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Status of Ramsar sites in India 2022

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 The Pharma Innovation Journal 2022; SP-11(11): 2088-2094

ISSN (E): 2277-7695

ISSN (P): 2349-8242
NAAS Rating: 5.23 Status of Ramsar sites in India 2022
TPI 2022; SP-11(11): 2088-2094
© 2022 TPI
www.thepharmajournal.com
Received: 07-09-2022
Satyaveer, NK Suyani, KB Rajanna, SS Rathore and Durgesh Kumar
Accepted: 12-10-2022 Verma
Satyaveer
Abstract
College of Fisheries, Karnataka
Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries
Wetland also known as “Jheelon” in Hindi language is one of the most important natural resources,
Sciences University, Mangalore, contributing various economic and ecological benefits. As of August 2022, there are 75 Ramsar sites in
Karnataka, India India covering approximately 13.27 thousand sq km of land. The largest and smallest Ramsar site in
India is Sundarban Wetland and Vembannur Wetland Complex respectively. Twenty-three Ramsar sites
NK Suyani has been added to the list in the year 2022. Tamil Nadu is having the highest number of Ramsar sites in
College of Fisheries Science, the country.
Kamdhenu University, Veraval,
Gujarat, India Keywords: Biodiversity, conservation, Ramsar site, Tamil Nadu, wetlands

KB Rajanna
Fisheries Research and
Introduction
Information Center (Inland), The Ramsar site is a wetland site that is designated to be of international importance under the
KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Ramsar convention. This convention is also known as the Convention of Wetlands. It is
Karnataka, India intergovernmental environmental treaty established in 1971 by United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in the Iranian city of Ramsar. The convention
SS Rathore
College of Fisheries, Karnataka
came into force on 21st December 1975. It provides the framework for the conservation and
Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries sustainable use of wetlands resources. At present, 172 countries have signed the convention
Sciences University, Mangalore, and a total of 2439 Ramsar sites are present in the world (GOC, 2022) [5]. India signed the
Karnataka, India Ramsar Convention on 1st February 1982. Every year on 2nd February, World Wetlands Day is
celebrated worldwide to mark the importance of wetland and its resources.
Durgesh Kumar Verma
ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries
The Ramsar Convention defines the wetland as an area of marsh, fen, peatland or water,
Research Institute, Regional whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh,
Centre, Prayagraj, Uttar brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed
Pradesh, India six meters. The Union Ministry of Environment excludes river channels, paddy fields, and
other areas where the commercial activity takes place in its definition of wetlands. Wetlands
cover 6.40% of the world's land surface while it covers 4.63% of the total geographical area of
India. India has 19 types of wetlands.

Importance
According to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) report, up to 40% of the world's plant and
animal species live or breed in wetlands, over 1 lakh freshwater species are situated in
wetlands, and more than 25% of all wetland plants and animals are currently threatened with
extinction (WWF, 2022) [8]. The purpose of declaring Ramsar sites under the Ramsar
Convention is to stop the worldwide loss of wetlands and conserve them through wise use and
management. This aim requires international cooperation, policymaking, capacity building,
and technology transfer. Wetlands International or the Ramsar wetlands are selected because
of their ecological, botanical, zoological, limnological, or hydrological importance.

History
The Cobourg Peninsula in Australia was the first designated Ramsar site in world in 1974. The
United Kingdom (175) has the world’s largest number of Ramsar sites followed by Mexico
(142). Bolivia has the largest area with 1.48 crore hectares under the Convention protection
(Dubey, 2022) [4]. India has a network of 75 Ramsar sites (as of August 2022) marking the
Corresponding Author: highest number in South Asia (Anonymous, 2022a) [1].
Satyaveer
College of Fisheries, Karnataka
Ramsar sites in India
Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries
Sciences University, Mangalore, Chilika Lake in Odisha and Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan were the first Indian wetland
Karnataka, India added to the list of Ramsar sites of India in 1981. In the country’s Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav
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(75th year of independence), India has designated a total of 23 spanning a total area of 13266.78 Km2. The state-wise number
Ramsar sites in 2022, bringing the total to 75 Ramsar sites of Ramsar sites in India is presented in Fig. 1.

