ABSTRACT

Automation
Automation is a term for technology applications where human input is minimized. This includes
business process automation (BPA), IT automation, personal applications such as home automation
and more.

Robotics
Robotics, design, construction, and use of machines (robots) to perform tasks done traditionally by human beings.
Robots are widely used in such industries as automobile manufacture to perform simple repetitive tasks, and in
industries where work must be performed in environments hazardous to humans.

CONTENTS
Absract

Automation

Robotics

Automations sensors in robots.

Soldering and disoldering in robotics

Programming in robotics

Artificial intelligence in robotics

Kit assembling of robotics

Electronics in robotics

Conclusion

Automation
 Automation is a term for technology applications where human input is minimized. This includes business
process automation (BPA), IT automation, personal applications such as home automation and more.

Reasons for automation

Increased productivity: Automation of manufacturing operations holds the promise of increasing the productivity of
labor. This means greater output per hour of labor input. Higher production rates (output per hour) are achieved
with automation than with the corresponding manual operations.

1.High cost of labor: The trend in the industrialized societies of the world has been toward ever-increasing labor
costs. As a result, higher investment in automated equipment has become economically justifiable to replace manual
operations. The high cost of labor is forcing business leaders to substitute machines for human labor. Because
machines can produce at higher rates of output, the use of automation results in a lower cost per unit of product.

2.Labor shortages: In many advanced nations there has been a general shortage of labor. Labor shortages
stimulate the development of automation as a substitute for labor. toward the service sector: This trend has been
especially prevalent in India. There are also social and institutional forces that are responsible for the trend. There
has been a tendency for people to view factory work as tedious, demeaning, and dirty.

3Lack of basic needs: This view has caused them to seek employment in the service sector of the economy
government, insurance, personal services, legal, sales, etc. Hence, the proportion of the work force employed in
manufacturing is reducing.

4.Safety: By automating the operation and transferring the operator from an active participation to a supervisory
role, work is made safer.

5. cost of raw materials: The high cost of raw materials in manufacturing results in the need for greater
efficiency in using these materials. The reduction of scrap is one of the benefits of automation.

6.Improved product quality: Automated operations not only produce parts at faster rates but they produce parts
with greater consistency and conformity to quality specifications.

7.Reduced manufacturing lead time: With reduced manufacturing lead time automation allows the
manufacturer a competitive advantage in promoting good customer service.

8.Reduction of in-process inventory: Holding large inventories of work-in-process represents a signiation

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Classifications of automation
Three types of automation in production can be distinguished: (1) fixed automation, (2) programmable automation,
and (3) flexible automationficant cost to the manufacturer because it ties up capital. In-process inventory is of no
value. It serves none of the purposes of raw materials stock or finished product inventory. Automation tends to
accomplish this goal by reducing the time a workpart spends in the factory.

8. cost of not automating: A significant competitive advantage is gained by automating a manufacturing plant.
The benefits of automation show up in intangible and unexpected ways, such as, improved quality, higher sales,
better labor relations, and better company image. All of

1.Fixed autom
production facility in which the sequence of processing operations is fixed by the
equipment configuration

2.Programmable automation
Programmable automation is a form of automation for producing products in batches. The products are made in
batch quantities ranging from several dozen to several thousand unit time.

3. Flexible automation
Flexible automation is an extension of programmable automation. The disadvantage with programmable automation
is the time required to reprogram and change over the production equipment for each batch of new product. This is
lost production time, which is expensive

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Definitions of robotics
The branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots.
“civilian research on robotics is advancing swiftly”

Introduction
Robotics evolved as part of the third industrial revolution. Robots – in the form of manipulators – were used in
automotive assemblies to speed up the production process of automobiles. Since that time, robots are being used in
all sectors – industrial, healthcare, manufacturing, and elsewhere. Since a robot executes one or more tasks
automatically with speed, precision and repeatability, their use has increased manifold. Robots are used in space
programs, for underwater exploration of oil and gas structures, for military surveillance purposes, in
environmental monitoring, in archaeology, for plant maintenance, medical treatment, and varied other sectors.

Classification of Robots
Defining robots is complex. There are many definitions that attempt to separate a robot from automation.
Classifying them is not easy either. There are many ways to classify robots. They can be classified on the basis of
how they perform tasks, on the basis of their application, on the basis of how they move and so on. For the purpose
of this article, we will stick to the classification of robots based on the most popular ways to do so – by their
application, or by their locomotion / kinematics. Before we proceed, let us make it clear that this classification is
very broad, and we will not cover all robot types under it. Also, some types of classifications may overlap. For
example, an industrial robot can be classified as a Cartesian robot as well. Or an airborne drone can also be classified
as a defence robot. This overlap will be clear as you go through the article.

