Z‡e XAnimd I
RealPlayer Gi evBbvwi †Kv‡WK cøvMBÝ Ges Win32 †Kv‡WK DLL mg~n‡K mg_©b K‡i| GQvovI GwU VideoCD,
SVCD, DVD, 3ivx, RealMedia I DivX gywfmg~nI Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| Gi i‡q‡Q †ewmK CD/DVD †cøe¨vK
dvskbvwjwU hvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q DVD mveUvB‡Ujmg~n; Z‡e AmsL¨ †U·U-wfwËK mveUvB‡Uj di‡gUI mg_©b K‡i|
GQvovI GwU mv‡cvU©K…Z †h‡Kv‡bv dvBj‡K raw/divx/mpeg4 AVI (pcm/mp3 audio) G KbfvU© Ki‡Z cv‡i|
GgbwK GwU V4L wWfvBmmg~n †_‡K wfwWI MÖve Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU X11, Xv, DGA, OpenGL, SVGAlib, fbdev,
DirectFB Gi mv‡_ KvR K‡i| GQvov SDL (Gi mKj WªvBfvimn) Ges wKQz †jv †j‡fj KvW© †¯úwmwdK
WªvBfvimg~‡ni (Matrox, 3Dfx I Radeon, Mach64 I Permedia3Gi Rb¨) mv‡_I KvR K‡i| G‡`i AwaKvskB
mdUIq¨vi ev nvW©Iq¨vi †¯‹wjs mg_©b K‡i, ZvB dzjw¯Œb wWm‡cøÕi Aby‡gv`b †`q| GQvovI MPlayer wKQz wKQz
nvW©Iq¨vi MPEG wW‡KvWvi †evW© †hgbÑ DVB I DXR3/Hollywood+ †KI e¨envi Ki‡Z mÿg|

Dey›Uz 11.10 G MPlayer BÝUj Kiv

KgwcDUv‡i MPlayer BÝU‡ji Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Avcbv‡K wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e †h, Avcwb BDwbfvm©, gvwëfvm© wi‡cvwmUwimg~n‡K Gbveì K‡i‡Qb| Gevi
†mvm© wj÷‡K Avc‡WU Kivi Rb¨ Uvwg©bvj Ly‡j wb‡Pi KgvÛ wj‡L G›Uvi Pvcyb :
sudo apt-get update

2. wb‡Pi KgvÛ UvBc K‡i G›Uvi †P‡c MPlayer BÝUj Kiæb :

sudo apt-get install mplayer
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 161
3. BÝU‡ji ci Avcwb GB MPlayer †cøqviwU‡K Lyu‡R cv‡eb bv| GwU Pvjv‡Z n‡j Avcbv‡K Uvwg©bv‡j
MPlayer KgvÛ w`‡q Pvjv‡Z n‡e|

we t `ªt MPlayer †K e¨env‡ii Rb¨ wKfv‡e G‡Z MÖvwdK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm d«›UGÛ (SMPlayer Gi gva¨‡g)
hy³ Kiv hvq †mB welqwU 8g Aa¨v‡qi ÒDey›Uz‡Z wfwWI †`LvÓ As‡k Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| gvwëwgwWqv
e¨enviKvixiv †mLvb †_‡K GwU m¤ú‡K© AviI we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

Dey›Uz 11.10 G w32 wfwWI †Kv‡WK Ges libdvdcss2 BÝUj Kiv

w32codecs †Kv‡WK c¨v‡K‡R WMV, RealMedia Ges Ab¨vb¨ di‡g‡Ui mg_©b ev‡Ûj Kiv _v‡K| jvB‡mwÝs
Ges AvBbMZ eva¨evaKZvi Kvi‡Y GB c¨v‡KRwU Dey›Uzi
wi‡cvwRUwi¸‡jv‡Z Avcwb cv‡eb bv| Gbwµ‡ÞW DVD mg~n Pvjv‡bvi
Rb¨ libdvdcss2 c¨v‡KRwU AZ¨vek¨Kxq| KgwcDUv‡i w32codecs
BÝU‡ji Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Medibuntu Gi wi‡cvwRUwi‡K Dey›Uz‡Z hy³ Kivi Rb¨ Uvwg©bvj Ly‡j wb‡Pi KgvÛ wj‡L G›Uvi Pvcyb
(c„_K c„_Kfv‡e) :
sudo wget http://www.medibuntu.org/sources.list.d/$(lsb_release -cs).list --
output-document=/etc/apt/sources.list.d/medibuntu.list

sudo apt-get -q update

sudo apt-get --yes -q --allow-unauthenticated install medibuntu-keyring

sudo apt-get -q update

2. c¨v‡KRwU hy³ Kivi Rb¨ Uvwg©bv‡j wb‡Pi KgvÛ UvBc K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb| jÿ¨ ivL‡eb, KgvÛwU‡K
mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ ivb Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K –yes Gi cwie‡Z© --force-yes e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡Z
cv‡i :
sudo apt-get --yes install app-install-data-medibuntu apport-hooks-medibuntu

3. i386 e¨enviKvix‡`i Rb¨ †Kv‡WK BÝUj Ki‡Z wb‡Pi KgvÛwU UvBc K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb :
sudo apt-get install w32codecs libdvdcss2

4. amd64 e¨enviKvix‡`i Rb¨ †Kv‡WK BÝUj Ki‡Z wb‡Pi KgvÛwU UvBc K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb :
sudo apt-get install w64codecs libdvdcss2

5. Dc‡ii Kvh©µg¸‡jvi gva¨‡g Avcwb Dey›Uzi Rb¨ AwaKvsk gvwëwgwWqv †Kv‡WK¸‡jv‡K BÝUj K‡i wb‡Z
cvi‡eb|
162 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
dvqvid· Gi Rb¨ MPlayer cøvMBb BÝUj Kiv
Avcwb hw` †gvwhjv dvqvid· Gi Rb¨ MPlayer cøvMBb‡K BÝUj Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Dey›Uz Uvwg©bvj Pvjy Kiæb| Gevi Uvwg©bv‡j wb‡Pi KgvÛ wj‡L G›Uvi Pvcyb :
sudo apt-get install mozilla-mplayer

2. cøvMBbwU BÝUj n‡q hv‡e| †K¬vR evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Uvwg©bvj eÜ Kiæb|

bb-wd« †iw÷ª‡±W G·Uªv BÝUj Kiv

bb-wd« †iw÷ª‡±W G·Uªv BÝU‡ji gva¨‡g Avcwb GKwU dzj †Kv‡WK c¨vK Dey›Uz‡Z BÝUj Ki‡Z cv‡ib hvi gva¨‡g
AmsL¨ †cÖvcÖvBUwi †Kv‡WK †hgbÑ mp3, avi, mpeg1/2 (DVDs) BZ¨vw`mn AviI eûwea di‡gU‡K Avcwb
Dey›Uz‡Z Pvjv‡Z cvi‡eb| GRb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Dey›Uz Uvwg©bvj Pvjy Kiæb| Gevi Uvwg©bv‡j wb‡Pi KgvÛ wj‡L G›Uvi Pvcyb :
sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras

2. †iw÷ª‡±W G·Uªv¸‡jv BÝUj n‡q hv‡e| GRb¨ †ek LvwbKUv mgq jvM‡Z cv‡i hv B›Uvi‡b‡Ui MwZi
Dci wbf©ikxj|
3. †K¬vR evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Uvwg©bvj eÜ Kiæb|
GQvovI Avcwb Ubuntu Software Center Gi gva¨‡g d¬¨vk †cøqvi, Rvfvmn AviI wKQz bb-wd« †cÖvcÖvBUwi
A¨vWAb G·Uªv BÝUj Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Update Manager Gi gva¨‡g mdUIq¨v‡ii Avc‡WU BÝUj Kiv

Dey›Uz‡Z BÝUjK…Z mdUIq¨vimg~‡ni Rb¨ wKQzw`b ci ci Avc‡WU †ei nq| Kv‡RB Avcbvi mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv‡K
me©‡kl Avc‡WUmg~n Øviv mw¾Z Kivi gva¨‡g Avcwb Hme mdUIq¨v‡ii me©‡kl myweav¸‡jv Dey›Uz‡Z Dc‡fvM
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Dey›Uz‡Z Update Manager bv‡g GKwU Uzj i‡q‡Q| mvaviYZ Dey›Uzi wi‡cvwRUwi‡Z †Kv‡bv
†cÖvMÖv‡gi Avc‡WU Avm‡j Avcbv‡K Zv Rvbvb †`‡e| A‡bK mgq Dey›Uz Pvjy Ki‡j wKQz ÿY ci GB UzjwU
¯^qswµqfv‡e Pvjy n‡q Avcbv‡K Avcbv‡K Avc‡WU Kivi Rb¨ ej‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 163
Avc‡WU g¨v‡bRvi Pvjy Kiv
Avc‡WU g¨v‡bRvi Pvjyi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j †gby †_‡K Applications > Other > Update Manager wm‡j± Kiæb|
Avi Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W _vK‡j evg c¨v‡b‡ji Dash Home AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡i AvMZ mvP© e‡·
Update Manager UvBc Kiæb| AvB‡UgwU G‡j Zv‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|

K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W mvaviY †gv‡W

2. Update Manager Pvjy n‡e| GwU Avcbvi Rb¨ BÝUj‡hvM¨ hveZxq Avc‡WUmg~n‡K Lyu‡R †ei K‡i
Zv‡`i msL¨v Ges me©‡gvU mvBR (†gMvevB‡U) cÖ`k©b Ki‡e| Install Updates evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

3. mdUIq¨vi Avc‡WU cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e| Avcbvi B›Uvi‡b‡Ui MwZi Dci WvDb‡jv‡Wi mgq wbf©i Ki‡e|
164 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

d›U BÝUj Kiv

KgwcDUv‡i †jLv‡jwLi Rb¨ d‡›Ui cÖ‡qvRb| Dey›Uz BÝU‡ji mgq wm‡÷‡gi mv‡_B †ek wKQz d›U BÝUj Ae¯’vq
cvIqv hvq| Gi evB‡iI I‡qemvBU †_‡K d›U WvDb‡jvW K‡i d›U BÝUj Kiv hvq| GQvovB Dey›Uz wi‡cvwRUwi
†_‡KI cÖ‡qvRbxq A‡bK d›U BÝUj K‡i †bqv hvq|

d›U WvDb‡jvW K‡i BÝUj Kiv

wewfbœ I‡qe mvB‡U gv‡S gv‡SB Avcwb PgrKvi wKQz wd« d›U †`‡L _vK‡eb| G¸‡jv BÝU‡ji Rb¨ wb‡Pi
c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. †h d›UwU cQ›` Ki‡Qb †mwU I‡qemvBU †_‡K WvDb‡jvW Kiæb|
2. d›U ev d›Umg~n AvK©vB‡fi g‡a¨ _vK‡j AvK©vBfwU AvbKg‡cÖk K‡i wbb|
3. TTF ev OTF dvB‡ji Dci ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb Ges AvMZ †gby †_‡K Open With Font Viewer wbe©vPb
Kiæb| Avcwb wbw`©ó d‡›Ui Dci Wvej-wK¬K K‡iI GB KvRwU Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

4. Font Viewer DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| GLv‡b d›U m¤úwK©Z bvbv Z_¨ cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| DB‡Ûvi wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv
Install Font evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| d›UwU Dey›Uz‡Z BÝUj n‡q hv‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 165
Ubuntu Software Center †_‡K d›U BÝUj Kiv
Dey›Uzi wi‡cvwRUwi‡Z i‡q‡Q BÝU‡ji Rb¨ cÖPzi msL¨K d‡›Ui mgv‡ivn| Avcwb Ubuntu Software Center Gi
gva¨‡g AmsL¨ d›U Lyu‡R †ei K‡i †m¸‡jv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ BÝUj K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib| Avcwb hw` d›U c¨vK BÝUj
K‡ib Z‡e †mLv‡b cv‡eb kZvwaK d›U| d›U BÝU‡ji Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Ubuntu Software Center Pvjy Kiæb|

2. DB‡Ûvi evg w`‡Ki Ackb¸‡jv †_‡K Fonts G wK¬K Kiæb|

3. Dey›Uzi wi‡cvwRUwi‡Z _vKv d›U I d›U c¨v‡Ki ZvwjKv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvRbxq d›U ev d›U c¨vKwU
wm‡j± Kiæb| Zvici Install evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

4. d›U ev d›Umg~n BÝUj n‡q hv‡e| G‡Z wKQzUv mgq wb‡Z cv‡i|
166 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

Aa¨vq t 8
Dey›Uz‡Z gvwëwgwWqvi e¨envi
gvwëwgwWqv n‡jv wgwWqv I Kb‡U›U hv wewfbœ ai‡bi Kb‡U›Umg~‡ni GKwU mgš^q‡K e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| †U·U,
AwWI, w¯’iwPÎ, A¨vwb‡gkb, wfwWI Ges B›UviA¨vKwUwfwU BZ¨vw`i mgš^q n‡jv gvwëwgwWqv| Dey›Uz‡Z
gvwëwgwWqvi eûj e¨envi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| G‡`i g‡a¨ AwWI Ges wfwWI m¤úwK©Z e¨enviB †ewk| GB Aa¨v‡q
Avgiv g~jZ Dey›Uz‡Z AwWI/wfwWIÕi e¨envi wb‡qB Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

Av‡M hv KiYxq
Dey›Uz‡Z e¨eüZ mdUIq¨vi¸‡jvi cÖvq meB webvg~‡j¨i| ZvB Dey›Uz‡Z wWdëfv‡e †cÖvcÖvBUwi (bb-wd«)
†Kv‡WK¸‡jv †`qv _v‡K bv e‡j Avcbv‡K G¸‡jv BÝUj K‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv wmwW/wWwfwW †_‡K Mvb
ev wfwWI ïb‡Z I †`L‡Z PvB‡j nq‡Zv ev Avcwb †m¸‡jv‡K ïb‡Z I †`L‡Z mÿg n‡eb bv| cÖPwjZ wewfbœ
di‡gU Dey›Uz‡Z Pj‡e bv| GB Kvi‡Y AwWI/wfwWI wb‡q KvR Kivi Av‡M Avcbv‡K Aek¨B †cÖvcÖvBUwi (bb-wd«)
†Kv‡WK¸‡jv BÝUj K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| GwU Kivi Rb¨ 6ô Aa¨v‡q ewY©Z Ô†cÖvcÖvBUwi (bb-wd«) gvwëwgwWqv I
†iw÷ª‡±W †Kv‡WK BÝUj KivÕ AskUzKz †`‡L Avmyb| Avkv KiwQ Zvici Avcbvi Avi G RvZxq †Kv‡bv mgm¨vq
co‡Z n‡e bv|

Dey›Uz‡Z Mvb †kvbv

Dey›Uz‡Z wewfbœ †cøqv‡ii gva¨‡g Avcwb Mvb ïb‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Dey›Uz 11.10 fvm©bwU‡Z wWdë wgDwRK †cøqvi
wn‡m‡e Avwef©~Z n‡q‡Q Banshee| Avi Gi d‡j GLb †_‡K Dey›Uzi mvDÛ †gby‡Z Banshee †cøqviwU cÖ`wk©Z nq|
cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq GwU w`‡q .ogg di‡g‡Ui Mvb †kvbv hvq| Z‡e †cÖvcÖvBUwi (bb-wd«) †Kv‡WK¸‡jv BÝUj Kiv
_vK‡j Ab¨ di‡gUI G‡Z Pvjv‡bv hvq|

Banshee wgwWqv †cøqvi w`‡q Mvb †kvbv

Banshee n‡jv Dey›Uz 11.10 fvm©bwUi wWdë wgDwRK †cøqvi| GB wgDwRK †cøqviwUi mv‡_ †ek wKQz cøvMBb
AšÍf³
y© i‡q‡Q| wWdë †cøqvi e‡j Dey›Uzi mvDÛ †gby‡Z GwU cÖ`wk©Z nq|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 167

mvDÛ †gby †_‡K Banshee Gi †cø AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Banshee wgwWqv †cøqviwU I‡cb n‡e| GQvov Dey›Uzi
K¬¨vwmK wfD‡Z _vK‡j c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Sound & Video > Banshee Media Player wbe©vPb K‡iI
GB †cøqviwU‡K I‡cb Kiv hvq| Avi Avcwb hw` Dey›Uzi mvaviY wfD‡Z _v‡Kb Z‡e ev‡gi c¨v‡b‡ji Dash Home
G wK¬K K‡i AvMZ mvP© e‡· Banshee Media Player UvBc Ki‡j †cøqviwU †`L‡Z cv‡eb| GwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j
†cøqviwU Pvjy n‡e| Gici †cøqviwUi †gby †_‡K Media > Import Media ev Import Playlist ev Open Location
wbe©vPb K‡i AvMZ WvqvjM e‡·i cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`k©bv¸‡jv AbymiY K‡i mswkøó †jv‡Kkb †_‡K Mvb¸‡jv‡K
Bg‡cvU© ev wm‡j± Kiv hvq|

AviI GKwU Dcv‡q Avcwb †cøqviwU‡K I‡cb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †mRb¨ †dvìvi †_‡K wbw`©ó Mv‡bi dvBjwUi Dci
ivBU-wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e Ges AvMZ ccAvc †gby †_‡K Open with Banshee Media Player wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
d‡j Avcbvi wgDwRK dvBjwU evR‡Z ïiæ Ki‡e|
168 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv wgwWqv †cøqvi‡K wWdë †cøqvi wn‡m‡e †mU Kiv

Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i GKvwaK wgwWqv †cøqvi BÝUj Kiv _vK‡j G‡`i g‡a¨ wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv GKwU †cøqvi‡K Avcwb
wWdë wn‡m‡e wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| A_©vr †Kv‡bv wgwWqv AvB‡Ug †c‡j Ges †mwU Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ wbe©vPb Kiv
n‡j †mB AvB‡UgwU me mgqB Avcbvi cQ‡›`i †cøqvi w`‡q Pvjy n‡e| aiæb, Avcwb Banshee wgwWqv †cøqviwU‡K
wWdë wgwWqv †cøqvi wn‡m‡e †mU Ki‡Z Pvb| GwU Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. wbw`©ó †jv‡Kkb n‡Z wgwWqvwUi (AwWI/wfwWI) Dci ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ cc-Avc †gby †_‡K Properties wbe©vPb Kiæb|
3. Properties DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| GLvb
†_‡K Open With U¨ve wbe©vPb
Kiæb|
4. Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i BÝUjK…Z
wgwWqv †cøqvi¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv
†`L‡Z cv‡eb| †h wgwWqv
†cøqvi‡K wWdë K‡i w`‡Z Pvb
†mwU wm‡j± Kiæb| †hgbÑ GLv‡b
Banshee Media Player wbe©vPb
Kiv n‡q‡Q (Avcbvi cQ‡›`i
†cÖvMÖvgwU GB ZvwjKvq †`L‡Z bv
†c‡j Show other applications
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Ab¨vb¨
mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv ZvwjKv cÖ`wk©Z
n‡j †mLvb †_‡K wbw`©ó †cÖvMÖvgwU
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 169
wm‡j± K‡i Set as default evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb)|
5. Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i DB‡ÛvwU eÜ Kiæb|
6. Gevi wbw`©ó wgwWqv dvB‡ji Dci Wvej-wK¬K Ki‡j †mwU Banshee Media Player w`‡q I‡cb n‡e|
Gfv‡e Avcwb †h‡Kv‡bv wgwWqv †cøqvi‡K wWdë †cøqvi wn‡m‡e †mU Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

Banshee wgwWqv †cøqvi Gi gva¨‡g wgwWqv K‡›Uªvj Kiv

Banshe wgwWqv †cøqviwU‡K K‡›Uªv‡ji Rb¨ †ek wKQz evUb i‡q‡Q|

 Play evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j wm‡j±K…Z AvB‡UgwU Pj‡Z ïiæ K‡i| GB mgq Play evUbwU Pause evU‡bi
( ) AvK…wZ aviY K‡i|
 Pause evU‡b ( ) wK¬K Ki‡j Pjgvb AvB‡UgwU H Ae¯’v‡ZB †_‡g hvq| GB mgq Pause evUbwU Play
evU‡bi AvK…wZ aviY K‡i|
 Previous evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j eZ©gvb AvB‡U‡gi Av‡Mi AvB‡UgwU Pvjy nq|
 Next evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j eZ©gvb AvB‡U‡gi cieZ©x AvB‡UgwU Pvjy nq|
 Clear evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j dvBj wm‡÷g wKD †_‡K mKj Uª¨vK AcmvwiZ nq|
170 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
 fwjDg evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j GKwU ¯øvBWvi cÖ`wk©Z nq hvi Dc‡ii w`‡K cøvm (+) AvBKb Ges wb‡Pi w`‡K
gvBbvm (-) AvBKb cÖ`wk©Z nq| cøvm AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡i fwjDg evov‡bv hvq Avi gvBbvm AvBK‡b wK¬K
K‡i fwjDg Kgv‡bv hvq| GQvov ¯øvBWviwU‡K Dc‡i ev wb‡P †U‡b G‡bI Avcwb fwjDg‡K evov‡Z ev
Kgv‡Z cv‡ib|

 GQvov Playback †gbyi wewfbœ KgvÛ wbe©vPb K‡iI Avcwb GB KvR¸‡jvmn evowZ AviI wKQz KvR Ki‡Z
cv‡ib|

Uª¨vK Bbdi‡gkb m¤úv`bv I †cÖvcvwU©R †`Lv

Banshee wgwWqv †cøqv‡i †Kv‡bv AwWI dvB‡ji Uª¨vK Bbdi‡gkb‡K m¤úv`bv Ki‡Z PvB‡j wb‡Pi c‡`‡ÿc¸‡jv
MÖnY Kiæb t
1. cÖ_‡gB wmwW/wWwfwW †_‡K Kwc K‡i wgDwRK Uª¨vK¸‡jv‡K wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b ivLyb|
2. Gevi wbw`©ó ¯’vb †_‡K wbw`©ó wgDwRK Uª¨vKwU wm‡j± K‡i ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb Ges AMZ cc-Avc †gby
†_‡K Edit Track Information wbe©vPb Kiæb|

3. Track Editor DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| GLv‡b Avcwb Basic Details, Extra, Sorting Ges Properties bv‡g PviwU
U¨ve cv‡eb| cÖ_g wZbwU U¨v‡ei Aax‡b Avcwb wba©vwiZ Ni¸‡jv c~iY K‡i Uª¨vK m¤úwK©Z Z_¨vw` AšÍf³y©
K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| Avi PZz_© A_©vr Properties U¨vewU‡Z wK¬K K‡i Avcwb eZ©gvb Uª¨v‡Ki †cÖvcvwU©¸‡jv
†`‡L wb‡Z cv‡ib|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 171

4. m¤úv`bv †kl n‡q †M‡j Save evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

mvDÛ wcÖdv‡iÝ wba©viY

wgwWqv †cøqv‡i mvDÛ wcÖdv‡iÝmg~n wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi
Banshee
c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W jMBb †nvb (Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D
†gv‡W)|
2. mvDÛ †gby‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|
3. wfD G·cvÛ n‡j Sound Settings wbe©vPb Kiæb|
4. Sound WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
172 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

5. GLv‡b Sound Effects, Hardware, Input, Output, Applications U¨ve¸‡jv cv‡eb| cÖwZwU U¨v‡ei Aax‡b
Avcwb †ek wKQz Ackb cv‡eb †hLvb †_‡K Avcwb wcÖdv‡iÝmg~n‡K wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib|
6. GQvov WvqvjM e‡·i Dc‡ii w`‡K _vKv Output Volume Gi ¯øvBWviwU‡K Wv‡b ev ev‡g Wª¨vM K‡i
mvDÛ‡K evov‡Z ev Kgv‡Z cv‡ib| Avi Gi Mute AckbwU‡K wm‡j± K‡i mvDÛ‡K wgDU K‡i w`‡Z
cv‡ib|

Banshee wgwWqv †cøqvi Gi gva¨‡g AbjvBb wgwWqv A¨vK‡mm Kiv

Banshee wgwWqv †cøqv‡ii gva¨‡g Avcwb wewfbœ ai‡bi AbjvBb wgwWqv A¨vK‡mm Kivi my‡hvM cv‡eb| Avcwb Gi
gva¨‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi wgDwRK wKb‡ZI cvi‡eb| Amazon MP3 Store, Miro Guide, Internet Archive, Ubuntu
One Music Store Ges Last.fm n‡Z Avcwb wgwWqv A¨vK‡m‡mi my‡hvM cv‡eb| Banshee wgwWqv †cøqv‡ii wb‡Pi
evg w`‡K _vKv Online Media Gi Aax‡b Avcwb GB AvB‡Ug¸‡jv‡K Lyu‡R cv‡eb| cÖwZwU AvB‡Ug wm‡j± Ki‡j
Wvb w`‡K †m m¤úwK©Z welqe¯‘ cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| †hgbÑ Avcwb hw` Ubuntu One Music Store wm‡j± K‡ib Z‡e
GLv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi wgDwRK A¨vjevg Lyu‡R cv‡eb| G‡`i ga¨ †_‡K Avcbvi cQ‡›`i A¨vjevgwU wm‡j± K‡i
wba©vwiZ A‡_©i wewbg‡q Avcwb GB Mvb¸‡jv‡K WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges c‡i G¸‡jv ïb‡Z cvi‡eb|
Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 173
174 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

Last.fm A¨vK‡mm Ki‡Z n‡j Avcbv‡K cÖ_‡g Last.fm G GKwU A¨vKvD›U ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e Gici Gi Preference
WvqvjM e· n‡Z D³ A¨vKvD‡›Ui BDRvi †bg w`‡q jMBb Ki‡Z n‡e| GwU Avcbv‡K Last.fm Gi mvB‡U wb‡q
hv‡e Ges †mLvb †_‡K Banshee wgwWqv †cøqvi‡K Aby‡gv`‡bi my‡hvM †`‡e| A¨vjvD A¨vK‡mm Gi wba©vwiZ evU‡b
wK¬K Ki‡j Avcwb Banshee wgwWqv †cøqvi †_‡KB Last.fm G A¨vK‡mm Gi my‡hvM cv‡eb|

GQvovI Avcwb Banshee wgwWqv †cøqv‡ii gva¨‡g wewfbœ AbjvBb †iwWI †÷kb hy³ K‡i †m¸‡jv ïb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 175

Dey›Uz‡Z wfwWI †`Lv

Aa¨v‡qi ïiæ‡ZB Avgiv Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQjvg †h, Dey›Uz GKwU gy³ mdUIq¨vi weavq G‡Z Avcwb †cÖvcÖvBUwi (bb-
wd«) †Kv‡WK¸‡jv cv‡eb bv| †mB Kvi‡Y A‡bK ai‡bi wfwWI di‡gU Avcwb Dey›Uz‡Z Pvjv‡Z cvi‡eb bv| Z‡e
†cÖvcÖvBUwi (bb-wd«) †Kv‡WK¸‡jv BÝUj Ki‡j Avcwb GB mgm¨v †_‡K A‡bKvs‡k gy³ n‡Z cvi‡eb| GB welqwU
6ô Aa¨v‡q ewY©Z Ô†cÖvcÖvBUwi (bb-wd«) gvwëwgwWqv I †iw÷ª‡±W †Kv‡WK BÝUj KivÕ As‡k Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†mLv‡b MPlayer wgwWqv †cøqv‡ii BÝUj cÖwµqv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †hwU AmsL¨ wfwWI di‡gU Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b
GKwU welq e‡j ivLv cÖ‡qvRb, MPlayer Pvjv‡Z n‡j Avcbv‡K Uvwg©bv‡j KgvÛ w`‡q †mwU Pvjv‡Z n‡e (GwU
GKwU KgvÛjvBb A¨vwcø‡Kkb) hv wKbv
mvaviY e¨enviKvix‡`i Rb¨ Sv‡gjvi welq|
GB Sv‡gjvi Kvi‡Y A‡b‡KB Dey›Uzi cÖwZ
wei³ n‡Z cv‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU mgvavb
n‡jv MPlayer BÝU‡ji ci SMPlayer
†cÖvMÖvgwU BÝUj Kiv| GwU Dey›Uz‡Z
MPlayer Gi Rb¨ GKwU PgrKvi MÖvwdK¨vj
BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm d«›UGÛ| SMPlayer wU
MPlayer Gi wdëvimg~n‡K mg_©b K‡i Ges Gi AviI eûwea wdPvi i‡q‡Q| GwU wewfbœ ai‡bi wfwWI dvB‡ji
cvkvcvwk AwWI dvBjI Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB AwWI †cøqvi wn‡m‡eI GwU‡K Avcwb e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
mdUIq¨viwU BÝU‡ji Rb¨ Ubuntu Software Center G wM‡q mvP© e‡· æsmplayer” wjL‡jB mdUIq¨viwU †c‡q
hv‡eb| Gici †mLvb †_‡K mdUIq¨viwU BÝUj K‡i wbb| Avkv KiwQ wfwWI Pvjv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î Avi Avcbv‡K eo
ai‡bi †Kv‡bv mgm¨vq co‡Z n‡e bv|
Dey›Uz‡Z evBwWdë Avcwb †Uv‡Ug wfwWI †cøqvi
(Wv‡bi wP‡Î †`Lv hv‡”Q) cv‡eb| Z‡e KLbI KLbI
GB †cøqviwU Avcbvi Kvw•ÿZ di‡gU¸‡jv‡K covi
†ÿ‡Î e¨_© n‡Z cv‡i| KLbI ev Gi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv
wfwWI dvBj I‡cb Ki‡Z †M‡j Zv cøvMBÝ Gi †LuvR
Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †m¸‡jv cvIqvi ci BÝUj n‡jI
†Kej D³ wfwWI dvBj¸‡jvB GB †cøqv‡i Pj‡e|
GQvov AviI AmsL¨ wfwWI †cøqvi Avcwb Dey›Uz
mdUIq¨vi †m›Uv‡i Lyu‡R cv‡eb †h¸‡jv BÝUj K‡i
Avcwb wfwWI dvBj Pvjv‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e †m¸‡jv Rb¨
nq‡Zv ev Avcbv‡K †Kv‡WK BÝUj Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i|
†mB w`K †_‡K SMPlayer wU e¨envi KivB Avcbvi
Rb¨ Dchy³ †cøqvi| Ab¨vb¨ †cøqvi e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î
†h Avcbv‡K wbiærmvwnZ Kiv n‡”Q Zv wKš‘ bq| †hwU Avcbvi Kv‡Q fv‡jv g‡b n‡e Avcwb †mwUB Pvjv‡Z cv‡ib|

SMPlayer wgwWqv †cøqvi w`‡q wfwWI †`Lv

Dey›Uz‡Z SMPlayer wgwWqv †cøqvi Øviv wfwWI †`Lvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. aiæb, Avgiv GKwU wWwfwW di‡g‡Ui wfwWI †`L‡ev| AvRKvj evRv‡i wewfbœ wm‡bgvi wWwfwW wKb‡Z
cvIqv hvq| A‡b‡K Avevi wb‡RivB wbR¯^ bvbv wfwWI wWwfwW (DVD) di‡g‡U ivBU K‡i iv‡Lb †h¸‡jv
176 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
g~jZ .VOB di‡g‡U _v‡K| G¸‡jv I‡cb Kivi Rb¨ Avcbvi wWwfwW-wU KgwcDUv‡ii wWwfwW-ig WªvB‡f
cÖ‡ek Kivb|
2. wb‡Pi g‡Zv WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLv‡b evBwWdë hw` SMPlayer †cøqviwU wPwýZ bv _v‡K Z‡e †mwU
wm‡j± K‡i w`‡q OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

3. wWwfwW-wU Pj‡Z ïiæ Ki‡e| Avcwb Gi K‡›Uªvjv¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i wfwWI‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

mvaviY c×wZ‡Z wfwWwW I‡cb Kiv

1. G‡Kev‡i mvaviY c×wZ‡Z wfwWI
dvBj †`Lvi Rb¨ Dey›Uzi c¨v‡bj
n‡Z Applications > Sound &
Video > SMPlayer wbe©vPb Kiæb|
2. †cøqviwU I‡cb n‡j Gi †gby n‡Z
Open > File wbe©vPb Kiæb|
3. AvMZ WvqvjM e· †_‡K wbw`©ó
†jv‡Kk‡b _vKv dvBjwU wPwýZ K‡i
†mwU wm‡j± Kiæb Ges WvqvjM
e‡·i wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv Open evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb| wfwWI dvBj †cøqv‡i
Pj‡Z ïiæ Ki‡e|
4. Avcwb Open †gby‡Z _vKv Recent
files, Directory, Playlist, DVD
from drive, DVD from folder,
VCD, Audio CD, URL, TV,
Radio BZ¨vw` KgvÛ e¨envi K‡iI
mswkøó wgwWqv‡K I‡cb Ki‡Z
cv‡ib|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 177

wfbœ c×wZ‡Z wfwWwW I‡cb Kiv

5. Avcwb wfbœ c×wZ‡ZI wWwfwWÕi wfwWI dvBjwU‡K I‡cb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ †W¯‹Uc †_‡K wWwfwW-
wU‡Z Wvej-wK¬K Kiæb|
6. wWwfwW-wUi †fZ‡ii †dvìvi¸‡jv `„k¨gvb n‡j †h †dvìviwU‡Z .VOB wfwWI dvBj¸‡jv i‡q‡Q †mwU
I‡cb Kiæb| Gici wbw`©ó dvBjwU wm‡j± K‡i ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb| AvMZ cc-Avc †gby †_‡K SMPlayer
wbe©vPb Kiæb|

4. dvBjwU SMPlayer †cøqv‡i I‡cb n‡e|

178 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
5. Gevi Avcwb wb‡Ri B‡”Q g‡Zv w¯Œ‡bi mvBR wba©©viY K‡i wfwWI K‡›Uªvjvi¸‡jvi gva¨‡g Ges †mB mv‡_
SMPlayer Gi †gby‡Z _vKv wewfbœ Ackb e¨envi K‡i wfwWI‡K †`L‡Z I wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

D‡jøL¨, SMPlayer wU MPlayer KZ©„K mgw_©Z AmsL¨ †Kv‡WK I dvBj di‡gU hv‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q AwaKvsk
MPEG, VOB, AVI, Ogg/OGM, VIVO 1/2, ASF/WMA/WMV, QT/MOV/MP4, FLI, RM, NuppelVideo,
yuv4mpeg, FILM, RoQ, PVA BZ¨vw` dvBj‡K Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI GwU VideoCD, SVCD, DVD, 3ivx,
RealMedia I DivX gywfmg~nI Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| Gi i‡q‡Q †ewmK CD/DVD †cøe¨vK dvskbvwjwU hvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q
DVD mveUvB‡Ujmg~n; Z‡e AmsL¨ †U·U-wfwËK mveUvB‡Uj di‡gUI mg_©b K‡i|

wfwWIÕi Rb¨ wcÖdv‡iÝmg~n wba©viY Kiv

SMPlayer G wfwWIÕi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi wcÖdv‡iÝ wba©viY K‡i †`qv hvq| GRb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Ki‡Z
n‡e t
1. SMPlayer wU I‡cb _vKv Ae¯’vq †gbyev‡ii wVK wb‡P _vKv ¯Œz-WªvBfv‡ii g‡Zv †`L‡Z AvBKbwU‡Z wK¬K
Kiæb|

2. SMPlayer – Preferences DB‡Ûv Lyj‡e| DB‡Ûvi evg cv‡k Avcwb ZvwjKv AvKv‡i General, Drives,
Performance, Subtitles, Interface, Keyboard and mouse, Playlist, TV and radio, Advanced
AvB‡Ug¸‡jv †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 179

3. cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq GLv‡b General AvB‡UgwU wm‡j± _v‡K| cÖwZwU AvB‡Ug wm‡j± Ki‡j Zvi Aax‡b
DB‡Ûvi Wvb As‡k †ek wKQz U¨v‡e Avcwb cÖ‡qvRbxq wKQz Ackb cv‡eb| Gme AvB‡Ug I Zv‡`i mswkøó
U¨ve n‡Z Avcwb Avcbvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Ackb¸‡jv wba©viY K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|
4. Ackb wba©viY Kiv n‡q †M‡j OK evU‡b wK¬K K‡i DB‡Ûv †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmyb|

PiTiVi wfwWI GwWU‡ii gva¨‡g wfwWI GwWU Kiv

Dey›Uz‡Z wfwWI GwWU Z_v m¤úv`bvi Rb¨ PiTiVi Video Editor bv‡g mvaviY gv‡bi GKwU wfwWI GwWUi e¨envi
Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Dey›Uzi c~e©eZ©x ms¯‹iY 11.04 ch©šÍ GwU wWdë wfwWI GwWUi wn‡m‡e Dey›Uz‡Z AšÍf³
y© wQj|
Z‡e Dey›Uz 11.10 ms¯‹i‡Y GwU ivLv nqwb| hviv GwU e¨envi Ki‡Z Pvb Zv‡`i GwU BÝUj K‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z
n‡e| BÝU‡ji cÖwµqv †mB GKB iKgÑ Dey›Uzi mdUIq¨vi †m›Uv‡i wM‡q mvP© e‡· PiTiVi UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e|
Gici mdUIq¨viwU †c‡j Install evU‡b wK¬K K‡i †mwU BÝUj K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
GB GwWU‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi wfwWI dvBj Wª¨vM K‡i ev Dc‡i _vKv evUb¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i wewfbœ Drm †_‡K wfwWI
wK¬cmg~n Bg‡cvU© K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K B‡”Qg‡Zv GwWU Kiv hvq| mdUIq¨viwU‡Z wfwWI wK¬c¸‡jv ivLvi Rb¨ GKwU
wgwWqv jvB‡eªwi bvgK ¯’vb, AwWI-wfwWI Uª¨vK¸‡jv cÖ`wk©Z nq Giƒc GKwU UvBgjvBb Ges wfwWI¸‡jv Pvwj‡q
†`Lvi Rb¨ cÖavb B›Uvi‡d‡mi Dc‡ii Wvb w`‡K GKwU wcÖwfD GjvKv i‡q‡Q|

wfwWI GwWU Kiv

PiTiVi Video Editor Gi gva¨v‡g mvaviY gv‡bi wfwWI GwWU Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Sound & Video > PiTiVi Video Editor wbe©vPb Kiæb| †cÖvMÖvgwU I‡cb
n‡e|
180 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
2. †mvm© †dvìvi ev †dvìvimg~n I‡cb Kiv _vK‡j †mLvb †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq wfwWI dvBj¸‡jv Wª¨vM K‡i
PiTiVi Gi Media Library As‡k G‡b †Q‡o w`b| Avcwb dvBj¸‡jv‡K Bg‡cvU© K‡iI GLv‡b wb‡q
Avm‡Z cv‡ib| †mRb¨ Media Library Gi Dc‡ii w`‡K _vKv Import Clips evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Import
a Clip WvqvjM e· Avm‡j wbw`©ó †dvìvi †_‡K wK¬cmg~n‡K wm‡j± K‡i Add evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

3. wfwWI wK¬c¸‡jv Bg‡cvU© n‡q hv‡e|

4. Gevi Media Library Ask n‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq wfwWI¸‡jv G‡K G‡K Wª¨vM K‡i UvBgjvB‡bi Dci G‡b
†Q‡o w`b|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 181
5. UvBgjvB‡b wb‡q Avmv cÖwZwU wfwWI dvBj ev wK¬c Zvi AwWI Ges wfwWI Uª¨vKmn BbmvU© n‡e| Avcwb
PvB‡j AwWI Uª¨vK n‡Z wfwWI Uª¨vK‡K Avjv`v Ki‡Z cv‡ib Zvici Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wfwWI ev AwWIÕi mv‡_
Gi mswgkªY NUv‡Z cv‡ib| Uª¨vK¸‡jv Avjv`v Ki‡Z PvB‡j wbw`©ó wK¬cwU wm‡j± K‡i Ungroup Clips
AvKB‡b wK¬K Kiæb ev †gby †_‡K Timeline > Ungroup wm‡j± Kiæb| wfwWI wK¬c †_‡K AwWI I wfwWI
Uª¨vK Avjv`v n‡q hv‡e| Gici Avcwb †h Uª¨vKwU cÖ‡qvRb †bB †mwU wm‡j± K‡i Delete evU‡b wK¬K K‡i
†mwU wWwjU K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib Ges †mB ¯’v‡b †Kv‡bv AwWI ev wfwWI Uª¨vK ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