Fig 1: State-wise number of Ramsar sites in India

Tamil Nadu (14) has the highest number of Ramsar sites in seventy five Ramsar site is provided in the Table 1
India followed by Uttar Pradesh (10), Odisha (6) and Punjab (Anonymous, 2022a; Anonymous, 2022b; Anonymous,
(6). In the year 2022, Karnataka and Goa got their first 2022c, RSIS, 2022) [1, 2, 3, 7].
Ramsar site (MOEFCC, 2022). Brief description of all the

Table 1: Details of different Ramsar sites in India

State / Union Year of Area
No. Ramsar site Short description
Territory declaration (Km2)
It is a popular avifauna sanctuary situated in the Bharatpur district of
Rajasthan. It declared as World Heritage Site in 1985. It is placed under
1. Keoladeo National Park Rajasthan 1981 28.73 the Montreux Record in 1990 due to water shortage and growth of invasive
grass. It is home of 370 species of birds and animals. It is famous for the
migratory bird Siberian Crane for breeding and feeding ground.
It is the world’s 2nd largest coastal lagoon and the country’s 1st largest
lagoon located at the mouth of the Daya River on the eastern coast of
2. Chilika Lake Odisha 1981 1165
India. It harbours rare Irrawaddy dolphin species. It is one of the biggest
breeding places of flamingos in the world.
It is the largest lake among all freshwater lakes in India. It is known for
Jammu & its floating vegetation like water chestnut. It also helps the government to
3. Wular Lake 1990 189
Kashmir earn revenue from its fishing industry, paddy cultivation, etc. It was
formed as a result of tectonic activity and is fed by the Jhelum River.
It is the largest wetland in the northern part of the country. It is a shallow
water reservoir consisting of 13 islands. It is located near the confluence of
4. Harike Lake Punjab 1990 41
two rivers namely Beas and Sutlej. It is a breeding zone for various species
of Anatidae. It is particularly famous for diving ducks.
It is the largest lake among all inland saline lakes in India, called “Salt
Lake of Rajasthan”. It is an important wintering region for migratory birds
5. Sambhar Lake Rajasthan 1990 240 like flamingos travelling from northern Asia. It has geological importance
as it provides evidence of the Tethys Sea. It is famous for pink flamingos
and other birds that migrate from northern Asia and Siberia.
It is the largest freshwater lake in the northeastern states of India.
The world’s only floating national park is Keibul Lamajo which spreads
6. Loktak Lake Manipur 1990 266
over it. It is well known for the Phumdis Vegetation. It is the last natural
abode of Sangai Deers (Dancing Deers).
It is located in the Changthang Plateau. It is considered to be the sole
7. Tsomoriri Lake Ladakh 2002 120 breeding zone in India for the bar-headed geese. It is the only breeding
region outside China where the endangered, black-necked crane is spotted.
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The Barley field of Karzok located here is believed to be the world’s