Possible classification schemes are base on:

1.Anatomy (Body)
2.Control of movement
3.Kinematics/geometry structure
4.Energy source
5.Authority body
6.Industry/non industry
7. Based on design
8. Based on technology
9.Application/job
10.Based on components

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BASED ON ANATOMY
Robot anatomy. The manipulator of an industrial robot consists of a series of joints and links. Aspects of the
manipulator’s physical construction. A robotic joint provides relative motion between two links of the robot.

The manipulator of an industrial robot is constructed of a series of joints and links. Robot anatomy is concerned
with the types and sizes of these joints and links and other aspects of the manipulator’s physical construction.

Joints and Links

A joint of an industrial robot is similar to a joint in the human body: It provides relative motion between two parts
of the body. Each joint, or axis as it is sometimes called, provides the robot with a so called degree-of-freedom
(d.o.f.) of motion. In nearly all cases, only one degree of freedom is associated with a joint. Robots are often
classified according to the total number of degrees-of-freedom they possess. Connected to each joint are two links,
an input link and an output link. Links are the rigid components of the robot manipulator. The purpose of the joint
is to provide controlled relative movement between the input link and the output link.
Most robots are mounted on a stationary base on the floor. Let us refer to that base and its connection to the first
joint as link 0.1t is the input link to joint 1, the first in the series of joints used in the construction of the robot.
The output link of joint 1 is link 1. Link 1 is the input linkto joint 2, whose output link is link 2, and so forth. This
joint-link numbering scheme is illustrated .Nearly all industrial robots have mechanical joints that can be classified
into one of five types: two types that provide translational motion and three types that provide rotary motion.
These joint types are illustrated and are based on a scheme described in [6]. The five joint types are:
Linear joint (type L-joint).The relative movement between the input link and the output link is a translational
sliding motion, with the axes of the two links being parallel
Orthogonal Joint (type U joint). This is also a translational sliding motion, but the input and output links are
perpendicular to each other during the move.

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Based on control of movement
Robot motion control enables articulated arms to move through the action of rotating and sliding joints, and mobile
robots to move through locomotion and steering. This controlled motion enables these complex tasks with whatever
end effector is appropriate on the robot.

electrical robot
Robots work using a combination of electronics, computer programming and mechanics called mechatronics.
Electricity is key to the functioning of these robots. Usually, a robot is made up of 5 distinct components that
mimic the human body, which are: a body structure.

Hydraulic robot
The Hydraulic Robot Arm incorporates STEM learning by combining problem solving with a real-world application of
technology. Use three pairs of syringes to control the arm: one pair to open and close the claws, one to raise and
lower the arm, and one to rotate the arm 90°.

Mechanical robot
A robot is a programmable mechanical device that can perform tasks and interact with its environment, without the
aid of human interaction. Robotics is the science and technology behind the design, manufacturing and application of

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robots. The word robot was coined by the Czech playwright Karel Capek in

Based on Industrial and non-industrial

Industrial Robots are highly used in manufacturing Industries and Factories for carrying out
dangerous tasks. Service Robots are majorly used in offices and homes for carrying out human
tasks.

Fig.non industrial robots

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 Fig. Industrial robot

Based on movement
Robot motion control enables articulated arms to move through the action of rotating and sliding joints, and mobile
robots to move through locomotion and steering. This controlled motion enables these complex tasks with whatever
end effector is appropriate on the robot.12-Jul-20192.3.5 Based on Technology

Based on technology the robots are classified into 3 types they are

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High technology robots
Used for multi purpose job such as material handling, press, transpiring, painting, sealing, spot welding and arc
welding. Have an axes form six to nine to 16 or more almost same as human movement The payload about the
same ad medium-technology robot around 68-150 kg.
. The cycle time also same as MTR in additional every axes have their own cycle time. The accuracy and
repeatability is the garters, by used of feed back .Data from 1-0.4 mm. Can perform well although the object is not
at the correct position By use of sensor and microprocessor high bit 16-31 bps).

Based on design
1. First Generation Robot
• Fixed sequence program Take and placed task – Blind and deaf dan (no sense)
• Less ability to make decision. Bight control is open.Upgrade :(Sophisticated robot) the ability will be upgraded.
• Some action control by sense. • Can know when something happen but cannot rectify.
• Closed control bight have been introduced.

2. Second generation robots

Have a coordinate control between manipulator and eye sensor (under progress testing)

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New ability:
• Mobility Voice recognition command. Have touch foresee.Multi arm action with hand to hand coordination arm that
is flexible.
• Microprocessor intelligence
• Multi robots in crowd-swarm action.
• Can make decision.