6. cÖwZwU wfwWI wK¬c‡K wm‡j± K‡i Avcwb hw` Gi Wvb wKsev evg cÖv‡šÍ gvDm c‡q›Uvi‡K a‡i iv‡Lb Z‡e
cÖvšÍmxgvq c‡q›Uv‡ii AvKvi cwiewZ©Z n‡e Ges Avcwb wfwWI‡K Wª¨vM K‡i ev‡g ev Wv‡b mwi‡q Avb‡Z
cvi‡eb| aiæb, Avcbvi wfwWIwU mvBR †ek eo, Avcwb GwU‡K †QvU Ki‡Z Pv‡”Qb; †m‡ÿ‡Î Gi
†h‡Kv‡bv cÖvšÍ a‡i Wª¨vM K‡i Avcwb Gi mvBR‡K †QvU K‡i Avb‡Z cv‡ib|
7. GB KvR K‡i hw` Avcwb wK¬‡ci wbw`©ó cwigvY Ask‡K mvwVKfv‡e Avjv`v K‡i Avb‡Z bv cv‡ib Z‡e
Avcwb wfwWI‡K w¯úøU K‡i Zvici KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wfwWI wK¬c‡K w¯úøU Kivi Rb¨ wbw`©ó
wfwWIwU wK¬cwU wm‡j± Kiæb| Gici UvBgjvB‡bi Dci _vKv j¤^v wPKb eviwUi Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi
Avbyb| G mgq gvDm c‡q›Uvi DfgyLx ZxiwP‡ý cwiYZ n‡e| GB Ae¯’vq Avcwb UvBgjvB‡bi wPKb
eviwU‡K †h‡Kv‡bv w`‡K †U‡b †mLv‡b eviwU‡K ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G mgq Dc‡ii wcÖwfD As‡k eviwU
†h ¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q †m Ae¯’v‡bi wcÖwfD †`Lv hv‡e| Avcwb eviwU‡K †U‡b Ges cybt cybt wcÖwfD †`‡L
wfwWIÕi wbw`©ó Ask‡K wm‡j± K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib| wm‡j± Kiv m¤úbœ n‡j g~j †cÖvMÖvg DB‡Ûvi wb‡Pi
G‡Kev‡i evg cÖv‡šÍ _vKv Split AvBK‡b wK¬K Kiæb wKsev †gby †_‡K Timeline > Split wm‡j± Kiæb|
UvBgjvB‡bi D³ cwRkb †_‡K Avcbvi wfwWI wK¬cwU w¯úøU ev UzK‡iv n‡q wef³ n‡q hv‡e| AcÖ‡qvRbxq
AskUzKz Avcwb wWwjU K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib|
182 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
8. Gfv‡e wewfbœ wfwWI wK¬c †_‡K AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ask¸‡jv ev` w`‡q Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Ask¸‡jv Avjv`v K‡i
me‡k‡l me¸‡jv wK¬‡ci Aewkó Ask¸‡jv‡K GKwUi ci GKwU cvkvcvwk mvwR‡q wbb| G mgq †Lqvj
ivL‡eb `ywU wK¬‡ci gv‡S hw` Avcwb duvKv ¯’vb †i‡L †`b Z‡e †iÛv‡ii c‡i D³ duvKv ¯’v‡b eø¨v¼ wfwWI
cÖ`wk©Z n‡e A_©vr wfwWI Pjvi mgq D³ ¯’vbwU Kv‡jv i‡O cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Kv‡RB wK¬c¸‡jv mvRv‡bvi
†ÿ‡Î mveavbx †nvb| PiTiVi Video Editor GKwU mvaviY gv‡bi wfwWI GwWUi nIqvq Avcwb GLv‡b
G‡Wvwe wcÖwgqvi ev G RvZxq DbœZ mdUIq¨v‡ii g‡Zv cÖwZwU wK¬‡ci gvSLv‡b UªvbwRkb (we‡kl wKQz
B‡d±) emv‡Z cvi‡eb bv| Avcbv‡K GZUzKz‡ZB mš‘ó _vK‡Z n‡e|
9. Gevi Avcbv‡K GwWU Kiv wfwWI wK¬c¸‡jv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i GKwU wfwWI dvBj wn‡m‡e cvIqvi Rb¨
GwU‡K †iÛvi Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ †gbyi wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv AvBKbhy³ evUbmg~n n‡Z Render Project
evUbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb A_ev †gby †_‡K Project > Render Project wbe©vPb Kiæb|

10. Render Project WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| AvDUcyU dvBjwUi GKwU bvg †`qvi Rb¨ Choose File evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb| Choose file to render to WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLv‡b wfwWIwUi Rb¨ GKwU bvg UvBc K‡i w`b,
†h †dvìv‡i GwU †mf Ki‡Z Pvb †mB †jv‡Kkb wba©viY K‡i w`b Ges Zvici OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

11. AwWI-wfwWI Gi G·‡cvU© †mwUsm gwWdvB Ki‡Z PvB‡j Modify evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Export settings
WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLvb †_‡K Avcwb cÖ‡qvRbxq welq¸‡jv wba©viY K‡i wbb| Gici OK evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 183

12. Render Project WvqvjM e‡· †diZ Avm‡e| Gevi Render evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| cy‡iv cÖ‡R±wU †iÛvi
nevi cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e| †iÛvi cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nevi ci Avcbvi †`qv bv‡g wba©vwiZ ¯’v‡b wfwWI
dvBjwU‡K †`L‡Z cv‡eb| †mLvb †_‡K dvBjwU wgwWqv †cøqvi Øviv Pvwj‡q †`L‡Z cv‡ib|
13. GwWU Kiv cÖ‡R± dvBjwU‡K †mf K‡i ivL‡Z PvB‡j Save evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb ev †gby n‡Z File > Save
wbe©vPb Kiæb| WvqvjM e· Avm‡j cÖ‡R‡±i Rb¨ GKwU bvg UvBc K‡i Save evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

Dey›Uz †Z wW¯‹ ivBU Kiv

KgwcDUvi n‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi †WUv, AwWI ev wfwWI dvBj‡K Avgv‡`i bvbv mg‡q wmwW ev wfwfwW‡Z ivBU K‡i
ivLvi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q| Dey›Uz‡Z GB KvRwU Avcwb Lye mn‡RB Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GB KvRwU Kivi Rb¨ Dey›Uz‡Z
Brasero Disk Burner bv‡g PgrKvi I kw³kvjx GKwU mdUIq¨vi i‡q‡Q †hwU Dey›Uz BÝU‡ji mgqB BÝUj n‡q
hvq| Dey›Uzi c¨v‡bj †_‡K Application > Sound & Video > Brasero Disk Burner wbe©vPb Ki‡j GB †cÖvMÖvgwU
I‡cb n‡e|
184 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

GB †cÖvMÖvgwU‡Z †gvU cuvPwU Ackb i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jvÑ Audio Project, Data Project, Video Project, Disc
copy Ges Burn image |

 Audio Project t GB AckbwU e¨envi K‡i Avcwb cÖPwjZ AwWI wmwW ˆZwii Rb¨ evb© Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Data Project t GB AckbwU e¨envi K‡i Avcwb †WUv wmwW/wWwfwW ˆZwii Rb¨ evb© Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Video Project t GB AckbwU e¨envi K‡i Avcwb wfwWI DVD ev SVCD ˆZwii Rb¨ Zv evb© Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 Disc copy t GB AckbwU e¨envi K‡i Avcwb †Kv‡bv CD ev DVD Gi ûeû Kwc Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
we‡kl K‡i ey‡Uej wmwW Kwc Kivi Rb¨ GB AckbwU †ek Kvh©Ki|
 Burn image t GB AckbwU e¨envi K‡i we`¨gvb †Kv‡bv wmwW/wWwfwW Gi B‡gR dvBj‡K (.iso, .nrg)
wW‡¯‹ evb© Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Dey›Uz †Z mvDÛ †iKW© Kiv

DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvix‡`i Kv‡Q mvDÛ †iKW©vi GKwU cwiwPZ welq| †QvULvU mvDÛ †iKwW©s Gi Rb¨ DB‡ÛvR
e¨enviKvix‡`i cÖvq mK‡jB D³ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi mv‡_ _vKv Sound Recorder bv‡gi †QvU UzjwU e¨envi
K‡i‡Qb| Dey›Uz‡Z wVK GB ai‡biB GKwU c×wZ ivLv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡bI Avcbvi †mB wPi‡Pbv UzjwU GKB bv‡g
A_©vr Sound Recorder bv‡gB cv‡eb| Gi mvnv‡h¨ mvDÛ †iKW© Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡ii mv‡_ GKwU gvB‡µv‡dvb mshy³ Kiæb| AvRKvj wewfbœ †nW‡dv‡b GKB mv‡_
AwWI †kvbv Ges †iKwW©s Kivi Rb¨ gvB‡µv‡dvb mshy³ _v‡K| †m iKg GKwU †nW‡dvb msMÖn K‡i
e¨envi Kiæb|
2. Dey›Uzi GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj¯’ †gby †_‡K Application > Sound & Video >
Sound Recorder wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avi mvaviY †gv‡W _vK‡j evg c¨v‡b‡ji ÒW¨vk †nvgÓ evU‡b wK¬K K‡i
mvP© e‡· Sound Recorder UvBc Kiæb| †cÖvMÖvgwUi Avm‡j Zv‡Z wK¬K Kiæb| Sound Recorder
†cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjy n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 185

3. cÖ_‡gB Avcbv‡K †h KvRwU Ki‡Z n‡e †mwU n‡jv Avcwb †h mvDÛwU †iKW© Ki‡eb †mwU †Kvb di‡g‡U
†mf n‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i †bqv| GRb¨ Record as: Gi AšÍM©Z evUbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb| evUbwU G·cvÛ
n‡q A‡bK¸‡jv mvDÛ di‡gU Gi ZvwjKv cÖ`k©b Ki‡e| Avcbvi †h di‡gUwU cÖ‡qvRb †mwU wm‡j±
Kiæb| aiæb, Avgiv Voice, Lossless (.wav type) AckbwU wm‡j± Kijvg|
4. Gevi †cÖvMÖvg DB‡Ûvi Dc‡ii w`‡K _vKv jvj i‡Oi e„ËKvi Record Sound evUbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb Ges
Avcwb hv †iKwW©s Ki‡Z Pvb Zv gvB‡µv‡dv‡b ej‡Z _vKzb| G mgq Record Sound evUbwU Aby¾¡j n‡q
wM‡q Stop Sound evUbwU D¾¡j eM©vKvi jvj i‡O cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

5. e³e¨UzKz ejv n‡q †M‡j Stop Sound evUbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb| †iKwW©s cÖwµqv †_‡g hv‡e Ges Stop Sound
evUbwU Aby¾¡j n‡q Zvi cwie‡Z© Record Sound I Play Sound evUb¸‡jv D¾¡j n‡q cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
6. Gevi Avcwb Play Sound evU‡b wK¬K K‡i hv †iKW© K‡i‡Qb Zv ï‡b wb‡Z cv‡ib|
186 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
7. †iKW©K…Z mvD‡Û mš‘ó n‡j GwU †mf Kivi Rb¨ nvW©wW‡¯‹i g‡Zv †`L‡Z Save the current file evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb wKsev †gby †_‡K File > Save wbe©vPb Kiæb| Save file as WvqvjM e· Avm‡j dvBjwUi Rb¨
GKwU bvg UvBc K‡i w`b| Zvici GwU †Kv_vq †mf n‡e Zvi †jv‡Kkb wba©viY K‡i w`b| me‡k‡l Save
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

8. dvBjwU Avcbvi †`qv †jv‡Kk‡b †mf n‡e|

9. Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Sound Recorder †cÖvMÖvgwU eÜ Kiæb|

 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 187

Aa¨vq t 9
†gvwhjv dvqvid· (Mozilla Firefox)
I‡qe eªvDRvi e¨envi Kiv
Dey›Uzi wWdë I‡qe eªvDRvi n‡jv †gvwhjv dvqvid·| Dey›Uz BÝU‡ji mgqB GwU BÝUj n‡q hvq| RbwcÖq GB
eªvDRviwU DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvix‡`i Kv‡QI `viæY RbwcÖq| wPi‡Pbv †mB eªvDRviwU Dey›Uzi ms¯‹i‡Y AwZ mvgvb¨
cwieZ©b Qvov Gi e¨envi †mB Av‡Mi g‡ZvB| Avcwb ïaygvÎ g¨vw·gvBR, wgwbgvBR I †K¬vR evUb¸‡jv‡K wewfbœ
DB‡Ûvi Dc‡ii evg w`‡K cv‡eb hv mvaviYZ DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g Wvb w`‡K _v‡K|
gvwhjv dvqvid· n‡”Q †gvwhjv Ki‡cv‡ik‡bi DbœqbK…Z †gvwhjv A¨vwcø‡Kkb my¨‡Ui
GKwU I‡qe eªvDRvi| Gi Awdwmqvj fvm©bwU ÔGÛ-BDRvi jvB‡mÝ GwMÖ‡g›UÕ Gi
kZ©vax‡b webvg~‡j¨ weZiY Kiv nq| e¨env‡ii w`K w`‡q GwU we‡k¦i wØZxq me©vwaK
e¨eüZ I‡qe eªvDRvi| we‡k¦i me©vwaK e¨eüZ I‡qe eªvDRvi B›Uvi‡bU
G·‡cøviv‡ii PvB‡Z ¸‡Y gv‡b AZ¨šÍ †miv GB eªvDRviwU ax‡i ax‡i e¨vcK
RbwcÖqZv cv‡”Q| wewfbœ ai‡bi A¨vWAb¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i eªvDRv‡ii msÁvB e`‡j
w`‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q GB eªvDRvi| d‡j e¨enviKvixivI Szu‡K co‡Qb Gi w`‡K|
wbivc` eªvDwRs ej‡Z hv eySvq Zvi meB Kiv hvq Gi gva¨‡g| I‡qe †cBRmg~n
cÖ`k©b Kivi †ÿ‡Î dvqvid· Gecko layout engine e¨envi K‡i _v‡K hv eZ©gv‡bi wKQz I‡qe ÷¨vÛvW©‡K
myôzfv‡e ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡K| GQvovI AviI †ek wKQz wdPviI Gi i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Av‡QÑ U¨veW eªvDwRs,
†¯új †PKvi, Bbwµ‡g›Uvj dvBÛ, jvBf eyKgvwK©s, WvDb‡jvW g¨v‡bRvi Ges GKwU mgwš^Z mvP© wm‡÷g hvi
gva¨‡g e¨enviKvixiv GB eªvDRv‡i †_‡KB Zvi cQ‡›`i mvP©BwÄbwU wbe©vPb K‡i Z_¨ LyuR‡Z cv‡ib|
A¨vWA‡bi gva¨‡g G‡Z wewfbœ dvskvb hy³ Kiv hvq †h¸‡jv _vW©cvwU© wewfbœ †W‡fjcviiv ˆZwi K‡i _v‡Kb| wewfbœ
cøvUd‡g©i Rb¨ Gi wewfbœ ms¯‹iY i‡q‡Q| RbwcÖq wZbwU cøvUdg© gvB‡µvmdU DB‡ÛvR, g¨vK IGm G·, wjbv·|
GQvov BDwb· Gi g‡Zv wKQz Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Rb¨I Gi ms¯‹iY i‡q‡Q| dvqvid‡·i †mvm©‡KvWwU GKwU wd«
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dvqvid· Pvjy Kiv

Dey›Uz‡Z dvqvid· I‡qe eªvDRvi Pvjy
Kivi Rb¨ GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j
Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications >
Internet > Firefox Web Browser wbe©vPb
Kiæb| Avi Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W
(Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D BDwbwU‡Z) _vK‡j
evg c¨v‡bj †_‡K Firefox Gi evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb|
188 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
dvqvid‡· I‡qe mvBU I‡cb Kiv
dvqvid‡· †Kv‡bv I‡qe mvBU I‡cb Kivi eªvDRviwUi A¨v‡Wªmev‡i IB mvBUwUi bvg wj‡L G›Uvi Pvc‡j †mB
†cBRwU I‡cb n‡e| †hgbÑ Avcwb hw` A¨v‡Wªmev‡i http://www.google.com/ wj‡L G›Uvi K‡ib Zvn‡j ¸M‡ji
mvP© BwÄbwU eªvDRv‡i cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

GKB DB‡Ûv‡Z GKvwaK U¨v‡e I‡qe mvBU I‡cb Kiv

dvqvid‡· GKB DB‡Ûv‡Z GKvwaK U¨v‡e AmsL¨ I‡qe mvBU GKB mv‡_ †Lvjv hvq| GwU dvqvid‡·i GKwU
Abb¨ ms‡hvRb| dvqvid‡· bZzb U¨ve †Lvjvi Rb¨ me‡P‡q mnR Dcvq n‡jv kU©KvU wK e¨envi Kiv| Avcwb hw`
wK‡evW© †_‡K Ctrl+T wKØq GK‡Î Pv‡cb Z‡e bZzb GKwU U¨ve P‡j Avm‡e| Gici A¨v‡Wªmev‡i Avcbvi
cÖ‡qvRbxq I‡qe A¨v‡WªmwU wj‡L mvBUwU I‡cb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov me©‡kl U¨v‡ei Wvb w`‡K _vKv cøvm (+)
evU‡b wK¬K K‡iI bZzb U¨ve †Lvjv hvq| Gfv‡e Avcwb dvqvid‡·i GKB DB‡Ûv‡Z GKvwaK U¨ve Lyj‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 189
wbe©vwPZ U¨ve eÜ Kiv
dvqvid‡· GKvwaK U¨ve Pvjy _vK‡j Avcbvi cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a Avcwb †h‡Kv‡bv U¨ve eÜ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| †h U¨vewU
Avcwb eÜ Ki‡Z Pvb †mwU wm‡j± Kiæb| A_©vr IB U¨v‡ei I‡qe mvB‡Ui †cBRwU‡Z Avmyb| Gevi U¨v‡ei cv‡ki
µm wPýwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb| U¨vewU eÜ n‡q hv‡e| Avcwb PvB‡j wK‡evW© †_‡KI KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM K‡i GwU Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| GRb¨ †h‡Kv‡bv U¨ve wbe©vwPZ _vKv Ae¯’vq wK‡evW© †_‡K Ctrl+W wKØq GK‡Î Pvc‡Z n‡e|

bZzb DB‡Ûv †Lvjv

dvqvid‡· bZzb DB‡Ûv Ly‡j KvR Kivi Rb¨ †gby †_‡K File > New Window wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| GQvov wK‡evW©
†_‡K Ctrl+N wKØq GK‡Î †P‡cI Avcwb bZzb DB‡Ûv Lyj‡Z cv‡ib|

DB‡Ûv eÜ Kiv
dvqvid‡·i DB‡Ûv eÜ Kivi Rb¨ DB‡Ûvi Close evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Confirm close WvqvjM e· Avm‡j Close
tabs evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| GQvov wK‡evW© †_‡K Ctrl+Shift+W wK¸‡jv GK‡Î †P‡cI Avcwb †Lvjv DB‡Ûv eÜ Ki‡Z
cv‡ib|

dvqvid‡· dvBj I‡cb Kiv

dvqvid‡· Avcwb dvBj I‡cb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| †hgbÑ †Kv‡bv B‡gR dvBj, GBPwUGgGj dvBj BZ¨vw`| dvBj
I‡cb Kivi Rb¨ †gby †_‡K File > Open File wbe©vPb Kiæb A_ev wK‡evW© †_‡K Ctrl+O wK¸‡jv GK‡Î Pvcyb|
I‡cb dvBj WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| wbw`©ó dvBjwU (GKwU B‡gR) wm‡j± K‡i Open evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| dvBjwU
eªvDRv‡ii †h U¨vewU Ly‡j †i‡LwQ‡jb †mB U¨v‡e cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

I‡qe †cBR †mf Kiv

†Kv‡bv I‡qe †cBR †mf Kivi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K †gby †_‡K File > Save Page As wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e A_ev wK‡evW©
†_‡K Ctrl+S wK¸‡jv GK‡Î Pvc‡Z n‡e| Save As WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLv‡b Avcwb †h †jv‡Kk‡b dvBjwU
†mf Ki‡Z Pvb †mwU wbe©vPb K‡i w`b| dvBjwU Avcwb Kx ai‡b †mf Ki‡Z Pvb Zv wbe©vPb K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
Gici Save evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| wKQzÿ‡Yi g‡a¨ dvBjwU wbw`©ó †jv‡Kk‡b †mf n‡q hv‡e|
190 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

KgwcøU †cBR wn‡m‡e I‡qe †cBR †mf Kiv

GB KvRwU Dc‡i DwjøwLZ c×wZ‡ZI Kiv hvq| Z‡e †mLv‡b dvBj †mf Gi ai‡b †mwU D‡jøL K‡i w`‡Z nq|
wKš‘ Avcwb †gby †_‡K File > Save Complete Page As wbe©vPb K‡ib Z‡e GwU dvB‡ji UvBc wbe©vP‡bi my‡hvM bv
w`‡q mivmwi m¤ú~Y© I‡qemvBUwU‡K †mf Ki‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU †dvìv‡i B‡gR I †cBR mswkøó dvBj Ges
Avjv`vfv‡e GBPwUGgGj (HTML) dvBjwU †mf Ki‡e|

eZ©gvb I‡qe †cBR wi‡jvW Kiv

Avcwb eZ©gv‡b †h I‡qe †cBRwU eªvDR Ki‡Qb †mwU †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y wi‡jvW Ki‡Z PvB‡j A¨v‡Wªm ev‡ii Wvbw`‡K
_vKv wi‡jvW evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|

†cBR †jvW nIqv eÜ Kiv

†Kv‡bv †cBR †jvW n‡”Q Giƒc mg‡q Avcbvi hw` g‡b nq †mwU Avi †jvW ev wi‡jvW Ki‡eb bv Z‡e A¨v‡Wªm
ev‡ii Wvbw`‡K _vKv µm evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 191
†Kv‡bv †cBR‡K †nvg †cBR evbv‡bv
Avcwb hLb dvqvid· eªvDRviwU I‡cb Ki‡eb ZLb mvaviYZ †h †nvg‡cRwU Av‡M wba©viY Kiv wQj †mB mvBwUB
I‡cb nq| Avcwb PvB‡j Avcbvi
wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv cQ‡›`i mvBU‡K †nvg
†cR evwb‡q wb‡Z cv‡ib| d‡j
cÖwZevi hLb Avcwb GB eªvDRviwU
Lyj‡eb ZLb ¯^qswµqfv‡e Av‡M IB
†cBRwUB I‡cb n‡e| GwU Kivi Rb¨
†gby n‡Z Edit > Preferances wbe©vPb
Kiæb| Firefox Preferances WvqvjM
e· Avm‡e| GLv‡b General U¨v‡e
cÖ‡ek Kiæb| Gi Aax‡b _vKv
Ackb¸‡jv n‡Z Startup Gi Aaxb
Home page: Gi As‡k Avcbvi †nvg
†cB‡Ri wVKvbv wj‡L w`b| Zvn‡j GB
mvBUwUB Avcbvi †nvg †cR n‡q
hv‡e| GQvov When Firefox starts:
Gi As‡k Show my home page wbe©vPb K‡i w`b| Gevi Close evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

Ab¨ †cB‡R _vKvi mgq †nvg †cB‡R hvIqv

Avcwb †h‡Kv‡bv I‡qe †cB‡R eªvDR Kivi mgq hw` †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y †nvg †cB‡R †h‡Z Pvb Z‡e mvP© e‡·i Wv‡b
_vKv †nvg AvBK‡b wK¬K Kiæb| IB †cB‡R †nvg †cBR †jvW n‡q hv‡e|

c~e©eZx †cBR †diZ Avmv

A‡b‡KB GKB U¨v‡e _vKv Ae¯’vq wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ I‡qe mvBU eªvDR K‡i _v‡Kb| Avevi A‡bK mgq †Kv‡bv
I‡qe mvB‡Ui wewfbœ evUb I wj‡¼ wK¬K K‡i Ab¨ †cB‡R hvIqv nq| G ai‡bi Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y c~e©eZ©x
†cB‡R †diZ Avm‡Z n‡j dvqvid‡·i A¨v‡Wªmev‡ii ev‡g _vKv Ô†Mv e¨vK Iqvb †cRÕ AvBKbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|
Zvn‡j eZ©gvb †cBRwUi wVK Av‡Mi †cB‡R †diZ Avm‡e|
192 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
cieZ©x †cB‡R Mgb
`xN©ÿY I‡qe mvB‡Ui wewfbœ †cBR eªvD‡Ri ci KLbI KLbI c~e©eZ©x †cB‡R †diZ Avmv nq| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y
Giƒc Ae¯’vq hw` Avevi cieZ©x †cB‡R Mg‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq Z‡e A¨v‡Wªmev‡ii ev‡g _vKv Ô†Mv d‡ivqvW© Iqvb
†cRÕ AvBKbwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|

eyKgvK© Kiv
dvqvid‡· gvÎ GK wK¬‡KB Avcwb †Kv‡bv I‡qe mvBU‡K eyKgvK© Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| †Kv‡bv mvB‡U eªvDR Kivi mgq
†mB mvBUwU eyKgvK© Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j I‡qe mvB‡Ui †jv‡Kkb ev‡ii me©‡kl cÖv‡šÍ †hLv‡b GKwU ZviKv wPý
i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b GKevi wK¬K Ki‡j eyKgvK© Kvh©Kix n‡q DV‡e| ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq GwU wbw®Œq _v‡K| Gi d‡j ZviKv
wPýwU njy` iO aviY Ki‡e|

G Ae¯’vq cybivq ZviKv wPýwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j Gi wb‡P GKwU e· Avm‡e †hLvb †_‡K Avcwb GwU †Kv_vq †mf
Ki‡eb Ges †Kv_vq U¨vM Ki‡eb †mwU wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| mewKQz Kiv n‡q †M‡j Done evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z
n‡e|

GwU QvovI wfbœ c×wZ‡Z Avcwb eyKgvK© Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GRb¨ †gby n‡Z Bookmarks > Bookmark this page
wbe©vPb Kiæb A_ev wK‡evW© †_‡K Ctrl+D wKØq GK‡Î Pvcyb| Zvn‡jI Dc‡ii wP‡Îi g‡Zv e·wU Avm‡e †hLvb
†_‡K Avcwb †cBRwU‡K eyKgvK© Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 193
I‡qe †cBR Ryg Bb I Ryg AvDU Kiv
I‡qe †cBR eªvDR Kivi mgq A‡bK mg‡qB †cB‡Ri d›U¸‡jv Lye †QvU †`Lv hvq hv wVKg‡Zv cov hvq bv| GB
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q dvqvid· eªvDRv‡i| eªvDRv‡i I‡cbK…Z †Kv‡bv †cBR‡K GLb Avcwb Ryg Bb K‡i
eo K‡i †`L‡Z cvi‡eb| Avevi cieZ©x‡Z eo Kiv GB †cBR‡K Ryg AvDU K‡i ev ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq _vKv
†cBR‡KI Ryg AvDU K‡i Avcwb AviI †QvU AvKv‡i †`L‡Z cvi‡eb| Ryg Bb Kivi Rb¨ wK‡evW© †_‡K Ctrl Ges
+ wKØq GK‡Î Pvcyb| Avi Ryg AvDU Kivi Rb¨ wK‡evW© †_‡K Ctrl Ges - wKØq GK‡Î Pvcyb|

mgwš^Z mvP© wm‡÷g

mvwP©s‡qi †ÿ‡Î dvqvid‡· G‡m‡Q hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b| eo eo mvP© BwÄb¸‡jv‡K GLv‡b mgwš^Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|
dvqvid‡·i †jv‡Kkb ev‡ii Wvb cv‡kB i‡q‡Q mvwP©s evi †hLvb †_‡K Avcwb Avcbvi cQ‡›`i I‡qe Bwćbi
gva¨‡g mvP© Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| ¸Mj, Bqvû, wes, AvgvRvb WU Kg, Av¯‹ WU Kg, B‡e, DBwKwcwWqv cÖf„wZi gva¨‡g
Avcwb mvP© Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GQvov AviI wKQz mvP© BwÄb AšÍf³y© Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Manage Search Engines Gi
gva¨‡g|

I‡qe †cB‡R wKQz †LuvRv

GB eªvDRv‡i I‡cb Kiv †Kv‡bv I‡qe †cBR †_‡K Avcwb †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó welq‡K Lyu‡R †ei Kivi Rb¨ Gi
dvBÛ AckbwU e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GRb¨ †gby n‡Z Edit > Find wbe©vPb Kiæb A_ev wK‡evW© †_‡K Ctrl+F
wKØq GK‡Î Pvcyb| eªvDRv‡ii wb‡Pi evg w`‡K GKwU dvBÛ Kivi Ni Avm‡e| GLv‡b Avcwb Avcbvi Kw•LZ
kãwU wj‡L w`‡j †hLv‡b †hLv‡b IB kãwU cv‡e Avcbv‡K †`Lv‡e| Avcwb †b·U, wcÖwfqvm, nvBjvBU Aj BZ¨vw`
evUbI e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

dvBÛ Gi evg cv‡ki µm evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j GwU P‡j hv‡e|

194 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
WvDb‡jvW g¨v‡bRvi
dvqvid‡· GKwU Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW WvDb‡jvW g¨v‡bRvi i‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv wKQz WvDb‡jvW Ki‡j GwU mwµq nq| Gi
gva¨‡g Avcwb GKmv‡_ GKvwaK AvB‡UgI WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| cR I wiwRDg wdPvi GLv‡b cvIqv hv‡e|
ZvB GKwU WvDb‡jvW †kl nevi ci Av‡iKwU ïiæ Kivi `iKvi †bB| Avcwb WvDb‡jv‡Wi ZvwjKvq G¸‡jv w`‡q
ivL‡j GKwUi ci GKwU WvDb‡jvW n‡Z _vK‡e| GgbwK wm‡÷gwU µ¨vk Ki‡jI ev †Rvi K‡i wi÷vU© n‡q †M‡jI
Zv bZzb K‡i Pvjy nevi ci WvDb‡jvW cÖwµqv ïiæ Kiv hv‡e| †h AvB‡UgwU WvDb‡jvW Ki‡eb Zvi WvDb‡jvW
wj‡¼ wK¬K Ki‡j WvDb‡jvW Ackb Avm‡e| GLvb †_‡K evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡jB WvDb‡jvW cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡q hv‡e Ges
WvDb‡jvW g¨v‡bRviwU Pvjy n‡q Zv‡Z KZ w¯ú‡W KZ †gMvevBU dvBj bvg‡Q †m¸‡jv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

BÝU¨v›U I‡qe mvBU AvBwW

AvRKvj B-Kgvm© Pvjy nevi ci Avw_©K †jb‡`‡bi mvBU¸‡jv‡Z we‡kl wKQz wbivcËv e¨e¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z
MÖvn‡Ki A_© msµvšÍ Z_¨vw` †Kv‡bvfv‡e cvPvi n‡q bv hvq| eªvDRv‡ii ÎæwUi Kvi‡Y cÖvqB MÖvnK‡`i †µwWU Kv‡W©i
Z_¨ Pzwi n‡q hvq| GwU †VKv‡Z e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q dvqvid‡·| †h‡Kv‡bv Avw_©K †jb‡`‡bi mvB‡U XyKvi Av‡M Avcwb
ZvrÿwYKfv‡e †R‡b wb‡Z cvi‡eb GwU KZUv wbivc` mvBU wKsev †Kv‡bv f~qv mvBU wKbv| GRb¨ †h mvB‡U
XyK‡eb Zvi bvg †jv‡Kkb ev‡i wj‡L G›Uvi Kiæb| mvBUwU P‡j G‡j Avw_©K †jb‡`‡bi Av‡M mvBUwUi †dwfKb
(mvB‡Ui AvBKb) Gi Dci GKevi wK¬K Kiæb| †dwfK‡bi wb‡P GKwU ev‡i IB mvB‡Ui cwiwPwZ ms‡ÿ‡c
†`Lv‡bv n‡e hv †_‡K Avcwb mvBUwU Awbivc` wKbv ev Zvi wfwË †Kgb Zv ey‡S wb‡Z cvi‡eb|

wi‡m›U wn‡÷vwi gy‡Q †djv

 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 195
mv¤cÖwZK mg‡q Avcwb dvqvid‡·i gva¨‡g †hme mvB‡U ågY K‡i‡Qb Ges Gi gva¨‡g †hme †WUv msiwÿZ
n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv gy‡Q †djvi Rb¨ †gby n‡Z Tools > Clear Recent History wbe©vPb Kiæb A_ev wK‡evW© †_‡K
Ctrl+Shift+Del wK¸‡jv GK‡Î Pvcyb| †h †h welq¸‡jv gy‡Q †dj‡Z Pvb †m¸‡jv †PK K‡i w`‡q Clear Now
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

cvmIqvW© g¨v‡bRvi
†hme XyKvi Rb¨ ev †Kv‡bv we‡kl wdPvi e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Avcbv‡K cvmIqvW© cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq †mme
cvmIqvW©¸‡jv‡Z dvqvid· g‡b ivL‡Z cv‡i| d‡j cieZ©x‡Z hLb Avcwb mvBUwU‡Z XyK‡eb ZLb Avi cvmIqvW©
cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq bv| Avcwb hw` Pvb Z‡e Zv eªvDRviwU‡K g‡b ivLvi Rb¨ Aby‡gv`b w`‡Z cv‡ib| †Kv‡bv mvB‡U
BDRvi †bg Ges cvmIqvW© cÖ`vb Ki‡j U¨v‡ei wVK wb‡PB cvIqvW© g‡b ivLvi ev bv ivLvi Rb¨ GKwU Avjv`v evi
cÖ`wk©Z nq| †mLvb †_‡K Avcwb Remember Password, Never Remember Password for This Site, Not Now
Gi †h‡Kv‡bvwU wbe©vPb K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib|

A¨vW-Abm
dvqvid‡·i PgrKvi ˆewk󨸇jv †hvM Kivi †ÿ‡Î A¨vW-Ab¸‡jv mePvB‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
PgrKvi me ˆewkó¨ †hvM Kivi Rb¨ dvqvid‡·i i‡q‡Q 5 nvRv‡iiI †ewk A¨vW-Ab| G¸‡jv †_‡K Avcwb
Avcbvi cQ‡›`i Ges Kv‡Ri A¨vW-AbwU WvDb‡jvW I Bb÷j K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib| A¨vW-Ab cvIqvi Rb¨ †gby
n‡Z Tools > Add-ons wbe©vPb Kiæb| c„_K GKwU U¨v‡e Add-ons Manager cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GLv‡b Get Add-ons,
Languages, Extensions, Appearance, Plugins Ackb¸‡jv evg w`‡K U¨ve AvKv‡i cv‡eb| wbw`©ó U¨vewU wm‡j±
196 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq AvB‡U‡g wK¬K Ki‡j †mwU dvqvid‡· hy³ Kivi evUb cvIqv hv‡e| †hLv‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Zv
dvqvid‡· hy³ n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 197

Aa¨vq t 10
Dey›Uz‡Z G‡·mwiR Gi e¨envi
I A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªwUf KvR Kiv
Dey›Uz‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi G‡·mwiR e¨envi K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi KvR Kiv hvq| ¸iæZ¡c~Y© G‡·mwiR¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
K¨vjKz‡jUi, K¨v‡i±vi g¨vc, wW¯‹ BD‡mR A¨vbvjvBRvi, †ní, mvP© di dvBj, †UK w¯ŒbkU, Uvwg©bvj, †U·U
GwWUi, UvBg GÛ †WU, Ugeq †bvUm, AvK©vBf g¨v‡bRvi, wW¯‹ BDwUwjwU cÖf„wZ| G‡`i g‡a¨ Uvwg©bv‡ji e¨envi
Avgiv mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Ki‡Z wM‡q wKsev Ab¨vb¨ KgvÛmg~n‡K Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z wM‡q wk‡L †d‡jwQ| ZvB GB
Aa¨v‡q Uvwg©bv‡ji e¨envi wb‡q Avi bZzb K‡i †Zgb †Kv‡bv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv bv| Z‡e Uvwg©bv‡j †h mg¯Í
KgvÛ cÖ‡qvM K‡i KvR Kiv nq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz KgvÛ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡ev|
D‡jøL¨, GB Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jvPbv g~jZ Dey›Uzi GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡Wi Dci wfwË K‡i †jLv n‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB hviv
Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W (Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D BDwbwU‡Z) i‡q‡Qb Zviv Zv‡`i †gvW cwieZ©b K‡i Avmyb|

K¨vjKz‡jUi (Calculator) e¨envi Kiv

DB‡Ûv‡R †hgb ˆ`bw›`b wnmve-wbKv‡ki Rb¨ K¨vjKz‡jUi i‡q‡Q wVK †ZgbB GKwU K¨vjKz‡jUi i‡q‡Q Dey›Uz‡Z|
Dey›Uz‡Z K¨vjKz‡jUi e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv wb‡Z n‡e t
1. c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Accessories > Calculator wbe©vPb Kiæb|

2. K¨vjKz‡jUi †cÖvMÖvgwU Lyj‡e| cÖ_g Ae¯’vq GwU Basic †gv‡W I‡cb n‡e| GLv‡b mvaviY K¨vjKz‡jU‡ii
g‡Zv †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM, kZKiv, `kwgK, eM©, iæU BZ¨vw` KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wK‡ev‡W©
msL¨v I †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM BZ¨vw` UvBc K‡i G›Uvi †P‡c Avcwb wn‡me Ki‡Z cv‡ib| UvBc bv
Ki‡Z PvB‡j wbw`©ó msL¨v I wP‡ýi Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi w`‡q wK¬K K‡iI Avcwb wnmve Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
3. GB K¨vjKz‡jU‡i †gvU PviwU †gvW i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv Basic, Advanced, Financial Ges
Programming| K¨vjKz‡jU‡ii Mode †gby‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j Avcwb evwK †gvW¸‡jvi bvg †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
198 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
G¸‡jv †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv †gv‡W wK¬K Ki‡j K¨vjKz‡jUiwU †mB †gv‡W Mgb Ki‡e| †hgbÑ Avcwb hw`
Mode †gby n‡Z Advanced wbe©vPb K‡ib Z‡e K¨vjKz‡jUiwU Advanced †gv‡W cÖ‡ek Ki‡e|

4. Advanced †gv‡W D”PZi MwY‡Zi wewfbœ wnmve I gvc‡Rv‡Ki AvB‡Ug¸‡jv cv‡eb| GLv‡b Avcwb
A¨v‡½j (wWwMÖ, †iwWqvb, †MÖwWqvb), †jš’ (cvi‡mK, jvBU Bqvi, A¨v‡÷ªvbwgK¨vj BDwbU, bwUK¨vj gvBj,
gvBj, wK‡jvwgUvi, K¨vej, d¨v`g, wgUvi, BqvW©, wdU, BÂ, †mw›UwgUvi, wgwjwgUvi, gvB‡µvwgUvi,
b¨v‡bvwgUvi), Gwiqv (†n±i, GKi, ¯‹qvi wgUvi, ¯‹qvi †mw›UwgUvi, ¯‹qvi wgwjwgUvi), fwjDg (wKDweK
wgUvi, M¨vjb, wjUvi, †KvqvU©, wc›U, wgwjwjUvi, gvB‡µvwjUvi), I‡qU (Ub, wK‡jvMÖvg, cvDÛ, AvDÝ,
MÖvg), wWD‡ikb (Bqvi, †W, AvIqvi, wgwbU, †m‡KÛ, wgwj‡m‡KÛ, gvB‡µv‡m‡KÛ), †U¤úv‡iPvi
(†mjwmqvm, dv‡ibnvBU, †Kjwfb, †ibwKb) BZ¨vw`i g‡a¨ mv`„k¨c~Y© AvB‡Ug¸‡jv‡K GKwU‡K Ab¨wU‡Z
KbfvU© Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GQvov GK †`‡ki Kv‡iw݇K Ab¨ †`‡ki Kv‡iw݇Z KbfvU© K‡i bvbv ai‡bi
wn‡me Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

5. Mode †gby n‡Z Financial wbe©vPb Ki‡j K¨vjKz‡jUiwU Financial †gv‡W cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| GB †gvWwU
cy‡ivcywi Avw_©K welqvw` msµvšÍ wnmve-wbKv‡ki Rb¨ wb‡ew`Z| GLv‡b Avcwb GK †`‡ki Kv‡iw݇K
Ab¨ †`‡ki Kv‡iw݇Z KbfvU© Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| aiæb, 500 A‡÷ªwjqvb Wjv‡i KZ fviZxq iæwc nq Zv
Avcwb Rvb‡Z Pv‡”Qb| GwU Avcwb Lye mn‡RB GLvb †_‡K †R‡b wb‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ wbw`©ó cwigvY
A‡_©i msL¨v UvBc K‡i cvkvcvwk _vKv `ywU Kv‡iwÝ evU‡b wK¬K K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq †`‡ki gy`ªv¸‡jv wbe©vPb
Ki‡j cv‡kB `yB †`‡ki gy`ªvi wewbgq nvi cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GLv‡b 500 A‡÷ªwjqvb Wjv‡i 24034.3
fviZxq iæwci gy`ªv wewbgq nvi †`Lv‡”Q| D‡jøL¨, gy`ªvi wewbgq nvi wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| GB
ZvwjKvq Avcwb evsjv‡`kx UvKv bv †c‡jI Dcgnv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk †`‡kiB gy`ªvi bvg Lyu‡R cv‡eb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 199

6. Mode †gby n‡Z Programming wbe©vPb Ki‡j K¨vjKz‡jUiwU Programming †gv‡W cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| GLv‡b
Avcwb evBbvwi, A±vj, †Wwmgvj I †n·v‡Wwmgvj Ackb wm‡j± K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi wnmve-wbKvk Ki‡Z
cv‡ib|