highest cultivated land.
It is a man-made wetland constructed across the Kali Bein River. It is also
Himachal called Maharana Pratap Sagar Lake. It was constructed by having
8. Pong Dam Lake 2002 156.62
Pradesh the highest embankment dam in the country on the Beas River. Nearly 220
species of birds have been identified including 54 species of waterfowl.
It is made by building a barrage across the Bein River which is a tributary
9. Kanjli Lake Punjab 2002 1.83 of the Beas River for providing irrigation facilities. The common reptile
found in this wetland is a tortoise.
It is a man-made wetland that was built by constructing a barrage for
diverting the water from the Sutlej River. It provides a suitable breeding
10. Ropar Lake Punjab 2002 13.65 ground for hog deer, sambar deer, smooth-coated otter, etc. Also it is home
to the endangered turtle Chitra indica and threatened snake Python
molurus.
It is a permanent freshwater lake situated in the former channel of
Brahmputra River. It serves as a big stormwater storage water basin for
11. Deepor Beel Assam 2002 40
Guwahati and it is considered as the wetland’s representative under the
Burma Monsoon Forest Biogeographic Region.
It is a mixture of natural and man-made wetland regions. It helps to treat
12. East Calcutta Wetlands West Bengal 2002 125 the sewage of Kolkata city. It is an example of a multi-purpose wetland. It
is conserved and maintained with the help of the local community.
It is located near the catchment area of Brahmani and Baitrani rivers and is
13. Bhitarkanika Mangroves Odisha 2002 650 considered as second largest mangrove ecosystem in the country. It is
known for Olive Ridley sea turtles and saltwater crocodiles.
It is made of two lakes namely Bhojtal/ Upper Lake and Lower Lake in
Madhya Bhopal. It was created by Paramara Raja Bhoj. The Upper Lake acts as the
14. Bhoj Wetland 2002 32.01
Pradesh lifeline of the city of Bhopal as it supports around 40% of its potable water
supply. The largest bird of India named Sarus crane is also seen here.
It is a large natural eutrophic lake situated between the river basins
of Godavari and Krishna rivers. It acts as the natural soaking agent to
Andhra
15. Kolleru Lake 2002 901 check the flood-like situations here. It makes the largest shallow lake
Pradesh
among all the freshwater lakes in Asia. It was an important habitat for 20
million migratory birds.
It is situated along the Palk Strait at Point Calimere which meets the Bay
of Bengal. It has mangroves, tropical evergreen forests, and grassland
Point Calimere Wildlife and
16. Tamil Nadu 2002 385 ecosystems. It was created in 1967 for the conservation of the Blackbuck
Bird Sanctuary
Antelope, and other endemic mammal species. It is known for
the congregation of greater flamingos.
It is the second-largest wetland of Kerala. It is a large palm-shaped natural
backwater wetland. It makes an estuary with the sea at the point of
17. Ashtamudi Wetland Kerala 2002 61.4
Neendakara. It is also a popular fishing zone in the state. It is said that
the tastiest fish in Kerala named Karimeen comes from this lake.
It is called the largest freshwater lake in the state of Kerala. It is known as
the Queen of Lakes. It is named after the primitive pilgrimage
18. Sasthamkotta Lake Kerala 2002 3.73
center Sastha Temple situated on the banks of this lake. The smallest
migratory birds named common teal/ dabbling duck are seen here.
It is the largest brackish water, humid tropical wetland ecosystem in the
state of Kerala and longest lake in the country. It is considered the second
19. Vembanad-Kol Wetland Kerala 2002 1512.5
largest Ramsar Site in India. It is situated below sea level and is known for
the exotic fishes and unique paddy fields.
It is situated at the back of the Pir Panjal ranges of Himalayan Mountain. It
Jammu & is a natural perennial wetland site next to the Jhelum River basin. It is
20. Hokera Wetland 2005 13.75
Kashmir considered to be the only region having the remaining parts of the
reedbeds of Kashmir. It is the largest bird reserve in the Kashmir valley.
It is situated in the semi-arid zone of the Jammu area. It covers
Jammu & the catchment area of Jhelum River. Mansar site is fed mainly by surface
21. Surinsar-Mansar Lakes 2005 3.5
Kashmir run-off while Surinsar site is rain-fed. It is home to thousands of bats.
Surinsar and Mansar Lakes are considered twin lakes.
It is a barren but beautiful lake located at a height of 14100 feet. It is
Himachal situated near the origin of the Chandra River on the Samudra Tapu plateau.
22. Chandertal Wetland 2005 0.49
Pradesh It is home to several species like golden eagle, red fox, snowcock,
Himalayan ibex, etc.
Himachal The lake has significant religious consideration and is named after the
23. Renuka Wetland 2005 0.2
Pradesh deity named Renuka (Mother of Sage Parshuram).
Upper Ganga River (Brijghat It is a shallow stretch of the Ganges River. Six species of turtles are found
24. Uttar Pradesh 2005 265.9
to Narora stretch) here. It is home to the Ganges River Dolphins, Gharial, Crocodiles, etc.
It is a lowland sedimentation reservoir in the northeast region fed by three
25. Rudrasagar Lake Tripura 2005 2.4
perennial streams discharging into Gomti River.
It is the largest natural wetland site in the biogeographic region of the Thar
26. Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary Gujarat 2012 120
Desert. It is said to be the lifeline for the endangered Indian Wild Ass