K¨v‡i±vi g¨vc (Character Map) e¨envi Kiv

K¨v‡i±vi g¨vc A¨vwcø‡KkbwU Avcbv‡K wewfbœ †¯úkvj K¨v‡i±vi‡K †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U ev †U·U wd‡ì ms‡hvR‡bi
my‡hvM †`q| K¨v‡i±vi g¨vcwU k‡ãi Dci ¯’vwcZ wPý ev cÖZxK m¤^wjZ K¨v‡i±vi, MvwYwZK wPý, we‡kl wPý Ges
weiwZ wPýmg~n‡K mieivn K‡i| wK‡ev‡W© †hme K¨v‡i±vi mvaviYfv‡e cvIqv hvq bv †m¸‡jv‡K Avcwb K¨v‡i±vi
g¨vc e¨envi K‡i A¨vK‡mm Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| K¨v‡i±vi g¨vcwU BDwb‡KvW K¨v‡i±vi †mU e¨envi K‡i Avcbvi
wm‡÷‡g we`¨gvb mKj fvlvi w¯Œ‡Þi g‡a¨ _vKv me¸‡jv K¨v‡i±vi‡K cÖ`k©b K‡i| BDwb‡KvW n‡jv GKwU
K¨v‡i±vi †mU ÷¨vÛvW© hvi jÿ¨ n‡jv we‡k¦i mKj wjwLZ fvlvq e¨eüZ me¸‡jv K¨v‡i±vi‡K AšÍf³ y© Kiv|
Dey›Uz‡Z K¨v‡i±vi g¨vc e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv wb‡Z n‡e t
1. c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Accessories > Character Map wbe©vPb Kiæb| K¨v‡i±vi g¨vc
A¨vwcø‡KkbwU Lyj‡e Ges wb‡Pi g‡Zv DB‡Ûv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
200 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

2. K¨v‡i±vi g¨vc DB‡Ûv‡Z †gbyevi I Uzjevi †`L‡Z cv‡eb| K¨v‡i±vi g¨vc w`‡q KvR Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxq
mKj KgvÛmg~n †gbyev‡ii †gby‡Z cv‡eb| Ab¨w`‡K Uzjev‡i Avcwb cv‡eb d›U, d›U ÷vBj Gi
evUbmg~n Ges GKwU Ryg w¯úb e·| GQvov AviI cv‡eb w¯ŒÞ ev BDwb‡KvW eøK wj÷ e·, K¨v‡i±vi
†Uwej U¨veW †mKkb, K¨v‡i±vi wW‡UBjm U¨veW †mKkb, †U·U-Uz-Kwc †U·U e· Ges Kwc evUb|
GQvov ÷¨vUvm eviwU eZ©gv‡b wm‡j±K…Z K¨v‡i±v‡ii BDwb‡KvW †KvW c‡q›U I BDwb‡KvW K¨v‡i±vi †bg
cÖ`k©b K‡i|
3. w¯ŒÞ eøK wj÷ e· †_‡K Avcwb wewfbœ ai‡bi w¯ŒÞ †hgbÑ evsjv, Bs‡iwR, Aviwe, †`ebvMix, ¸RivwU,
MÖxK, wneªæ, j¨vwUb, _vB BZ¨vw` fvlvmn AviI A‡bK fvlvi w¯Œcmg~n n‡Z cQ‡›`i w¯ŒÞwU †e‡Q wb‡Z
cv‡ib| †h‡Kv‡bv w¯ŒÞ wm‡j± Ki‡j Wvb w`‡K _vKv BDwb‡KvW eøK wj‡÷ Zvi K¨v‡i±vi¸‡jv cÖ`wk©Z
nq|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 201
4. cÖ`wk©Z K¨v‡i±vi¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ †U·U e‡· kã ev evK¨ †jLv hvq| †Kv‡bv w¯Œ‡Þi cÖ`wk©Z Aÿi‡K
gvDm c‡q›Uvi w`‡q Wª¨vM K‡i †U·U e‡·i Dci G‡b †Q‡o w`‡j wKsev †Kv‡bv Aÿ‡ii Dci Wvej-wK¬K
Ki‡j Zv †U·U e‡· e‡m hvq| Gfv‡e cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx GKvwaK Aÿi cici mvwR‡q GLv‡b kã ev
evK¨ †jLv hvq|
5. †U·U e· n‡Z †Kv‡bv kã ev evK¨‡K Kwc K‡i Ab¨ †Kv_vq †c÷ Ki‡Z PvB‡j cÖ_‡g Copy evU‡b wK¬K
Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvici †h †cÖvMÖv‡g wM‡q GwU †c÷ Ki‡Z n‡e †mwU Ly‡j ev †cÖvMÖvgwU †Lvjv _vK‡j (†hgbÑ
wje‡i Awdm ivBUvi) Paste KgvÛ e¨envi K‡i †mLv‡b GwU †c÷ Ki‡Z n‡e|

6. Gfv‡e Avcwb wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv w¯Œ‡ci g‡a¨ _vKv †Kv‡bv we‡kl wm¤^j ev wPý‡KI (†h¸‡jv mvaviYZ
wK‡ev‡W© cvIqv hvq bv) Kwc K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯’v‡b G‡b †c÷ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

wW¯‹ BD‡mR A¨vbvjvBRvi (Disk Usage Analyzer) e¨envi Kiv

wW¯‹ BD‡mR A¨vbvjvBRvi n‡jv GKwU MÖvwdK¨vj, †gby-PvwjZ A¨vwcø‡Kkb †hwU †h‡Kv‡bv Gnome cwi‡e‡k †Kvb
wW¯‹ KZUzKz e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q Zv we‡kølY K‡i| GwU Lye mn‡RB cy‡iv dvBj wm‡÷g wUª wKsev e¨enviKvixi
Aby‡iv‡ai †cÖwÿ‡Z wbw`©ó
wW‡i±wi eª¨v‡K (†jvKvj ev
wi‡gvU) ¯‹¨vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†nvg wW‡i±wi‡Z mvwaZ
cwieZ©b¸‡jv‡K GwU
wi‡qjUvB‡g A‡Uv-wW‡U±
K‡i| †Kv‡bv
gvD‡›UW/AvbgvD‡›UW
wWfvB‡mI GB myweav cvIqv
hvq| GQvovI wW¯‹ BD‡mR
A¨vbvjvBRviwU wm‡j±K…Z
cÖwZwU †dvìv‡ii Rb¨ GKwU
c~Y© MÖvwdK¨vj wUªg¨vc DB‡Ûv
mieivn K‡i| wW¯‹ BD‡mR
A¨vbvjvBRvi A¨vwcø‡KkbwU
Pvjy Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv wb‡Z n‡e t
202 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
1. c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Accessories > Disk Usage Analyzer wbe©vPb Kiæb| A¨vwcø‡KkbwU Pvjy
n‡e Ges Gi DB‡Ûv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
2. GB DB‡Ûv‡Z †gbyevi I Uzjevi †`L‡Z cv‡eb| A¨vwcø‡Kk‡b KvR Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj KgvÛmg~n
†gbyev‡ii †gby‡Z cv‡eb| Ab¨w`‡K Uzjev‡i Avcwb cv‡eb ¯‹¨vb †nvg, ¯‹¨vb dvBj wm‡÷g, ¯‹¨vb Av
†dvìvi, ¯‹¨vb Av wi‡gvU †dvìvi, ÷c ¯‹¨vwbs I wi‡d«k evUb| GQvov AviI cv‡eb PvU© wfD cwieZ©‡bi
Rb¨ GKwU wbw`©ó evUb †hLvb †_‡K View as Rings Chart I View as Treemap Chart GB `ywU
Ackb‡K †e‡Q wb‡Z cv‡ib|
3. Analyzer †gby †_‡K Avcwb ¯‹¨vb msµvšÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz KgvÛ cv‡eb †h¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i wW¯‹ BD‡mR
wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

4. Uzjevi n‡Z Scan Home evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Zv Home wW‡i±wi‡K ¯‹¨vb Ki‡e Ges cÖvß djvdj‡K
cÖ`k©b Ki‡e| PvU© As‡k ¯‹¨vbK…Z djvdj‡K PvU© AvKv‡i cÖ`k©b Ki‡e|

5. Uzjevi n‡Z Scan Filesystem evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Zv KgwcDUv‡ii dvBj wm‡÷g‡K ¯‹¨vb K‡i cÖvß
djvdj‡K cÖ`k©b Ki‡e| PvU© As‡k ¯‹¨vbK…Z djvdj‡K PvU© AvKv‡i cÖ`k©b Ki‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 203

6. Uzjevi n‡Z Scan a folder evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Select Folder WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLvb †_‡K wbw`©ó
†dvìviwU wm‡j± K‡i w`‡q Open evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| D³ †dvìviwU ¯‹¨vb K‡i cÖvß djvdj cÖ`wk©Z
n‡e Ges PvU© As‡k ¯‹¨vbK…Z djvdj‡K PvU© AvKv‡i †`Lv‡e|

7. Uzjevi n‡Z Scan a remote folder evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Connect to server WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLv‡b
mvwf©m UvBc, mvf©vi, †cvU©, †dvìvi BZ¨vw` wbe©vP‡bi ci Scan evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j wi‡gvU †dvìviwU ¯‹¨vb
K‡i djvdj †`Lv‡e|
204 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

8. †Kv‡bv †jv‡Kkb ¯‹¨vb Kivi mgq ¯‹¨vwbs cÖwµqv‡K _vwg‡q w`‡Z PvB‡j Stop scanning evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z
n‡e| Avi wi‡d«k Ki‡Z PvB‡j Refresh evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|

†ní (Help) Gi e¨envi

Dey›Uz KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi mgm¨vq co‡eb GUvB ¯^vfvweK| Z‡e †h‡Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvnvh¨
†c‡Z PvB‡j Avcwb Dey›Uzi Help Gi mvnvh¨ wb‡Z cv‡ib| GwU g~jZ Dey›Uz †W¯‹Uc MvBWwU‡K I‡cb K‡i †hLvb
†_‡K Avcwb Avcbvi cÖ‡qvRbxq UwcK †e‡Q wb‡q m¤¢ve¨ mvnvh¨ †c‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY
Ki‡Z n‡e t
1. c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Accessories > Help wbe©vPb Kiæb| Desktop Help DB‡Ûv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 205
2. GLv‡b _vKv wewfbœ wjs‡K wK¬K K‡i Avcwb cÖ‡qvRbxq UwcK¸‡jv‡Z eªvDR Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges †mLvb
†_‡K mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© aviYv †c‡Z cv‡ib|
3. me¸‡jv †ní WKz‡g›U‡K GK‡Î ZvwjKv AvKv‡i cÖ`k©b Kiv‡Z PvB‡j- hv‡Z K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq welqe¯‘¸‡jv
Avcbvi nv‡Zi bvMv‡j _v‡K †mRb¨ †gby †_‡K Go > All Documents wbe©vPb Kiæb| Gici GLvb †_‡K
¯Œwjs K‡i Avcbvi cÖ‡qvRbxq UwcKwU †e‡Q wb‡q Zvi wjs‡K wK¬K Kiæb| D³ UwcKwU cÖw`k©Z n‡e|

4. Help eÜ Ki‡Z PvB‡j Close evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

dvBj Lyu‡R †ei Kiv

Dey›Uz‡Z †Kv‡bv dvBj Lyu‡R †ei K‡i Avbvi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| Search for Files Gi gva¨‡g Avcwb GB myweav cv‡eb|
dvBj mvP© Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e t
1. c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Accessories > Search for Files wbe©vPb Kiæb| mv‡P©i DB‡ÛvwU cÖ`wk©Z
n‡e|
2. GLv‡b †h dvBjwU LyuR‡Qb Zvi bvg ev
bv‡gi Askwe‡kl Name contains:
wd‡ì UvBc Kiæb| Gici Look in
folder: n‡Z wbw`©ó †Kvb †dvìviwU‡Z
mvP© Ki‡Z Pvb Zv wba©viY K‡i w`b|
wbw`©ó †dvìvi wbe©vP‡b Aÿg n‡j cy‡iv
wm‡÷gwU‡ZB mvP© w`‡Z cv‡ib| Select
more options n‡Z Avcwb Contains
the text: Ges Available options: GB
`ywU Ackb wba©vi‡Yi my‡hvM cv‡eb|
me‡k‡l Find evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
3. mvwP©s cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e Ges D³ bvg ev bv‡gi Ask w`‡q KgwcDUv‡i ev wbw`©ó †dvìv‡i †hme dvBj
cv‡e †m¸‡jv‡K †bg, †dvìvi, mvBR, UvBc, †WU gwWdvBW BZ¨vw` Kjv‡g cÖ`k©b Ki‡e|
206 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

4. dvBjwU Lyu‡R cvIqv †M‡j †mwU‡Z Wvej-wK¬K Ki‡j Zv mswkøó †cÖvMÖvg Øviv I‡cb n‡e|

Dey›Uz‡Z w¯ŒbkU †bqv

Dey›Uz e¨enviKvix‡`i A‡bK mgq wewfbœ ai‡bi w¯Œbk‡Ui cÖ‡qvRb co‡Z cv‡i| aiæb, Dey›Uz‡Z †Lvjv †Kv‡bv
†cÖvMÖv‡gi wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv DB‡Ûv A_ev WvqvjM e· wKsev †W¯‹U‡ci wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv As‡ki Qwe †bqvi cÖ‡qvRb
co‡jv| G‡ÿ‡Î Avcwb wb‡Ri B‡”Q g‡Zv K‡i wewfbœ w¯ŒbkU MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges †m¸‡jv †mf K‡i ivL‡Z
cv‡ib| GB KvRwU Kivi Rb¨ Dey›Uz‡Z †QvU GKwU A¨vwcø‡Kkb i‡q‡Q hvi bvg n‡jv Screenshot| Gi gva¨‡g
w¯ŒbkU †bevi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e t
1. c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Accessories > Screenshot wbe©vPb Kiæb| A¨vwcø‡KkbwU Pvjy n‡e|

2. w¯ŒbkU †bevi Rb¨ Avcwb wZbwU Ackb cv‡eb| G¸‡jv n‡jv Grab the whole desktop, Grab the
current window Ges Select area to grab|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 207
3. cy‡iv †W¯‹U‡ci Qwe K¨vcPvi Ki‡Z PvB‡j cÖ_‡g Grab the whole desktop AckbwU wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
Gici Kq †m‡KÛ A‡cÿvi ci Qwe MÖve Kiv ïiæ Ki‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib Grab after a delay
seconds Gi wdì †_‡K| GwU mvaviYZ 0 gv‡b wba©vwiZ _v‡K| Avcwb PvB‡j B‡”Qg‡Zv †m‡KÛ ewm‡q
wb‡Z cv‡ib| c‡q›Uvi AšÍfy³ © Ki‡Z PvB‡j Effects Gi Aax‡b _vKv Include pointer AckbwU †PK
(wUK †`qv) K‡i w`b|
4. eZ©gv‡b †Lvjv _vKv DB‡ÛvwU MÖve Ki‡Z PvB‡j Grab the current window AckbwU wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
Gici GKBfv‡e Kq †m‡KÛ ci Qwe MÖve Kiv ïiæ n‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| GB ch©v‡q Avcwb
Include pointer Ges Include the window border GB `ywU B‡d± cv‡eb| mvaviYZ G¸‡jv wm‡j± KivB
_v‡K| Avcwb hw` Gme B‡d± bv Pvb Z‡e G¸‡jv‡K wWwm‡j± K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib| Qwe‡Z Wªc k¨v‡Wv ev
eW©vi w`‡Z PvB‡j Apply Effect Gi Wv‡bi evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b None, Drop shadow I
Border GB wZbwU Ackb _vK‡e| †hwU cÖ‡qvRb †mwU wm‡j± K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

5. Gici Take Screenshot evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Save Screenshot WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLv‡b dvB‡ji
GKwU bvg w`‡q GwU †Kvb †dvìv‡i †mf Ki‡eb †mwU wbe©vPb K‡i Save evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| dvBjwU
wbw`©ó †jv‡Kk‡b †mf n‡q hv‡e| MÖveK…Z B‡gRwU wK¬c‡ev‡W© Kwc Ki‡Z PvB‡j Copy to Clipboard
evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|

6. Avi Avcwb hw` wbw`©ó Gwiqv‡K wm‡j± K‡i w¯Œb MÖve Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e Take Screenshot A¨vwcø‡Kk‡bi
Select area to grab AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb| Gici Take Screenshot evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| A¨vwcø‡Kkb
208 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
DB‡ÛvwU nvBW n‡q hv‡e| GB Ae¯’vq gvD‡mi mvnv‡h¨ Wª¨vM K‡i wbw`©ó Gwiqv wm‡j± K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
wm‡j± Kiv m¤úbœ n‡j Save Screenshot WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLv‡b c~‡e©i g‡Zv K‡i B‡g‡Ri Rb¨
GKwU bvg wj‡L †h †dvìv‡i †mf Ki‡Z Pvb †mwU wbe©vPb K‡i Save evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|

weKí c×wZ
Avcwb wfbœ GKwU Dcv‡qI w¯Œb MÖve Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ wK‡evW© †_‡K Print Screen evUbwU Pvc‡Z n‡e| G‡Z
Save Screenshot WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| †mLv‡b B‡g‡Ri Rb¨ GKwU bvg wj‡L †h †dvìv‡i †mf Ki‡Z Pvb †mwU
wbe©vPb K‡i Save evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| D‡jøL¨, GB c×wZ‡Z w¯Œ‡bi Dci hv _vK‡e Zvi cy‡ivUvB MÖve n‡e|

Uvwg©bvj t KgvÛ jvBb cwiwPwZ

Dey›Uz‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi KgvÛ Kvh©Ki Kiv nq Uvwg©bv‡ji gva¨‡g| bZzb wjbv· e¨enviKvixiv G‡Z Lye GKUv
Drmvnx bvI n‡Z cv‡i| KviY Avgiv mK‡jB MÖvwdK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡d‡m KvR K‡iB Af¨¯Í| Z‡e wjbv‡·i GB
Uvwg©bvj wKš‘ LyeB Kvh©Kix GKwU gva¨g| cÖ‡qvRbxq wKQz KgvÛ Rvbv _vK‡j Avcwb Uvwg©bv‡j †m¸‡jv wj‡L G›Uvi
†P‡c Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G‡Z AwZ`ªæZ KvR Kiv hvq| B‡Zvc~‡e© Avgiv Uvwg©bv‡ji e¨envi m¤ú‡K© wewfbœfv‡e
aviYv †c‡q G‡mwQ| wZbfv‡e Uvwg©bvj‡K †Lvjv hvq| G¸‡jv n‡jv t
 c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Accessories > Terminal wbe©vPb Kiæb|
A_ev,
 wK‡evW© †_‡K Alt+Ctrl+T wK-¸‡jv GK‡Î Pvcyb|
A_ev,
 wK‡evW© †_‡K Alt+F2 wKØq GK‡Î Pvcyb| Run Application DB‡Ûv Avm‡j gnome-terminal UvBc
K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb wKsev Run evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Uvwg©bvjwU Lyj‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 209

Uvwg©bvjwU †Lvjvi ci cÖ_‡gB †h †jLv cÖ`wk©Z nq †mwU e¨enviKvixi †nvg †dvìviwU‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| bbMÖvwdK¨vj
Gbfvqib‡g‡›Ui †ÿ‡Î jMBb cÖ¤ú‡U BDRvi †bg I cvmIqvW© Gi N‡i cvmIqvW© w`‡Z nq|

Uvwg©bv‡j KvR Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wKQz KgvÛ

cÖ_‡gB g‡b ivLyb, A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªUi †gv‡W KgvÛ †`qvi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZwU Kgv‡Ûi c~‡e© sudo wjL‡Z nq| KgvÛ †`qvi
ci Permission Denied evZ©v cÖ`wk©Z n‡j sudo wj‡L KgvÛwU †`‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
sudo mkdir systech

G‡ÿ‡Î systech bv‡g bZzb GKwU †dvìvi ˆZwi n‡e|

Gevi cÖ‡qvRbxq wKQz KgvÛ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvK|
Command privileges
 sudo command – run command as root
 apt-get - used to install, remove, upgrade and more.
 sudo su – root shell open
 sudo su user – open shell as a user
 sudo -k – forget your password sudo
 gksudo command – sudo visual dialog (GNOME)
 kdesudo command – sudo visual dialog (KDE)
 sudo visudo – edit / etc / sudoers
 gksudo nautilus – root file manager (GNOME)
 kdesudo konqueror – root file manager (KDE)

Movement In The directory

 cd - Change Directory
 pwd - Print Working Directory

Managing Files and Text

 cp - Copy
 ls - List
 mkdir - Make Directory
 mv - Move
 rm - Remove
 grep - Search for Text Strings
 head - Display Start of File
 less - Display Part of File
 more - Display Part of File
210 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
 tail - View the End of a File

Managing System and Program Information

 cal - Calendar
 date - Date

Troubleshooting
 fsck - File System Check

Managing Network Connections

 chkconfig - Check Activated Services
 ping - Test Network Connections
 ftp - file Transfer Protocol
 host - Check IP of Domain
 ifconfig - Configure Network Devices / Displays information network
 iwconfig – displays information from wireless
 netstat - Display Routing Table
 route - Set Routes
 telnet - Connect to telnet
 traceroute - Display Route
 sudo iwlist scan – Scan wireless networks
 sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart – Reset the network
 (file) /etc/network/interfaces – Manual configuration
 ifup interface – Bring online interface
 ifdown interface – Disable interface

Manage Drives and Formats

 mount - Mount a Drive
 umount - Unmount Drive
 fdisk - Format Disk
 dd - Dupliate Disk
 df - Disk Free Space

Managing Rights to Files and Directories

 chmod - Change Mode
 su - Switch User

Managing Users and Groups

 passwd - Create Password
 groupadd - Add a Group
 groupmod - Modify a Group
 chgrp - Change Group
 groupdel - Delete Group

Commands for Firewall

 ufw enable – Turn on the firewall
 ufw disable – Turn off the firewall
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 211
 ufw default allow – Allow all connections by default
 ufw default deny – Drop all connections by default
 ufw status – Current rules and
 ufw allow port – To allow traffic on port
 ufw deny port – Port block
 ufw deny from ip – IP block

Command System
 lsb_release -a – Get the version of Ubuntu
 uname -r – Get kernel version
 uname -a – Get all the information kernel

Commands for Package Manager

 apt-get update – Refresh updates available
 apt-get upgrade – Update all packages
 apt-get dist-upgrade – Version update
 apt-get install pkg – Installing pkg
 apt-get remove pkg – Uninstall pkg
 apt-get autoremove – Removing packages obsotletos
 apt-get -f install – Try to fix packages
 dpkg –configure -a – Try to fix a broken package
 dpkg -i pkg.deb – Install file pkg.deb
 (file) /etc/apt/sources.list – List of repositories APT

Special Packages For commands

 ubuntu-desktop – Setting the standard Ubuntu
 ubuntu-minimal – Core earnings Ubuntu
 ubuntu-standard – The standard utilities Ubuntu
 ubuntu-restricted-extras – Not free, but useful
 build-essential – Packages used to compile
 linux-image-generic – Latest generic kernel image
 linux-headers-generic – Latest headlines

Applications commands
 nautilus – File Manager (GNOME)
 dolphin – File Manager (KDE)
 konqueror – Web browser (KDE)
 kate – Text editor (KDE)
 gedit – Text editor (GNOME)

†U·U GwWUi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv

212 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
Dey›Uz‡Z evBwWdë gedit bv‡gi GKwU †U·U GwWUi BÝUj n‡q hvq| gedit n‡jv GNOME †W¯‹Uc cwi‡e‡ki
wWdë †U·U GwWUi| GwU Avcbv‡K †U·U dvBjmg~n ˆZwi I m¤úv`bvi my‡hvM †`‡e| Lye mn‡R e¨env‡ii
Dc‡hvMx K‡i GwU ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| wewfbœ ai‡bi cøvMBb hy³ K‡i G‡Z kw³kvjx wdPvimg~n AšÍf³ y© Kiv hvq|
G‡Z BDwb‡Kv‡Wi c~Y© mg_©b cvIqv hvq| wewfbœ ai‡bi j¨vs¸‡qR †hgbÑ C, C++, Java, HTML, XML, Python,
Perl Ges AviI wKQz j¨vs¸‡q‡Ri KbwdMv‡iej wmbU¨v· nvBjvBwUs myweav G‡Z i‡q‡Q| GQvov AvbWy/wiWy, wi‡gvU
†jv‡Kkb †_‡K dvBjmg~n m¤úv`bv, dvBj wifvwU©s, wcÖ›U I wcÖ›U wcÖwfD mv‡cvU©, wK¬c‡evW© mv‡cvU©
(KvU/Kwc/†c÷), mvP© I wi‡cøm, wbw`©ó jvB‡b Mgb, A‡Uv B‡Û‡›Ukb, †U·U Iqvwc©s, jvBb bv¤^vi, ivBU gvwR©b,
Kv‡i›U jvBb nvBjvBwUs, eªv‡KU g¨vwPs, dvBjmg~n e¨vKAvc, d›U I Kvjvimg~n‡K KbwdMvi BZ¨vw` myweav
i‡q‡Q|
gedit Pvjy Kivi Rb¨ c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Accessories > Text Editor wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq| dvBj
g¨v‡bRvi n‡Z Avcwb hLb GKwU †U·U WKz‡g›U‡K I‡cb Ki‡eb ZLb evBwWdë Zv gedit Gi gva¨‡g cÖ`wk©Z
n‡e|

gedit DB‡ÛvwU †hme Dc`vb¸‡jv‡K enb K‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jv t

 †gbyevi t gedit G dvBj wb‡q KvR Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj KgvÛ †gbyev‡ii †gby¸‡jv‡Z cvIqv hvq|

 Uzjevi t Uzjev‡i _vKv wewfbœ Uzj¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i Avcwb wewfbœ ai‡bi KgvÛ‡K ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 wWm‡cø Gwiqv t Avcwb †h †U·U dvBjwU‡K m¤úv`bv Ki‡Qb Zvi †U·U¸‡jv wWm‡cø Gwiqv enb K‡i|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 213
 ÷¨vUvm evi t gedit Gi eZ©gvb Kvh©µg Ges †gby AvB‡Ug¸‡jvi Kb‡U·Pzqvj Z_¨vw` ÷¨vUvmev‡i
cÖ`wk©Z nq| GQvovI GwU Kvm©i cwiRkb I GwWU †gvWI cÖ`k©b K‡i|
 mvBW c¨vb t mvBW c¨vbwU I‡cb WKz‡g›U¸‡jv GKwU ZvwjKv I Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨vw` cÖ`k©b K‡i| Z‡e GwU
wbf©i K‡i †Kvb cøvMBb BÝUj Kiv Av‡Q Zvi Dci| evBwWdë GwU cÖ`wk©Z Ae¯’vq _v‡K bv| GwU
cÖ`k©b Kiv‡Z PvB‡j †gby †_‡K View > Side Pane wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|

 eUg c¨vb t GB c¨vbwU AvDUcyU cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ †cÖvMÖvwgs Uzjmg~n Øviv e¨eüZ nq| †hgbÑ cvB_b
Kb‡mvj cøvMBb| evB wWdë eUg c¨vbwU cÖ`wk©Z Ae¯’vq _v‡K bv| GwU cÖ`k©b Kiv‡Z PvB‡j †gby †_‡K
View > Bottom Pane wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|

geditDB‡Ûv‡Z ivBU-wK¬K Ki‡j A¨vwcø‡KkbwU GKwU ccAvc †gby cÖ`k©b K‡i †hLv‡b Avcwb mvaviY wKQz †U·U
GwWwUs KgvÛ cv‡eb|

mgq I ZvwiL †mU Kiv

Dey›Uz Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gwU e¨envi Kivi mgq Avcbv‡K wm‡÷‡gi mgq I ZvwiL mwVKfv‡e †mU Ki‡Z n‡e| KviY
A‡b‡KB mgq I ZvwiL Abyhvqx wewfbœ ai‡bi wkwWDj wba©viY K‡i _v‡Kb| mwVK mgq I ZvwiL wba©viY Kiv bv
_vK‡j KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q A‡bK mgq Avcwb mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z cv‡ib| mgq I ZvwiL †mU Kiv Kivi Rb¨
wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gvW n‡Z Gevi Dey›Uzi mvaviY
†gv‡W (Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D BDwbwU‡Z) jMBb
Kiæb|
2. Dc‡ii c¨v‡b‡ji Wvb w`‡K _vKv mgq wb‡`wk©Z
U¨vewU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb; †gbywU G·cvÛ n‡j wb‡P _vKv
Date & Time Settings wbe©vPb Kiæb|
3. Date & Time UzjwU I‡cb n‡e| Gi Date & Time
U¨vewU wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq DB‡Ûvi wb‡Pi w`‡K
_vKv Set the time: n‡Z Automatically from the
Internet AckbwU evBwWdë wbe©vPb Kiv _vK‡e|
214 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
GB Ae¯’vq Iqvì© g¨vc n‡Z Avcwb †h ¯’v‡bi Rb¨ mgq wba©viY Ki‡Z Pvb †mB Ae¯’v‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
†hgbÑ GLv‡b evsjv‡`ki Dci wK¬K Kiv n‡q‡Q|

4. wK¬KK…Z As‡ki UvBg †Rv‡bi †fZi GKvwaK †`‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kni Ae¯’vb Ki‡j G mgq GKwU ZvwjKv
Avm‡e Ges †mLvb †_‡K wbw`©ó kn‡ii bvgwU wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| H AÂj ev kn‡ii ¯’vbxq mgqwU
¯^qswµqf‡e wbe©vwPZ n‡q hv‡e|

5. Avcwb g¨vbyqvwjI mgq wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ Avcbv‡K Date & Time DB‡Ûvi wb‡Pi Set the
time: n‡Z Manually AckbwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici Date I Time Gi Ni n‡Z mgq I ZvwiL
wbe©vPb K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 215

6. Clock U¨vewU wm‡j± K‡i Avcwb cÖ‡qvRbxq †ek wKQz Ackb wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib|

7. mKj KvR m¤úbœ n‡j Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Date & Time DB‡Ûv †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmyb|

Ugeq †bvUm (Tomboy Notes)

Tomboy Notes n‡jv Dey›Uz wjbv‡·i GKwU †W¯‹Uc †bvU MÖn‡Yi Uzj hv Dey›Uz wWw÷ªweDk‡bi GKwU Ask| †bvU
MÖn‡Yi fv‡jv mdUIq¨vi¸‡jvi g‡Zv G‡ZI mg¯Í wdPvi †hgbÑ †bvUmg~‡ni g‡a¨ mvwP©s, †bvUmg~‡ni B›UviwjswKs,
gvwëcj di‡gwUs ÷vBj, †¯új †PK, †bvU wcÖw›Us BZ¨vw`| mvaviY †Kv‡bv †bvU MÖn‡Yi Uz‡ji g‡a¨B GwU mxgve×
bq eis wewfbœ ai‡bi _vW©cvwU© cøvMBbmg~n hy³ K‡i GwU‡K AviI †ewk Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjv hvq| Ugeq
†bvUm UzjwU †Lvjv I G‡Z KvR Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e t
1. c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Accessories > Tomboy Notes wbe©vPb Kiæb| UzjwU Pvjy n‡e|
216 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
2. bZzb †bvU hy³ Kivi Rb¨ †gby †_‡K File > New wbe©vPb Kiæb wKsev GB DB‡Ûvi Wv‡bi c¨v‡b‡ji All
Notes Gi AvBK‡bi Dci wK¬K K‡i AvMZ †gby †_‡K New Note wbe©vPb Kiæb|

3. GLv‡b DB‡Ûvi Dc‡ii As‡ki New Note †nwWs‡q Avcbvi †bvUwUi GKwU †nvwWs cÖ`vb Kiæb| Zvici
Describe your new note here †U·UUzKz wm‡j± K‡i †mLv‡b Avcbvi bZzb †bv‡Ui †U·UUzKz UvBc ev
†c÷ Kiæb| Avcwb hw` †bv‡U †Kv‡bv I‡qe mvBU ev B‡gBj A¨v‡Wªm UvBc K‡ib Z‡e GwU ¯^qswµqfv‡e
GKwU wjsK hy³ K‡i †b‡e †hLv‡b wK¬K Ki‡j wbw`©ó I‡qe †cB‡R hvIqv hv‡e wKsev †gBj K¬v‡q‡›Ui
gva¨‡g †gBj Kiv hv‡e| Gfv‡e Avcwb GKvwaK †bvU ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
4. Avcwb Lye mn‡RB `ywU †bvU‡K GK‡Î wjsK Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GRb¨ †bvUwU wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e Ges GwU‡K
Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †bv‡Ui mv‡_ wjsK Kivi Rb¨ Link evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. Search Gi N‡i wbw`©ó wKIqvW© UvBc K‡i Avcwb †bvUmg~‡ni g‡a¨ _vKv †h‡Kv‡bv †U·U‡K Lyu‡R †ei
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
6. Gi †mwUs¸‡jv‡K Avcwb wcÖdv‡i‡Ým †_‡K Kv‡÷vgvBR Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wcÖdv‡i‡Ým e·wU †jvW Kivi
Rb¨ †gby †_‡K Edit > Preferences wbe©vPb Kiæb| Editing U¨ve †_‡K †_‡K Avcwb d›U, †¯új †PK I
nvBjvBU Gi †mwUs cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 217
7. wewfbœ Ackbmg~‡ni Rb¨ kU©KvU© wKmg~n †mU Kivi my‡hvM †`‡e HotKeys U¨vewU|
8. Synchronization Ges Add-ins U¨ve¸‡jv †_‡KI Avcwb AviI wKQz wcÖdv‡iÝ wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
9. GQvovI Avcwb †bvUmg~‡ni GKwU MÖæc hv‡K Uge‡q †bvUeyK bv‡g WvKv nq Zv ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
†bvUeyK ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ †gby †_‡K File > Notebooks > New Notebook wbe©vPb Kiæb| AvMZ WvqvjM
e‡· bZzb †bvUey‡Ki Rb¨ GKwU bvg UvBc K‡i Create evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

10. mKj KvR m¤ú‡bœi ci Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i UzjwU eÜ Kiæb|

AvK©vBf g¨v‡bRvi (Archive Manager) wb‡q KvR Kiv

AvK©vBf g¨v‡bRvi (Archive Manager) A¨vwcø‡KkbwUi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv AvK©vBf ˆZwi, †`Lv, gwWdvB ev Avbc¨vK
Kiv hvq| AvK©vBf n‡jv GKwU dvBj hv Ab¨vb¨ dvBjmg~‡ni Rb¨ GKwU Kb‡UBbv‡ii g‡Zv KvR K‡i| GKwU
AvK©vBf wewfbœ ai‡bi dvBj, †dvìvi Ges mve-†dvìvimg~n‡K we‡klZt K‡¤cÖkW d‡g© enb K‡i _v‡K| AvK©vBf
g¨v‡bRvi †h mg¯Í AvK©vBf di‡gU‡K mg_©b K‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jv t

BDwb· Ges wjbv· wm‡÷‡g me‡P‡q cwiwPZ AvK©vBf di‡gU¸‡jv n‡jv tar AvK©vBf hv gzip ev bzip2Gi mv‡_
K‡¤cÖkW nq|
218 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
AvK©vBf g¨v‡bRvi Pvjy Kiv
AvK©vBf g¨v‡bRvi Pvjyi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Accessories > Archive Manager wbe©vPb Kiæb A_ev Uvwg©bvj I‡cb K‡i
file-roller UvBc K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb| AvK©vBf g¨v‡bRvi Pvjy n‡e|

2. GB A¨vwcø‡KkbwU‡Z Avcwb †gbyevi, Uzjevi, †dvìvievi, wWm‡cø Gwiqv I †÷Uvmevi †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
AvK©vBf g¨v‡bRv‡ii DB‡Ûv‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j A¨vwcø‡KkbwU GKwU ccAvi †gby cÖ`k©b K‡i †hLv‡b AwZ
cÖ‡qvRbxq Kb‡U·Pzqvj AvK©vBf KgvÛ¸‡jv cvIqv hv‡e|

AvK©vBf dvBj †Lvjv (AvbKg‡cÖkW Kiv)

AvK©vBf g¨v‡bRv‡ii gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv AvK©vBf dvBj †Lvjvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. †gby †_‡K Archive > Open wbe©vPb Kiæb A_ev wK‡evW© †_‡K Ctrl+O wK¸‡jv GK‡Î Pvcyb wKsev Uzjevi
†_‡K Open Uz‡j wK¬K Kiæb| Open WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 219
2. †h †dvìv‡i AvK©vBf dvBj i‡q‡Q †mB †dvìv‡i wM‡q wbw`©ó dvBjwU wm‡j± Kiæb| Gici Open evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb| AvK©vBf dvB‡ji †fZ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡e Ges †dvìviwU †`L‡Z cv‡eb|

3. GB †dvìv‡i Wvej-wK¬K K‡i †fZ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡j †dvìv‡ii Af¨šÍi¯’ wewfbœ ai‡bi dvBj¸‡jv‡K
†`L‡Z cv‡eb|

4. dvBj¸‡jv‡K †`‡L †bqv †kl n‡j AvK©vBf dvBj‡K G·Uª¨v± Kivi Rb¨ †gby †_‡K Archive > Extract
wbe©vPb Kiæb A_ev Uzjev‡i _vKv Extract evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
220 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

5. Extract WvqvjM e· Avm‡j †h †dvìv‡i GwU‡K G·Uª¨v± Ki‡Z Pvb †mwU wm‡j± K‡i Extract evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb|

6. wbw`©ó †jv‡Kk‡b Avcbvi AvK©vBf dvBjwU G·Uª¨v± n‡q hv‡e| Gevi D³ †jv‡Kk‡b †M‡j Avcwb wbw`©ó
†dvìv‡ii †fZi dvBjmg~n‡K †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 221
bZzb AvK©vBf dvBj ˆZwi Kiv
AvK©vBf g¨v‡bRv‡ii gva¨‡g bZzb AvK©vBf dvBj ˆZwii Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. †gby †_‡K Archive > New wbe©vPb Kiæb A_ev wK‡evW© †_‡K Ctrl+N wK¸‡jv GK‡Î Pvcyb wKsev Uzjevi
†_‡K Create a new Archive evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| New WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|

2. †h †dvìviwUi †fZi Avcbvi AvK©vBf ˆZwii Kivi dvBj¸‡jv i‡q‡Q Places n‡Z eªvDR K‡i †mwU
wm‡j± Kiæb|
3. Gici WvqvjM e‡·i wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv File Format: Gi evg w`‡Ki w·KvYvKvi AvBK‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
GwU G·cvÛ n‡e Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi AvK©vBf dvBj di‡gU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Avcwb †h di‡g‡Ui gva¨‡g
AvK©vBf dvBj ˆZwi Ki‡Z Pvb †mwU wm‡j± Kiæb| G mgq jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`L‡eb Dc‡ii Name: wd‡ì
dvB‡ji bv‡gi cv‡k Avcbvi wm‡j± Kiv Kg‡cÖkW di‡gU hy³ n‡q hv‡e|

4. AvK©vBf dvBjwU‡K cvmIqvW© cÖ‡U‡±W Ki‡Z PvB‡j wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv Other Options: Gi evg w`‡Ki
w·KvYvKvi AvBK‡b wK¬K Kiæb| GwU G·cvÛ n‡e Ges †mLvb †_‡K GKwU cvIqvW© cÖ`vb Kiæb|
5. Gici WvqvjM e‡·i wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv Create evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| AvK©vBf dvBj ˆZwi n‡q hv‡e| wbw`©ó
†jv‡Kk‡b †M‡j AvK©vBf dvBjwU‡K †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
222 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

wW¯‹ BDwUwjwU (Disk Utility) wb‡q Av‡jvPbv

wW¯‹ BDwUwjwU n‡jv Ggb GKwU Uzj hv Avcbvi wW¯‹‡K A¨vbvjvBR K‡i Gi Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© Avcbv‡K AeMZ K‡i|
wW¯‹ †njw` wKbv †mB Z_¨ Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ †md †U÷, †eÄgvK© ev dvBj wm‡÷g †PK Kivi Kv‡RI GB UzjwU
mvnvh¨ K‡i| †gvU K_v Avcbvi wW¯‹wUi cvidi‡gÝ †Kgb Zv Avcwb wW¯‹ BDwUwjwU Uzj †_‡K †R‡b wb‡Z cv‡ib|
Gi gva¨‡g Avcwb G·Uvb©vj WªvBf I BDGmwe †cb WªvBf‡K gvD›U I AvbgvD›U, WªvBfmg~n‡K cvwU©kb I di‡gU
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Z‡e GB †ÿ‡Î Avcbv‡K mveavbx n‡Z n‡e KviY †Kv‡bv wW¯‹‡K di‡gU K‡i †dj‡j H wW‡¯‹
_vKv mKj †WUv gy‡Q hv‡e|
Pjyb Gevi Avgiv GKwU †cb WªvBf‡K AvbgvD›U I di‡gU Kiv †`wL| GRb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. KgwcDUv‡i †cb WªvBf hy³ Kiæb|
2. GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Accessories > Disk Utility wbe©vPb
Kiæb| Avi Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W (Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D BDwbwU‡Z) _vK‡j evg c¨v‡bj †_‡K W¨vk
†nv‡g wK¬K K‡i AvMZ mvP© e‡· Disk UvBc Kiæb| Disk Utility †c‡j Zv‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|

3. wW¯‹ BDwUwjwU UzjwU Pvjy n‡e| GLv‡b DB‡Ûvi evg Kjv‡g wW¯‹mg~‡ni bvg I Wvb w`‡K wm‡j±K…Z wbw`©ó
wW¯‹ m¤úwK©Z Z_¨w` cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 223

4. KgwcDUv‡i hy³ †cb WªvBfwU DB‡Ûvi wb‡Pi w`‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| †hgbÑ GLv‡b JetFlash Transcend
4GB †`Lv‡”Q| GwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|

5. Gevi DB‡Ûvi Wv‡bi wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv Unmount Volume evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
224 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

6. WªvBfwU AvbgvD›U n‡q †M‡j Format Volume evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

7. Format Partition WvqvjM e· Avm‡j Name: Gi N‡i †cb WªvB‡fi Rb¨ GKwU bvg wj‡L w`b| Gici
Dc‡ii w`‡K _vKv Type: Gi WªcWvDb AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡i cQ›`bxq di‡gU UvBc (Avcwb GLv‡b FAT,
Ext2, Ext3, Ext4, btrfs, XFS, ReiserFS, Minix, NTFS, nilfs2, Swap Space, Empty BZ¨vw` di‡gU
UvBc cv‡eb) wm‡j± K‡i w`‡q Format evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

8. Avcwb fwjDgwU‡K di‡gU Kivi e¨vcv‡i wbwðZ wKbv Rvb‡Z PvB‡e| Format evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

9. †cb WªvBfwU di‡gU n‡q hv‡e|

 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 225

wm‡÷g jM wfDqvi (System Log Viewer) e¨envi Kiv

wm‡÷g jM wfDqvi n‡jv GKwU MÖvwdK¨vj, †gby-PvwjZ wfDqvi †hwU e¨envi K‡i Avcwb Avcbvi wm‡÷g
jM¸‡jv‡K †`L‡Z I †m¸‡jv‡K gwbUi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GwU ïay H ai‡bi e¨w³‡`i Rb¨ DcKvwi hv‡`i wm‡÷g jM
dvB‡j A¨vK‡mm Kivi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| Gi Rb¨ iæU A¨vK‡mm Gi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| GB UzjwU‡Z Aí wKQz dvskb
i‡q‡Q †hwU Avcbv‡K Avcbvi jM¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi myweav †`‡e| G‡Z GKwU jM gwbUi I GKwU ÷¨vwUw÷Km
wWm‡cø AšÍf³
y© i‡q‡Q| Avcwb hw` wm‡÷g A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªk‡b bZzb n‡q _v‡Kb Z‡e wm‡÷g jM wfDqvi Avcbvi
Kv‡R jvM‡Z cv‡i| KviY jM dvBj¸‡jvi †U·U wWm‡cøi PvB‡Z GwU Avcbvi jM¸‡jvi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K GKwU
mnR, A‡bK †ewk BDRvi †d«Ûwj wWm‡cø mieivn K‡i|
Dey›Uz‡Z wm‡÷g jM wfDqvi e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv wb‡Z n‡e t
7. GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Other > Log File Viewer wbe©vPb
Kiæb| Avi Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W (Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D BDwbwU‡Z) _vK‡j evg c¨v‡bj †_‡K W¨vk †nvg
evU‡b wK¬K K‡i AvMZ mvP© e‡· Log File Viewer UvBc Kiæb| †cÖvMÖvgwU †c‡j Zv‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|
8. †cÖvMÖvgwU Lyj‡e| cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv †cÖvMÖvgwU †Lvjv n‡j w¯Œ‡b †Kv‡bv jM dvBj cÖ`wk©Z Ae¯’vq _vK‡e
bv| GB Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv jM dvBj‡K I‡cb Kivi Rb¨ †gby †_‡K File > Open wbe©vPb Kiæb|

9. Log †dvìv‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡e Ges Open Log WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| †h jM dvBjwU †`L‡Z Pvb †mwU‡Z
wm‡j± K‡i DB‡Ûvi wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv Open evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| D‡jøL¨, Avcwb wRc Kiv jM¸‡jv‡KI
I‡cb Ki‡Z cv‡ib (.gz G·‡Ubkbhy³)|
226 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
10. jM dvBjwU I‡cb n‡e| I‡cbK…Z jMwU A¨vwcø‡Kkb DB‡Ûvi evg w`‡K ZvwjKvfy³ n‡e| ZvwjKvi
†Kv‡bv jM wm‡j± Kiv n‡j A¨vwcø‡Kkb DB‡Ûvi cÖavb Gwiqv‡Z j‡Mi welqe¯‘¸‡jv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

11. Gfv‡e wewfbœ mgq Avcwb wewfbœ jM dvBj‡K I‡cb K‡i †m¸‡jvi welqe¯‘¸‡jv †`‡L wb‡Z cv‡ib|
evBwWdë wm‡÷g jM wfDqviwU I‡cb Kiv cÖwZwU jM‡K gwbUi K‡i _v‡K Ges jM dvB‡j †Kv‡bv
cwieZ©b G‡j Zv ¯^qswµqfv‡e cÖavb DB‡Ûv‡Z Avwef~Z
© nq|

jM jvBb¸‡jv‡K wK¬c‡ev‡W© Kwc Kiv

GK ev GKvwaK jM jvBb‡K wK¬c‡ev‡W© Kwc Kivi Rb¨ †gBb Gwiqv n‡Z jvBbwU ev jvBb¸‡jv‡K wm‡j± Kiæb|
Gici †gby Ackb †_‡K File > Copy wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avcwb hw` cy‡iv jMwU‡K wK¬c‡ev‡W© Kwc Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e
†gby Ackb †_‡K File >Select All wbe©vPb Kiæb Ges Zvici File > Copy wbe©vPb Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 227
mvBWevi jyKv‡bv
jM dvBj wfDqvi Gi ev‡gi mvBW eviwU hv wKbvjM wj÷ I K¨v‡jÛvi‡K aviY K‡i †mwU‡K jywK‡q †dj‡Z
PvB‡j View > Side Pane †gby Ackb wbe©vPb Kiæb|

jM Bbdi‡gkb †`Lv
jM Bbdi‡gkb¸‡jv mvaviYZ †÷Uvm ev‡i cÖ`wk©Z nq| GB eviwU DB‡Ûvi G‡Kev‡i wb‡P _v‡K| †hLv‡b jMwU‡Z
KZwU jvBb i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i msL¨v, evB‡U j‡Mi mvBR, jMwU me©‡kl K‡e gwWdvB Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi ZvwiL BZ¨vw`
cÖ`k©b K‡i| View > Statusbar Ackb e¨envi K‡i †÷Uvm eviwU‡K wWm‡cø ev wn‡Wb K‡i ivLv hvq|

jM eÜ Kiv
jMwU eÜ Kivi Rb¨ File > Close Ackb wbe©vPb Kiæb|

jM dvBj wfDqvi †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmv

jM dvBj wfDqvi †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmvi Rb¨ A_©vr †cÖvMÖvgwU‡K eÜ Kivi Rb¨ File > Quit Ackb wbe©vPb Kiæb|

†gBb †gby (Main Menu) e¨envi Kiv

GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vKv Ae¯’vq Avcwb †Lqvj K‡i _vK‡eb †h Dey›Uzi cÖavb †gby‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi
K¨vUvMwi‡Z mve-†gby AvKv‡i †cÖvMÖvg I Uzj¸‡jv web¨v¯Í _v‡K| wewfbœ K¨vUvMwii AvIZvq Avcvwb bZzb bZzb
†cÖvMÖvg I Uzj hy³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Avevi †Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖvg I Uzj‡K †gby †_‡K ev` w`‡q w`‡Z cv‡ib| A_©vr Avcbvi
cÖ‡qvRb Abyqvqx Avcwb Dey›Uzi cÖavb †gbywU‡K ¸wQ‡q ivL‡Z cv‡ib| Dey›Uz‡Z GB KvRwU Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi
c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vKv Ae¯’vq Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Other > Main Menu
wbe©vPb Kiæb|
2. Main Menu †cÖvMÖvg
DB‡Ûv Lyj‡e| GLv‡b
Avcwb Application †gbyi
Aax‡b _vKv wewfbœ
K¨vUvMwii ZvwjKv †`L‡Z
cv‡eb|
3. cÖwZwU K¨vUvMwi wm‡j±
Ki‡j Zvi Aax‡b _vKv
†cÖvMÖvg AvB‡Ug¸‡jvi
ZvwjKv Wv‡b cÖ`wk©Z
n‡e| GLv‡b †h mg¯Í
AvB‡U‡gi evg cv‡ki
†PK e·wU †PK Kiv (wUK
gvK© †`qv) †`L‡Z cv‡eb
†Kej †m mg¯Í AvB‡UgB
D³ K¨vUvMwii Aax‡b
228 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
†gby‡Z cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| aiæb, Avcwb Accessories K¨vUvMwiwU wm‡j± K‡i‡Qb| Zvn‡j GB K¨vUvMwii
Aax‡b †gby‡Z †hme AvB‡Ug‡K Avcwb †`L‡Z cv‡eb †m¸‡jvi †PK e· †PK Kiv Ae¯’vq cv‡eb| GLb
Avcwb Pv‡”Qb GLv‡b bZzb †Kv‡bv AvB‡Ug hy³ Ki‡Z| aiv hvK, Backup AvB‡UgwU‡K Avgiv g~j
†gby‡Z wb‡q Avm‡Z Pvw”Q| GRb¨ Item Kjvg n‡Z Backup Gi †PK e·wU †PK K‡i w`b (wUK wPý w`‡q
w`b)|

4. AvB‡UgwU wm‡j± Kivi ci BbA¨vKwUf evUb¸‡jv A¨vKwUf n‡q DV‡e| New Separator, Move Up,
Move Down, Properties, Delete evUb¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i Avcwb AvB‡Ug‡K wewfbœfv‡e ¸iæZ¡vbyhvqx
web¨¯Í Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Avevi PvB‡j AvB‡Ug‡K gy‡QI w`‡Z cv‡ib| †h‡nZz GLb Avgiv †gby‡Z bZzb
AvB‡Ug hy³ KiwQ †m‡nZz Delete evU‡bi e¨envi GLb n‡e bv| Gici Close evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 229
5. Backup †cÖvMÖvg AvB‡UgwU Accessories K¨vUvMwi‡Z hy³ n‡q hv‡e| †gBb †gby‡Z †M‡j Avcwb
Accessories K¨vUvMwii Aax‡b Backup AvBKbwU‡K †`L‡Z cv‡eb|

†gby AvB‡Ug hy³ Kivi Av‡M †gby AvB‡Ug hy³ Kivi c‡i
6. GB Dcv‡q Avcwb bZzb †gby, †gby AvB‡Ug BZ¨vw` hy³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv †gby AvB‡Ug‡K
Dc‡i ev wb‡P web¨¯Í Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Avevi †Kv‡bv †gby AvB‡U‡gi †PK gvK© DwV‡q w`‡q †mwU‡K †gby
†_‡K AcmviY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

cvmIqvW© GÛ wKÕm (Password and Keys) wb‡q Av‡jvPbv

Dey›Uzi cvmIqvW© GÛ wKÕm (Password and Keys) Gi gva¨‡g Avcwb PGP I SSH wKmg~n ˆZwi I wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb, PGP I SSH wKmg~n‡K G·‡cvU© I Bg‡cvU© Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges m‡e©vcwi Avcbvi wK¸‡jv‡K Ab¨‡`i
mv‡_ †kqviI Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Dey›Uz‡Z cvmIqvW© GÛ wKÕm Pvjy Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Other > Password and Keys
wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avi Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W (Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D BDwbwU‡Z) _vK‡j evg c¨v‡bj †_‡K
W¨vk †nvg evU‡b wK¬K K‡i AvMZ mvP© e‡· Password and Keys UvBc Kiæb| †cÖvMÖvgwU †c‡j Zv‡Z wK¬K
Kiæb|
2. Password and Keys †cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjy n‡e|
230 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
3. GB †cÖvMÖvgwU †hme Dcv`b¸‡jv wb‡q MwVZ †m¸‡jv n‡jvÑ †gbyevi, Uzjevi, wKÕm GÛ cvmIqvW© U¨vem
Ges dv÷© UvBg AckÝ| Password and Keys †cÖvMÖv‡g KvR Kivi mKj KgvÛ¸‡jv Avcwb †gbyev‡i
_vKv †gby¸‡jv‡Z cv‡eb| AwaK e¨eüZ mvaviY KgvÛ¸‡jv `ªæZ A¨vK‡mm Ki‡Z Uzjev‡ii Uzj¸‡jv‡K
e¨envi Kiv hvq| Password and Keys U¨ve¸‡jv wK-wis G _vKv Password and Keys A¨vK‡m‡mi
my‡hvM †`‡e| Avi dv÷© UvBg AckÝ n‡Z Avcwb †ní wm‡÷g eªvDR Ki‡Z wK-wis G wKmg~n‡K Bg‡cvU©
Ki‡Z I bZzb wK ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

OpenPGP wK ˆZwi Kiv

OpenPGP n‡jv GKwU bb-†cÖvcÖvB‡qUvwi cÖ‡UvKj †hwU PGP wfwËK cvewjK wK wµ‡ÞvMÖvwd e¨envi K‡i B‡gBj
GbwµÞ Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| GwU cvewjK wKmg~n wewbg‡q Gbwµ‡ÞW †g‡mR, wmM‡bPvi, cÖvB‡fU wK Ges
mvwU©wd‡KU Gi Rb¨ ÷¨vÛvW© di‡gU¸‡jv‡K wba©viY K‡i| cvewjK wK wµ‡ÞvMÖvwd n‡jv GKwU aviYv †hLv‡b GKwU
cvewjK wK Ges GKwU cÖvB‡fU wK e¨env‡ii welqwU RwoZ _v‡K| cvewjK wK (Public key) n‡jv †mB wK †hwU
Avcwb hvi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z Pvb Zv‡K cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Avi cÖvB‡fU wK (Private key) n‡jv GKvšÍ e¨w³MZ
wK †hwU †Mvc‡b msiÿY Ki‡Z nq|
OpenPGP ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. †gby †_‡K File > New wbe©vPb Kiæb|
2. PGP key wm‡j± Kiæb Ges Continue †Z wK¬K Kiæb|

3. Avcbvi c~Y© bvg (first - last), B‡gBj A¨v‡Wªm Ges evowZ Z_¨ _vK‡j †m¸‡jv cÖ`vb Kiæb| wK-wUi Rb¨
Avcwb Advanced key options wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| GB As‡k Avcwb Encryption Type:, Key
Strength (bits): Ges Expiration Date: Ackb¸‡jv cv‡eb|
4. Avcwb Kx ai‡bi Gbwµckb Pvb Zv Encryption Type: †_‡K wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| Wªc WvDb evU‡b
wK¬K K‡i DSA Elgamal, DSA (sign only) Ges RSA (sign only) GB wZbwU Ack‡bi †h‡Kv‡bvwU
wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e DSA Elgamal UvBcwU wbe©vPb Ki‡j Zv Avcbv‡K cÖ‡qvRbvbyhvqx GbwµÞ,
wWwµÞ, mvBb I †fwidvB Ki‡Z †`‡e| evwK DSA (sign only) Ges RSA (sign only) UvBc¸‡jv
wbe©vPb Ki‡j Zv Avcbv‡K †Kej mvBwbs‡qi my‡hvM †`‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 231
5. Key Strength (bits): Gi wd‡ì wK Gi †jš’ bits G wbe©vPb K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| wK hZ eo n‡e GwU ZZ
†ewk myiwÿZ n‡e| MÖnY‡hvM¨ f¨vjy n‡jv 1024 - 4096 bits Gi g‡a¨| Z‡e b~¨bZg 2048 bits wbe©vP‡bi
civkg© †`qv nq|
6. Expiration Date: AckbwUi Wvb cv‡k evBwWdë Never Expires †K wbe©vwPZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Gi d‡j
†gqv` KLbI †kl n‡e bv| Avi hw` †gqv` wba©viY Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e Never Expires Gi †PK gvK©wU
DwV‡q w`b| Zvici G·cvq‡ikb †WU I UvBg wba©viY Kiæb|
7. bZzb wK †cqvi ˆZwii Rb¨ Create G wK¬K Kiæb|

8. Passphrase for New PGP Key WvqvjM Avm‡e| bZzb wK Gi Rb¨ Passphrase wU `yBevi UvBc K‡i OK
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

9. wK †Rbv‡iU nIqv ïiæ n‡e Ges wKQz mgq ci wK ˆZwi n‡q hv‡e|

Dey›Uz‡Z n¨vs n‡q hvIqv †cÖvMÖvg eÜ Kiv

†cÖvMÖv‡g KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q Zv n¨vs n‡q †M‡QÑ Giƒc mgm¨vq Avgiv cÖvqB c‡o _vwK| hw` †Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖv‡g evM ev
AbvKvw•ÿZ †Kv‡bv ÎæwU _v‡K ev †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y †ek wKQz cÖ‡m‡mi wi‡mvm© g¨v‡bR‡g‡›U RwUjZv †`Lv †`q
(†WWjK RvZxq mgm¨v) Z‡e †cÖvMÖvgwU n¨vs Ki‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc †ÿ‡Î †cÖvMÖvgwU‡K eÜ Kivi †Póv Ki‡j A‡bK
mgq †cÖvMÖvg eÜ nq bv| G ai‡bi mgm¨v †_‡K iÿv †c‡Z wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vKv Ae¯’vq Alt wK †P‡c a‡i †i‡L Dc‡ii c¨v‡b‡j ivBU wK¬K Kiæb| AvMZ
ccAvc †gby †_‡K Add to Panel wbe©vPb Kiæb|
232 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

2. Add to Panel WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLvb †_‡K Force Quit wbe©vPb K‡i Add evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

3. c¨v‡b‡ji Uv¯‹ ev‡i Force Quit Gi kU©KvU P‡j Avm‡e|

4. Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i WvqvjM e·wU eÜ Kiæb|

5. Gici hLbB †Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖvg n¨vs n‡e ZLbB H kU©Kv‡Ui Dci wK¬K K‡i cwiewZ©Z Kvm©i w`‡q
†cÖvMÖvgwUi Dci wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j n¨vs n‡q hvIqv †cÖvMÖvgwU eÜ n‡q hv‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 233

Aa¨vq t 11
MÖvwd· wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
iO Avi Zzwji mv‡_ mªóvi m„RbkxjZv GKvKvi n‡q dz‡U I‡V Zuvi AuvKv wkíK‡g©i gva¨‡g| eZ©gv‡b wWwRUvj
cÖhyw³i hy‡M wkíxi iO Avi Zzwj‡K AviI kw³kvjx Ki‡Z KgwcDUv‡i wb‡q Avmv n‡q‡Q| G‡KB wWwRUvj MÖvwd·
ejv nq| KgwcDUv‡i †Kv‡bv MÖvwd· wPÎ AuvKvi e¨vcv‡i cv_©K¨ ïay K¨vbfv‡mi cÖK…wZ‡Z| K¨vbfvmwU wWwRUvj|
mvaviY K_vq MÖvwd· ej‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi Z_¨, Qwe ev Ab¨vb¨ welqmg~‡ni wfRy¨qvj Dc¯’vcbv‡K eySv‡bv nq|
KgwcDUv‡ii wewfbœ mdUIq¨vi c¨v‡KR ev A¨vwcø‡Kkb e¨envi K‡i GB ai‡bi wfRy¨qvj Dc¯’vcbv‡K KgwcDUvi
MÖvwd· ejv n‡q _v‡K| KgwcDUvi wbf©i GB mKj wWwRUvj MÖvwd· ˆZwi, m¤úv`bv I e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ eZ©gv‡b
†QvU-eo AL¨vZ ev weL¨vZ wewfbœ ai‡bi MÖvwd· mdUIq¨vi i‡q‡Q| wewfbœ ai‡bi wPÎ, bKkv, KviæKvR ev
wWRvBb, †jLv ev UvBc cÖf„wZ GB mdUIq¨vi c¨v‡KR¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ ˆZwi Kiv hvq| GB ai‡bi MÖvwd· ˆZwii
mdUIq¨vi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ I RbwcÖq K‡qKwU mdUIq¨vi n‡jvÑ G‡Wvwe d‡Uvkc, G‡Wvwe Bjv‡÷ªUi,
†Kv‡ij Wª, †KvqvK© G·‡cÖm, nvfvW© MÖvwd·, A‡UvK¨vW BZ¨vw`| Z‡e G‡`i me¸‡jvB DB‡ÛvR wKsev g¨vK IGm
G· Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ev G‡`i DfqwUi Rb¨B ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| Dey›Uzi Rb¨ G‡`i †Kv‡bv fvm©b †bB| Dey›Uz GKwU
gy³ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g nIqvq Gi mdUIq¨vi¸‡jvI webvg~‡j¨ cvIqv hvq| Kv‡RB evwYwR¨K mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv
Dey›Uz‡Z Avcwb Avkv Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| Gw`K w`‡q Dey›Uz wjbv‡·i e¨enviKvixiv DB‡ÛvR wKsev g¨v‡Ki PvB‡Z
†ek wcwQ‡q i‡q‡Q| ZvB e‡j Dey›Uz wjbv‡· †h G‡Kev‡i MÖvwd‡·i KvR Kiv hvq bv Zv bq eis GB cø¨vUd‡g©i
Rb¨I i‡q‡Q †ek wKQz iv÷vi I †f±i MÖvwd· mdUIq¨vi †h¸‡jvi gva¨‡g Avcwb Qwe m¤úv`bv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
wWRvB‡bi KvRI Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

MÖvwd‡·i cÖKvi‡f`
cÖK…wZMZ w`K †_‡K MÖvwd·‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| h_v t
1. w¯’i MÖvwd· †hgbÑ †Kv‡bv d‡UvMÖvd ev wWwRUvj B‡gR
2. Pjgvb MÖvwd· hv A¨vwb‡gkb ev wfwWI bv‡g cwiwPZ; †hgbÑ KgwcDUv‡i ˆZwi †Kv‡bv A¨vwb‡gkb gywf
wK¬c|
KgwcDUv‡i †h mg¯Í MÖvwd· e¨envi Kiv nq MVbMZ w`K †_‡K Zv‡`i `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v t
1. iv÷vi ev weUg¨vc B‡gR
2. †f±i B‡gR

iv÷vi MÖvwd·
ÿz`ª ÿz`ª wc‡·‡ji Øviv ˆZwi B‡gR‡K weUg¨vc B‡gR ejv n‡q _v‡K| GwU iv÷vi B‡gR bv‡gI cwiwPZ| GB
B‡g‡Ri cÖwZwU wc‡·j wbw`©ó Ae¯’vb Ges Kvjvi f¨vjy wbw`©ó K‡i _v‡K| †Kv‡bv weUg¨vc B‡gR‡K GwWU Kivi
mgq Avm‡j Gi wc‡·j‡K GwWU Kiv n‡q _v‡K| weUg¨vc B‡gR me©`v †iRy¨‡jkb wbf©i Ges Gi B‡gR †WUv
ˆZwi nq wc‡·j Øviv| GB Kvi‡YB weUg¨vc B‡gR Kg †iRy¨‡jk‡b wcÖ›U Ki‡j ev KgwcDUvi c`©vq eo K‡i
†`L‡j B‡gRwU Gi mwVK ev Avmj iƒc nvwi‡q †d‡j Ges c`©vq ev wcÖ‡›U G‡K Agm„Y †`Lvq| mvaviYZ d‡UvMÖvwd
ev iwOb wPÎv¼‡bi g‡Zv B‡g‡Ri †ÿ‡Î weUg¨vc B‡gR me©vwaK e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| weUg¨vc B‡gR ev MÖvwd· ˆZwi
I GwWwUs‡qi †miv mdUIq¨viwU n‡”Q d‡Uvkc hv Dey›Uz‡Z cvIqv hvq bv| Dey›Uzi Rb¨ G ai‡bi RbwcÖq I eûj
234 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
e¨eüZ GKwU mdUIq¨vi n‡jv wM¤ú B‡gR GwWUi (GIMP Image Editor), wc›Uv B‡gR GwWUi (Pinta Image
Editor) BZ¨vw`|

iv÷vi MÖvwd·

†f±i MÖvwd·
MvwYwZK I R¨vwgwZK we›`y, †iLv, eµ‡iLv Z_v †f±i c×wZ‡Z ˆZwi MÖvwd·‡K †f±i MÖvwd· ejv n‡q _v‡K|
†f±i MÖvwd‡·i mvBR ev iO cwieZ©b GgbwK G‡K ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡jI Gi gv‡bi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b nq bv| Gi KviY
†f±i MÖvwd· R¨vwgwZK c×wZ Abymv‡i ewY©Z n‡q _v‡K| †f±i MÖvwd‡·i †iRy¨‡jkb me©`v GKB Ae¯’vq _v‡K| G
Kvi‡Y G‡K †h‡Kv‡bv mvB‡R cwieZ©b Kiv hvq Ges †h‡Kv‡bv AvDUcyU wWfvB‡m cwi®‹vifv‡eI Gi mwVK gvb
Aÿzbœ †i‡L Abvqv‡m wcÖ›U Kiv hvq| †f±i MÖvwd‡·i gvb m‡e©vrK…ó n‡jI Gi mvBR me©`v †QvU _‡K| Gi KviY
†f±i MÖvwd· msiÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î KgwcDUvi Gi cÖwZwU we‡Ui Ae¯’vb I i‡Oi gvb‡K aviY Kievi cwie‡Z© Qwei
cÖwZwU †iLv ev e„‡Ëi MvwYwZK m~‡Î aviY K‡i| †f±i B‡g‡R KvR Kivi mgq Gi wc‡·j‡K GwWU Kivi cwie‡Z©
Ae‡R± ev †kBc‡K GwWU Kiv nq| weL¨vZ †f±i MÖvwd· mdUIq¨vi n‡jv G‡Wvwe Bjv‡÷ªi| Z‡e Dey›Uzi Rb¨
GiI †Kv‡bv fvm©b †bB| Dey›Uz‡Z GB Kv‡R e¨eüZ RbwcÖq mdUIq¨vi n‡jv Inkscape Vector Graphics Editor,
Cenon, Tgif, Xara Xtreme BZ¨vw`|

†f±i MÖvwd·
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 235

GIMP mdUIq¨vi e¨envi K‡i Dey›Uz‡Z Qwe m¤úv`bv

DB‡ÛvR wKsev g¨vK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g Qwe m¤úv`bvi Kv‡R AZ¨šÍ RbwcÖq GKwU mdUIq¨vi n‡jv G‡Wwe
d‡Uvkc| Dey›Uz wjbv‡· GB d‡Uvk‡ciB weKí GKwU mdUIq¨vi n‡jv wM¤ú B‡gR GwWUi (GIMP Image
Editor)| d‡Uvk‡ci g‡Zv AZ DbœZ bv n‡jI G‡Z †gvUvgywU fv‡jv gv‡bi KvR
Kiv hvq| wM¤ú GKwU I‡cb †mvm© wfwËK Qwe m¤úv`bvi mdUIq¨vi| weëBb
Ack‡bi mv‡_ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq cøvMBbmg~n WvDb‡jvW K‡i
wM¤ú‡K AviI †ewk Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjv hvq| GB Aa¨v‡q Avgiv wM¤ú
m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK wKQz aviYv jvf Ki‡ev (KviY wM¤ú wb‡RB GKwU gvSvwi gv‡bi
mdUIq¨vi| GwU wb‡qB Avjv`v GKwU eB cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e| Avi m½Z Kvi‡YB
GwU wb‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv GB eB‡q m¤¢e bq)|
Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i wM¤ú mdUIq¨viwU BÝUj Kiv bv _vK‡j B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_ mshy³ _vKv Ae¯’vq GNOME
K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W Ae¯’vb Ki‡j Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Ubuntu Software Center wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avi
hw` Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W (Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D BDwbwU‡Z) _v‡Kb Z‡e evg c¨v‡bj †_‡K Ubuntu Software
Center G wK¬K Kiæb| Ubuntu Software Center DB‡ÛvwU Lyj‡e| Gi mvP© e‡· gimp UvBc Kiæb| GIMP Image
Editor P‡j Avm‡e| GwU wm‡j± K‡i Install evU‡b wK¬K K‡i mdUIq¨viwU BÝUj K‡i wbb|

GIMP Image Editor Pvjy Kiv

GIMP Image Editor Pvjy Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Graphics > GIMP Image Editor
wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avi Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W (Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D BDwbwU‡Z) _vK‡j evg c¨v‡bj †_‡K
W¨vk †nvg evU‡b wK¬K K‡i AvMZ mvP© e‡· gimp UvBc Kiæb| GIMP Image Editor †c‡j Zv‡Z wK¬K
Kiæb|
2. wM¤ú †cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjy n‡e| †cÖvMÖvgwU‡Z cÖv_wgKfv‡e wZbwU DB‡Ûv †`L‡Z cv‡eb| G¸‡jv n‡jv Toolbox
DB‡Ûv, Layer, Channels DB‡Ûv Ges Image DB‡Ûv| wR¤ú G KvR Kivi g~j DB‡ÛvwU n‡jv Image
DB‡Ûv| GLv‡b KvR Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxq IqvK©‡¯úm Ges †gbymg~n cv‡eb| Gme †gby †_‡K Avcwb wewfbœ
dvskbmg~‡n cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Toolbox DB‡Ûv †_‡K wewfbœ Uzj e¨envi K‡i Avcbv‡K KvR Ki‡Z
n‡e| GQvov †jqvi e¨e¯’vcbv, P¨v‡bj wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw` Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Layer, Channels DB‡Ûv n‡Z|
236 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

3. B‡gR DB‡Ûv‡Z ïiæ‡Z Avcwb †Kv‡bv IqvwK©s‡¯úm cv‡eb bv| bZzb †Kv‡bv dvBj Lyj‡Z ev †Kv‡bv
B‡gR‡K Wª¨vM K‡i GLv‡b G‡b †Q‡o w`‡j IqvK©‡¯úmwU Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx n‡e| bZzb dvBj †Lvjvi Rb¨
Image DB‡Ûv n‡Z File > New wbe©vPb Kiæb wKsev Ctrl+N wKØq GK‡Î Pvcyb|
4. Create a New Image WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLvb †_‡K
bZzb B‡g‡Ri Rb¨ GKwU mvBR wba©viY Kiæb| Avcwb
wc‡·j, BwÂ, wgwjwgUvi, c‡q›U, wcKvm BZ¨vw`mn
AviI wewfbœ gv‡ci mvBR wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
Advanced Options Gi w·KvYvKvi wPýwU‡Z wK¬K
Ki‡j GwU G·cvÛ n‡q AviI wKQz Ackb cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
†mLvb †_‡K Avcwb X †iRy¨‡jkb, Y †iRy¨‡jkb,
Kvjvi †¯úm (RGB/Grayscale), e¨vKMÖvDÛ Kvjvi
cÖf„wZ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| me †k‡l OK evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb|
5. wM¤ú Gi IqvwK©s †¯úm ˆZwi n‡e †hLv‡b Avcwb Qwe
wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 237

6. Gici Avcwb Uzje· †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Uzj e¨envi K‡i GLv‡b Qwe AuvKv wKsev †Kv‡bv Qwe‡K I‡cb K‡i
†mwU‡Z m¤úv`bvi KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Uzje· (Toolbox) cwiwPwZ

wM¤ú Gi Toolbox DB‡ÛvwU‡K †U‡b Avcwb †QvU-eo K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib Ges Avcbvi ¯^v”Q›`¨ Abyhvqx wewfbœ
Uzj¸‡jv e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GLv‡b †hme Uzj i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i Ackb¸‡jv Avcwb Image DB‡Ûvi Tools †gby‡ZI
cv‡eb|
238 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

cÖwZwU Uz‡j wK¬K Ki‡j Uzje‡·i wb‡Pi w`‡K H Uzj m¤^wjZ wKQz Ackb cÖ`wk©Z nq †h¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i Avcwb
Uzj¸‡jv‡K AviI ¯^v”Q‡›`¨i mv‡_ wewfbœ ai‡bi B‡gR ˆZwi I m¤úv`bvi Kv‡R e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
Rectangle Select Tool t
GB Uz‡ji gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv PZz©fyR GjvKv‡K (wiwRqb) wm‡j± Kiv nq| UzjwU wm‡j± K‡i Image DB‡Ûv‡Z
B‡”Qg‡Zv PZzfyR© wm‡j± Kiv hvq Ges D³ †kBc¸‡jv‡K wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv Kvjvi Øviv wdj Kivmn Ab¨vb¨ KvR Kiv
hvq| †i‡±½j UzjwU wm‡j± Ki‡j Uzje‡·i wb‡Pi w`‡K GB Uzj m¤úwK©Z wKQz Ackb cÖ`wk©Z nq| GB Ae¯’vq
Shift I Ctrl wK e¨envi K‡i wm‡jKkb‡K gwWdvB Kiv hvq| wm‡jKk‡bi Rb¨ gvDm wK¬K Kivi Av‡M Shift wK
†P‡c a‡i ivL‡j Zv A¨vwWkbvj †gvW wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e Avi Ctrl wK †P‡c a‡i ivL‡j mveUª¨vKkb †gvW wn‡m‡e
KvR Ki‡e| Uzje‡·i wb‡Pi Mode As‡k †i‡±½j Uz‡ji dvskb¸‡jvi Rb¨ Avcwb PviwU AvBKb †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 239
Ellipse Select Tool t
GB Uz‡ji gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv †MvjvKvi GjvKv‡K (wiwRqb) wm‡j± Kiv nq| UzjwU wm‡j± K‡i Image DB‡Ûv‡Z
B‡”Qg‡Zv †MvjvKvi, eZz©jvKvi †kBc wm‡j± Kiv hvq Ges D³ †kBc¸‡jv‡K wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv Kvjvi Øviv wdj
Kivmn Ab¨vb¨ KvR Kiv hvq| †i‡±½j Uz‡ji g‡Zv Bwjcm wm‡j± UzjwU wbe©vPb Ki‡jI Uzje‡·i wb‡Pi w`‡K GB
Uzj m¤úwK©Z wKQz Ackb cÖ`wk©Z nq| GB Ae¯’vq Shift I Ctrl wK e¨envi K‡i wm‡jKkb‡K gwWdvB Kiv hvq|
wm‡jKk‡bi Rb¨ gvDm wK¬K Kivi Av‡M Shift wK †P‡c a‡i ivL‡j Zv A¨vwWkbvj †gvW wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e Avi
Ctrl wK †P‡c a‡i ivL‡j mveUª¨vKkb †gvW wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e| Uzje‡·i wb‡Pi Mode As‡k Bwjcm Uz‡ji
dvskb¸‡jvi Rb¨ Avcwb PviwU AvBKb †`L‡Z cv‡eb| G¸‡jv wm‡j± K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi †kBc ˆZwi Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|

Free Select Tool t

GB UzjwU d‡Uvk‡ci j¨v‡mv Uz‡ji Abyiƒc| Gi gva¨‡g †h‡Kv‡bv Qwei wbw`©ó Ask‡K AwZ `ªæZ wbe©vPb K‡i †mwU
Qwei Ab¨ Ask †_‡K Avjv`v Kiv hvq, Gi Pvicv‡ki Ask¸‡jv‡K ev` †`qv hvq| †hgbÑ GKwU cvwL e‡m Av‡Q
Ggb GKwU Qwe wb‡q Avcwb KvR Ki‡Qb| wd« wm‡j± UzjwU e¨envi K‡i Avcwb cy‡iv Qwe †_‡K ïay cvwLwU‡K
Avjv`vfv‡e wm‡j± Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges cieZ©x‡Z GwU‡K KvU/Kwc K‡i †c÷ Ki‡Z ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb| mnR K_vq Avcwb GKwU Qwe †_‡K Zvi wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv Ask‡K GB Uz‡ji gva¨‡g wm‡j± Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
240 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
Fuzzy Select Tool t
hviv d‡Uvk‡c KvR K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i wbðqB g¨vwRK IqvÛ UzjwUi (Magic Wand Tool) K_v g‡b Av‡Q| wM¤ú
mdUIq¨viwU‡Z Avcbvi †mB g¨vwRK IqvÛ UzjwU dvwR wm‡j± Uzj bv‡g cv‡eb| GB UzjwU i‡Oi Dci wfwË K‡i
wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv GjvKv‡K wm‡j± K‡i| wm‡j±K…Z AskwU‡K cieZ©x‡Z wWwjU Kiv hvq ev D³ As‡k cieZ©x‡Z Ab¨
†h‡Kv‡bv KvR Kiv hvq| †Kv‡bv Ae‡R‡±i Pvwiw`‡K mwjW Kvjv‡ii †Kv‡bv e¨vKMÖvDÛ _vK‡j GB Uz‡ji gva¨‡g
†mB Ae‡R‡±i evB‡ii Ask‡K Lye mn‡RB wm‡j± K‡i †mwU †d‡j †`qv hvq|

Select by Color Tool t

GB UzjwUi e¨envi A‡bKUv Fuzzy Select Tool Gi g‡ZvB| Z‡e g~j cv_©K¨ n‡jv Fuzzy Select Tool wU
Kw›UwRDqvm wiwRqb wm‡j± K‡i Ges ïiæi c‡q›U †_‡K wm‡j±K…Z wiwRI‡bi g‡a¨ mvaviYZ eo †Kv‡bv k~b¨¯’vb
_v‡K bv| Z‡e Select by Color Tool wU †Kv‡bv B‡g‡Ri †h ¯’v‡b wm‡j± Kiv nq †mB ¯’v‡b wc‡·‡ji KvjviwU‡K
we‡ePbvq wb‡q cy‡iv B‡g‡R H Kvjv‡ii hZ Ask cv‡e Zv‡`i me¸‡jv‡K GKmv‡_ wm‡j± Ki‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 241
Scissors Select Tool t
GwU wM¤ú Gi PgrKvi GKwU Uzj| Gi gva¨‡g B‡›Uwj‡R›U
GR-wdwUs e¨envi K‡i †kBcmg~n‡K wm‡j± Kiv hvq| GwU
d‡Uvk‡ci g¨vM‡bwUK j¨v‡mv Uz‡ji g‡Zv| UzjwUi mvnv‡h¨
†Kv‡bv Ae‡R‡±i †h‡Kv‡bv `yB c‡q›U wm‡j± Ki‡j GwU
AZ¨šÍ eyw×gËvi mv‡_ D³ Ae‡R‡±i AuvKveuvKv Askmn
†kBcwU‡K wm‡j± K‡i †bq| d‡j Lye mn‡RB †kBc wm‡j±
Kiv hvq|

Foreground Select Tool t

GB UzjwU Gwiqvmg~n‡K †dviMÖvDÛ ev e¨vKMÖvDÛ wn‡m‡e
wPwýZ Kivi Ges wm‡jKkbwU‡K ¯^qswµqfv‡e widvBb Kivi
my‡hvM †`q| UzjwU A¨vKwUf †jqvi ev wm‡jKkb n‡Z †dviMÖvDÛ‡K G·Uª¨v· Kivi my‡hvM w`‡q _v‡K| †h
†dviMÖvDÛ‡K Avcwb G·Uª¨v± Ki‡Z Pvb †mwU‡K GB Uz‡ji gva¨‡g ivdwj wm‡j± Ki‡Z nq| G mgq gvDm
c‡q›UviwU j¨v‡mv AvBK‡bi g‡Zv nq Ges GwU dvwR wm‡j± Uz‡ji g‡Zv KvR K‡i| e¨vKMÖvDÛ †_‡K hZUv m¤¢e
Ask wm‡j± K‡i wb‡Z nq| Gici gvD‡mi evUb †Q‡o w`‡j B‡g‡Ri bb-wm‡j‡±W AskwU GKwU WvK©-eøy gv¯‹ Øviv
Av”Qvw`Z nq| G mgq gvDm c‡q›UviwU †cB›Ueªvk AvBK‡bi AvKvi aviY K‡i| wbe©vwPZ †dviMÖvD‡Û Gevi GKwU
Pjgvb jvBb AuvK‡Z nq| hZUv m¤¢e wewfbœ Kvjv‡ii Dci w`‡q GB jvBb †U‡b Avb‡Z nq| KviY Kvjvi¸‡jv
G·Uª¨vKk‡bi Rb¨ msiwÿZ n‡q _v‡K| Gici gvD‡mi evU‡bi Pvc †Q‡o w`‡j mKj bb-wm‡j‡±W Gwiqv¸‡jv
AÜKvi n‡q hvq| Zvici G›Uvi Pvc‡Z nq hvi gva¨‡g Avcwb cv‡eb Kvw•ÿZ wm‡jKkb| KvRwU‡Z cvi‡dKkb
Avb‡Z Avcbv‡K GKvwaK GB UzjwU e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i|

Paths Tool t
GB Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ cv_mg~n ˆZwi I m¤úv`bvi KvR Kiv nq| d‡Uvk‡c †hfv‡e wewfbœ cv_ ˆZwi Kiv hvq wVK
†mfv‡eB wM‡¤ú cv_ Uz‡ji gva¨‡g cv_mg~n‡K ˆZwi I m¤úv`bv Kiv hvq| UzjwU wm‡j± Ki‡j Uzje‡·i wb‡Pi
w`‡K cv‡_i Rb¨ wZbwU GwWU †gvW cÖ`wk©Z nq| G¸‡jv n‡jvÑ wWRvBb, GwWU I gyf| cv_ wWRvBb Kivi ci
Uzje‡·i wbP †_‡K Selection From Path evUbwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j cv_wU wm‡j± n‡q hvq|