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population.
It is the first river to be declared as a conservation reserve. The gharial
reintroduction in the Beas Conservation Reserve is an ambitious
27. Beas Conservation Reserve Punjab 2019 64.29
programme of the Punjab government. It is the last abode of the Indus
River Dolphins in India.
It is a composite wetland where mosaic of natural marshes, aquaculture
Keshopur-Miani Community pond and agricultural wetlands maintained by the annual rainfall-runoff. It
28. Punjab 2019 3.44
Reserve is influenced by human interference. There are crop fields for lotus &
chestnut.
Site has historical importance of “Panch Sheel Principles”. It hosts many
29. Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary Punjab 2019 1.16 floras and faunas like Indian pangolin Egyptian vulture, Indian leopard,
etc.
It provides protection to more than 250 species of migratory birds. It has
been renamed after the Shahid Chandra Shekhar Azad Bird Sanctuary. It
30. Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 2019 2.25 hosts species like lesser lesser adjutant, golden jackal, Pallas’s fish eagle,
etc. The invasive species of common water hyacinth poses threat to the
ecosystem.
It is a permanent freshwater lake having two oxbow lakes (Parvati Tal &
31. Parvati Agra Bird Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 2019 7.22 Agra Tal). It provides both breeding grounds as well as roosting sites for
several water-birds.
It is a type of seasonal oxbow lake located in the Ganges floodplain which
receives rainfall during the southwest monsoon. Various threatened species
32. Saman Bird Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 2019 5.26
like the greater spotted eagle, greylag goose, etc. are found in the
sanctuary.
It is a perennial lowland marshy region which is situated on the Indo-
33. Samaspur Bird Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 2019 7.99 Gangetic Plain. The majority of species found here are exotic. It
harbors common pochard, Palla’s fish eagle, Egyptian vulture, etc.
It is a freshwater marshy land on the Indo-Gangetic plain that is heavily
34. Sandi Bird Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 2019 3.09
dependent on monsoon rains for its water. It is famous for migratory birds.
It is a permanent marshy region of the Indo-Gangetic floodplain. Site play
35. Sarsai Nawar Jheel Uttar Pradesh 2019 1.61 an important role in conserving the waterbirds like vulnerable sarus
crane. It is an example of co-habitation of humans and wildlife.
It is the largest Ramsar Site in India situated within the world’s largest
mangrove forest ecosystem. It is a deltaic region formed by the confluence
36. Sundarban Wetland West Bengal 2019 4230
of Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. It is also home to many critically
endangered species including the Irrawaddy dolphin, fishing cat, etc.
It has been formed by shallow backwaters of the Nandur Madhmeshwar
Nandur Madhameshwar Bird
37. Maharashtra 2019 14.37 dam. It is known for the avian population. It spans the riparian forest and
Sanctuary
marshy region of the Deccan Plateau.
It is situated at >4500 m above sea level. The complex consists of two
38. Tso Kar Wetland Complex Ladakh 2020 95.77 connected lakes namely Startsapuk Tso (Freshwater) and Tso Kar
(hypersaline). It is home to Snow leopard, Asiatic wild dog, etc.
It is the only Ramsar site in the state situated at the confluence of the Asan
Asan Barrage (Asan and Yamuna river. Around 49 fish species are found and it is also a home
39. Uttarakhand 2020 4.44
Conservation Reserve) to critically endangered species like Bear’s pochard, red-headed vulture,
etc.
It is a man-made reservoir also called as Keetham Lake. It was constructed
40. Sur Sarovar (Keetham Lake) Uttar Pradesh 2020 4.31 for water supply to Agra City in summer months. Species like Wallago
attu, Anser anser, Clanga clanga, Grus antigone, etc. are found.
It is one of the 18 wetlands situated on the Indo-Gangetic plain, also
Kanwar Taal or Kabar Taal known as Kanwar Jheel. It is an important stopover along the Central
41. Bihar 2020 26.2
Lake or Kabartal Wetland Asian Flyway, with different migratory waterbirds using it to rest and
refuel.
It is an endorheic lake that is circular in shape, also termed as Lonar crater
42. Lonar Lake Maharashtra 2020 4.27 lake which was made by a meteorite impact in the basaltic bedrock. It is
recognized as the National Geo-heritage site.
It is a man-made wetland site that houses freshwater lakes. It is considered
Bhindawas Wildlife the largest wetland area wise in Haryana. It supports >10 globally
43. Haryana 2021 4.12
Sanctuary threatened species. In 1986, it was designated as a protected area and in
2011, it was declared as an Eco-sensitive zone by the MoEFCC.
The lake supports seasonal aquatic vegetation, open grasslands, and is
dotted with artificial islands. The area within 5 km of the Park was
44. Sultanpur National Park Haryana 2021 1.43
designated as an eco-sensitive zone in 2010. It supports more than ten
globally threatened species.
It is a man-made wetland located within the boundaries of Hastinapur
Wildlife Sanctuary.
45. Haiderpur Wetland Uttar Pradesh 2021 69.08 It supplement habitats for various animal and plant species, including >30
plant species, over 300 bird species, >40 fish and >10 mammal species. It
also supports >15 globally threatened species.
46. Thol Lake Wildlife Gujarat 2021 6.99 It is situated on the Central Asian Flyway and supports >320 bird species.