Color Picker Tool t

GB UzjwU B‡gR wc‡·j †_‡K Kvjvi †mU Ki‡Z cv‡i| UzjwU wm‡j± K‡i B‡g‡Ri †h‡Kv‡bv Kvjv‡ii Dci gvDm
c‡q›Uvi Øviv wK¬K Ki‡j †mB KvjviwU wm‡j± n‡q hvq| cieZ©x‡Z H Kvjvi w`‡q Avcwb B‡gR m¤úv`bvi wewfbœ
ai‡bi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
242 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
Zoom Tool t
IqvK©‡¯ú‡m _vKv B‡gR‡K Ryg Bb ev Ryg AvDU K‡i cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ Ryg UzjwU e¨eüZ nq| GB UzjwU wm‡j± Ki‡j
Uzje‡·i wbP †_‡K Ryg Bb I Ryg AvDU Ackb wm‡j± Kiv hvq| ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq Ryg Bb AckbwU wm‡j± _v‡K
Ges GB Ae¯’vq gvDm c‡q›UviwU‡Z g¨vMwbdvBs Møv‡mi mv‡_ GKwU cøvm (+) wPý cÖ`wk©Z nq hv †`‡L Avcwb
eyS‡Z cvi‡eb †h GwU Ryg Bb Ae¯’vq Av‡Q| GLb B‡g‡Ri Dci wK¬K Ki‡j †mwU AviI eo n‡q cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
Avcwb hw` Ryg AvDU AckbwU wm‡j± K‡bi Zvn‡j gvDm c‡q›UviwU‡Z g¨vMwbdvBwqs Møv‡mi mv‡_ GKwU gvBbvm
wPý (-) cÖ`wk©Z n‡e hv †`‡L Avcwb eyS‡eb †h GB Ryg AvDU Ae¯’vq Av‡Q| GB Ae¯’vq gvDm c‡q›Uvi‡K
B‡g‡Ri Dci wK¬K Ki‡j B‡gRwU AviI †QvU n‡q cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| D‡jøL¨, Ryg Bb Ae¯’vq wK‡evW© †_‡K K‡›Uªvj
(Ctrl) wK †P‡c a‡i ivL‡j gvDm c‡q›UviwU Ryg AvDU †gv‡W P‡j Av‡m Ges GB Ae¯’v‡Z Ryg AvDU Kiv hvq|
K‡›Uªvj wK Gi Pvc †Q‡o w`‡j GwU Avevi Ryg Bb †gv‡W P‡j Av‡m|

Measure Tool t
GB Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ B‡g‡Ri wbw`©ó As‡ki
Ae¯’vbMZ Ges †KŠwYK `~iZ¡ cwigvc
Kiv hvq| UzjwU wm‡j± K‡i wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b
gvDm c‡q›Uv‡ii gva¨g wK¬K K‡i
gvD‡mi evg evUbwU †P‡c a‡i †i‡L Ab¨
cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ G‡b gvD‡mi Pvc †Q‡o w`‡j
`yB cÖv‡šÍi g‡a¨ GKwU mij‡iLv Ges
†KŠwYK Ae¯’vb w¯Œ‡b †`Lv hvq| GQvov
IqvK© Gwiqvi wb‡Pi ev‡i wm‡j±K…Z
Gwiqvi cÖK…Z cwigvc wc‡·‡j Ges
†KŠwYK `~iZ¡ wWwMÖ‡Z cÖ`wk©Z nq|

Move Tool t
GB Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ †jqvi, wm‡jKkb
Ges Ab¨vb¨ Ae‡R±mg~n‡K gyf Kiv‡bv
hvq| Alt wK †P‡c a‡i †i‡L B‡gRmn
cy‡iv †d«g‡K gyf Kiv‡bv hvq| †¯úmevi
e¨envi K‡i mvgwqKfv‡e gyf Uzj A¨vKwUf Kiv hvq|

Alignment Tool t
GB Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ †jqvi Ges Ab¨vb¨ Ae‡R±mg~n‡K A¨vjvBb ev web¨¯Í Kiv hvq|

Crop Tool t
GB UzjwU d‡Uvk‡ci µc Uz‡ji g‡ZvB KvR K‡i| Gi mvnv‡h¨ B‡g‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbx Ask †K‡U †bqv hvq| B‡g‡Ri
eW©vi `~i Ki‡Z Ges AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ask †K‡U ev` w`‡Z UzjwU we‡klfv‡e e¨eüZ nq| B‡gR †_‡K wbw`©ó Ask µc
Kivi Rb¨ Uzje· †_‡K µc Uzj wm‡j± Ki‡Z nq Zvici †h AskUzKz cÖ‡qvRb ïay †mB AskUzKz gvD‡mi gva¨‡g
Wª¨vM K‡i wm‡j± Ki‡Z nq| Gici µ‡ci †fZi gvDm c‡q›Uvi w`‡q wK¬K Ki‡Z nq wKsev wK‡evW© †_‡K G›Uvi
Pvc‡Z nq|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 243

Rotate Tool t
GB UzjwU e¨envi K‡i Qwe m¤úv`bvi mgq Qwe‡K Wv‡b-ev‡g †h‡Kv‡bv w`‡K B‡”Qg‡Zv †Kv‡Y Nywi‡q †bqv hvq|
Gi mvnv‡h¨ †jqvi, wm‡jKkb ev cv_‡K †iv‡UU Kiv hvq| †iv‡UU cÖwµqv ïiæ Kiv gvÎB Rotate bv‡gi GKwU
K‡›Uªvj e· P‡j Av‡m †hLv‡b †iv‡UUK…Z †jqvi, wm‡jKkb ev Ae‡R‡±i Ae¯’v †KŠwYK cwigv‡c I Aÿ eivei
wc‡·j Abyhvqx cÖ`wk©Z nq| Gi Ackb¸‡jv wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡gI g¨vbyqvwj †iv‡UU‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq| †iv‡UU
Kivi ci Rotate evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j cy‡iv KvRwU ¯’vqxfv‡e ev¯ÍevwqZ nq|

Scale Tool t
GB UzjwU e¨envi K‡i †Kv‡bv †jqvi, wm‡jKkb, cv_ ev †U·U‡K †¯‹j Z_v †QvU-eo Kiv hvq| †¯‹j cÖwµqv ïiæ
Kiv gvÎB Scale bv‡gi GKwU K‡›Uªvj e· P‡j Av‡m †hLv‡b †¯‹jK…Z †jqvi, wm‡jKkb, cv_ ev †U·‡Ui Ae¯’v
DBW_ I nvBU Gi wc‡·j Abyhvqx cÖ`wk©Z nq| Gi Ackb¸‡jv wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡gI g¨vbyqvwj †¯‹j cÖwµqv‡K
wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq| †¯‹j Kivi ci Scale evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j cy‡iv KvRwU ¯’vqxfv‡e ev¯ÍevwqZ nq|
244 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

Shear Tool t
GB UzjwU e¨envi K‡i †jqvi, wm‡jKkb ev cv_‡K wkqvi Kiv hvq A_©vr G¸‡jvi †h‡Kv‡bv Ask‡K Wv‡b-ev‡g,
Dci-wb‡P wWmUU© Kiv hvq| †Kv‡bv wm‡jKkb‡K wWmUU© Ki‡Z n‡j wm‡j±K…Z Gwiqv‡Z wK¬K Ki‡Z nq| Shear
WvqvjM e· Avm‡j gvDm c‡q›Uvi e¨envi K‡i B‡”Qg‡Zv wWmUU© K‡i Shear G wK¬K Ki‡Z nq|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 245
Perspective Tool t
GB UzjwU e¨envi K‡i †jqvi, wm‡jKkb ev cv‡_i cvm©‡cKwUf wfD‡K cwieZ©b Kiv hvq| †Kv‡bv B‡gR Ly‡j Gi
cÖ‡qvRbxq GR wm‡j± K‡i B‡g‡Ri cvm©‡cKwUf cwieZ©b Kiv hvq| UzjwUi gva¨‡g KvR ïiæ Kiv gvÎB
Perspective bv‡gi GKwU WvqvjM e· P‡j Av‡m †hLv‡b mswkøó †jqvi, wm‡jKkb ev cv‡_i UªvÝdi‡gkb Ae¯’v
cÖ`wk©Z nq| KvR †kl Kivi ci Perspective evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j cy‡iv KvRwU ¯’vqxfv‡e ev¯ÍevwqZ nq|

Flip Tool t
GB UzjwU e¨envi K‡i †Kv‡bv †jqvi, wm‡jKkb ev cv_‡K nivBR›Uvwj ev fvwU©K¨vwj wifvm© Kiv hvq| A_©vr GwU
†h Ae¯’vq Av‡Q Zvi wecixZ (Avqbvi cÖwZwe‡¤^i g‡Zv) Ae¯’vq wb‡q Avmv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î Flip UzjwU wm‡j± K‡i
B‡g‡Ri Dci gvDm w`‡q wK¬K Ki‡Z nq|

Text Tool t
†U·U †jqvimg~n ˆZwi I m¤úv`bvi Kv‡R GB UzjwU e¨envi Kiv nq| †U·U †jLvi Rb¨ Uzje· †_‡K UzjwU wm‡j±
K‡i IqvK© Gwiqv‡Z wK¬K Ki‡Z nq| Gi d‡j w¯Œ‡b GKwU †U·U e· †`Lv hvq Ges GIMP †U·U GwWUi
Avwef~Z© nq| GwWU‡ii †fZi †Kv‡bv wKQz wj‡L w`‡j Zv w¯Œ‡b cÖ`wk©Z nq| GB †U·U GwWU‡i Avcwb mvgvb¨ wKQz
cwieZ©b mvab Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Avi d›U, d‡›Ui mvBR, wnw›Us, †dvm© A‡Uv-wn›Uvi, Gw›UA¨vjvBwRs I d›U Kvjvi
wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Uzje‡·i wb‡Pi Ask n‡Z|
246 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

Bucket Fill Tool t

GB Uzj e¨envi K‡i wm‡j± Gwiqv‡K eZ©gvb †dviMÖvDÛ ev e¨vKMÖvDÛ Kvjvi w`‡q c~Y© Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov
wm‡j±K…Z Gwiqv‡K †Kv‡bv c¨vUvb© ØvivI c~Y Kiv hvq| UzjwUi gva¨‡g †hgb m¤ú~Y© wm‡j±K…Z Gwiqv‡K Kvjvi Kiv
hvq †Zgwb †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b wK¬K K‡i H ¯’v‡b mv`„k¨c~Y© AskUzKz (i‡Oi wfwˇZ A‡bKUv g¨vwRK IqvÛ Gi g‡Zv)
Kvjvi Kiv hvq|

Blend Tool t
GB Uzj e¨envi K‡i wm‡j‡±W Gwiqv‡K †MÖwW‡q›U Øviv c~Y© Kiv
hvq| †MÖwW‡q‡›U mvaviYZ e¨vKMÖvDÛ I †dviMÖvDÛ Kvjv‡ii
wgkªY _v‡K| GB wgkª‡Yi kvc©‡bm I mdU‡bm gvD‡mi mvnv‡h¨
wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq| gvD‡mi Kvm©i Wª¨vM K‡i hZ `~‡i hvIqv n‡e
†MÖwW‡q‡›Ui mdU‡bm ZZ e„w× cv‡e| Uzje· n‡Z UzjwU wm‡j±
Kivi ci Uzje‡·i wb‡Pi w`‡K †eøÛ Ackbmg~n †`L‡Z cvIqv
hv‡e| GLvb †_‡K Avcwb wewfbœ ai‡bi †gvW, AcvwmwU,
†MÖwW‡q›U UvBc, Ad‡mU, †kBc †e‡Q wb‡q `viæY me †MÖwW‡q›U
ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Blend Gi Ack‡b †MÖwW‡q‡›Ui wgkªY‡K cwieZ©b Kiv hvq|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 247
Pencil Tool t
GB Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ wd« n¨v‡Û Hard Edge Gi jvBb Uvbv hvq| mvaviYZ AvBKb ev †QvU UvBc B‡gR Wªwqs‡q GB
UzjwU e¨envi K‡i fv‡jv dj cvIqv hvq| GB Uz‡j Shift wK †P‡c †mvRv jvBb Uvbv hvq Ges Ctrl wK Pvc‡j Kvjvi
wcKvi Ackb Av‡m hvi gva¨‡g †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’vb †_‡K Kvjvi †e‡Q wb‡q B‡g‡Ri †dviMÖvDÛ Kvjvi cwieZ©b Kiv
hvq|

Paintbrush Tool t
GB Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ GKwU eªvk e¨envi K‡i ¯§y_ †÷ªvKmg~n †cB›U Kiv hvq| †cwÝj Uz‡ji g‡Zv GLv‡bI Shift Ges
Ctrl wK †P‡c KvR Kiv hvq| UzjwU wm‡j± Ki‡j Uzje‡·i wb‡P †ek wKQz Ackb cÖ`wk©Z nq †h¸‡jv †_‡K
†÷ªv‡Ki Rb¨ wewfbœ welq wba©viY Kiv hvq| we‡kl K‡i Avcwb Brush †_‡K cQ›`mB eªvk †e‡Q wb‡q Zv w`‡q
†÷ªvK †cB›U Ki‡Z ci‡eb|

Eraser Tool t
GB Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ GKwU eªvk e¨envi K‡i e¨vKMÖvDÛ ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv B‡gR wKsev Ae‡R±‡K gy‡Q †djv hvq|

Airbrush Tool t
Kvjvi Gi mdU Gwiqv, mdU GR AuvKvi Rb¨ GB UzjwU e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| UzjwUi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU eªvk e¨envi
K‡i †cB›U Kiv hvq| GwU A‡bKUv †cB›Ueªvk Uz‡ji g‡Zv KvR K‡i Z‡e †cB›Ueªvk Uz‡ji g‡Zv GwU AZUv
cwi®‹vifv‡e `„k¨gvb nq bv eis †cB›U¸‡jv nvjKvfv‡e dzu‡U I‡V|
e¨vKMÖvDÛ ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv B‡gR wKsev Ae‡R±‡K gy‡Q †djv hvq|

Ink Tool t
Gi KvR Ab¨ me eªvk Uz‡ji g‡ZvB| Z‡e GB Uz‡j wbe Gi mvBR, †kBc, A¨v‡½j BZ¨vw` wba©viY K‡i mwjW eªvk
†÷ªvK G Qwe AuvKv hvq| Gi gva¨‡g K¨vwjMÖvwd ÷vB‡j †cBw›Us Kiv hvq|

Clone Tool t
Gi e¨envi d‡Uvk‡ci ÷¨vw¤ús Uz‡ji g‡Zv| Gi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv Qwe †_‡K AcÖ‡qvRbxq ev AbvKvw•ÿZ `vM ev
iO‡K `~i Kiv hvq| cvkvcvwk GKB B‡g‡Ri Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Ask‡K †e‡Q wb‡q Zvi mvnv‡h¨ AbvKvw•ÿZ As‡k
248 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b Avbv hvq| GB Uzj e¨envi K‡i GKB Qwe ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Qwei Ask Kwc K‡i Qwei Kvw•ÿZ
¯’v‡b emv‡bv hvq| †hgbÑ wb‡Pi wP‡Î jÿ¨ Kiæb| GLv‡b weL¨vZ KvUz©b PwiÎ ccvB Gi nv‡Zi Dci Zvi †mB
wPi‡Pbv cvBcwU mn gy‡Li wKQz Ask‡K †K¬vb K‡i emv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GwU Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g †K¬vb UzjwU wm‡j± Kiv
n‡q‡Q, Zvici wK‡evW© †_‡K Ctrl wK †P‡c a‡i †i‡L cvBcwUi Dci wK¬K Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Ctrl wK Gi Pvc †Q‡o
†`qv n‡q‡Q| d‡j D³ AskwU †K¬v‡bi Rb¨ †mvm© Gwiqv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡q‡Q| Gici †h ¯’v‡b †K¬vbK…Z Ask
evmv‡Z PvB †hgb G‡ÿ‡Î nv‡Zi Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi w`‡q Wªª¨vM K‡i wKQz Ask ch©šÍ †U‡b Avbv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z
Dc‡ii †mvm© †_‡K wbw`©ó AskUzKz †K¬vb n‡q nv‡Zi Dci e‡m †M‡Q| Clone Tool Gi Ack‡b wM‡q Avcwb
cQ›`g‡Zv eªvk, A¨vjvBb‡g›U, AcvwmwU BZ¨vw` wm‡j± Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Healing Tool t
Gi e¨envi A‡bKUvB Clone Tool Gi g‡Zv Z‡e UzjwU g~jZ Qwe m¤úv`bvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †ewk Dc‡hvMx| aiæb,
Kv‡iv gy‡L wi¼j c‡o wM‡q †Pnvivq eq‡mi Qvc ¯úó n‡q dz‡U D‡V‡Q| GLb H gyLgÛj †_‡K eq‡mi Qvc `~i
Kivi Rb¨ Avcwb wnwjs UzjwU Abvqv‡m e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| e¨env‡ii c×wZwU cy‡ivcywi Clone Tool Gi g‡Zv|
GKB Dcv‡q Avcbv‡K †mvm© wbe©vPb K‡i †mvm© w`‡q Wª¨vM K‡i GB KvRwU Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡Pi wP‡Î GB KvRwU K‡i
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

wnwjs Uzj e¨env‡ii Av‡M wnwjs Uzj e¨env‡ii c‡i

 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 249
Perspective Clone Tool t
†Kv‡bv B‡g‡R cvm©‡cKwUf UªvÝd‡g©kb cÖ‡qvM Kivi ci GKwU B‡gR †mvm© †_‡K †K¬vb Kivi Rb¨ GB UzjwU
e¨envi Kiv nq|

Blur / Sharpen Tool t

GKwU eªvk e¨envi K‡i wm‡jw±f eøvwis I Avbeøvwis Gi Rb¨ GB UzjwU e¨envi Kiv nq|

cvLv I †j‡R eøvi Kivi Av‡M cvLv I †j‡R eøvi Kivi c‡i

Smudge Tool t
GwU GKwU †cB›U Uzj| Gi gva¨‡g Qwei †Kv‡bv Ask‡K Sjmv‡bvi g‡Zv
K‡i w`‡Z, i‡Oi wgkªY Gi AvK…wZ †`qv hvq| K¨v‡givq †Zvjv †Kv‡bv
Qwe‡K GB Uz‡ji gva¨‡g †cBw›Us‡qi g‡Zv K‡i †djv hvq| wb‡Pi wP‡Î
cvwLwUi Dci Smudge Uzj cÖ‡qvM K‡i GwU‡K †cBw›Us‡qi iƒc †`qv
n‡q‡Q| Shift I Ctrl e¨envi K‡i Smudge Kivi Gwiqv‡K gwWdvB Kiv
hvq|

Dodge / Burn Tool t

Qwei †Kv‡bv Ask‡K D¾¡j ev Aby¾¡j Ki‡Z GB UzjwU e¨envi Kiv nq| Qwe I‡cb Kivi ci Uzje· †_‡K GB Uzj
wm‡j± Kivi ci wbw`©ó Gwiqv D¾¡j Ki‡Z PvB‡j Uzje‡·i wb‡P _vKv Ackb e· †_‡K Dodge wm‡j± K‡i
Range wm‡j± Ki‡Z nq| Gici cÖ‡qvRbxq Exposure I Ab¨vb¨ Ackb wm‡j± K‡i QwewU‡Z Kvm©i w`‡q Wª¨vM
Ki‡Z nq| Avi Aby¾¡j Kivi mgq Uzje‡·i wb‡P _vKv Ackb e· †_‡K Burn wm‡j± K‡i Range wm‡j± Ki‡Z
nq| Gici cÖ‡qvRbxq Exposure I Ab¨vb¨ Ackb wm‡j± K‡i QwewU‡Z Kvm©i w`‡q Wª¨vM Ki‡Z nq|

Inkscape e¨envi K‡i Dey›Uz‡Z †f±i MÖvwd‡·i KvR Kiv

DB‡ÛvR wKsev g¨vK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g †f±i MÖvwd‡· KvR Kivi Rb¨ me‡P‡q RbwcÖq mdUIq¨vi n‡jv G‡Wwe
Bjv‡÷ªUi| Dey›Uz wjbv‡· GB Bjv‡÷ªU‡ii weKí GKwU mdUIq¨vi n‡jv B¼‡¯‹c †f±i MÖvwd·
GwWUi (Inkscape Vector Graphics Editor)| Bjv‡÷ªU‡ii g‡Zv AZ DbœZ bv n‡jI G‡Z
†gvUvgywU fv‡jv gv‡bi KvR Kiv hvq| †¯‹‡jej †f±i MÖvwd· (SVG) B‡gRmg~n‡K ˆZwi I
m¤úv`bvi Kv‡R B¼‡¯‹c mdUIq¨viwU e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GwU GKwU I‡cb †mvm© wfwËK
mdUIq¨vi| Gi gva¨‡g I‡q‡ei Rb¨ Bjv‡÷ªkb, †gvevBj †dvbmg~‡ni Rb¨ MÖvwd·mg~n,
250 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
wm¤új jvBb Wªwqs, KvU©yb, RwUj me AvU©, AvwU©K¨vj I eB‡qi Rb¨ wewfbœ wdMvi, AM©vbvB‡Rkb PvU© BZ¨vw` AuvKv
hvq| SVG dvBj¸‡jv AvKv‡i LyeB †QvU nq| AwaKvsk I‡qe eªvDRviB (†hgbÑ dvqvid·, †µvg, A‡civ,
mvdvwi, B›Uvi‡bU G·‡cøvivi 9 fvm©b †_‡K BZ¨vw`) GB di‡gUwU‡K mg_©b K‡i| GQvov AvB‡dvb, eø¨vK‡ewi,
GjwR, g‡Uv‡ivjv, bwKqv, m¨vgmvs, mwb GwiKmb BZ¨vw`mn bvgx`vgx eª¨v‡Ûi †gvevBj †dvb¸‡jv‡Z GB di‡gUwU
mgw_©Z|
Avgiv GLv‡b B¼‡¯‹c m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK wKQz aviYv jvf Ki‡ev| Zvi Av‡M Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i B¼‡¯‹c
mdUIq¨viwU BÝUj Kiv bv _vK‡j †mwU BÝUj K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| BÝUj cÖwµqv †mB Av‡Mi g‡ZvB| Dey›Uz
mdUIq¨vi †m›Uv‡i wM‡q mvP© e‡· Inkscape wjL‡jB Avcwb mdUIq¨viwU †c‡q hv‡eb| †mLvb †_‡K GwU BÝUj
K‡i wbb|

B¼‡¯‹c †f±i MÖvwd· GwWUi Pvjy Kiv

B¼‡¯‹c †f±i MÖvwd· GwWUi Pvjy Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Graphics > Inkscape Vector
Graphics Editor wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avi Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W (Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D BDwbwU‡Z) _vK‡j evg
c¨v‡bj †_‡K W¨vk †nvg evU‡b wK¬K K‡i AvMZ mvP© e‡· Inkscape UvBc Kiæb| Inkscape Vector
Graphics Editor †c‡j Zv‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|
2. B¼‡¯‹c †cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjy n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 251
B¼‡¯‹c B›Uvi‡dm cwiwPwZ
B¼‡¯‹c mdUIq¨viwUi B›Uvi‡d‡mi wewfbœ As‡ki cwiwPwZ wb‡Pi wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

cÖavb cÖavb Askmn wWdë B¼‡¯‹c DB‡Ûv

K¨vbfvm t B¼‡¯‹c Gi Wªwqs GwiqvwU‡K K¨vbfvm e‡j| wfD‡qej Gwiqvi evB‡ii w`‡KI GwU‡K ewa©Z Kiv hvq|
†cBR t GwU K¨vbfvm Gwiqvi GKwU Ask hv GKwU wcÖ‡›UW †cB‡Ri mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| wbw`©ó gv‡ci GB †cB‡Ri
g‡a¨B AuvKvAuvwKi KvR¸‡jv Kiv nq| wcÖw›Us ev weUg¨vc B‡gR G·‡cvU© Kivi †ÿ‡Î †cBR LyeB cÖ‡qvRbxq GKwU
welq|
†gby evi t cÖavb cÖavb cyj-WvDb †gby¸‡jv‡K aviY K‡i|
KgvÛ evi t †gby‡Z _vKv wewfbœ Kgv‡Ûi kU©KvU¸‡jv AvBKb/evUb AvKv‡i KvgvÛ ev‡i hy³ _v‡K| mvaviYZ eûj
e¨eüZ KvgvÛ¸‡jvB GB ev‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i|
mœ¨vc evi t wK¬K‡hvM¨ AvBKbmg~n †h¸‡jv mœ¨vwcs †K wbqš¿Y K‡i †m¸‡jv GB ev‡i cvIqv hvq|
Uzj K‡›Uªvjm t Gw›Uª e·mg~n Ges wK¬K‡hvM¨ AvBKbmg~n †h¸‡jv wbe©vwPZ †Kv‡bv Uz‡ji mv‡_ wbw`©óK…ZÑ †m¸‡jv‡K
GwU enb K‡i|
Uzj e· t Ae‡R±mg~‡ni wm‡jw±s, Wªwqs, gwWdvB Kivi Uzj¸‡jv Uzj e‡· cvIqv hvq| GLv‡b wewfbœ Uz‡ji AvBKb
cvIqv hvq| †h‡Kv‡bv AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j UzjwU wm‡j± n‡q hvq| Avi †Kv‡bv Uz‡ji AvBK‡b Wvej-wK¬K Ki‡j
†mB UzjwUi wcÖdv‡iÝ WvqvjM e·wU I‡cb n‡q hvq| Uzj wm‡j‡±i Dci wbf©i K‡i gvD‡mi Kvm©‡ii (c‡q›Uvi)
AvKviI cwiewZ©Z nq|
252 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

Kvjvi c¨v‡jU t GwU GKwU Kvjvi c¨v‡jU enb K‡i| c¨v‡jU †_‡K Kvjvimg~n‡K Wª¨vM K‡i Ae‡R‡±i †fZi G‡b
emv‡bv hvq Ges Ae‡R±¸‡jv‡K wdj Kiv hvq| wKQz wKQz Uzj Øviv e¨eüZ Kvjvi‡K Kvjvi †mvqv‡P wK¬K Kivi
gva¨‡g †mU K‡i †`qv hvq| c¨v‡j‡Ui Wv‡bi †kl cÖv‡šÍi A¨v‡iv AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡i c¨v‡jUwU‡K cwieZ©b Kiv
hvq| GLv‡b eû wcÖwWdvBÛ c¨v‡jU cvIqv hv‡e|
÷¨vUvm evi t GB eviwU eZg©vb DB‡Ûvi Ae¯’v‡K eY©bv K‡i| †ek wKQz Gwiqv wb‡q GwU MwVZ| G¸‡jv n‡jv
÷vBj BwÛ‡KUi, Kv‡i›U Wªwqs †jqvi, c‡q›Uvi cwRkb, Kv‡i›U Wªwqs †jqvi (GwU `„k¨gvb ev jK _vK‡j), Kv‡i›U
Ryg †j‡fj, DB‡Ûv wimvBR n¨v‡Ûj Ges GKwU †bvwUwd‡Kkb wiwRIb hv Kb‡U·U wW‡c‡Û›U Ackb¸‡jv‡K eY©bv
K‡i|
÷vBj BwÛ‡KUi t wbe©vwPZ GKwU Ae‡R±, †U·U †d«M‡g›U ev †MÖwW‡q›U ÷‡ci ÷vBj‡K (wdj I †÷ªvK) cÖ`k©b
K‡i| BwÛ‡KU‡ii Fill or Stroke †cB›U As‡k gvD‡mi †jdU-wK¬K Ki‡j Zv Fill and Stroke WvqvjM I‡cb K‡i|
Avi gvD‡mi ivBU-wK¬K Ki‡j GKwU cc-Avc †gby Av‡m|
†bvwUwd‡Kkb wiwRIb t Kb‡U·U Gi Dci wbf©ikxj Z_¨vw` enb K‡i| GjvKvwU hw` mKj †U·U‡K cÖ`k©‡bi
Rb¨ LyeB †QvU nq Z‡e GB GjvKvq gvDm c‡q›Uvi ivL‡j Zv c~Y© †U·Umn GKwU Uzj wUc cÖ`k©b K‡i|
iæjvi t Wªwqs‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z x I y Aÿ‡K cÖ`k©b K‡i|
¯Œj evi t K¨vbfv‡mi AcÖ`wk©Z GjvKv¸‡jv‡K †`Lvi Rb¨ ¯Œwjs Kivi my‡hvM †`q|
Kvjvi K¨vwj‡eªkb t GKwU Kvjvi †cÖvdvBj e¨envi K‡i evUb †UvMjmg~n‡K Ab/Ad K‡i|
W‡Kej WvqvjM t B¼‡¯‹‡c W‡Kej WvqvjMmg~n‡K evq¯Íevqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB wdPv‡ii gva¨‡g I‡cbK…Z
WvqvjM¸‡jv Wvb w`‡K cÖavb B¼‡¯‹c DB‡Ûvi Af¨šÍ‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| WKK…Z WvqvjM¸‡jv‡K cybwe©b¨vm, wimvBR
(hw` †¯úm Aby‡gv`b K‡i), ÷¨vKW Ges AvBKwbdvBW Kiv hvq| †Kv‡bv GKwU WvqvjM‡K gyf Kivi Rb¨
Wvqvj‡Mi UvB‡Uj ev‡i †jdU gvDm Wª¨vM Ki‡Z nq| cÖwZwU Wvqvj‡Mi Zvi wbR¯^ DB‡Ûv _vK‡Z cv‡i ev G¸‡jv
†d¬vwUs WK¸‡jv‡Z MÖæc Kiv _vK‡Z cv‡i|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 253

WKK…Z `ywU WvqvjMmn B¼‡¯‹c Gi cÖavb DB‡Ûv

`ywU WvqvjMmn GKwU †d¬vwUs WK

254 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
B¼‡¯‹c Gi gva¨‡g ev¯Íe cÖ‡R± ˆZwi
÷¨v¤ú (WvKwUwKU) ˆZwi Kiv
B¼‡¯‹c †f±i MÖvwd· GwWUi Gi gva¨‡g PgrKvi me AvU©IqvK© ˆZi Kiv hvq| G‡Wvwe Bjv‡÷ªU‡ii g‡Zv G‡ZI
†f±i MÖvwd‡·i `viæY me KvR Kiv hvq| GB eBwU g~jZ Dey›Uzi Dci †jLv n‡q‡Q| ZvB Dey›Uz‡Z e¨eüZ
mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv wb‡q G‡Z Lye †ewk Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM †bB| B¼‡¯‹c Gi †ejv‡ZI GKB K_v Lv‡U| Z‡e Avgiv
GLv‡b LyeB †QvU wKš‘ Kv‡Ri GKwU ev¯Íe cÖ‡R± †`L‡ev| B¼‡¯‹c Gi gva¨‡g Kx K‡i ÷¨v¤ú (WvKwUwKU) ˆZwi
Kiv hvq †mwU Avgiv GB cÖ‡R‡±i gva¨‡g wkL‡ev| GRb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. B¼‡¯‹c †cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjy Kiæb|
2. Uzje· †_‡K Rectangles and Squares evU‡b wK¬K K‡i GKwU AvqZvKvi e· AuvKzb|

3. AvqZvKvi e·wU‡K †`Lvi myweav‡_© Ryg K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ Uzj e· †_‡K Ryg evU‡b wK¬K K‡i
wK‡evW© †_‡K cøvm (+) wPý Pvcyb| hZevi cøvm (+) wPý Pvc‡eb ZZevi GwU eo n‡q cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
Avevi Ryg AvDU Ki‡Z PvB‡j wK‡evW© †_‡K gvBbvm (-) wPý Pvc‡Z n‡e|
4. Gevi Uzje· †_‡K Ellipse Tool wm‡j± K‡i wK‡evW© †_‡K Ctrl wK †P‡c a‡i †QvU GKwU e„Ë AuvKzb|

5. e„ËwUi †ek wKQz Kwc ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ e„ËwU wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq †h KqwU e„Ë `iKvi †m Kq evi
†gby †_‡K Edit > Duplicate wbe©vPb Kiæb wKsev wK‡evW© †_‡K Ctrl+D Pvcyb| Avcbvi KqwU e„Ë `iKvi
†mwU Avcbv‡KB wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 255
6. Gevi e„˸‡jv‡K AvqZvKvi e‡·i Dc‡ii w`‡K wb‡Pi (ev‡gi) wP‡Îi g‡Zv K‡i mvwR‡q wbb| jÿ¨
ivL‡eb, e„‡Ëi A‡a©K Ask †hb AvqZvKvi e‡·i evB‡i _v‡K|

7. me¸‡jv e„ˇK wm‡j± Kiæb Ges †gby †_‡K Edit > Duplicate wbe©vPb Kiæb wKsev wK‡evW© †_‡K Ctrl+D
Pvcyb| G¸‡jvi Av‡iKwU cÖwZiƒc ˆZwi n‡e| GB Ae¯’vq wK‡ev‡W©i WvDb A¨v‡iv †P‡c Wywcø‡KU Kiv
e„˸‡jv‡K AvqZvKvi e‡·i wb‡Pi w`‡K wb‡q Avmyb (Dc‡ii Wv‡bi wP‡Îi g‡Zv K‡i)|
8. Gici GKBfv‡e AvqZvKvi e‡·i Wvb Ges evg w`‡KI AviI wKQz e„Ë ¯’vcb Kiæb|
9. AvqZvKvi e·wU ev‡` me¸‡jv e„ˇK GK‡Î wm‡j± K‡i †gby †_‡K Path > Union wbe©vPb Kiæb|

10. Gevi me¸‡jv e„Ë Ges AvqZvKvi e·wU‡K GK‡Î wm‡j± Kiæb| Zvici †gby †_‡K Path > Difference
wbe©vPb Kiæb| AvqZvKvi e·wU‡K GLb †`L‡Z wb‡Pi Wv‡bi wP‡Îi g‡Zv †`Lv‡e| Gi gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i
perforated †ccvi ˆZwi Kiv n‡q †Mj|
256 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

11. Gevi Kv‡jv iO Øviv Gi e¨vKMÖvDÛwU cwieZ©b K‡i wbb|

12. AvqZvKvi e·wU wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq wK‡evW© †_‡K Ctrl+D †P‡c Gi Av‡iKwU cÖwZiƒc ˆZwi Kiæb|
Dc‡ii e·wU‡K mv`vi KvQvKvwQ iO Øviv wdj Kiæb Ges wK‡evW© †_‡K Avc A¨v‡iv †P‡c LvwbKUv Dc‡i
Zz‡j Avbyb| Gi d‡j wb‡Pi Wv‡bi wP‡Îi g‡Zv GKwU k¨v‡Wv †`L‡Z cv‡eb| GB Ae¯’vq QwewU‡K A‡bK
†ewk ev¯Íe g‡b n‡e|

13. GB B‡d± bv PvB‡j weKí c×wZI Avcwb AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î Avcbv‡K AvqZvKvi e·wUi
Wywcø‡KU Kwc ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e bv| eis g~j e·wU‡K mv`vi KvQvKvwQ iO Øviv wdj K‡i †gby †_‡K Filters
> Shadows and Glows > Drop Shadow wbe©vPb Kiæb| Drop Shadow WvqvjM e· Avm‡j wewfbœ
ai‡bi gvb Kwg‡q evwo‡q Avcwb Wªc k¨v‡Wv wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G mgq wcÖwfD †`Lvi Rb¨ Live
preview AckbwU wm‡j± K‡i wbb| Wªc k¨v‡Wv cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ Apply evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Zvici
WvqvjM e·wU eÜ Kivi Rb¨ Close evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 257
14. GLb Avgv‡`i‡K ÷¨v‡¤úi †fZi Qwe ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| Avcwb Avcbvi B‡”Qg‡Zv †h‡Kv‡bv Qwe wb‡q
KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †hgbÑ GwU n‡Z cv‡i †Kv‡bv cïcvwLi Qwe ev †Kv‡bv cÖvK…wZK `„‡k¨i Qwe| †gby
†_‡K File > Import wbe©vPb Kiæb A_ev Ctrl+I wK¸‡jv GK‡Î Pvcyb| Select file to import WvqvjM e·
Avm‡j Avcbvi B‡gR dvBjwU wm‡j± K‡i Open evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
15. wb‡Pi WvqvjM e·wU Avm‡j embed AckbwU wm‡j± K‡i OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

16. QwewU Bg‡cvU© n‡q †M‡j †mwU hw` AvKv‡i eo nq Z‡e Avcbv‡K wimvBR K‡i Zv GKUz Av‡M ˆZwi Kiv
perforated †ccv‡ii Dci emv‡Z n‡e| me‡P‡q fv‡jv nq wM¤ú B‡gR GwWUi mdUIq¨viwUi gva¨‡g
gvcg‡Zv Qwe ˆZwi K‡i ivLv|
17. GB ÷¨v‡¤ú Avgiv wKQz †jLv hy³ Ki‡ev hv‡Z K‡i GwU †h mwZ¨mwZ¨B †Kv‡bv ÷¨v¤ú Zv g‡b nq|
GRb¨ cÖ_‡g Uzje· †_‡K Text UzjwU wm‡j± K‡i Gi gva¨‡g Qwei Dci wKQz wjLyb| d‡›Ui mvBR I
÷vBj cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ KgvÛ evi †_‡K Text AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡i AvMZ WvqvjM e· †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq d›U
I mvBR wba©viY K‡i h_vµ‡g Apply I Close evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

18. Avcbvi cÖ‡qvRbvbyhvqx wewfbœ ai‡bi †U·U hy³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Dey›Uz‡Z evsjv †`Lvi Rb¨ Avcwb
K¨v‡i±vi g¨v‡ci mvnvh¨ wb‡Z cv‡ib|
19. me KvR m¤úbœ n‡j evB‡ii †Kv_vI wK¬K Kiæb| wb‡Pi g‡Zv ÷¨v¤ú (WvKwUwKU) ˆZwi n‡q hv‡e|
dvBjwU‡K B‡”Qg‡Zv bvg w`‡q †mf K‡i wbb|
258 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

20. Gfv‡e Avcwb Dey›Uz‡Z B¼‡¯‹c †f±i MÖvwd· GwWU‡ii gva¨‡g `viæY me †f±i wWRvBb ˆZwi Ki‡Z
cv‡ib|

Dey›Uz wjbv‡· ¯‹¨vb Kiv

DB‡ÛvR wKsev g¨vK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g e¨enviKvixiv ¯‹¨vbvi †Kbvi mgqB mvaviYZ Gi mv‡_ GKwU WªvBfvi †c‡q
_v‡Kb †hwU BÝUj K‡i H ¯‹¨vbviwU‡K e¨envi Kiv hvq| Z‡e Dey›Uz GKwU webvg~‡j¨i Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g nIqvq
GB Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Rb¨ WªvBfvi cvIqvUv A‡bK mgq `y®‹i n‡q c‡o| Dey›Uz e¨enviKvix‡`i Rb¨ ¯‹¨vbvi
e¨env‡ii Rb¨ i‡q‡Q PgrKvi wKQz mdUIq¨vi †hgbÑ Simple Scan, XSane Image scanning program BZ¨vw`|
Z‡e G‡`i g‡a¨ XSane Image scanning program wU †ek DcKvix| Gi gva¨‡g mvaviYZ †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi
¯‹¨vbvi e¨envi Kiv hvq| AvRKvj ¯‹¨vbvi¸‡jv BDGmwe (USB) †cvU© m¤^wjZ nIqvq G¸‡jv‡K Lye mn‡RB
KgwcDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ Kiv hvq|

XSane BÝUj Kiv

B›Uvi‡bU Pvjy _vKv Ae¯’vq Ubuntu Software Center e¨envi K‡i XSane mdUIq¨vi BÝU‡ji Rb¨ wb‡Pi
c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
30. Ubuntu Software Center Pvjy Kiæb|
31. Gi mvP© e‡· XSane UvBc Kiæb| XSane Image scanning program P‡j Avm‡e|

32. GwU wm‡j± K‡i Install evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

33. cvmIqvW© PvB‡e| Avcbvi A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªwUf cvIqvW© cÖ`vb K‡i Authenticate evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
34. BÝUj cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 259

35. BÝUj n‡Z wKQz mgq jvM‡e| mdUIq¨viwU BÝUj n‡q †M‡j †K¬vR evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Ubuntu Software
Center eÜ Kiæb|

¯‹¨vbvi e¨envi K‡i ¯‹¨vb Kiv

Avcbvi ¯‹¨vbviwUi gva¨‡g †h‡Kv‡bv B‡gR ¯‹¨vb Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. ¯‹¨vbviwU‡K KgwcDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ (USB †cv‡U©i gva¨‡g) Kiæb|
2. GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Graphics > XSane Image
scanning program wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avi Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W (Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D BDwbwU‡Z) _vK‡j
evg c¨v‡bj †_‡K W¨vk †nvg evU‡b wK¬K K‡i AvMZ mvP© e‡· XSane UvBc Kiæb| XSane Image
scanning †c‡j Zv‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|
3. ¯‹¨vbviwU wW‡U± Kiv ïiæ n‡e|

4. ¯‹¨vbviwU wW‡U± n‡q †M‡j †cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjy n‡e| GLv‡b †gvU 4wU DB‡Ûv cv‡eb| G‡`i GKwU‡Z ÷¨vÛvW©
Ackbmg~n, GKwU‡Z wn‡÷vMÖvg, GKwU‡Z g~j K‡›Uªvj Ges evwKwU‡Z ¯‹¨vb wcÖwfD Kivi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q|
260 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
5. †Kv‡bv Qwe, eB, g¨vMvwRb ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Drm †_‡K †h B‡gRwU‡K ¯‹¨vb Ki‡Z Pvb †mwU ¯‹¨vbv‡i cÖ‡ek
Kwi‡q ¯‹¨vbv‡ii XvKbvwU eÜ Kiæb|
6. mivmwi ¯‹¨vb bv K‡i Av‡M wcÖwfD †`‡L wb‡Z PvB‡j Preview DB‡Ûv‡Z _vKv Acquire Preview evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb|
7. B‡gR ¯‹¨vb nIqv ïiæ n‡e| Preview DB‡Ûv‡Z GB cÖwµqvwU cÖZ¨ÿ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

8. GB ch©v‡q mš‘ó _vK‡j B‡gRwU‡K ¯‹¨vb Kivi Rb¨ g~j K‡›Uªvj DB‡Ûv †_‡K Scan evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

9. ¯‹¨vb cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e| ¯‹¨vb n‡q †M‡j B‡gRwU Viewer bv‡g bZzb GKwU DB‡Ûv‡Z Lyj‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 261

10. ¯‹¨vbK…Z B‡gRwU †mf Kivi Rb¨ Viewer DB‡Ûvi Save AvBK‡b wK¬K Kiæb ev †gby †_‡K Save evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb|
11. WvqvjM e· Avm‡j wbw`©ó †jv‡Kkb I dvB‡ji UvBc (JPEG, PNG BZ¨vw`) wba©viY K‡i Save evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb|

12. dvBjwU wbw`©ó †jv‡Kk‡b †mf n‡q hv‡e|

B‡gR wfDqvi (Image Viewer) e¨envi Kiv

B‡gRmg~n †`Lvi Rb¨ DB‡Ûv‡R †h iKg Windows Picture and Fax viewer bv‡gi †QvU GKwU †cÖvMÖvg i‡q‡Q|
wVK †Zgb GKwU †cÖvMÖvg Dey›Uz‡ZI i‡q‡Q| Gi bvg n‡jv Image Viewer| Dey›Uz‡Z †Kv‡bv Qwe‡Z Wvej wK¬K
Ki‡j †mwU mvaviYZ GB wWdë †cÖvMÖvgwUi gva¨‡gB cÖ`wk©Z nq| GQvov c„_Kfv‡eI GB †cÖvMÖvgwU †Lvjv hvq|
GRb¨ GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Graphics > Image Viewer wbe©vPb
Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W (Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D BDwbwU‡Z) _vK‡j evg c¨v‡bj †_‡K W¨vk †nvg
evU‡b wK¬K K‡i AvMZ mvP© e‡· Image Viewer UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e I †cÖvMÖvgwU †c‡j Zv‡Z wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
262 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
c„_Kfv‡e Image Viewer †cÖvMÖvgwU Lyj‡j G‡Z Avcwb †Kv‡bv B‡gR †Lvjv Ae¯’vq cv‡eb bv| †h B‡gRwU Gi
gva¨‡g †`L‡Z Pvb †gby †_‡K Image > Open wbe©vPb K‡i AvMZ Open WvqvjM e· †_‡K wbw`©ó †dvìv‡i _vKv
†mB B‡gRwU wm‡j± K‡i Open evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Zv GB wfDqv‡i `„k¨gvb n‡e|

me‡P‡q mnR I weKí Av‡iKwU c×wZ n‡jvÑ †Kv‡bv B‡g‡Ri Dci gvD‡mi ivBU wK¬K K‡i AvMZ †gby †_‡K
Open With Image Viewer wbe©vPb Kiv|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 263

Image Viewer †cÖvMÖvgwUi Uzjev‡i †ek wKQz Uzj i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv t
Previous t GB Uz‡j ( ) wK¬K K‡i M¨vjvwii Av‡Mi B‡gRwU‡Z hvIqv hvq I †mwU †`Lv hvq|
Next t GB Uz‡j ( ) wK¬K K‡i M¨vjvwii cieZ©x B‡gRwU‡Z hvIqv hvq I †mwU †`Lv hvq|

Enlarge t GB Uz‡j ( ) wK¬K K‡i B‡gR‡K AviI eo K‡i †`Lv hvq|

Shrink t GB Uz‡j ( ) wK¬K K‡i B‡gR‡K AviI †QvU K‡i †`Lv hvq|

Normal Size t GB Uz‡j ( ) wK¬K K‡i B‡gRwU‡K Zvi mvaviY AvKv‡i †`Lv hvq|
Fit in Window t GB Uz‡j ( ) wK¬K K‡i B‡gR‡K DB‡Ûvi †fZi wdU K‡i †`qv hvq|

Rotate 90 degrees Left t GB Uz‡j ( ) wK¬K K‡i B‡gR‡K evg w`‡K 90 wWMÖx‡Z Nywi‡q cÖ`k©b Kiv‡bv hvq|

Rotate 90 degrees Right t GB Uz‡j ( ) wK¬K K‡i B‡gR‡K Wvb w`‡K 90 wWMÖx‡Z Nywi‡q cÖ`k©b Kiv‡bv hvq|
GQvovI Image Viewer †cÖvMÖvgwUi †gbyev‡i _vKv wewfbœ †gby e¨envi K‡i Avcwb B‡gR msµvšÍ AviI wKQz KvR
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
264 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

kUI‡qj d‡Uv g¨v‡bRvi (Shotwell Photo Manager)

e¨envi Kiv
kUI‡qj (Shotwell) n‡jv wjbv‡· PvwjZ GKwU wWwRUvj d‡Uv AM©vbvBRvi| Dey›Uz 11.10 Ges †d‡Wviv 15 †Z
GwU wWdë d‡Uv g¨v‡bRvi wn‡m‡e cvIqv hvq| GwU JPEG, PNG, TIFF, BMP Ges RAW d‡Uv dvBjmg~n‡K
mg_©b Ki‡jI GLbI GIF dvBj di‡g‡U‡K mg_©b K‡i bv| GQvovI GwU Ogg, QuickTime, MP4, AVI BZ¨vw`
wfwWI di‡gU Ges Theora, Quicktime, MPEG-4, Motion JPEG BZ¨vw` †Kv‡WK‡K mg_©b K‡i| Gi gva¨‡g
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 265
wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv, wWwRUvj K¨v‡givi †g‡gvwi KvW©, nvW©wW¯‹ †_‡K Qwe Bg‡cvU© Kiv hvq; wewfbœfv‡e Qwe‡K †`Lv
hvq; B‡f›U, d¬¨vwMs, †iwUs, mvwP©s, U¨vwMs, UvB‡Uj cÖ`vb, Qwe wigyf I wWwjU BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g Qwe‡K AM©vbvBR
Kiv hvq; Qwei UvBg I †WU A¨vWRv÷, A‡Uv-Gbn¨vÝ, Kvjvi A¨vWRv÷‡g›U, µwcs, †iW-AvB AcmviY, Qwe‡K
†iv‡UU I wd¬c, cwieZ©b¸‡jvK AvbWy Kiv cÖf„wZi gva¨‡g Qwe‡K m¤úv`bv Kiv hvq; Qwe‡K G·‡cvU© I wcÖ›U Kiv
hvq; †dmeyK, wd¬Kvi, wcKvmv I‡qe A¨vjevg ev Ab¨vb¨ mvB‡U cÖKvk Kiv hvq; B‡gBj, BÝU¨v›U †g‡mwRs ev Ab¨
Dcv‡q Qwe‡K †cÖiY Kiv hvq; †W¯‹Uc e¨vKMÖvDÛ I ¯øvBW‡kv ˆZwi Kiv hvq| GQvovI Gi i‡q‡Q AviI †ek wKQz
wdPvi|

kUI‡qj d‡Uv g¨v‡bRvi Pvjy I G‡Z KvR Kiv

GwU Pvjy Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Graphics > Shotwell Photo
Manager wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avi Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W (Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D BDwbwU‡Z) _vK‡j evg
c¨v‡bj †_‡K W¨vk †nvg evU‡b wK¬K K‡i AvMZ mvP© e‡· Shotwell UvBc Kiæb| Shotwell Photo
Manager †c‡j Zv‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|
2. †cÖvMÖvgwU Lyj‡e| cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv †cÖvMÖvgwU †Lvjv n‡j GKwU I‡qjKvg w¯Œb Avm‡e †hLv‡b Import
photo from your ~/pictures folder Ges Don’t show this message again Ackb `ywU wm‡j± Kiv
_vK‡e| GB Ae¯’vq OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

3. B‡gRmg~n‡K Bg‡cvU© Kiv ïiæ n‡e Ges wKQzÿ‡Yi †fZi me¸‡jv Qwe Bg‡cvU© n‡q hv‡e| B‡g‡cvU©
cÖwµqv m¤úbœ msµvšÍ DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
266 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

4. B‡g‡cvU©K…Z Qwe¸‡jv kUI‡qj d‡Uv g¨v‡bRv‡ii Wvb As‡k cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GB mgq evg Kjv‡g _vKv
Last Import AckbwU wbe©vwPZ Ae¯’vq †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 267
5. ev‡gi Kjv‡gi Zvrch©c~Y© GKwU wdPvi n‡jv Event| wewfbœ Drm n‡Z msM„nxZ I Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i
_vKv Qwe¸‡jv kUI‡q‡j Bg‡cvU© nevi ci †m¸‡jv ¯^qswµqfv‡e eQi-gvm-w`b Abyhvqx Event Gi
Aax‡b web¨¯Í n‡q hvq| Event G wK¬K Ki‡j Zv G·cvÛ n‡q eQi Abyhvqx †ek wKQz †dvìvi cÖ`wk©Z
nq|

6. cÖwZwU eQ‡ii †dvìv‡i wK¬K Ki‡j Zvi Aax‡b gv‡mi †dvìvi/†dvìvi¸‡jv G·cvÛ nq| Avcwb hw`
cybivq †Kv‡bv gv‡mi †dvìv‡i wK¬K K‡ib Z‡e Gi Aax‡b _vKv B‡gR¸‡jvi ZvwiL Abyhvqx GKwU
ZvwjKv †`L‡Z cv‡eb| Avi kUI‡qj †cÖvMÖvgwUi Wvb w`‡K we`¨gvb Qwe¸‡jv †`Lv hv‡e|
268 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
7. wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv Zvwi‡L wK¬K Ki‡j Wv‡bi As‡k QwewU cÖ`wk©Z nq|
8. No Event G wK¬K Ki‡j B‡f›U wenxb Ae¯’vq mKj B‡gR cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

9. Trash G wK¬K Ki‡j Zv Dey›Uzi Uª¨vk †dvìv‡i _vKv B‡gR¸‡jv‡K cÖ`k©b Ki‡e| wewfbœ mg‡q Avcwb
†hme B‡gR dvBj‡K gy‡Q †d‡jwQ‡jb †m¸‡jv GLv‡b G‡m Rgv n‡e| D‡jøL¨, B‡gR dvBj Qvov Ab¨
†Kv‡bv dvBj Avcwb kUI‡qj Gi Uª¨vk †dvìv‡i cv‡eb bv| DB‡Ûvi wb‡Pi w`‡K Delete, Restore,
Empty Trash, Find GB evUb¸‡jv †`L‡Z cv‡eb| dvBj gy‡Q †dj‡Z PvB‡j †mwU wm‡j± K‡i Delete
evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv Qwe‡K wi‡÷vi Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zv wm‡j± K‡i Restore evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z
n‡e| Uª¨v‡ki mKj dvBj‡K wPiZ‡i gy‡Q w`‡Z PvB‡j Empty Trash evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi hw`
wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv dvBj‡K Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e Find evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z Dc‡ii w`‡K GKwU
mvP©e· cÖ`wk©Z n‡e †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv dvB‡ji bvg ev Zvi Ask we‡kl UvBc K‡i G›Uvi Pvc‡Z n‡e|
dvBjwU †_‡K _vK‡j Zv Lyu‡R †ei K‡i Avcbvi mvg‡b nvwRi n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 269
wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv †_‡K kUI‡q‡j d‡Uv Bg‡cvU© Kiv
wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv †_‡K Qwe‡K kUI‡q‡j Bg‡cvU© Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. wWwURvj K¨v‡givwU‡K Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ Kiæb Ges GwU Pvjy Kiæb| kUI‡qj †cÖvMÖvgwU
K¨v‡givwU‡K mbv³ Ki‡e Ges mvBWev‡i GwU‡K ZvwjKvfy³ Ki‡e|
2. mvBWevi †_‡K K¨v‡givwU‡K wm‡j± Kiæb| K¨v‡givq _vKv cÖwZwU Qwei wcÖwfD cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
3. Avcwb hw` Pvb Z‡e wbw`©ó †ek wKQz Qwe‡K Bg‡cvU© Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ Ctrl wK †P‡c a‡i †i‡L cÖwZwU
cQ›`mB Qwe‡Z G‡Ki ci GK wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| GQvov Shift wK †P‡c a‡i †i‡L GKwU wbw`©ó †iÄ ch©šÍ
wM‡q Qwe‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j D³ †i‡Ä _vKv me¸‡jv Qwe‡K Avcwb wm‡j± K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|
4. Import Selected ev Import All G wK¬K Kiæb| Qwe¸‡jv K¨v‡giv †_‡K Kwc n‡q Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i
msiwÿZ n‡e|
5. Bg‡cvU© cÖwµqv m¤úbœ n‡q †M‡j Avcwb mvBWev‡i _vKv Last Import G wK¬K K‡i †mwU I‡cb Ki‡Z
cv‡ib Ges me¸‡jv Bg‡cvU©K…Z Qwe‡K †`L‡Z cv‡ib| mvBWev‡i _vK Events wj‡÷ wK¬K K‡iI Avcwb
bZzb Qwe¸‡jv‡K †`‡L wb‡Z cv‡ib| GLv‡b Qwe¸‡jv ZvwiL Abyqvhx web¨¯Í _v‡K|

K¨‡giv †g‡gvwi KvW© †_‡K kUI‡q‡j d‡Uv Bg‡cvU© Kiv

K¨v‡giv †g‡gvwi KvW© †_‡K Qwe‡K kUI‡q‡j Bg‡cvU© Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. †Kv‡bv KvW© wiWv‡i K¨v‡givi †g‡gvwiwU‡K hy³ Kiæb| wbwðZ n‡q wbb †h KvW© wiWviwU KgwcDUv‡ii
mv‡_ mwVKfv‡e hy³ Av‡Q| Zvici KvW© wiWviwU Pvjy Kiæb|
2. KvW© wiWvi Ges KvW©wU ¯^qswµqfv‡e mbv³ n‡e| mvBWev‡ii dvBj †mKkb DB‡Ûv‡Z †g‡gvwi KvW©wU
GKwU †dvìvi wn‡m‡e `„k¨gvb n‡e|
3. †gby †_‡K File > Import From Folder G wK¬K Kiæb Ges †g‡gvwi Kv‡W©i †dvìviwU‡K wm‡j± Kiæb
wKsev mvBWevi †_‡K †g‡gvwi Kv‡W©i †dvìviwU‡K wm‡j± Kiæb| †g‡gvwi Kv‡W© _vKv cÖwZwU Qwei wcÖwfD
cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
4. Import From Folder wbe©vPb Ki‡j jvB‡eªwi †dvìv‡i Qwe¸‡jv‡K Kwc Ki‡Z Pvb wKbv wKsev
dvBjmg~n‡K Kwc bv K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K Bg‡cvU© Ki‡Z Pvb wKbv Zv wR‡Ám Ki‡e| †h‡Kv‡bv Ackb
wbe©vPb Kiæb|
5. Avcwb hw` Pvb Z‡e wbw`©ó †ek wKQz Qwe‡K Bg‡cvU© Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ Ctrl wK †P‡c a‡i †i‡L cÖwZwU
cQ›`mB Qwe‡Z G‡Ki ci GK wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| GQvov Shift wK †P‡c a‡i †i‡L GKwU wbw`©ó †iÄ ch©šÍ
wM‡q Qwe‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j D³ †i‡Ä _vKv me¸‡jv Qwe‡K Avcwb wm‡j± K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|
6. Bg‡cvU© cÖwµqv m¤úbœ n‡q †M‡j Avcwb mvBWev‡i _vKv Last Import G wK¬K K‡i †mwU I‡cb Ki‡Z
cv‡ib Ges me¸‡jv Bg‡cvU©K…Z Qwe‡K †`L‡Z cv‡ib| mvBWev‡i _vK Events wj‡÷ wK¬K K‡iI Avcwb
bZzb Qwe¸‡jv‡K †`‡L wb‡Z cv‡ib| GLv‡b Qwe¸‡jv ZvwiL Abyqvhx web¨¯Í _v‡K|

Qwe d¬vM (Flag) Kiv

kUI‡qj Avcbvi Qwe¸‡jv‡K d¬¨vM Kivi my‡hvM †`‡e| hLb †Kv‡bv Qwe d¬¨vMW Ae¯’vq _v‡K ZLb Gi Dc‡ii
Wvb †KvYvq †QvU GKwU cZvKvi AvBKb cÖ`wk©Z nq| †h mg¯Í Qwe‡K d¬¨vMW Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K †`Lvi Rb¨
Avcwb mvBWev‡i _vKv d¬¨vMW AvB‡UgwU‡K wK¬K Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †Kv‡bv Qwe‡K d¬¨vM Ki‡j †mwU GKwU we‡kl Qwe
wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡q _v‡K| GB Qwe‡K Avcwb cieZ©x‡Z wewfbœfv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Avcbvi
Kv‡Q †ek wKQz Qwe i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv‡Z wfRy¨qvj A¨vWRv÷‡g›U Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G‡ÿ‡Î me¸‡jv‡K Qwe‡K Avcwb
d¬¨vM K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| Avevi Ggb n‡jv †h Avcwb we‡kl wKQz Qwe‡K eÜev܇ei mv‡_ †kqvi Ki‡Z Pvb|
270 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
G‡ÿ‡ÎI Avcwb D³ Qwe¸‡jv‡K d¬¨vM K‡i ivL‡Z cv‡ib| d¬¨vwMs †ek DcKvwi †Kbbv Avcwb mKj d¬¨vMW Qwe‡K
GKwU †mU wn‡m‡e Acv‡iU Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †hgbÑ Avcwb Flagged wfD wm‡j± Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges Gici me¸‡jv
d¬¨vMW Qwe‡K †Kv‡bv GKwU cvewjwks mvwf©‡m Avc‡jvW Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

Qwe‡K d¬¨vM (Flag) ev Avbd¬¨vM (Unflag) Kiv

†Kv‡bv GKwU Qwe‡K d¬¨vM ev Avbd¬¨vM Ki‡Z PvB‡j wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. QwewUi Dci ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ Kb‡U·U †gby †_‡K Flag ev Unflag wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avcwb Ctrl+G ev Ctrl+/ kU©KvU wK-I e¨envi
K‡iI Qwe‡K d¬¨vM ev Avbd¬¨vM Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

3. QwewU d¬¨vMW n‡j Avcwb Gi Dc‡ii Wvb †KvYvq GKwU jvj i‡Oi cZvKv †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
4. d¬¨vMW Qwe _vK‡j Dc‡ii Gwiqv‡Z Flagged AvB‡UgwUi cv‡ki cZvKvi AvBKbwU mPj I D¾¡j n‡q
cÖ`wk©Z nq| Avcwb hw` D³ cZvKv‡Z wK¬K K‡ib Z‡e we`¨gvb mKj Qwei g‡a¨ †Kej hZ¸‡jv Qwe‡K
Avcwb d¬¨vMW K‡i‡Qb †m¸‡jv Avcbvi mvg‡b nvwRi n‡e| GQvov mvBWevi †_‡K Flagged wm‡j±
Ki‡jI GB Qwe¸‡jv‡K †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 271
Qwe‡Z †iwUs †`qv
cÖwZwU Qwe‡K Avcwb 1-5 ZviKv m¤^wjZ †iwUs cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib wKsev weKífv‡e GwU‡K evwZj wn‡m‡e †iU
K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib hvi gva¨‡g kUI‡qj evBwWdë GB Qwe‡K jywK‡q ivL‡e| cieZ©x‡Z Avcwb †iU Kiv Qwi †iwUs
DwV‡q w`‡Z cv‡ib| Qwe‡Z †iwUs †`qvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Qwei Dci ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ Kb‡U·U †gby †_‡K Set Rating wbe©vPb Kiæb| GwU G·cvÛ n‡q Av‡iKwU mvBW †gby cÖ`wk©Z n‡e
†hLv‡b 1-5 ch©šÍ ZviKv wPý, Unrated, Rejected, Increase, Decrease cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
3. Qwe‡Z †h †iwUs w`‡Z Pvb Zv wbe©vPb Kiæb| aiæb, Avcwb Qwe‡Z Pvi ZviKv †iwUs w`‡eb; †m‡ÿ‡Î Pvi
ZviKvi wPý‡Z (****) wK¬K Kiæb|

4. QwewU †iwUs Kiv m¤úbœ n‡e| Gevi hw` Avcwb Qwei w`‡K jÿ¨ K‡ib Z‡e Gi wb‡Pi evg †KvYvq
Avcbvi †iwUs †`qv ZviKv¸‡jv †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
272 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
5. Gfv‡e Avcwb Qwe‡Z wewfbœ ZviKv m¤^wjZ †iwUs cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
6. ïay wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv †iwUs‡qi Qwe¸‡jv‡K †`L‡Z PvB‡j wcÖwfD As‡ki Dc‡i _vKv Rating Gi AvBKbwU‡Z
wK¬K Kiæb|
7. GKwU †gby cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GLvb †_‡K Avcwb †h †iwUs ev Zvi DËg Qwe¸‡jv‡K †`L‡Z Pvb †mwU wm‡j±
Kiæb|

8. wbe©vwPZ Qwe¸‡jv †`L‡Z cv‡eb|

9. wewfbœ Qwe‡Z Avcwb PvB‡j Unrated, Rejected, Increase, Decrease AckbI wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib|

Qwe‡Z U¨vM cÖ`vb Kiv

wbe©vwPZ Qwe¸‡jv‡Z Avcwb GK ev GKvwaK U¨vM hy³ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| GKwU U¨vM GK ev GKvwaK kã m¤^wjZ
n‡Z cv‡i hv Qwei welqe¯‘i mv‡_ wgj †i‡L w`‡Z nq| aiæb, Avcbvi Kv‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki †Kv‡bv cvwLi Qwe
i‡q‡Q| †m‡ÿ‡Î Avcwb QwewUi U¨v‡M Bird kã hy³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib; Avevi PvB‡j Bangladesh, Bird k㸇jvI
Ry‡o w`‡Z cv‡ib| Gfv‡e GKB welqe¯‘i mv‡_ RwoZ Qwe¸‡jv‡K U¨vM K‡i w`‡j cieZ©x‡Z Avcwb GB U¨v‡Mi
Dci wbf©i K‡i GKB ai‡bi Qwe¸‡jv‡K Lye mn‡RB Lyu‡R †ei K‡i GKmv‡_ †`L‡Z I Ab¨vb¨ KvR Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| Qwe‡Z U¨vM cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 273
1. Qwei Dci ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. AvMZ Kb‡U·U †gby †_‡K Add Tags wbe©vPb Kiæb|

3. Add Tags WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLv‡b U¨v‡Mi Rb¨ kã/kãmg~n‡K UvBc K‡i OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

4. D³ Qwe‡Z U¨vM hy³ n‡q hv‡e| Gfv‡e GKvwaK Qwe‡Z Avcwb wewfbœ kã/kãmg~n UvBc K‡i U¨vM hy³
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| U¨vM Kiv k㸇jv Qwei wb‡P cÖ`wk©Z nq|
274 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
5. Qwe‡K U¨vM Kiv n‡j kUI‡qj †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvBWev‡i Tags AvBKb †`L‡Z cv‡eb| G‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j
Avcwb †hme kã Øviv wewfbœ Qwe‡K U¨vM K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i ZvwjKv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| wbw`©ó k‡ãi Dci wK¬K
Ki‡j ïay D³ kã Øviv †hme Qwe‡K U¨vM Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i‡K cÖ`k©b Ki‡e|

Qwe‡K A‡Uv-Gb‡nÝ Kiv

kUI‡qj †cÖvMÖvgwUi gva¨‡g AwZ `ªæZ ¯^qswµqfv‡e †Kv‡bv Qwei eªvBU‡bm I KbUªv÷‡K A¨vWRv÷ Kiv hvq|
GRb¨ †h QwewU‡K A‡Uv-Gb‡nÝ Ki‡Z n‡e †mwU wbe©vPb K‡i †cÖvMÖvg B›Uvi‡d‡mi G‡Kev‡i wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv
Enhance evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 275
Qwei Kvjvi A¨vWRv÷ Kiv
kUI‡qj †cÖvMÖvgwUi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv Qwei Kvjvi A¨vWRv÷ Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. †h QwewUi Kvjvi A¨vWRv÷ Ki‡Z n‡e †mwU‡Z Wvej-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. QwewU eo n‡q cÖ`wk©Z n‡e Ges †cÖvMÖvg DB‡Ûvi wb‡Pi w`‡K †ek wKQz evUb cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GLvb †_‡K
Adjust evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

3. Qwe‡K Exposure, Saturation, Tint, Temperature I Shadows A¨vWRv÷ Kivi Rb¨ GKwU wn‡÷vMÖvg I
†ek wKQz ¯øvBWvimn GKwU †d¬vwUs DB‡Ûv Lyj‡e|

4. GLv‡b _vKv wewfbœ Ackb †_‡K ¯øvBWvi‡K Wª¨vM K‡i Avcbvi B‡”Qg‡Zv Qwei Kvjvi‡K A¨vWRv÷ K‡i
wbb| Gici OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
5. Reset evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Zv B‡gRwUi Av‡Mi Ae¯’v wdwi‡q Avb‡e| hw` cÖ‡qvRb nq Z‡e GwU cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡eb|
276 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
Qwe‡K µc Kiv
†Kv‡bv Qwei Gwiqv‡K Kwg‡q Avbvi Rb¨ Ges ÿz`ª GKwU As‡k `k©K‡`i `„wó‡K g‡bvwb‡ek Kiv‡Z Qwe‡K µc Kiv
n‡q _v‡K| kUI‡qj †cÖvMÖvgwUi Crop UzjwU e¨envi K‡i GwU Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Z‡e GB UzjwU †Kej dzj-DB‡Ûv ev
dzjw¯Œb †gv‡WB cvIqv hvq| Qwe‡K µc Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. †h QwewU‡K µc Ki‡Z Pvb †mwU‡Z Wvej-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. dzj-DB‡Ûv †gv‡W cÖ‡ek Ki‡e Ges QwewU eo n‡q cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| †cÖvMÖvg DB‡Ûvi wb‡Pi w`‡K †ek wKQz
evUb cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GLvb †_‡K Crop evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

3. Qwei Dci mv`v i‡Oi e‡·i g‡Zv GKwU µc †i‡±½j Avwef~Z © n‡e| †i‡±½jwUi †h‡Kv‡bv cÖv‡šÍ gvDm
c‡q›Uvi G‡b Wª¨vM K‡i µc Gwiqv‡K Dci-wbP-Wvb-evg As‡k evov‡bv ev Kgv‡bv hvq|

4. B‡”Qg‡Zv µc Gwiqv wba©vi‡Y ci evU‡b OK wK¬K Kiæb| QwewU µc n‡q hv‡e Ges wcÖwfD As‡k
cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 277

Qwe †_‡K †iW-AvB (Red-eye) `~i Kiv

hviv K¨v‡givq Qwe †Zv‡jb Zviv wbðqB †Lqvj K‡i _vK‡eb †h KLbI KLbI Avcbvi †Zvjv Qwe‡Z †Kv‡bv e¨w³
ev cÖvYxi †Pv‡Li gwY jvj †`Lv‡”Q hv cy‡iv QweUvi Av‡e`bUvB bó K‡i †`q| d¬¨v‡ki gva¨‡g hLb Qwe †Zvjv nq
ZLb †Pv‡Li Dci D³ Av‡jv cÖwZdwjZ n‡q †iW-AvB Gi m„wó nq| Qwe †_‡K †iW-AvB AcmviY Ki‡Z cvi‡j
QwewU †`L‡Z †ek my›`i †`Lvq| kUI‡qj †cÖvMÖvgwUi Red-eye UzjwU e¨envi K‡i Avcwb Qwe †_‡K †iW-AvB `~i
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GB UzjwU †Kej dzj-DB‡Ûv ev dzjw¯Œb †gv‡WB cvIqv hvq| Qwei †iW-AvB `~i Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi
c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. †h QwewUi †iW-AvB `~i Ki‡Z Pvb †mwU‡Z Wvej-wK¬K Kiæb|
2. dzj-DB‡Ûv †gv‡W cÖ‡ek Ki‡e Ges QwewU eo n‡q cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| †cÖvMÖvg DB‡Ûvi wb‡Pi w`‡K †ek wKQz
evUb cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GLvb †_‡K Red-eye evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
278 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
3. Qwei Dci GKwU e„Ë cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GB e„ËwU‡K Avcwb gvDm c‡q›Uvi w`‡q †U‡b Qwei †iW-AvB Gi
Dci wb‡q Avm‡Z cv‡ib| e„‡Ëi AvKvi †QvU-eo Ki‡Z PvB‡j Size Gi ¯øvBWviwU‡K Wv‡b-ev‡g †U‡b
G‡b Zv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b e„ËwU ¯’vc‡bi ci Apply evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

4. Qwe †_‡K †iW-AvB `~i n‡q hv‡e|

5. Qwe‡Z _vKv mKj †iW-AvB `~i Kivi Rb¨ GB c×wZ evievi cÖ‡qvM Kiæb|
6. KvR †kl n‡q †M‡j Close evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Gevi Qwei w`‡K jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`L‡eb QwewU Av‡Mi PvB‡Z
A‡bK †ewk my›`i †`Lv‡”Q|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 279
Qwe‡K †iv‡UU ev wd¬c Kiv
Rotate evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Avcwb Avcbvi QwewU‡K ev‡g ev Wv‡b (Nwoi KuvUvi w`‡K ev Nwoi KuvUvi wecixZ w`‡K)
†iv‡UU Kiv‡Z cv‡ib| GQvovI Avcwb †h‡Kv‡bv Qwei GKwU wgii B‡gRI ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
1. Qwe‡K Wvb w`‡K Nyiv‡bvi Rb¨ Rotate evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

2. ev‡g Nyiv‡Z PvB‡j Ctrl wK †P‡c a‡i †i‡L Zvici Rotate evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
3. QwewUi wgii B‡gR ˆZwi Ki‡Z †gby †_‡K Photos > Flip Horizontally wbe©vPb Kiæb|
4. B‡gRwU‡K fvwU©K¨vwj wd¬c Kiv‡Z PvB‡j †gby †_‡K Photos > Flip Vertically wbe©vPb Kiæb|
280 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

Aa¨vq t 12
Dey›Uz‡Z evsjvq KvR Kiv
evsjv fvlvfvlx †jvKRb Dey›Uz‡Z evsjvi KvR Kivi B‡”Q †cvlY Ki‡ZB cv‡ib| DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvixiv †jLv‡jwL
†_‡K ïiæ K‡i Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡R evsjv e¨envi K‡i G‡m‡Qb| GB myweav Avcwb Dey›Uz‡ZI cv‡eb| Z‡e Avcwb weRq
wK‡evW© †jAvD‡U †hfv‡e wj‡L Af¨¯Í mvaviYZ †mfv‡e nq‡Zv GLv‡b evsjv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb bv| Dey›Uz‡Z wK‡evW©
†jAvDU LvwbKUv wfbœ| weR‡qi e`‡j GLv‡b cÖfvZ wK‡evW©wU †K Avcwb cv‡eb| GB `ywU wK‡ev‡W©i †h‡Kv‡bv
GKwU‡K mvaviYZ Avcbv‡K e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| GQvov cÖvq weRq wK‡ev‡W©i g‡ZvB Av‡iKwU wK‡evW© †jAvDU
ÔBDwbRqÕ Gi gva¨‡g Avcwb Dey›Uz‡Z evsjv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

Dey›Uz‡Z evsjv †jLv

Dey›Uz‡Z evsjvq wjL‡Z n‡j me©cÖ_g Avcbv‡K evsjv wK‡evW© †jAvDU wbe©vPb K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ wb‡Pi
c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e t
1. GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > System Tools > System
Settings wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avi Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W (Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D BDwbwU‡Z) _vK‡j evg c¨v‡bj
†_‡K System Settings G wK¬K Kiæb|
2. System Settings DB‡Ûv Lyj‡e| GLvb †_‡K Keyboard Layout G wK¬K Kiæb|

3. Keyboard Layouts DB‡Ûv Avm‡e|

 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 281
4. Use the same layout for all windows AckbwU wm‡j± Ae¯’vq cv‡eb| GB Ae¯’vq DB‡Ûvi wb‡Pi w`‡K
_vKv cøvm (+) wPý m¤^wjZ evUbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|

5. Choose a Layout DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| GLv‡b Select an input source to add Gi AšÍM©Z ZvwjKvwU n‡Z
Bengali (Probhat) wbe©vPb Kiæb|

6. †jAvDUwU cÖZ¨ÿ Ki‡Z PvB‡j Preview evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| wcÖwfD †`Lv †kl n‡j DB‡ÛvwU eÜ Kivi
Rb¨ Close evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
282 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

7. Gevi Choose a Layout DB‡Ûv n‡Z Add evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

8. Bengali (Probhat) wK‡evW©wU hy³ n‡q hv‡e Ges ZvwjKv‡Z †mwU Bs‡iwR wK‡ev‡W©i cvkvcvwk †`Lv hv‡e|
DB‡Ûvi wb‡P Avcwb GKwU wK‡ev‡W©i AvBKb †`L‡Z cv‡eb †hwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j GKUz Av‡M †`Lv cÖfvZ
wK‡evW©wUi †jAvDUwU cybivq †`L‡Z cv‡eb|

9. Keyboard Layout WvqvjM e‡· eZ©gv‡b Bs‡iwR I evsjvi `ywU wK‡evW© †jAvDU hy³ i‡q‡Q| GB `ywU
†jAvD‡Ui g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK cwieZ©K kU©KvU wbe©vPb Kivi Rb¨ Options evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 283

10. Keyboard Layout Options WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLv‡b Avcwb wK‡evW© †jAvD‡Ui Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi
Ackb wba©viY Kivi my‡hvM cv‡eb| Z‡e GLb ïay Bs‡iwR I evsjv wK‡evW© †jAvDU ؇qi g‡a¨
cvi¯úwiK cwieZ©K kU©KvUB Avgiv wba©viY Ki‡ev| ZvB Key(s) to change layout Gi ev‡gi
w·KvYvKvi AvBKbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb| GwU G·cvÛ n‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi wK wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ Ackbmg~n
cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| evBwWdë GLv‡b Shift+Caps Lock AckbwU wm‡j± Kiv _vK‡Z cv‡i| Avi hw` bv _v‡K
Z‡e Avcwb †PK e·wU †PK K‡i w`b| A_©vr Avcwb GB `ywU wK GK‡Î †P‡c Bs‡iwR †_‡K evsjv Ges
evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iwR wK‡evW© †jAvD‡Ui g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GB `ywU wK Gi e`‡j
Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wKmg~n e¨envi Ki‡Z PvB‡j ZvwjKvq _vKv evwK Ackb¸‡jvi ga¨ †_‡K B‡”Qg‡Zv GKwU
†e‡Q wbb| Gici Close evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

11. Gevi Close AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡i Keyboard Layout WvqvjM e· †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmyb|
12. Dc‡ii c¨v‡b‡j jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`L‡eb †mLv‡b wK‡ev‡W©i GKwU AvBKb hy³ n‡q‡Q| AvBKbwU‡Z wK¬K
Ki‡j GKwU †gby cÖ`wk©Z n‡e †hLv‡b Bs‡iwR I evsjv wK‡evW© `ywUi bvg Ges Keyboard Preferencs I
Show Current Layout bv‡gi AviI `ywU Ackb cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| †h wK‡evW©wU me©‡kl wbe©vwPZ _vK‡e Zvi
evgw`‡K GKwU †QvU e„Ë cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GLvb †_‡K Avcwb B‡”Qg‡Zv wK‡evW© †jAvDU cwieZ©b K‡i wb‡Z
cv‡ib| PvB‡j c~e©wba©vwiZ kU©KvU wKØq GK‡Î †P‡cI GB KvRwU Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
284 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

13. evsjv wK‡evW© †jAvDU wbe©vwPZ _vK‡j Avcwb wbw`©ó †cÖvMÖv‡g evsjvq †jLv‡jwL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Z‡e
†Kvb wK Pvc‡j wK Aÿi Avm‡e †m m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi Rvbv _vK‡Z n‡e|

BDwbRq †jAvDU e¨envi K‡i Dey›Uz‡Z evsjv †jLv

hviv weRq wK‡evW© †jAvD‡U KvR K‡i Af¨¯Í Zviv ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Dey›Uz‡Z weRq wK‡evW© e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
A‡bK DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvixB BDwb‡Kv‡W evsjv †jLvi Rb¨ cÖvq weR‡qi m`„k GKwU wK‡evW© †jAvDU ÔBDwbRqÕ
e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb| GB ÔBDwbRqÕ Avcwb Dey›Uz‡ZI e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| G‡Z K‡i ÔweRqÕ wK‡evW© †jAvDU
Rvbv e¨w³iv Lye mn‡RB evsjv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| Dey›Uz‡Z ÔBDwbRqÕ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡j Avcbv‡K GKwU `xN©
cÖwµqv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| GwU Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e t
1. B›Uvi‡b‡U mshy³ _vKv Ae¯’vq Dey›Uzi GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K
Applications > Other > Synaptic Package Manager wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avi Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W
(Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D BDwbwU‡Z) _vK‡j evg c¨v‡bj †_‡K Dash Home G wK¬K K‡i AvMZ mvP© e‡·
Synaptic UvBc Kiæb Ges Synaptic Package AvB‡UgwU †c‡j Zv‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|
2. cvmIqvW© PvB‡j cvmIqvW© cÖ`vb K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb| Synaptic Package Manager Lyj‡e| Gi †gby †_‡K
Settings > Repositories wbe©vPb Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 285
3. Software Source DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| wb‡Pi g‡Zv K‡i Ackb¸‡jv wm‡j± K‡i Close evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

4. Synaptic Package Manager Gi g~j DB‡Ûvi Uzjev‡i _vKv Reload evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| d‡j GwU wb‡R
wb‡RB B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K wKQz wRwbm Avc‡WU Ki‡e| Avcbvi B›Uvi‡b‡Ui MwZi Dci wbf©i K‡i G‡Z
LvwbKUv mgq jvM‡Z cv‡i|
5. Avc‡W‡Ui KvR †kl nevi ci Synaptic Package Manager Gi g~j DB‡Ûvi Search evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
Find WvqvjM e· Avm‡j Zv‡Z m17n wj‡L Search evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| D³ bv‡g †h mg¯Í AvB‡Ug cv‡e
†m¸‡jv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
6. cÖvß djvd‡ji ga¨ †_‡K m17n-db Ges scim-m17n AvB‡Ug `ywU wm‡j± Kiæb|

7. Gevi gvD‡mi ivBU-wK¬K K‡i AvMZ †gby †_‡K Mark for Installation wbe©vPb Kiæb|
286 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

8. Mark additional required changes? DB‡Ûv Avm‡j Mark evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

9. Synaptic Package Manager Gi g~j DB‡Ûvi Uzjev‡i _vKv Apply evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

10. Summary DB‡Ûv Avm‡j Apply evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| mvBb¨vcwUK c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRviwU B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K
D³ c¨v‡KR¸‡jv WvDb‡jvW Ki‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 287

11. WvDb‡jvW cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nevi ci Zv BÝUj Kivi cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e|
12. BÝUj cÖwµqv m¤úbœ n‡Z †ek LvwbKUv mgq jvM‡e| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui MwZi Dci BÝUj cÖwµqv wbf©ikxj|
BÝUj †kl nevi ci Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i DB‡ÛvwU eÜ Kiæb|

13. Synaptic Package Manager wU eÜ K‡i KgwcDUvi wi÷vU© Kiæb|

14. Gevi c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Other > SCIM Input Method Setup wbe©vPb Kiæb| AvMZ
DB‡ÛvwUi evg w`‡Ki IMEngine Gi Aax‡b _vKv Global Setup wbe©vPb Kiæb| Wvb w`‡K A‡bK¸‡jv
fvlvi ZvwjKv Avm‡e Ges cÖwZwU fvlvi bv‡gi cv‡k GKwU K‡i wUK wPý †`Lv hv‡e| me¸‡jv wUK wPý
Zz‡j w`b| ïay Bengali wUK wPýwU wbe©vwPZ Ae¯’vq ivLyb|
288 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