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Sanctuary The Lake bestow water for irrigation and drinking purposes, enables
groundwater recharge, and used for recreation and tourism.
The reservoir is situated in the semi-arid agricultural zone and it is
surrounded by paddy & wheat fields and villages. During the winter
47. Wadhvana Wetland Gujarat 2021 6.30
season, the rare red-crested pochard duck is spotted here. It is home to >80
species that migrate on the Central Asian Flyway.
It is the largest natural floodplain wetland of eastern part of the state. It
48. Bakhira Wildlife Sanctuary Uttar Pradesh 2021 28.49 supports as a wintering ground for >25 species migrating on the Central
Asian Flyway.
It is largest wetland in the Mizoram State surrounded by green woodland
forest. The wetland has two small outlets, one named Tipo Didao, which
49. Pala Wetland Mizoram 2021 18.50
converges with the small Pala River. It is said that the Mara tribe
(immigrated from Myanmar) first settled around this wetland.
It is the largest wetland reserve for breeding resident and migratory
Koonthankulam Bird
50. Tamil Nadu 2021 0.72 waterbirds in South India. It supports rich social and cultural heritage. It
Sanctuary
also act as a buffer against the floods.
It is an agglomerate of marshes, rivers and evergreen forests at the junction
51. Satkosia Gorge Odisha 2021 981.97 of 2 biogeographic regions, namely the Eastern Ghats and Deccan
Peninsula.
It is located near the coast of Gulf of Kutch. It was formed in 1920 during
52. Khijadia Wildlife Sanctuary Gujarat 2021 5.12
the formation of bund to protect the farmland from saltwater ingress.
It is situated in the Ganjam district and is one of the most prominent
freshwater lake in the state. The depression on the ground eventually filled
53. Tampara Lake Odisha 2022 3
with flow of rainwater from catchment area and it was termed as “Tamp”
and “Tampra” by British and local peoples respectively.
It is the largest earthen dam in the state. Fisheries play an important role in
the reservoir and support livelihood of 7000 fisher’s population. It also
54. Hirakud Reservoir Odisha 2022 654
provides important hydrological services by moderating floods in the
Mahanadi delta and also supports tourism.
It is the largest horseshoe-shaped freshwater lake in the state situated in the
55. Ansupa Lake Odisha 2022 2.31
Banki sub-division of Cuttack district.
This site qualifies as a Key Biodiversity Area of international significance
and is located near Srinagar. The area has widespread reedbeds of
Shallbugh Wetland Jammu &
56. 2022 16.75 Phragmites communis and Typha angustata, and abundant growth of
Conservation Reserve Kashmir
Nymphaea sp. in open water. It plays an important role in recharge of
aquifers.
The wetland is situated within the Jhelum River basin located in the
Hygam Wetland Jammu & Baramulla district. The site play a key role in biodiversity conservation,
57. 2022 8.02
Conservation Reserve Kashmir eco-tourism site, flood absorption basin and livelihood security for the
local peoples.
It is one of the most significant birding sites in Malwa region and is
Yashwant Sagar dam Madhya
58. 2022 8.23 considered as one of the two Important Bird Areas (IBA) in the Indore
reservoir Pradesh
region.
Thane Creek It is surrounded by mangroves on both sides and encompasses around 20%
59. Maharashtra 2022 65.21
Flamingo Sanctuary of total Indian mangrove species.
It is locally known as “Chitrangudi Kanmoli”. It provides an ideal habitat
60. Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 2022 2.60 for winter migratory birds. Wetland is protected area since 1989 and
presently declared as Bird Sanctuary.
Suchindram Theroor Around 250 species of birds have been identified in the area because it was
61. Tamil Nadu 2022 0.94
Wetland Complex formed for birds nesting purposes. It is declared as an Important Bird Area.
It provides appropriate environment for shelter, food and breeding ground
for various migratory birds. Numerous wintering waterfowl species,
62. Vaduvur Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 2022 1.13
including Eurasian Wigeon, Northern Pintail, and Garganey were observed
in high densities.
It is a protected area declared in 1989. Several migratory heron species use
Kanjirankulam Bird it as a nesting ground, and they roost in the area's profusion of babul trees.
63. Tamil Nadu 2022 0.97
Sanctuary Between October and February, migratory waterbirds that breed here
include the painted stork, white ibis, black ibis, tiny egret, and great egret.
It is a man-made reservoir and is an important ecological part of Madhav
Madhya National Park of Shivpuri town. It is a shallow, alkaline and nutrient-rich
64. Sakhya Sagar Lake 2022 2.48
Pradesh reservoir and provides the natural aesthetic beauty of the area and
permanent source of water for wildlife.
It is a shallow, alkaline, nutrient-rich lake that floods upto 2 m during
Madhya monsoon season. It is often called as Pakshi Vihar. It provides fisheries
65. Sirpur Wetland 2022 1.61
Pradesh and medicinal plants to the local communities and act as a buffer against
flood.
It comprises isolated freshwater marshes that lie next to tributary of Zuari
66. Nanda Lake Goa 2022 0.42
River.
It has history of people cooperating in conserving waterbirds as their
67. Karikili Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 2022 0.58
excreta helps the supply of nutrient rich water to crop fields.