15. Bengali bv‡gi cv‡k _vKv w·KvYvKvi AvBK‡b wK¬K Kiæb| GwU G·cvÛ n‡e Ges †ek wKQz AvB‡Ug
cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| ïay bn-unijoy AvB‡UgwU wbe©vwPZ ivLyb Ges evwK¸‡jvi wUK wPý DwV‡q w`b|

16. h_vµ‡g Apply I OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| wb‡Pi g‡Zv evZ©v cÖ`wk©Z n‡j OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Gici
†mwUsm¸‡jv fv‡jvfv‡e Kvh©Ki nevi Rb¨ KgwcDUviwU GKevi wi÷vU© w`‡q Avmyb|

17. Gevi c¨v‡b‡ji w`‡K jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`L‡eb †mLv‡b wK‡ev‡W©i GKwU AvBKb cÖ`wk©Z n‡”Q| G‡Z wK¬K
Ki‡j Bengali wK‡evW©wU †`L‡Z cv‡eb| Bengali wm‡j± Ki‡j AvBKbwU cwiewZ©Z n‡q evsjv ÔKÕ Aÿi
cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 289

18. Gevi Applications > Accessories > Text Editor wbe©vPb Kiæb| †U·U GwWU‡ii g‡a¨ gvD‡mi ivBU-
wK¬K K‡i AvMZ †gby †_‡K SCIM Input Method wbe©vPb Kiæb|

19. Gevi †U·U GwWU‡i evsjv UvBc Kiæb| †`Lyb wK PgrKvifv‡e weR‡qi g‡Zv K‡i (BDwbR‡q v-Kvi w-
Kvi I-Kvi BZ¨vw` c‡i UvBc Ki‡Z nq) evsjv †jLv hv‡”Q|

D‡jøL¨, GB cÖwµqv‡Z †Kej †U·U GwWU‡iB evsjv †jLv hv‡e| ZvB Ab¨ †Kv‡bv A¨vwcø‡Kk‡b BDwbR‡q evsjv
wjL‡Z PvB‡j AvcvZZ Avcwb †h cÖwµqvwU AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡ib †mwU n‡jv, †U·U GwWU‡i Avcbvi †jLv¸‡jv
UvBc K‡i †m¸‡jv Kwc K‡i D³ A¨vwcø‡Kkb¸‡jv‡Z wb‡q †c÷ Kiv|
290 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
BDwbRq wK‡evW© †jAvDU

Aå (Avro) †dv‡bwUK e¨envi K‡i Dey›Uz‡Z evsjv †jLv

evsjv †jLvi Rb¨ Aå †dv‡bwUK n‡jv PgrKvi GKwU Uzj| AwaKvsk e¨enviKvixB GwU DB‡Ûv‡R e¨envi K‡i
Af¨¯Í| A‡b‡KiB Rvbv †bB †h Gi Dey›Uz ms¯‹iYI i‡q‡Q| hviv DB‡Ûv‡R GwU e¨envi K‡i Af¨¯Í Zviv GLb
Dey›Uz‡ZI Aå †dv‡bwUK e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GRb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. cÖ_‡gB Avcbv‡K †h KvRwU Ki‡Z n‡e †mwU n‡jv B›Uvi‡b‡U mshy³ _vKv Ae¯’vq I‡qe eªvDRvi Ly‡j
http://scim-avro.googlecode.com/files/scim-avro_0.0.2-1ubuntu9.10_i386.deb wj¼wU †_‡K
†WweqvbwfwËK †Wm‡Uªv Gi Rb¨ Aå WvDb‡jvW K‡i wbb|
2. BÝUjviwU‡Z Wvej-wK¬K Kiæb ev GwU‡K Dey›Uz mdUIq¨vi †m›Uv‡ii gva¨‡g I‡cb K‡i Zv BÝUj K‡i
wbb|
3. Dey›Uz mdUIq¨vi †m›Uv‡ii mvP© e‡· SCIM Input Method Setup wj‡L w`‡q †`‡L wbb †h GwU BÝUj
Kiv Av‡Q wKbv bv _vK‡j GwU BÝUj K‡i wbb|
4. Terminal wU I‡cb Kiæb|
5. Gevi Uvwg©bv‡j im-switch -c KgvÛwU wj‡L G›Uvi Pvcyb|

6. wb‡Pi g‡Zv GKwU DB‡Ûv †`L‡Z cv‡eb|

 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 291

7. Gevi c¨v‡bj (GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W) †_‡K Applications > Other > SCIM Input Method Setup
wbe©vPb Kiæb|

8. FrontEnd wUªÕi Global Setup G wK¬K Kiæb| Gici Trigger, Turn On Ges Turn Off Gi Rb¨
Control+Space nU wK wba©viY Kiæb| Gevi h_vµ‡g Apply I OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| wb‡Pi g‡Zv evZ©v
cÖ`wk©Z n‡j OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Gici †mwUsm¸‡jv fv‡jvfv‡e Kvh©Ki nevi Rb¨ KgwcDUviwU
GKevi wi÷vU© w`‡q Avmyb|

9. cybivq c¨v‡bj †_‡K System > Preferences > SCIM Input Method Setup wbe©vPb Kiæb| IMEngine
Gi Aax‡b _vKv Global Setup wbe©vPb Kiæb| GLv‡b Bengali Gi Aax‡b _vKv Avro Phonetic AckbwU
292 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
wm‡j± Ae¯’vq ivLyb| Other Gi AšÍf³
y© Ackb¸‡jv wWwm‡j± Kiæb| Gici h_vµ‡g Apply I OK
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

10. KgwcDUviwU wi÷vU© w`‡q Avmyb|

11. Gevi Applications > Accessories > Text Editor wbe©vPb Kiæb| †U·U GwWU‡ii g‡a¨ gvD‡mi ivBU-
wK¬K K‡i AvMZ †gby †_‡K SCIM Input Method wbe©vPb Kiæb|

12. Dc‡ii c¨v‡b‡j GKwU wK‡ev‡W©i AvBKb cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| AvBKbwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j Bengali Ges
English/Keyboard bv‡g `ywU Ackb cv‡eb| Avcwb hw` Bengali wm‡j± K‡ib Z‡e Aå †dv‡bwUK
wK‡evW©wU wbe©vwPZ n‡e| Gfv‡e Aå‡K wbe©vPb bv K‡i Avcwb mivmwi Control+Space nU wK †P‡cI GwU
mPj Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

13. Gevi †U·U GwWU‡i †dv‡bwU‡K c×wZ‡Z evsjv UvBc Kiæb| †hgbÑ Avcwb hw` Bs‡iwR‡Z evsjv‡K
D”PiY Kivi g‡Zv K‡i wKmg~n Pvc‡Z _v‡Kb Z‡e Zv evsjvq †jLv n‡q hv‡e| Avcwb hw` Bs‡iwR‡Z
‘amar’ UvBc K‡ib Z‡e Zv evsjv‡Z ÔAvgviÕ †`Lv‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 293

14. Gfv‡e Avcwb †h‡Kv‡bv †jLv †dv‡bwU‡K BDwb‡KvW evsjv‡Z UvBc Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Dey›Uz‡Z evsjv †jvKvjvB‡Rkb/evsjv j¨vs¸‡qR mv‡cvU©

Avcwb PvB‡j Dey›Uz‡Z Bs‡iwR fvlvi e`‡j meÎB evsjv fvlv‡K e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| evsjv †jvKvjvB‡Rkb ev
evsjv j¨vs¸‡qR mv‡cvU© Gi gva¨‡g Avcwb Dey›Uzi †Pnviv‡K e`‡j w`‡Z cv‡ib Ges Avcbvi wcÖq evsjv‡Z GwU‡K
e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| evsjv j¨vs¸‡qR mv‡cvU© †c‡Z n‡j Avcbv‡K wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e t
1. B›Uvi‡b‡U mshy³ _vKv Ae¯’vq GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications >
System Tools > System Settings wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avi Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W (Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D
BDwbwU‡Z) _vK‡j evg c¨v‡bj †_‡K System Settings G wK¬K Kiæb|
2. System Settings DB‡Ûv Lyj‡e| GLvb †_‡K Language Support G wK¬K Kiæb|
294 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

3. j¨vs¸‡qR mv‡cvU© cy‡ivcywi BÝUj nqwb Giƒc GKwU DB‡Ûv Avm‡j Install evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

4. Authenticate WvqvjM e· Avm‡j Zv‡Z Avcbvi A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªUi cvmIqvW© cÖ`vb K‡i Authenticate
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
5. Language Support msµvšÍ GKwU DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| Gici Applying changes DB‡Û‡Z mdUIq¨vi
c¨v‡KR WvDb‡jvW I BÝUj n‡Z _vK‡e| GRb¨ Rb¨ wKQz mgq †b‡e|

6. Language U¨vewU wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv Install / Remove Languages evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 295

7. Install Languages DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| Gi ZvwjKv †_‡K Bengali Lyu‡R †ei Kiæb Ges Gi Wvb w`‡K _vKv
†PK e‡· wK¬K Kiæb| Gici Apply Changes evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

8. A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªUi cvmIqvW© PvB‡j Zv cÖ`vb K‡i A‡_bwU‡KU evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

9. wKQzÿY ci Language for menus and windows: G Bengali (evsjv‡`k) Aby¾¡jfv‡e cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
Bengali (evsjv‡`k) †K Wª¨vM K‡i Dc‡i Zz‡j Avbyb| GwU GLb D¾¡j n‡q cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
296 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

10. Regional Formats U¨v‡e wK¬K Kiæb Ges Display number, dates and currency amounts in the usual
format for: Gi evUbwU‡Z wK¬K K‡i Bengali (evsjv‡`k) wbe©vPb Kiæb| Zvici Apply System-wide
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

11. Gevi Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Language Support DB‡ÛvwU eÜ Kiæb|
12. KgwcDUviwU wi÷vU© w`b| jMBb w¯Œb Avm‡j Dey›Uz BDwbwU †gvWwU (Ubuntu / Ubuntu 2D) wm‡j± K‡i
Avcbvi cvmIqvW© cÖ`vb K‡i G›Uvi Pvcyb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 297

13. GB †gv‡W wb‡Pi g‡Zv me wKQzB evsjv‡Z †`L‡Z cv‡eb| †Kv‡bv †gby‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j Zvi AvB‡Ug¸‡jv
evsjv‡ZB cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
298 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
14. Gevi cybivq jMAvDU †nvb Ges GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gvW wbe©vPb K‡i Avcbvi cvmIqvW© cÖ`vb K‡i
Dey›Uz‡Z cÖ‡ek Kiæb| wewfbœ †gby‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j Avcwb AwaKvsk †gby AvB‡U‡gi bvgB evsjv‡Z †`L‡Z
cv‡eb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 299

Aa¨vq t 13
Dey›Uz‡Z BÝUjK…Z mdUIq¨vi I †WUv e¨vKAvc
Dey›Uz‡Z BÝUjK…Z mdUIq¨vi I †WUvmg~n †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y (Ab¨ wm‡÷‡g BÝUj Kivi Rb¨ A_ev wm‡÷‡g †d«k
BÝU‡ji Rb¨) e¨vKAv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Avcwb GKwU wW‡i±wi‡Z e¨vKAvc K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib| †Kv‡bv wm‡÷‡gi
†WUvi e¨vKAvc _vKvUv Riæwi| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y wm‡÷g µ¨vk Ki‡j ev wm‡÷‡gi †Kv‡bv ÿwZ n‡j mdUIq¨vi I
†WUvi ÿwZ n‡Z cv‡i| wjbv‡· e¨vKAvc †bevi Rb¨ PgrKvi wKQz mdUIq¨vi i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv AwiwRbvj dvBj,
†WUv‡eR wKsev nvW©WªvB‡f ev Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv †WUv †÷v‡iR wWfvB‡m e¨eüZ m¤ú~Y© †WUvi e¨vKAvc Kwc ˆZwi
Ki‡Z cv‡i| KwcK…Z Gme †WUv cieZ©x‡Z †WUv jm wKsev wWfvBm †dBwjq‡ii Kvi‡Y wi‡÷vi K‡i †bqv hvq|
Dey›Uzi Av‡Mi ms¯‹iY¸‡jv‡Z evB wWdë †Kv‡bv ai‡bi e¨vKAvc mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv _vK‡Zv bv| Z‡e Dey›Uz
11.10 Oneiric Ocelot ms¯‹iYwU‡Z cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv Déjà Dup bv‡gi GKwU e¨vKAvc Uzj BÝUj _vKv Ae¯’vq
cvIqv hv‡e| GwU GKwU e¨vKAvc my¨BU hv B‡Zvc~‡e© Dey›Uz‡Z BÝUj K‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡Zv| †mw`K †_‡K
mdUIq¨vwU A‡b‡Ki Kv‡QB cwiwPZ bvg| GB mdUIq¨viwU Avcbv‡K ¯^qswµq Gbwµ‡ÞW I Bbwµ‡g›Uvj
e¨vKAvcmg~n‡K †jvKvwj ev wi‡gvUwj †mUAvc Ki‡Z †`‡e| e¨vKAvc Kivi RwUjZv‡K GLv‡b jywK‡q †djv
n‡q‡Q Ges e¨vK G‡Û WywcøwmwU †K e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

†WRv Wvc (Déjà Dup) e¨vKAvc Uzj e¨envi Kiv

†WRv Wvc (Déjà Dup) e¨vKAvc UzjwU e¨envi K‡i †WUv e¨vKAvc Ki‡j Zv mvaviYZ Dey›Uz Iqvb (Ubuntu 1) G
msiwÿZ nq| Dey›Uz Iqvb n‡jv GKwU AbjvBb msiÿYvMv‡ii g‡Zv †hLv‡b Avcbvi Z_¨mg~n‡K Avcwb Rgv
ivL‡Z cv‡ib Ges AviI eû KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Dey›Uz Iqvb wb‡q c„_K GKwU Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G
m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z PvB‡j Aa¨vqwU †`‡L wb‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e GLv‡b we‡klfv‡e e‡j ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †h, †WRv
Wvc e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Avcbv‡K Dey›Uz Iqv‡b GKwU A¨vKvD›U _vK‡Z n‡e Ges Dey›Uz n‡Z Dey›Uz Iqvb Kv‡b‡±W
Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z n‡e| Gici †WUv e¨vKAvc Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > System Tools > System
Settings wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avi Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W (Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D BDwbwU‡Z) _vK‡j evg c¨v‡bj
†_‡K System Settings G wK¬K Kiæb|
2. System Settings DB‡Ûv Lyj‡e| GLvb †_‡K Backup G wK¬K Kiæb|
300 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

3. †WRv Wvc (Déjà Dup) e¨vKAvc UzjwU DB‡Ûv‡Z cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

4. GLv‡b Avcwb `ywU Ackbm¤úbœ evUb cv‡eb| G¸‡jv n‡jv Av‡Mi Kiv †Kv‡bv e¨vKAvc †_‡K
dvBjmg~n‡K wi‡÷vi Kivi Rb¨ I want to restore files from a previous backup evUb Ges ïay
e¨vKAvc †mwUs¸‡jv‡K †`Lvi Rb¨ Just show my backup settings evUb| Avcwb †h‡nZz cÖ_gevi GwU
e¨envi Ki‡Qb ZvB wØZxq Ack‡bi evUbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|
5. wb‡Pi DB‡ÛvwU †`L‡Z cv‡eb| ïiæ‡ZB ev‡gi Kjv‡g Avcwb Overview, Storage, Folders Ges
Schedule bv‡gi PviwU †gvW cv‡eb| Overview †gvWwU wbe©vwPZ Ae¯’v‡ZB _vK‡e| Gi Aax‡b _vKv
Ackb¸‡jv Wv‡b cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| ïiæ‡ZB Avcwb Avcwb cv‡eb ¯^qswµqfv‡e e¨vKAvc †mU Kivi GKwU
Ackb| Automatic backups AckbwU cÖv_wgKfv‡e OFF wbe©vwPZ _vK‡e| GwU Ab Ki‡Z PvB‡j OFF
†jLvi Dci wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 301

6. OFF †jLvwU ON cÖ`k©b Ki‡e| wKQzÿY ci Av‡iKwU DB‡Ûv‡Z cvmIqvW© PvB‡e|

7. e¨vKAvc wi‡÷vi Kivi mgq hw` †Kv‡bv ai‡bi cvmIqvW© QvovB Zv Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e Allow restoring
without a password AckbwU wm‡j± K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| Avi hw` e¨vKAvc wi‡÷vi Ki‡Z †M‡j †hb
cvmIqvW© Pvq †mwU wba©viY Ki‡Z PvB‡j Password-protect your backup AckbwU wm‡j± Kiæb| Gici
Encryption password I Confirm password Ni¸‡jv‡Z cQ›`bxq cvmIqvW© cÖ`vb K‡i Continue evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb|
8. dvBjmg~n e¨vKAvc nevi cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e| Gici ïiæ n‡e Dey›Uz Iqv‡b †m¸‡jvi Avc‡jvwWs cÖwµqv|
302 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
9. e¨vKAvc cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nvevi ci Zv w¯Œ‡b cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| D‡jøL¨, Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i †WUvi cwigvY
†ewk n‡j e¨vKAvc m¤úbœ n‡Z A‡bK mgq jvM‡Z cv‡i| Dciš‘ cy‡iv cÖwµqvwU B›Uvi‡b‡Ui MwZi Dci
AwaKvs‡k wbf©ikxj| MwZ Kg n‡j mgq A‡bK †ewk jvM‡e|

we‡kl †ÿ‡Î
KLbI KLbI e¨vKAvc Kivi mgq Avcwb hLb Back Up Now evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡eb ZLb Dey›Uz Iqvb G Kv‡b±
nevi †Póv Ki‡e (hw` Kv‡b± bv _v‡K)|

Giƒc Ae¯’vq Sign into Ubuntu One evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Gici AvMZ DB‡Ûv‡Z Avcbvi B‡gBj A¨v‡Wªm (†h
A¨v‡Wªm e¨envi K‡i Avcwb Dey›Uz Iqv‡b A¨vKvD›U Ly‡j‡Qb) I cvmIqvW©wU cÖ`vb K‡i Connect evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 303

e¨vKAvc wi‡÷vi Kiv

†WRv Wvc Gi gva¨‡g e¨vKAvc wb‡j Zv mivmwi KgwcDUvi †_‡K Dey›Uz Iqvb A¨vKvD‡›U wM‡q msiwÿZ nq| GB
e¨vKAvc‡K wi‡÷vi Ki‡Z PvB‡j wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
1. Dey›Uz Iqv‡b (Ubuntu One) Kv‡b± _vK‡Z n‡e| Zvici †WRv Wvc (Déjà Dup) e¨vKAvc UzjwU Pvjy
Kiæb|
2. Overview AckbwU wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq Restore evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

3. Restore DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| GLv‡b e¨vKAvc †jv‡Kkb I †dvìvi †`Lv‡e| wbP †_‡K evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
304 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

4. e¨vKAvc †PwKs Kiv ïiæ Ki‡e| e¨vKAvc Lyu‡R †c‡j Zvi ZvwiLwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GKvwaK e¨vKAvc
_vK‡j †m¸‡jv †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨vKAvcwU †e‡Q wb‡Z Zvwi‡Li WªcWvDb AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq
e¨vKAvcwU wm‡j± Kiæb| Gici Forward evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

5. dvBj †Kv_vq wi‡÷vi Ki‡eb Zv †`wL‡q w`‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ Restore files to original location Restore
to specific folder Ges bv‡gi `ywU Ackb cv‡eb| cÖ_g AckbwU wm‡j± Ki‡j dvBj¸‡jv Zv‡`i
AwiwRbvj †jv‡Kk‡b wi‡÷vi n‡e| Avi hw` wØZxq AckbwU wm‡j± K‡ib Z‡e Avcwb Avcbvi B‡”Qg‡Zv
†jv‡Kk‡b Zv wi‡÷vi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Avgiv GLv‡b wØZxq AckbwU wm‡j± Kijvg| Gici Restore
folder Gi WªcWvDb AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡i Kvw•ÿZ †dvìviwU wm‡j± Kiæb| Zvici Forward evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 305
6. mvgvwi cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| mvgvwi †`Lvi ci Restore evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

7. wi‡÷vi cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e| †WUv e¨vKAvc Kivi mgq hw` †Kv‡bv Gbwµckb cvmIqvW© w`‡q _v‡Kb Z‡e
GB Ae¯’vq †WUv wi‡÷vi nevi mgq Avcbvi Kv‡Q †mB cvmIqvW©wU PvB‡e| cvmIqvW©wU cÖ`vb K‡i
Continue evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

8. Dey›Uz Iqvb n‡Z Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡ii wba©vwiZ †jv‡Kk‡b †WUv wi‡÷vi cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e Ges wba©vwiZ
mgq AwZµv‡šÍi ci Zv Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i wi‡÷vi n‡q hv‡e|

9. Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i DB‡ÛvwU eÜ Kiæb|

306 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
10. cybivq Close evU‡b wK¬K K‡i Backups DB‡Ûv n‡Z †ewi‡q Avmyb|
11. Gevi wba©vwiZ †jv‡Kk‡b †M‡j Avcbvi wi‡÷vi nIqv †dvìviwU †`L‡Z cv‡eb| †dvìviwU A¨vK‡mm
Ki‡j Avcwb AviI wKQz †dvìv‡i ¸Qv‡bv Ae¯’vq Avcbvi †WUv¸‡jv †c‡q hv‡eb|

AviI wKQz e¨vKAvc Uzj

†WRv Wvc (Déjà Dup) QvovI AviI wKQz RbwcÖq Uzj w`‡q Avcbvi Avcbvi †WUv¸‡jv‡K e¨vKAvc I wi‡÷vi
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GB Uzj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jvÑ FlyBack, Back In Time, Fwbackups, luckyBackup, BAR,
Dkopp, Backerupper, Grsync - Rsync GUI BZ¨vw`| wb‡P G‡`i mswÿß cwiwPwZ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|

d¬vBe¨vK (FlyBack)
GwU GKwU PgrKvi †WUv e¨vKAvc mdUIq¨vi| Gi gva¨‡g Avcwb †Kv‡bv G·Uvb©vj BDGmwe wWfvB‡m dvBj I
†dvìvi¸‡jv‡K e¨vKAvc Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| AwZ mvaviY GB GUI †cÖvMÖvgwU †Kv‡bv d¬¨vk ev _v¤^ WªvB‡f AwZ `ªæZ
RwUj me ÷vd‡K e¨vKAvc K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| GB mdUIq¨viwU cÖK…Zc‡ÿ A¨vc‡ji Time Machine e¨vKAvc
Uz‡ji Øviv AbycÖvwYZ n‡q ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| http://code.google.com/p/flyback/downloads/list wjsK n‡Z
d¬vBe¨vK mdUIq¨viwU WvDb‡jvW I BÝUj
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Dchy³ †We c¨v‡KRwU
WvDb‡jvW Kivi mgq Dey›Uz mdUIq¨vi
†m›Uv‡ii gva¨‡g †mwU I‡cb Kivi
AckbwU wm‡j± K‡i w`‡j Dey›Uz
mdUIq¨vi †m›UviwU I‡cb n‡e| G mgq
Install evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j BÝUj cÖwµqv
ïiæ n‡e Ges wKQzÿ‡Yi †fZiB Zv BÝUj
n‡q hv‡e| Gici wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv
MÖnY Kiæb t
1. d¬¨vBe¨vK mdUIq¨viwU‡K Pvjy
Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 307
2. Gici †WUv e¨vKAvc Kivi Rb¨ GKwU eø¨v¼ USB wWfvBm KgwcDUv‡i mshy³ Kiæb Ges bZzb GKwU
e¨vKAvc ˆZwii Rb¨ cøvm (+) wPý m¤^wjZ evUbwU‡Z Wvej-wK¬K Kiæb|
3. Gevi †h †dvìviwU e¨vKAvc Ki‡Z Pvb †mwU †e‡Q wbb Ges WªvBfwU wm‡j± K‡i New †Z wK¬K Kiæb|

4. Gici e¨vKAvc cÖwµqv ïiæ Kivi Rb¨ Backup G wK¬K Kiæb|

5. G·Uvb©vj WªvB‡f Avcbvi Avcbvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ÷vd¸‡jv e¨vKAvc n‡Z _vK‡e| G‡Z wKQz mgq jvM‡e|

6. cieZ©x‡Z †WUv wi‡÷vi Ki‡Z PvB‡j Export evU‡b wK¬K K‡i GwU G·‡cvU© Kivi Rb¨ GKwU †jv‡Kkb
†e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e| GwU GKwU AvK©vBf wn‡m‡e G·‡cvU© n‡e| wKsev Avcwb Explore wm‡j± Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
Gi d‡j GKwU A¯’vqx †jv‡Kkb ˆZwi n‡e †hLv‡b Avcwb wi‡÷vi Ki‡Z Pvb Giƒc †dvìvimg~n‡K Kwc
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Zvici Gme †dvìvi‡K Ab¨‡Kv‡bv †jv‡Kk‡b mwi‡q wb‡Z cv‡ib|
308 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
e¨vK Bb UvBg (Back In Time)
GwU wjbv‡·i Rb¨ GKwU mn‡R e¨envi‡hvM¨ webvg~‡j¨i e¨vKAvc †cÖvMÖvg| g~jZ Aci `ywU RbwcÖq e¨vKAvc
mdUIq¨vi Flyback I TimeVault n‡Z AbycÖvwYZ n‡q GwU ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB `ywU mdUIq¨v‡ii fv‡jv
welq¸‡jv‡K mgwš^Z K‡iB e¨vK Bb UvBg mdUIq¨viwU ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| wW‡i±wimg~‡ni wbw`©óK…Z GKwU †m‡Ui
mœ¨vckUmg~n MÖn‡Yi Øviv e¨vKAvc m¤úvw`Z nq| mdUIq¨viwUi `ywU fvm©b i‡q‡Q hvi GKwU GNOME Gi Rb¨
AcwUgvBR Kiv Ges Ab¨wU KDE Gi Rb¨| Dey›Uz mdUIq¨vi †m›Uvi †_‡K webvg~‡j¨ GwU BÝUj K‡i e¨envi Kiv
hvq| GQvov Uvwg©bv‡ji gva¨‡gI GwU BÝUj Kiv hvq| GRb¨ Uvwg©bvj Ly‡j wb‡Pi KgvÛ¸‡jv Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z n‡e t
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:bit-team/stable
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install backintime-gnome backintime-common

GdWweøDe¨vKAvcm (Fwbackups)
GwU Dey›Uzi Av‡iKwU e¨vKAvc †cÖvMÖvg †hwU Avcbvi dvBj¸‡jv‡K †h‡Kv‡bv mg‡q e¨vKAvc †bevi Rb¨ e¨envi
Kiv hvq| Gi mnR I kw³kvjx BDRvi B›Uvi‡dmwU mKj ¯Í‡ii Dc‡hvMx| mdUIq¨viwU BÝU‡ji Rb¨ Avcbv‡K
cÖ_‡g Gi †We (deb) c¨v‡KRwU WvDb‡jvW K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| https://launchpad.net/~magne-
nordtveit/+archive/ppa/+files/fwbackups_1.43.3rc4-0ubuntu1~ppa5_i386.deb wjsK n‡Z Gi 32 we‡Ui †We
c¨v‡KRwU (fwbackups_i386.deb) cvIqv hv‡e| Avi https://launchpad.net/~magne-
nordtveit/+archive/ppa/+files/fwbackups_1.43.3rc4-0ubuntu1~ppa5_amd64.deb wjsK n‡Z 64 we‡Ui †We
c¨v‡KRwU (fwbackups_amd64.deb) cvIqv hv‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 309

jvwK e¨vKAvc (luckyBackup)

GwU webvg~‡j¨i kw³kvjx I wbf©i‡hvM¨ GKwU e¨vKAvc I wm¼ mdUIq¨vi| GwU Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡ii cÖvq mKj
wW‡i±wi¸‡jv‡K e¨vKAvc I wmb‡µvbvBR Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wdPvi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q e¨vKAvc,
†mdwU, wmb‡µvbvB‡Rkb, G·K¬zW/Abwj BbK¬zW Ackbmg~n, Kv‡÷vg wm¼ Ackbmg~‡ni Aby‡gv`b, wi‡gvU
Kv‡bKkb, wi‡÷vi I WªvB-ivb Acv‡ikb, wkwWDwjs, †cÖvdvBj, KgvÛ jvBb †gvW cÖf„wZ| Dey›Uz mdUIq¨vi
†m›Uv‡i GwU cvIqv hvq| †mLvb †_‡K mdUIq¨viwU BÝUj K‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov Dey›Uz‡Z jvwK
e¨vKAvc B›UjU Kivi Rb¨ Gi h_vh_ †We c¨v‡KRwU http://goo.gl/FwGCq wjsKwU †_‡K bvwg‡q wb‡Z cv‡ib|
310 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
weGAvi (BAR)
GwU GKwU webvg~‡j¨i e¨vKAvc AvK©vBfvi Uzj| UzjwUi mvnv‡h¨ Avcwb bzip2, lzma Ges zlib A¨vj‡Mvwi`g e¨envi
K‡i †WUv‡K Kg‡cÖk Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Dey›Uz‡Z GwU BÝUj Kivi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K †We c¨v‡KR WvDb‡jvW K‡i wb‡Z
n‡e| http://www.kigen.de/projects/bar/bar-gui-0.16d-ubuntu10_i386.deb wjsK n‡Z Gi 32 we‡Ui fvm©b Ges
http://www.kigen.de/projects/bar/bar-0.16d-ubuntu10_amd64.deb wjsK n‡Z Gi 64 we‡Ui fvm©b WvDb‡jvW
Kiv hv‡e|

wWKc (Dkopp)
GB mdUIq¨viwU Avcbvi e¨vKAvc wW¯‹ dvBj¸‡jv‡K wWwfwW (DVD) I eøy-†i wW¯‹ (Blue-Ray Disks) mg~‡n
e¨vKAvc Kivi my‡hvM †`‡e| GwU Bbwµ‡g›Uvj e¨vKAvc mg_©b K‡i Ges GwU‡K dvBj cybiæ×v‡ii Kv‡RI
e¨envi Kiv hvq| Dey›Uz‡Z Dkopp BÝU‡ji Rb¨ http://kornelix.squarespace.com/storage/packages/dkopp-5.8-
i686.deb A_ev http://kornelix.squarespace.com/storage/packages/dkopp-5.8-x86_64.deb wjsK `ywU n‡Z
h_vh_ †We c¨v‡KRwU WvDb‡jvW K‡i BÝUj K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 311
e¨v‡Kivcvi (Backerupper)
GwU LyeB mvaviY GKwU e¨vKAvc †cÖvMÖvg hv Bbwµ‡g›Uvi e¨vKAvc‡K mg_©b K‡i| †Kv‡bv ai‡bi BÝU‡jk‡bi
cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| ïay Gi AvK©vBf dvBjwU WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †h‡Kv‡bv †dvìv‡i Zv G·Uª¨v± K‡i ivL‡Z
n‡e| Zvici A¨vwcø‡KkbwU Pvjy Kivi Rb¨ "backer" dvBjwUi Dci Wvej-wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
http://goo.gl/TmCRr wjsK n‡Z †cÖvMÖvgwU WvDb‡jvW K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib|

wRAviwm¼ (Grsync - Rsync GUI)

GwU mvaviY GKwU Rsync MÖvwdK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm hv GTK2 e¨envi K‡i| GwU wjbv‡·i Rb¨ GKwU
kw³kvjx I‡cb †mvm© KgvÛ jvBb e¨vKAvc Uzj| Dey›Uz mdUIq¨i †m›Uvi n‡Z GwU webvg~‡j¨ WvDb‡jvW K‡i
e¨envi Kiv hvq| DB‡ÛvR, g¨vK IGm G· e¨enviKvixivI GwU webvg~‡j WvDb‡jvW K‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
312 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

Aa¨vq t 14
Dey›Uz Iqvb (Ubuntu One) wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
Dey›Uz Iqvb (Ubuntu One) n‡jv K¨v‡bvwbK¨vj wjwg‡UW Øviv cwiPvwjZ GKwU e¨w³MZ K¬vDW †mev| GB †mevi
gva¨‡g e¨enviKvixiv AbjvB‡b Zv‡`i dvBj¸‡jv‡K msiÿY Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges †m¸‡jv‡K KgwcDUvi I †gvevBj
wWfvBm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wm¼ (Sync) Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov K¬vDW †_‡K
†gvevBj wWfvBm¸‡jv‡Z AwWI Ges wgDwRK w÷ªgI wm¼ Kiv hvq|
Dey›Uzi e¨enviKvixiv webvg~‡j¨ Dey›Uz Iqv‡b A¨vKvD›U Ly‡j Zv‡Z 5
wMMvevBU †÷v‡iR myweav †c‡q _v‡Kb Ges †mLv‡b H cwigvY †WUv
msiÿY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| e¨enviKvixiv wewfbœ cø¨vUd‡g© dvBj wm¼ Ki‡Z
cv‡ib, dvBj I †dvìvi¸‡jv‡K †kqvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib GgbwK †gvevBj
wWfvBm †_‡KI GwU A¨vK‡mm Ki‡Z cv‡ib| 5 wMMvevB‡Ui †ewk †÷v‡iR e¨envi Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zv wK‡b e¨envi
Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ Avcwb hw` 5 wMMvevB‡Ui evB‡i AviI 20 wMMvevBU †÷v‡iR †c‡Z Pvb Z‡e Avcbv‡K
cÖwZgv‡m 2.99 gvwK©b Wjvi ev eQ‡i 29.99 gvwK©b Wjvi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi 20 wMMvevBU †÷v‡i‡Ri
cvkvcvwk †gvevB‡j wgDwRK w÷ªwgs I AdjvB‡b wgDwRK †kvbvi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K cÖwZgv‡m 3.99 gvwK©b Wjvi ev
eQ‡i 39.99 gvwK©b Wjvi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
Dey›Uz Iqvb Gi GB †mevwU SpiderOak, Dropbox, Box.net, Mozy, Wuala, Amazon Cloud Player, Google
Music, Humyo, iDisk, Jungle Disk I Live Mesh Gi †mevi g‡ZvB| †jv-†j‡fj †bUIqvwK©s‡qi Rb¨ G‡Z
Twisted bv‡gi GKwU B‡f›U-WªvB‡fb †bUIqvK© †cÖvMÖvwgs †d«gIqvK© e¨envi Kiv nq| Avi cÖ‡UvKj eY©bvi Rb¨
¸Mj D™¢vweZ B›Uvi‡dm †Wmwµckb j¨vs¸‡qR m¤^wjZ wmwiqvjvB‡Rkb di‡gU Protocol Buffers e¨eüZ nq|
Dey›Uz Iqvb Gi GKwU K¬v‡q›U A¨vwcø‡Kkb i‡q‡Q hv Dey›Uz Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g evBwWdë BÝUj Kiv _v‡K| Z‡e
DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvixiv GwU e¨envi Ki‡Z PvB‡Z Zv WvDb‡jvW K‡i BÝUj K‡i wb‡Z nq| DB‡ÛvR G·wc,
wfmZv Ges DB‡ÛvR †m‡fb fvm©‡bi Rb¨ GB K¬v‡q›UwU cvIqv hvq| GQvov A¨vbWªy‡qW 2.1 ev Z`ya© fvm©b m¤^wjZ
†gvevBj wWfvBm Ges AvB‡dvb I AvBc¨vW AvBIGm 3.1 I Z`ya© fvm©b m¤^wjZ AvB‡dvb I AvBc¨v‡W Avcwb
Dey›Uz Iqvb Gi †mev MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 313

Dey›Uz Iqv‡b A¨vKvD›U †Lvjv

Dey›Uz Iqvb e¨envi Ki‡Z PvB‡j Avcbvi GKwU A¨vKvD‡›Ui cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| bZzb A¨vKvD›U †Lvjvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi
c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. B›Uvi‡bU eªvDRv‡ii gva¨‡g Dey›Uz Iqvb Gi Awdwmqvj mvB‡U (https://one.ubuntu.com/) cÖ‡ek Kiæb|
2. I‡qe †cBR w¯Œ‡bi Dc‡ii Wvb w`‡K _vKv Log in or Sign up wjs‡K wK¬K Kiæb|

3. Sign in †cB‡R cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| †cBRwUi Wv‡bi wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv New Account evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
314 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
4. bZzb A¨vKvD›U ˆZwii †cBRwU‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| GLv‡b Avcbv‡K wKQz Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| Full
Name, Email address, Choose password, Retype password, Type the two words into the field
below Ni¸‡jv c~iY K‡i Continue evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| cvmIqvW© cÖ`v‡bi mgq Avcbv‡K Kgc‡ÿ 8
Aÿ‡ii GKwU cvmIqvW© w`‡Z n‡e †hLv‡b Aek¨B Kgc‡ÿ GKwU msL¨v Ges GKwU Avcvi‡Km †jUvi
_vK‡Z n‡e|

5. Dey›Uz Iqvb KZ…K

© Avcbvi cÖ`vbK…Z B‡gBj A¨vKvD‡›U GKwU Kbdv‡g©kb cvmIqvW© †cÖiY Kiv n‡e|
Avcbvi B‡gBj A¨vKvD›UwU Ly‡j Kbdv‡g©kb †KvWwU Kwc K‡i Confirmation code Gi N‡i †c÷ Kiæb
A_ev UvBc Kiæb| Zvici Continue evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 315
6. Avcbvi A¨vKvD›UwU ˆZwi n‡q hv‡e| GLv‡b Dc‡ii w`‡K Avcwb 3wU evUb cv‡eb| G‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU
Avcbvi †`qv c~Y© bv‡g, GKwU Application Ges AciwU Log Out| Avcbvi †`qv c~Y© bv‡g wK¬K K‡i
Avcwb Avcbvi A¨vKvD›UwU‡Z A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªwUf wKQz cwieZ©b mvab Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Application evU‡b
wK¬K Ki‡j bZzb GKwU †cB‡R hv‡e †hLv‡b Avcbvi e¨eüZ A¨vwcø‡Kkb¸‡jvi bvg, A¨vK‡mm MÖv‡›UW
Z_¨ Ges G¸‡jv wWwjU Kivi Rb¨ evUb cv‡eb| Avi Log Out evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Dey›Uz Iqvb A¨vKvD›U
n‡Z mvBb AvDU n‡q hv‡e|

weKí I mnR c×wZ‡Z Dey›Uz Iqv‡b A¨vKvD›U ˆZwi Kiv

Dey›Uz Iqv‡b A¨vKvD›U ˆZwi I Zv e¨env‡ii mnR c×wZ n‡jv mivmwi Ubuntu One A¨vwcø‡KkbwU‡K Pvjy K‡i Zv
Kiv| GRb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
10. Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W
(Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D
BDwbwU‡Z) cÖ‡ek Kiæb|
11. evg c¨v‡bj †_‡K Ubuntu
One evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
Ubuntu One
A¨vwcø‡KkbwU‡K Pvjy n‡e
Ges I‡qjKvg w¯Œb
cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
12. Join Now evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb| Create Ubuntu
One account DB‡Ûv
Avm‡e| GLv‡b Avcbvi
cy‡iv bvg, B‡gBj A¨v‡Wªm
I cvmIqvW© Gi Ni¸‡jv
316 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
c~iY K‡i w`b| Avcbv‡K `ywU kã cÖ`k©b Ki‡e †h¸‡jv‡K Gi wb‡P _vKv Lvwj e‡· UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e|
kã `ywU UvBc Kivi ci I agree with the Ubuntu Oneterms and conditions AckbwU wm‡j± K‡i w`‡q
Forward evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

13. Dey›Uz Iqvb KZ…K

© Avcbvi cÖ`vbK…Z B‡gBj A¨vKvD‡›U GKwU Kbdv‡g©kb cvmIqvW© †cÖiY Kiv n‡e|
Avcbvi B‡gBj A¨vKvD›UwU Ly‡j Kbdv‡g©kb †KvWwU Kwc K‡i Confirmation code Gi N‡i †c÷ Kiæb
A_ev UvBc Kiæb| Zvici Continue evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
14. Avcbvi Dey›Uz Iqvb A¨vKvD›UwU ˆZwi n‡q hv‡e|

Dey›Uz Iqvb A¨vKvD‡›U cÖ‡ek Kiv I G‡Z KvR Kiv

Dey›Uz Iqv‡b A¨vKvD›U ˆZwii ci G‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Ubuntu One A¨vwcø‡KkbwUi I‡qjKvg w¯Œb †_‡K I already have an account wjs‡K wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 317
2. Connect to Ubuntu One WvqvjM e· Avm‡e (G mgq Avcbvi KgwcDUviwU B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_ hy³
_vK‡Z n‡e)| Dey›Uz Iqv‡bi Rb¨ Avcbvi †`qv B‡gBj A¨v‡Wªm I cvIqvW©wU UvBc K‡i Connect evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb|
3. Dey›Uz Iqv‡b mshy³ nevi cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e Ges wKQzÿ‡Yi †fZ‡i cÖwµqvwU mym¤úbœ n‡e| Gici Close
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

4. Dey›Uz Iqvb Gi K‡›Uªvj c¨v‡b‡j cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| GLv‡b PviwU U¨ve †`L‡Z cv‡eb| G¸‡jv n‡jv h_vµ‡g
Account, Cloud Folders, Devices Ges Services| G‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_‡gB Avcwb Services U¨vewU †Lvjv
cv‡eb|