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It is a freshwater marsh and partly saline wetland, which act as an aquatic

Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve buffer to the flood-prone Chennai and Chengalpattu districts. Notable
68. Tamil Nadu 2022 12.48
Forest species include Russell’s viper snake and birds like glossy ibis, grey-
headed lapwings, etc.
It is a man-made irrigation tank associated by network of canals and fed by
Udhayamarthandapuram
69. Tamil Nadu 2022 0.44 Mettur dam through the Koraiyar canal. It is an important staging and
Bird Sanctuary
breeding ground for numerous waterbirds.
Due to presence of numerous bird species, the site is an Important Bird and
70. Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 2022 0.40 Biodiversity Area (IBA). It provides tourism, educational and research
opportunities.
It provides a suitable habitat for birds due to abundant food resources.
71. Vellode Bird Sanctuary Tamil Nadu 2022 0.77 Important bird species found are oriental darter, Indian river tern and
painted stork.
It is a man-made irrigation tank which provides ideal habitat to several
Vembannur Wetland
72. Tamil Nadu 2022 0.19 waterbird species. Site forms part of an Important Bird and Biodiversity
Complex
Area (IBA).
It is the first MBR in South and South-East Asia. It is one of the unique
Gulf of Mannar Marine and most biologically diverse regions of India. It supports globally
73. Tamil Nadu 2022 526.72
Biosphere Reserve (MBR) threatened species like whale shark, hawksbill turtle, dugong, green-sea
turtle and humpback dolphin.
It is a part of River Kaveri on the Southern Deccan Plateau. It is the first
74. Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary Karnataka 2022 5.18 Ramsar site of the state located in the Mandya district, which is commonly
called as “Pakshi Kashi”. It is an eco-sensitive zone.
It is the second largest mangrove ecosystem in the world situated between
75. Pichavaram Mangrove Tamil Nadu 2022 14.79 the estuaries of Coleroon and Vellar Rivers in India. Site hosts a natural
hybrid mangrove species, Rhizophora annamalayana.

Threats these natural features:

Wetlands are one of the world‘s most threatened ecosystems; a. Natural wetlands should be constantly monitored to
the wildlife that calls them home is some of the most ensure that ecosystem services are properly maintained or
endangered. Presently, our wetlands are facing numerous and improved. An inventory of the wetlands’ resources
tremendous threats such as natural and anthropogenic and should also be created to track the changes in the benefits
they are still being disappeared three times faster than forests. of natural wetlands.
Some common threats are habitat destruction, discharge of b. Additional government policies regarding the protection
wastewater, weed infestation, pollution, invasive species, of natural wetlands and the limits for the utilization of
over-harvesting, unregulated tourism and climate change. various wetland resources should be formulated to ensure
that the loss of wetlands’ productivity can be prevented.
Conservation and management c. The support for scientific studies on wetland preservation
Wetlands are important ecosystems providing numerous and restoration should be expanded. Large-scale
ecological services. They manifest several benefits to people initiatives for ecological wetlands restoration and
and nature, including flood control, water purification, erosion scientific research on important technologies for wetland
control, climate regulation, and habitat for plants and conservation and restoration should also be conducted.
animals. Unfortunately, wetlands are being lost at an alarming d. Regulations limiting pollutant discharges can be imposed
rate due to various factors, including development, in order to mitigate wetland degradation. This may be
agriculture, pollution, and climate change. The Ministry of accomplished by integrating wetland and river basin
Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has environmental management strategies.
notified Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, e. Marsh wetlands were the most threatened wetland types.
2017 under the provisions of the Environment Protection Act, The exploitation of biological resources should be
1986 as the regulatory framework for conservation and temporarily prohibited or limited, and attention should be
management of Indian wetlands. Some common state laws given to the restoration of wetlands that harbors
regarding the conservation of wetlands are Kerala migratory, rare, and endangered animal species.
Conservation of Paddy Land & Wetland Act, 2008, Andhra
Pradesh Water, Land & Trees Act, 2002 and East Kolkata References
Wetlands (Conservation & Management) Act, 2006. Other 1. Anonymous, Master complete 75 Ramsar sites in India
laws that indirectly help to conserve wetlands such as 2022 map. UPSC Colorfull notes; c2022a.
National Environment Policy, 2006, Wildlife Protection Act, https://upsccolorfullnotes.com/ramsar-sites-in-india-
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