5. cÖwZwU U¨v‡e wK¬K K‡i Avcwb Gi AšÍM©Z welqe¯‘¸‡jv‡K †`‡L wb‡Z cv‡ib|
318 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 319

6. cybivq Services U¨vewU‡Z †diZ Avmyb| AviI †ewk wm¼ mvwf©‡mi myweav MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K
desktopcouch-ubuntuone c¨v‡KRwU BÝUj Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ DB‡Ûvi wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv Install Now
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

7. A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªUi cvmIqvW© PvB‡j cvmIqvW©wU cÖ`vb K‡i Authenticate evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| BÝUj cÖwµqv
ïiæ n‡e| G‡Z LvwbKUv mgq jvM‡Z cv‡i|
320 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

8. GwU BÝUj n‡q †M‡j cieZ©x‡Z Avcbv‡K AviI wKQz †QvULvU cøvM-Bb BÝUj Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ
wm¼ mvwf©‡mi Rb¨ _vÛvievW© cøvM-Bb BÝUj Kiv jvM‡Z cv‡i| w¯Œ‡b cÖ`wk©Z wb‡`©kbv †gvZv‡eK BÝUj
cÖwµqv m¤úbœ K‡i wbb| cieZ©x‡Z Avcwb Enable Contacts Sync AckbwU wm‡j± Ae¯’vq †`L‡Z
cv‡eb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 321
9. Gevi GB As‡k _vKv Ubuntu One website wjsKwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb| Dey›Uz Iqvb Gi I‡qe mvB‡U cÖ‡ek
Ki‡e| Log in or Sign up wjs‡K wK¬K K‡i AvMZ jMBb †cBR †_‡K Avcbvi Dey›Uz Iqvb Gi B‡gBj
A¨v‡Wªm I cvmIqvW© cÖ`vb K‡i Continue evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Dey›Uz Iqv‡b mvBb Bb n‡e|
10. GB †cB‡R Avcwb Dashboard, Files, Notes I Contacts GB PviwU evUb †`L‡Z cv‡eb| cÖv_wgK
Ae¯’vq Dashboard evUbwU wm‡j± Ae¯’v‡ZB cv‡eb Ges Gi AšÍM©Z AvB‡Ug¸‡jvB †cB‡R †`L‡Z
cv‡eb| Dashboard †cBRwU g~jZ Avcbvi Dey›Uz Iqvb A¨vKvD‡›Ui GKwU mvgvwi †cBR wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i|

11. †gby‡Z _vKv Files evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Files †cB‡R cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| GLvb †_‡K bZzb †dvìvi ˆZwi K‡i
Zv‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj¸‡jv‡K Avc‡jv‡Wi gva¨‡g msiÿY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges †m¸‡jv‡K Ab¨‡`i mv‡_
†kqviI Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| dvBj Avc‡jv‡Wi Rb¨ Upload file wjs‡K wK¬K Kiæb|
322 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
12. Upload file bv‡gi GKwU e· Avm‡e| Gi Browse evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| File Upload WvqvjM e· Avm‡j
†mLvb †_‡K wbw`©ó †jv‡Kk‡b _vKv Avcbvi dvBjwU‡K wm‡j± K‡i w`‡q Open evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| Gici
Upload evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

13. dvBj Avc‡jvW cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e| dvB‡ji mvBR Abyqvqx G‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq jvM‡Z cv‡i| dvBj
Avc‡jvW nevi ci Gi ÷¨vUvmwU Avcwb †cB‡R †`L‡Z cv‡eb|

14. Avcwb †dvìvi ˆZwi K‡iI Zv‡Z Avcbvi WKz‡g›U¸‡jv‡K ¸wQ‡q ivL‡Z cv‡ib| †dvìvi ˆZwii Rb¨
Files †cB‡Ri New folder wjs‡K wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 323
15. New folder bv‡gi GKwU e· Avm‡e| Zv‡Z Avcbvi †dvìviwUi Rb¨ GKwU bvg UvBc K‡i w`‡q Create
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| †dvìviwU ˆZwi n‡q hv‡e|

16. †dvìviwUi bv‡gi Dci wK¬K Kiæb| †dvìviwU‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| Gici Av‡Mi g‡Zv Upload file wjs‡K
wK¬K K‡i GB †dvìv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq dvBjmg~n‡K GK GK K‡i Avc‡jvW K‡i wbb| GB c×wZ‡Z Avcwb
GKvwaK †dvìvi ˆZwi K‡i Zv‡`i Avcbvi WKz‡g›U¸‡jv‡K ivL‡Z cv‡ib|

17. †Kv‡bv †dvìvi‡K †kqvi Ki‡Z PvB‡j †mB †dvìv‡ii wjs‡K wK¬K K‡i Zv‡Z cÖ‡ek Kiæb| Zvici
Dc‡ii w`‡K _vKv Share this folder wjs‡K wK¬K Kiæb|
324 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
18. Sharing bv‡gi GKwU e· Avwef©~Z n‡e| e·wUi Share with (email): Gi N‡i hvi mv‡_ †dvìviwU †kqvi
Ki‡Z Pvb Zvi B‡gBj A¨v‡Wªm UvBc Kiæb| Share name: Gi N‡i †dvìviwUi bvg ¯^qswµqfv‡e e‡m
hv‡e| hw` bv Av‡m Z‡e †dvìviwUi bvg UvBc K‡i w`b| Allow modification AckbwU evBwWdë
wm‡j± Kiv _v‡K| gwWwd‡Kk‡bi my‡hvM w`‡Z bv PvB‡j AckbwU DwV‡q w`‡Z cv‡ib| me‡k‡l Share
this folder evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

19. dvBjwU †kqvi n‡q hv‡e|

20. hvi mv‡_ GwU †kqvi Ki‡Qb ZvrÿwYKfv‡e Zvi B‡gBj A¨v‡Wª‡m G msµvšÍ GKwU †gBj †cÖwiZ n‡e|

21. D³ e¨w³ hLb Zvi B‡gBjwU Ly‡j Zv‡Z _vKv †kqv‡ii wjsKwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡eb ZLb wZwb mivmwi Dey›Uz
Iqvb Gi I‡qe †cB‡R cÖ‡ek Ki‡eb Ges †kqvi Advi msµvšÍ Z_¨vw` †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 325

22. †Kv‡bv †dvìvi‡K †kqvi Ki‡j †dvìviwUi Dc‡ii Wvb cÖv‡šÍ GKwU Zi‡½i AvBKb hy³ n‡q hvq|
GQvov †dvìviwUi Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi Avb‡j †dvìviwU †h †kqvi Kiv n‡”Q Zv cÖw`k©Z nq|

23. Dey›Uz Iqv‡bi mvf©v‡i Avc‡jvW K‡i ivLv Avcbvi †Kv‡bv dvBj‡K cieZ©x‡Z WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z PvB‡j
dvBjwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb (†dvìv‡ii †fZi dvBj _vK‡j Av‡M H †dvìviwU‡Z Xy‡K wb‡Z n‡e)| Opening
Open with WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| Archive Manager (default) Øviv dvBjwU Lyj‡Z PvB‡j AckbwU wm‡j±
ivLyb| Avi hw` dvBjwU KgwcDUv‡i †mf Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e Save File AckbwU wm‡j± K‡i OK evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb|

24. dvBjwU WvDb‡jvW n‡q hv‡e| †h †dvìv‡i WvDb‡jvW K‡i‡Qb †mLv‡b †M‡j dvBjwU‡K †`L‡Z cv‡eb|
326 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

KgwcDUv‡ii Dey›Uz Iqvb †dvìviwU‡Z Mgb

Dey›Uz Iqvb Gi A¨vKvD›U ˆZwi I Zv Kvh©Ki n‡j Avcbvi KgwcDUv‡i Ubuntu One bv‡g GKwU †dvìvi ˆZwi n‡q
hv‡e| Dey›Uz Iqv‡bi hveZxq KvR¸‡jv GB †dvìv‡iB m¤úbœ n‡e| †dvìviwU †`L‡Z PvB‡j Dc‡iv³ DB‡Ûvi
Show me my Ubuntu One folder evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

Ubuntu One †dvìviwU I‡cb n‡e|

 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 327

cv‡m©vbvj K¬vDW †_‡K dvBj wm¼ mvwf©m wWmKv‡b± Kiv

Avcbvi cv‡m©vbvj K¬vDW †_‡K dvBj wm¼ mvwf©mwU‡K wWmKv‡b± Ki‡Z PvB‡j Dey›Uz Iqvb A¨vwcø‡KkbwUi K‡›Uªvj
c¨v‡bj DB‡Ûvi Dc‡ii Wvb w`‡K _vKv Disconnect wjsKwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|

Dey›Uz Iqvb K¬vDW mvwf©mwU e¨envi Ki‡j Avcwb GB Aa¨v‡q DwjøwLZ wdPvi¸‡jv QvovI AviI eû wdPvi m¤ú‡K©
Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| ZvQvov †gvevBj wWfvBm¸‡jv‡Z Kxfv‡e GwU e¨envi Kiv hvq Zv Dey›Uz Iqvb Gi Awdwmqvj
I‡qemvBU †_‡K wek` †R‡b wb‡Z cv‡ib|
328 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

Aa¨vq t 15
Dey›Uz‡Z Gw›UfvBivm e¨envi Kiv
cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Dey›Uz wKsev †h‡Kv‡bv wjbv·wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Gw›UfvBiv‡mi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
hZ ai‡bi fvBivm Ges Iqvg© cvIqv hvq Zv‡`i cÖvq me¸‡jvB DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g AvµgY Pvwj‡q
_v‡K| Ab¨ K_vq ej‡Z †M‡j fvBivm Ges Iqvg© cÖ¯‘ZKvixiv Dey›Uz ev wjbv·wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi PvB‡Z
DB‡ÛvRwfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi w`‡KB †ewk g‡bv‡hvMx| ZvQvov fvBivm Ges Iqvg©¸‡jv Gw·wKD‡Uej nIqvq
†m¸‡jv wjbv·wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g mvaviYZ KvR K‡i bv| ZvB wjbv‡·i
dvBj¸‡jv fvBivm Øviv AvµvšÍ ev msµwgZ nq bv| wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î e¨enviKvix hw`
GKB KgwcDUv‡i wjbv· Ges DB‡ÛvR Pvjvq, Z‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î DB‡Ûv‡R fvBivm
Gw·wKDU n‡Z cv‡i Ges WªvBfwU‡K AvµvšÍ Ki‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv wjbv·
e¨enviKvix †Kv‡bv AvµvšÍ dvBj‡K (ev fvBivm) †Kv‡bv DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvixi
mv‡_ †kqvi Ki‡j †mwU DB‡Ûv‡Ri BDRv‡ii wm‡÷‡gi †fZi w`‡q ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq
Ges Zv Ab¨vb¨ dvBj‡K AvµvšÍ Ki‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î wjbv· e¨enviKvix‡`i
Gw›UfvBivm e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| AviI †hme Kvi‡Y Dey›Uz Z_v wjbv·
e¨enviKvix‡`i Gw›UfvBivm e¨envi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jv t
 Avcbvi wcwmi DB‡ÛvR WªvBf‡K ¯‹¨vb Kivi Rb¨|
 DB‡ÛvRwfwËK †bUIqvK© A¨vUvPW mvf©vi ev nvW© WªvBf ¯‹¨vb Kivi Rb¨|
 GKwU †bUIqv‡K©i ga¨ w`‡q DB‡ÛvR †gwkb¸‡jv‡K ¯‹¨vb Kivi Rb¨|
 Ab¨‡`i Kv‡Q Avcwb †hme dvBj cvVv‡Z hv‡”Qb †m¸‡jv ¯‹¨vb Kivi Rb¨|
 Ab¨‡`i Kv‡Q Avcwb †hme B-†gBj d‡ivqvW© Ki‡Z hv‡”Qb †m¸‡jv ¯‹¨vb Kivi Rb¨|
 DB‡ÛvR Bgy‡jUi IqvBb (WINE) Gi gva¨‡g wKQz wKQz DB‡ÛvR fvBivm wjbv‡· Pvjy n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i
†mRb¨|
 ZvwË¡Kfv‡e †`L‡Z †M‡j wjbv‡· fvBivm msµgY nIqv m¤¢e, †mRb¨|

I‡cb‡mvm© Gw›UfvBivm
Dey›Uz/wjbv· Gi Rb¨ †ek wKQz Gw›UfvBivm i‡q‡Q Z‡e Zv‡`i me¸‡jv I‡cb‡mvm© wfwËK bq| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ `ywU
I‡cb‡mvm© Gw›UfvBivm n‡jv ClamAV Ges Clamtk| G‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_gwU KgvÛwfwËK Ges c‡iiwU MÖvwdK¨vj
BDRvi B›Uvi‡dmwfwËK| wb‡P G¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|

ClamAV Gw›UfvBivm BÝUj Kiv

GB Gw›UfvBivmwU ïay fvBivm mbv³ I †h‡Kv‡bv AvµvšÍ dvBj‡K GKwU †Kvqv‡ibUvBÛ †dvìv‡i mwi‡q ivL‡Z
cv‡i; G¸‡jv‡K dvBjmg~n †_‡K wPiZ‡i `~i Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ClamAV mKj cøvUd‡g©B fvBivmmg~n‡K mbv³
Ki‡Z cv‡i Z‡e cÖv_wgKfv‡e GwU DB‡ÛvR fvBivm I g¨vjIq¨vimg~‡ni Rb¨ DcKvix|
Acv‡ik‡bi Rb¨ ClamAV Gi `ywU †gvW i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g †gvWwU n‡jv Avcwb hLb †Kv‡bv GKwU dvBj‡K ¯‹¨vb
Ki‡Z Pvb ZLb GKwU †cÖvMÖvg †jvW n‡e| Ab¨ †gvWwU n‡jv wbqwgZ (†hgbÑ mKj BbKvwgs B‡gBj ¯‹¨vb Kivi
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 329
Rb¨) e¨env‡ii Rb¨| G‡ÿ‡Î †cÖvMÖvgwU me mgq Pjgvb GKwU †Wgb (daemon) Gi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| Dfq
†ÿ‡ÎB †WUv‡eR Avc‡WU¸‡jv ¯^qswµqfv‡e WvDb‡jvW n‡q hvq|
 g¨vbyqvj e¨env‡ii Rb¨ t clamav c¨v‡KRwU BÝUj Kiæb|
 A‡Uv‡g‡UW e¨env‡ii Rb¨ t clamav-daemon c¨v‡KRwU BÝUj Kiæb|
Dfq c×wZB clamav-freshclam bv‡gi Avc‡WUvi‡K BÝUj K‡i _v‡K|
Gw›UfvBivmwU BÝU‡ji Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. evBwWdë GB Gw›UfvBivmwU Dey›Uzi cÖavb wi‡cvwRUwi‡Z _v‡K| ZvB Dey›Uz mdUIq¨vi †m›Uvi ev
mvBb¨vcwUK c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi Gi gva¨‡g GwU BÝUj K‡i †bqv hvq| Avcwb hw` GNOME K¬¨vwmK
†gv‡W _v‡Kb Z‡e c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Ubuntu Software Center wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avi hw`
Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gvW e¨envi K‡ib Z‡e ev‡gi c¨v‡bj †_‡K Ubuntu Software Center G wK¬K Kiæb|
2. Ubuntu Software Center Pvjy n‡e| Gi mvP© e‡· ClamAV bvg wj‡L G›Uvi Kiæb|
3. Gw›UfvBivmwU cvIqv †M‡j Install evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

4. A‡_bwU‡KU WvqvjM e· Avm‡j Avcbvi A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªwUf cvmIqvW©wU UvBc K‡i A‡_bwU‡KU evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb|
5. BÝUj cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e Ges wKQzÿ‡Yi †fZi GwU BÝUj n‡q hv‡e|

KgvÛ Øviv ClamAV Gw›UfvBivm BÝUj Kiv

Kgv‡Ûi gva¨‡g ClamAV Gw›UfvBivm BÝUj Ki‡Z PvB‡j Uvwg©bvjwU I‡cb Kiæb wKsev Ctrl+Alt+T wK¸‡jv
GK‡Î Pvcyb| Gici Uvwg©bv‡j wb‡Pi KgvÛwU UvBc Kiæb t
Sudo apt-get install clamav

wKQzÿ‡Yi g‡a¨ Gw›UfvBivmwU BÝUj n‡q hv‡e|

330 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
Uvwg©bv‡j ClamAV Gw›UfvBivm e¨envi Kiv
Gw›UfvBivm †Wwdwbkb Avc‡WU Kiv
Gw›UfvBivm †Wwdwbkb Avc‡WU Kivi Rb¨ Uvwg©bvj Ly‡j †mLv‡b freshclam KgvÛ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
B›Uvi‡b‡U mshy³ nevi Rb¨ Avcwb hw` http proxy e¨envi K‡ib Z‡e Avcbv‡K /etc/clamav/freshclam.conf
dvBjwU‡K GwWU Ki‡Z n‡e hv Kiv hv‡e wb‡Pi KgvÛjvBb¸‡jv Kvh©K‡ii gva¨‡g t
HTTPProxyServer serveraddress
HTTPProxyPort portnumber

dvBjmg~n‡K ¯‹¨vb Kiv

GB Gw›UfvBiv‡mi gva¨‡g KgwcDUv‡ii dvBjmg~n‡K ¯‹¨vb Kivi Rb¨ Uvwg©bv‡j clamscan KgvÛ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z
n‡e|
 mKj BDRv‡ii †nvg wW‡i±wi¸‡jv‡Z _vKv dvBj¸‡jv‡K †PK Kivi Rb¨ t clamscan -r /home
 KgwcDUv‡ii mKj dvBj‡K †PK Ki‡Z Ges cÖwZwU dvB‡ji bvg cÖ`k©b Kiv‡Z t clamscan -r /
 KgwcDUv‡ii mKj dvBj‡K †PK Ki‡Z, Z‡e †Kej AvµvšÍ dvBj¸‡jv‡K cÖ`k©b Kiv‡Z Ges AvµvšÍ
dvBj †c‡j NÈv evRv‡Z t clamscan -r --bell -i /
ClamAV mKj dvBj¸‡jv‡K ¯‹¨vb K‡i †djvi ci GwU GKwU mvgvwi wi‡cvU© cÖ`vb Ki‡e|

D‡jøL¨, ClamAV ïay H mg¯Í dvBj¸‡jv‡KB co‡Z cv‡i †h¸‡jv‡K e¨enviKvix Pvjv‡”Qb| Avcwb hw` wm‡÷‡gi
mKj dvBj¸‡jv‡K †PK Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e sudo KgvÛ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr ZLb cy‡iv KgvÛwU n‡e sudo
clamscan| G‡ÿ‡Î Avcbv‡K A¨vWwgwb‡÷ªwUf cvmIqvW© cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 331
ClamAV †K Daemon wn‡m‡e ivb Kiv
cÖ_‡gB Avcbv‡K clamav-daemon wU BÝUj Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici Avcwb Av‡Mi g‡Zv K‡i Uvwg©bv‡j
clamdscan KgvÛwU e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| AmsL¨ †cÖvMÖvg we‡kl K‡i B‡gBj mvf©vi¸‡jv GKwU ClamAV
daemon Gi mv‡_ hy³ n‡Z cv‡i| GwU fvBivm ¯‹¨vwbs †K AviI MwZkxj K‡i †Kbbv †cÖvMÖvgwU me mgq
†g‡gvwi‡Z _v‡K| ClamAV KZ…©K dvBj wm‡÷g¸‡jv‡K ¯‹¨vb Kivi Aby‡gv`b cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ clamav-daemon
c¨v‡KRwU GKwU 'clamav' BDRvi ˆZwi K‡i|

AvµvšÍ dvBj¸‡jv‡K wigyf Kiv

fvBivm AvµvšÍ dvBj¸‡jv‡K gy‡Q †djvi Rb¨ Uvwg©bv‡j --remove KgvÛ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| dvBj gyQvi mgq
AZ¨šÍ mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv fvBivm ¯‹¨vbviB kZfvM wbfy©j bq| ZvB fv‡jv Dcvq n‡jv Avcwb †hme
dvBj¸‡jv‡K wWwjU Ki‡eb †m¸‡jv‡K g¨vbyqvwj †PK K‡i †bqv|

ClamAV Gw›UfvBivm e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq wKQz KgvÛ

Dc‡iv³ KgvÛmg~n QvovI ClamAV Gw›UfvBivm e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î AviI wKQz cÖ‡qvRbxq Kgv‡Ûi cwiwPwZ wb‡P
D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|
 GKK GKwU dvBj‡K ¯‹¨vb Ki‡Z t clamscan file
 eZ©gvb IqvwK©s wW‡i±wi ¯‹¨vb Ki‡Z t clamscan
 GKwU dvBj †_‡K †WUv‡eR †jvW Ki‡Z Ges wW¯‹ BD‡mR wjwgU‡K 50 †gMvevBU Ki‡Z t clamscan
-d /tmp/newclamdb --max-space=50m -r /tmp
 GKwU †WUv w÷ªg‡K ¯‹¨vb Ki‡Z t cat testfile | clamscan -
 GKwU †gBj ¯úyj wW‡i±wi‡K ¯‹¨vb Ki‡Z t clamscan -r /var/spool/mail
 †ní Bbdi‡gkb wcÖ›U Ki‡Z I Gw·U n‡Z t -h, --help
 m¤¢ve¨ AbvKvw•ÿZ A¨vwcø‡Kkbmg~n‡K mbv³ Ki‡Z t --detect-pua
 †gBj dvBj¸‡jvi ¯‹¨vwbs‡K wWRvej Ki‡Z t --no-mail
 wmM‡bPvi-wfwËK wcwks (phishing) mbv³KiY‡K wWmvej Ki‡Z t --no-phishing-sigs
 gvB‡µvmdU Awdm WKz‡g›U Ges .msi dvBjmg~‡ni mg_©b‡K wWRvej Ki‡Z t --no-ole2
 wcwWGd dvB‡ji ¯‹¨vwbs wWRvej Ki‡Z t --no-pdf
 GBPwUGgGj mbv³KiY I bigvjvB‡Rk‡bi Rb¨ mg_©b‡K wWRvej Ki‡Z t --no-html
 †eªv‡Kb Gw·wKD‡Uej¸‡jv‡K (Broken.Executable) fvBivm wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Z t --detect-
broken
 Gbwµ‡ÞW AvK©vBf¸‡jv‡K (Encrypted.Zip, Encrypted.RAR) fvBivm wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Z t --
block-encrypted

Clamtk GUI Gw›UfvBivm BÝUj Kiv

ClamAV Gw›UfvBivmwUi †Kv‡bv MÖvwdK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm (GUI) †bB| GwU e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Avcbv‡K Uvwg©bvj
e¨envi Ki‡Z nq hv A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q mgm¨vi g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| GB mgm¨v mgvav‡b ClamTK Gw›UfvBivmwU e¨envi
Kiv hvq †hwU ClamAV Gi Rb¨ GKwU MÖvwdK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm d«›U hy³ K‡i| ClamAV BÝUj c×wZi
g‡ZvB GB Gw›UfvBivmwUI BÝUj Kiv hvq| Dey›Uz mdUIq¨vi †m›Uvi †_‡K mvP© K‡i GwU †c‡j Zv BÝUj K‡i
†bqv hvq|
332 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

Avi Uvwg©bv‡ji gva¨‡g BÝUj Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi g‡Zv KgvÛ wjL‡Z n‡e t
Sudo apt-get install clamtk

Gi AviI †ewk Avc‡WU fvm©bwU Avcwb http://clamtk.sourceforge.net/ I‡qe mvB‡U cv‡eb|

Clamtk Gw›UfvBivm e¨envi Kiv

MÖvwdK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm _vKvi Kvi‡Y Avcwb Lye mn‡RB Clamtk Gi gva¨‡g ClamAV Gw›UfvBivm‡K
e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GRb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Avcwb hw` GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _v‡Kb Z‡e Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Application > Accessories >
Virus Scanner wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avi hw` Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gvW (BDwbwU) e¨envi K‡ib Z‡e ev‡gi c¨v‡bj
†_‡K Dash Home G wK¬K K‡i AvMZ DB‡Ûvi mvP© e‡· Virus Scanner UvBc Kiæb| Gw›UfvBivmwU
†c‡j Zv‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|

2. Clamtk fvBivm ¯‹¨vbviwU Pvjy n‡e|

 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 333

3. GB fvBivm ¯‹¨vbviwU e¨envi Kiv LyeB mnR| Gi wewfbœ †gby‡Z Avcwb fvBivm ¯‹¨vb Kivi †ÿ‡Î bvbv
ai‡bi KgvÛ †`L‡Z cv‡eb| Avcbvi †hwU cÖ‡qvRb †mwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|

4. Avcwb hw` BDRv‡ii †nvg wW‡i±wiwU ¯‹¨vb Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e Gw›UfvBivmwUi g~j B›Uvi‡d‡m _vKv Home
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| ¯‹¨vwbs cÖwµqv ïiæ nevi wKQzÿY ci Avcbv‡K ¯‹¨vwbs‡qi djvdj cÖ`k©b Ki‡e|
334 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

5. Avcwb hw` wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv dvBj‡K ¯‹¨vb Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e g~j B›Uvi‡d‡m _vKv File evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
Select File WvqvjM e· Avm‡j wbw`©ó †jv‡Kkb n‡Z Avcbvi dvBjwU wm‡j± K‡i OK Kiæb| dvBjwUi
¯‹¨vwbs cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e Ges cÖwµqvwU †kl n‡j wb‡P ¯‹¨v‡bi djvdj cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

6. GKBfv‡e Avcwb Directory evU‡b wK¬K K‡i †Kv‡bv

wW‡i±wi‡K ¯‹¨vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
7. ¯‹¨vb wkwWDj wba©viY Ki‡Z PvB‡j †gby †_‡K Advanced
> Schedule wbe©vPb Kiæb| Gici ¯‹¨vb Ackb I
Gw›UfvBivm wmM‡bPvi Ackb¸‡jv n‡Z Avcbvi
B‡”Qg‡Zv wkwWDj wba©viY K‡i w`b| wkwWDwjs m¤úbœ
n‡j evU‡b wK¬K K‡i D³ DB‡Ûv †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmyb|
8. wcÖdv‡iÝ wba©viY Ki‡Z PvB‡j Avcbv‡K †gby †_‡K
Advanced > Preferences wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici
AvMZ WvqvjM e‡·i Scanning Preferences, Startup
Preferences, Whitelist, Proxy settings U¨ve¸‡jv †_‡K
cÖ‡qvRbxq Ackb¸‡jv wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|
9. Clamtk †_‡K †ewi‡q hvevi Rb¨ evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|

†cÖvcÖv‡qUvwi Gw›UfvBivm Gi wd«

 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 335

fvm©bmg~n
Dey›Uz‡Z Avcwb †ek wKQz †cÖvcÖv‡qUvwi Gw›UfvBivm e¨env‡ii my‡hvM cv‡eb| Dey›UzÕi g~j ˆewkó¨B n‡jv webvg~‡j¨
mdUIq¨vi e¨env‡ii my‡hvM| †cÖvcÖv‡qUvwi Gw›UfvBivm¸‡jv †h‡nZz wK‡b e¨envi Ki‡Z nq †m‡nZz Avcwb
G¸‡jvi wd« fvm©b Dey›Uz‡Z e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G ai‡bi wd« Gw›UfvBiv‡mi g‡a¨ Av‡Q avast! Linux Home
Edition, Avira Antivirus, AVG Antivirus, ESET NOD32 Antivirus 4 for Linux Desktop, Panda Antivirus,
F-Prot Antivirus, BitDefender Antivirus BZ¨vw`| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Gw›UfvBiv‡mi wjbv· fvm©bwU Avcwb wbw`©ó
†gqv` ch©šÍ (Uªvqvj/†eUv fvm©b) e¨env‡ii my‡hvM cv‡eb| `xN©‡gqv‡` e¨envi Ki‡Z PvB‡j †m¸‡jv Avcbv‡K wK‡b
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

avast! Linux Home Edition Gw›UfvBivm

GwU †m›Uªvj ¯‹¨vwbs BwÄb wfwËK GKwU Gw›UfvBivm †cÖvMvg| Gi wjbv· †nvg GwWkbwU e¨w³MZ I AevwYwR¨K
e¨env‡ii Rb¨ cvIqv hvq| GB †cÖvMÖvgwU f¨vwjW jvB‡mÝ wK Qvov Pj‡e bv| †mRb¨ wK †c‡Z WvDb‡jv‡Wi Av‡M
Avcbv‡K Avfv¯Í Gi mvBU †_‡K †iwR‡÷ªkb K‡i Avm‡Z n‡e| http://www.avast.com/registration-free-
antivirus.php wjsK n‡Z †iwR‡÷ªkb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Avcbvi f¨vwjW B-†gBj A¨v‡Wª‡m Avfv¯Í KZ…c © ÿ
†iwR‡÷ªk‡bi 24 NÈvi g‡a¨ (mvaviYZ K‡qK NÈv‡ZB P‡j Av‡m) jvB‡mÝ wK cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
Avfv¯Í wjbv· †nvg GwWkbwU BÝUj I e¨env‡ii Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Gw›UfvBiv‡mi c¨v‡KR wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ Avcwb http://www.avast.com/linux-home-edition#tab4
†cBRwU‡Z hvb| GLv‡b RPM, DEB Ges TAR GZ GB wZb ai‡bi c¨v‡KR cv‡eb| Z‡e me‡P‡q
fv‡jv n‡e DEB c¨v‡KRwU WvDb‡jvW K‡i wb‡j|
2. †We c¨v‡KRwUi Rb¨ _vKv wba©vwiZ wjs‡K wK¬K K‡i wKsev mivmwi
http://files.avast.com/files/linux/avast4workstation_1.3.0-2_i386.deb n‡Z Gi †Wweqvb c¨v‡KRwU
WvDb‡jvW K‡i wbb (fvm©b Avc‡WU n‡j †We dvBjwUi bvg cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î g~j †cBR
†_‡K wjs‡K wK¬K K‡i WvDb‡jvW KivB †kªq)|
3. WvDb‡jvWK…Z †We c¨v‡KRwUi Dci ivBU-wK¬K K‡i Open with Ubuntu Software Center wbe©vPb
Kiæb| Dey›Uz mdUIq¨vi †m›Uvi I‡cb n‡j Install evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb (WvDb‡jv‡Wi mgqB Avcwb Open
with Ubuntu Software Center wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib)|
4. BÝUj cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nevi ci GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _vK‡j Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Application >
Accessories > avast! Antivirus wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avi hw` Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W (BDwbwU) _v‡Kb Z‡e
ev‡gi c¨v‡bj †_‡K Dash Home G wK¬K K‡i AvMZ DB‡Ûvi mvP© e‡· avast! UvBc Kiæb|
Gw›UfvBivmwU †c‡j Zv‡Z wK¬K Kiæb|
336 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
5. Gw›UfvBivmwU e¨envi Kivi Av‡M Avcbv‡K jvB‡mÝ wK cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvB †cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjy K‡i B-
†gB‡j †cÖwiZ jvB‡mÝ wK cÖ`vb Kiæb|

6. Gevi Avfv¯Í wjbv· †nvg GwWk‡bi Gw›UfvBivmwU Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z _vKzb|

7. fvBivm ¯‹¨vb Kivi Rb¨ †h †dvìviwU ¯‹¨vb Ki‡Z Pvb †mwU Dc‡ii Ackb n‡Z wm‡j± K‡i w`b|
Zvici Kx ai‡bi ¯‹¨vb Ki‡Z Pvb †mwUI Ackb †_‡K wba©viY Kiæb| me‡k‡l Gw›UfvBivm DB‡Ûvi
wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv Start scan evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
8. ¯‹¨vb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nevi ci djvdj cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|

9. djvdj †`Lvi ci OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

10. mdUIq¨viwU eÜ Kivi Rb¨ Quit evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 337
GKBfv‡e Avcwb Ab¨vb¨ Gw›UfvBivm BÝUj K‡i †m¸‡jv Dey›Uz‡Z e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| mswkøó Gw›UfvBiv‡mi
I‡qe mvB‡U wM‡q Avcwb Dey›Uz ev wjbv‡·i Dc‡hvMx fvm©b¸‡jv WvDb‡jvW Kivi wjsK †c‡Z cv‡ib Ges †mLvb
†_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Gw›UfvBivmwU WvDb‡jvW K‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †hgbÑ
http://www.eset.eu/download/trial wjsK n‡Z Avcwb ESET NOD32 Gw›UfvBiv‡mi wjbv‡·i Dc‡hvMx
WvDb‡jvW wjsK cv‡eb| Avevi http://free.avg.com/ww-en/download.prd-alf wjs‡K †M‡j AVG Gw›UfvBivm
Gi WvDb‡jvW wjsK cv‡eb|

ESET NOD32 Gw›UfvBiv‡mi B›Uvi‡dm

BitDefender Gw›UfvBiv‡mi B›Uvi‡dm

338 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

Aa¨vq t 16
Dey›Uz‡Z DB‡ÛvR †cÖvMÖv‡g KvR Kiv
Dey›Uzi mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv ïay wjbv· cøvUd‡g© Pvjv‡bvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i ˆZwi Kiv nq| Avevi DB‡Ûv‡Ri
mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv ïay DB‡ÛvR cø¨vUd‡g©i Rb¨B ˆZwi n‡q _v‡K| Kv‡RB GK cø¨vUd‡g©i Rb¨ †jLv ev ˆZwi †cÖvMÖvg
Ab¨ cø¨vUd‡g© Pj‡e bv GUvB ¯^vfvweK| A‡b‡KB Av‡Qb hviv DB‡Ûv‡R KvR Ki‡Z Ki‡Z
G‡ZB Af¨¯Í n‡q c‡o‡Qb| Zviv hw` Dey›Uz e¨envi Kiv ïay K‡ib ZLb ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB nq‡Zv
DB‡Ûv‡Ri RbwcÖq †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv Dey›Uz‡Z e¨env‡ii B‡”Q RvM‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î Avcwb
mvaviYZ D³ mdUIq¨v‡ii †Kv‡bv wjbv· fvm©b Lyu‡R cv‡eb bv| Avcbvi †mB B‡”Q c~iY
Ki‡Z cv‡i IqvBb (Wine) bv‡gi GKwU mdUIq¨vi A¨vwcø‡Kkb| Wine Gi gv‡b n‡jv
æWine Is Not An Emulator”| GwU GKwU webvg~‡j¨i mdUIq¨vi| Gi KvR n‡jv
gvB‡µvmdU DB‡ÛvR A¨vwcø‡Kkb¸‡jv‡K wjbv·wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g †hgbÑ Dey›Uz 11.10,
†d‡Wviv BZ¨vw`‡Z Pvjv‡bvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjv| IqvBb GKwU K¤úvwUwewjwU †jqvi †hwU DB‡ÛvR Dynamic
Link Libraries (DLL) Gi Rb¨ weKí e¨e¯’v mieivn K‡i _v‡K|

Dey›Uz‡Z IqvBb BÝUj Kiv

Dey›Uz‡Z Avcwb wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z IqvBb mdUIq¨viwU BÝUj Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †hgbÑ Avcwb Dey›Uz mdUIq¨vi †m›Uvi
n‡Z Wine mvP© w`‡q †mwU Lyu‡R wb‡q BÝUj Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 339
Avevi Uvwg©bv‡j KgvÛjvBb ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡gI GwU Dey›Uz‡Z BÝUj Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Uvwg©bv‡ji gva¨‡g IqvBb
BÝUj Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. Terminal I‡cb Kiæb (B‡Zvc~‡e© eûevi GwU I‡cb Kivi c×wZ †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| ZvB Avi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv
bv)|
2. Gevi Uvwg©bv‡j wb‡Pi KgvÛ¸‡jv G‡K G‡K ev¯Íevqb Kiæb|
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-wine/ppa
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install wine1.3

3. IqvBb BÝUj n‡Z _vK‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î e‡j ivLv cÖ‡qvRb, IqvBb mdUIq¨viwUi mvBR eo nIqvq GwU
BÝUj n‡Z †ek mgq wb‡Z cv‡i| Avcbvi B›Uvi‡b‡Ui w¯úW fv‡jv n‡jv GwU `ªæZ WvDb‡jvW I BÝUj
n‡q hv‡e|
340 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)
4. IqvBb BÝUj n‡q hvIqvi ci Avcwb hw` Dey›Uzi mvaviY †gv‡W (Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D BDwbwU‡Z) †_‡K
_v‡Kb Z‡e evg c¨v‡bj †_‡K W¨vk †nvg evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb Ges AvMZ mvP© e‡· Wine wj‡L w`b|
Configure Wine, Uninstall Wine Software, Winetricks bv‡g IqvB‡bi wZbwU Uzj †`L‡Z cv‡eb| Avi
Avcwb hw` GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W _v‡Kb Z‡e Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K Applications > Wine wbe©vPb
Kiæb| GLv‡b Wine Gi Configure Wine, Uninstall Wine Software, Winetricks mve †gby QvovI
Programs I Browse C: Drive bv‡gi `ywU †gby AvB‡Ug †`L‡Z cv‡eb| GLvb †_‡K Configure Wine G
wK¬K Kiæb|

Ubuntu/Ubuntu 2D BDwbwU‡Z

GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W

5. IqvBb KbwdMvi nIqv ïiæ n‡e Ges wKQzÿY ci Wine Configure WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 341

6. Wine Configure WvqvjM e‡·i Applications U¨vewU wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq wb‡Pi w`‡K _vKv Windows
Version: Gi WªcWvDb †gby‡Z wK¬K K‡i Dchy³ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gwU wm‡j± K‡i wb‡q Apply evU‡b wK¬K
Kiæb|
7. Close AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡i Wine Configure WvqvjM e·wU eÜ Kiæb|

IqvBb (Wine) G DB‡Ûv‡Ri †cÖvMÖvg BÝUj Kiv

Avcwb B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K DB‡Ûv‡Ri †cÖvMÖvg (.exe G·‡Ubkb hy³) Dey›Uz‡Z WvDb‡jvW K‡i Zvici †mwU BÝUj
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| A_ev †Kv‡bv wmwW n‡Z DB‡Ûv‡Ri †cÖvMÖvg‡K BÝUj Ki‡Z cv‡ib| IqvB‡b DB‡Ûv‡Ri †cÖvMÖvg
BÝUj Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Kiæb t
1. mdUIq¨vi WvDb‡jvW Kivi ci †mwU †h †dvìv‡i Av‡Q †mLv‡b hvb| Avi hw` wmwW/wWwfwW †Z
mdUIq¨viwU †_‡K _v‡K Z‡e †mB wmwW/wWwfwWwU KgwcDUv‡ii mswkøó WªvB‡f cÖ‡ek Kivb|
2. wbw`©ó †jv‡Kk‡b wM‡q DB‡ÛvR †cÖvMÖvgwUi †mUAvc Gw·wKD‡Uej (.exe) dvB‡j ivBU-wK¬K Kiæb|
AvMZ ccAvc †gby †_‡K Open With > Wine Windows Program Loader wbe©vPb Kiæb| Avgiv GLv‡b
DB‡Ûv‡Ri RbwcÖq †f±i MÖvwd· mdUIq¨vi ÔG‡Wvwe Bjv‡÷ªUiÕ Gi 8.0 fvm©bwU BÝUj KiwQ|
342 Dey›Uz (ubuntu)

3. ÔG‡Wvwe Bjv‡÷ªUi 8.0Õ Gi Gw·wKD‡Uej dvBjwU Pvjy n‡e| GLv‡b Avcbvi †mB wPi‡Pbv DB‡Ûv‡Ri
WvqvjM e· †`L‡Z cv‡eb| wm‡j± Kvw›Uª WvqvjM e· n‡Z Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| mdUIq¨vi jvB‡mÝ
GwMÖ‡g›U DB‡Ûv‡Z cÖ‡ek Kivi ci Accept evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

4. †mUAvc UvBc DB‡Ûv‡Z hv‡e| Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb| BDRvi Bbdi‡gkb WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
GLv‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq Ackb I Ni¸‡jv c~iY Kivi ci wmwiqvj b¤^i cÖ`vb K‡i Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|
 Dey›Uz (ubuntu) 343
5. wmwiqvj b¤^imn Avcbvi cÖ`vbK…Z Z_¨¸‡jv mwVK wKbv Rvb‡Z †P‡q WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| Yes evU‡b
wK¬K Kiæb| Start Coping Files WvqvjM e· Avm‡j Next evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

6. dvBjmg~n Kwc Kivi cÖwµqv ïiæ n‡e| †mUAvc m¤úbœ nevi evZ©v m¤^wjZ WvqvjM e· G‡j Finish
evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

7. Gici OK evU‡b wK¬K Kiæb|

IqvB‡b BÝUj Kiv †cÖvMÖvg Pvjy Kiv

IqvB‡b †Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖvg BÝUj Kivi ci †mwU e¨envi‡ii Rb¨ wb‡Pi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
1. GNOME K¬¨vwmK †gv‡W (Avgiv GB †gvWwU‡KB e¨envi Ki‡ev) _vKv Ae¯’vq Dc‡ii c¨v‡bj †_‡K
Applications > Wine > Programs wbe©vPb Kiæb| GLv‡b Avcbvi †cÖvMÖvgwU Avjv`vfv‡eI _vK‡Z cv‡i
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