3.Third generation robots

• Move faster, more robustly . Have an Al (Non-physical, “disembodied thinking) to operate on their own for example
discrete part assembly
• Make a decision to commit a deference job/taskOnly need a few information to do their job/task. • Be able to learn
a new thing without reprogram Cybernetics – Biologically inspired robot controlNew types of robot control: Reactive,
hybrid, behavior Base

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Based on job or task
There is various job or task that can be done by a robot such as:
1.Bomb destroyer
2. and communicate
3. Searching victim in disaster
4. for Information – temperature – enemy – on planet Mars
5.Simple assembling – push, pull
6. Lifting and place
7. Entertain/Hobby/ Friend/ to serve (waiter) / player
8. Observe and guard (security guard)
9. Assembling line in manufacturing There is many ways to categorize the robot.

ROBOT COMPONENTS
Manipulator or Rover: Main body of robot(Links, Joints, other structural element of the robot)
1. End Effecter: The part that is connected to the last joint hand) of a manipulator.
2. Actuators: Muscles of the manipulators (servomotor, stepper motor, pneumatic and hydraulic cylinder).
3. Sensors: To collect information about the internal state of the robot or To communicate with the outside
environment.
4. Controller: Similar to cerebellum. It controls and coordinates the motion of the actuators.
5. Processor: The brain of the robots.
6. It calculates The motions and the velocity of the robot’s joints, etc.
7. Software: Operating system, robotic software and the collection of routines.
ROBOT COMPONENTS EXAMPLES
Main components are: Manipulator: Main body (Links, Joints etc.)
End effector: Welding Torch, Paint spray gun etc. Actuators servo motors, stepper motors, cylinders etc.
-Sensors Vision, Touch, Speech synthesizers etc.
-Controller receives data from PC and controls the Actuators

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-Processor: calculates motions of joints speeds
-Software OS, Applications s/w
➤ Sensors provide awareness of the environment by sensing things. Sensors are the core of robots. It is the system
that alerts the robots. Sensing can be in different forms like
. Light
.Sound Heat
.Chemicals
.Force
.Object proximity
.Physical orientation/position Magnetic & Electric Fields .
.Resistance
END EFFECTORS
In robotics, an end effector is the device at the end of a robotic arm, designed to interact with the environment. End
effectors may consist of a gripper or a tool. The gripper can be of two fingers, three fingers or even five fingers.
ACTUATORS
.Manipulations
. Degrees of freedom.
-Independently controllable components of motion Arms
-Convenient method to allow full movement in 3D – more often used in fixed robots due to power & weight
-Even more difficult to control!
- due to extra degrees of freedom
CONTROLLER
• Provide necessary intelligence to control the manipulator/mobile robot
• Process the sensory information and compute
The control commands for the actuators to Carry out specified tasks.

Automations sensor in robots

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Automation sensor robots definition
Proprioceptive sensors deal with robot itself, such as accelerometers, gyroscope, magnetometer and compass, wheel
encoders and temperature sensors. There are many other categories sensors can be clubbed into, such as active or
passive sensors

The types of automation sensor robots

Types of Robot Sensors
1) Light Sensor. Light sensor is a transducer used for detecting light and creates a voltage difference equivalent to
the light intensity fall on a light sensor. …
2) Proximity Sensor. …
3) Sound Sensor. …
4) Temperature Sensor. …
5) Acceleration Sensor.

Light sensor in robotics

Light sensor is a transducer used for detecting light and creates a voltage difference equivalent to the light
intensity fall on a light sensor. The two main light sensors used in robots are Photovoltaic cells and Photo resistor.
Other kind of light sensors like phototransistors, phototubes are rarely used.

Proximity sensor in Robotics

Proximity sensing is the ability of a robot to tell when it is near an object, or when something is near it. This sense
keeps a robot from running into things. It can also be used to measure the distance from a robot to some object.
The simplest proximity sensors do not measure distance.

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Sound sensor in robotics
Sound sensors are generally a microphone used to detect sound and return a voltage equivalent to the sound level.
Using sound sensor a simple robot can be designed to navigate based on the sound receives.

Temperature sensor in robotics

Temperature sensors are used for sensing the change in temperature of the surrounding. It is based on the principle
of change in voltage difference for a change in temperature this change in voltage will provide the equivalent
temperature value of the surrounding.

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 Acceleration sensor in robotics
Acceleration sensor is used for measuring acceleration and tilt. An accelerometer is a device used for measuring
acceleration. Static Force – It is the frictional force between any two objects. By measuring this gravitational force
we can determine the how much robot is tilting.

soldering and disordering in robotics

soldering definition
What is a robotic soldering solution? A Soldering Robot is a fully automated system that performs a designated task,
set by a custom program, with the utmost precision and repeatability. Each joint may have its own soldering profile.

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soldering and it’s types
Soldering is a joining process used to join different types of metals together by melting solder. Solder is a metal
alloy usually made of tin and lead which is melted using a hot iron. The iron is heated to temperatures above 600
degrees Fahrenheit which then cools to create a strong electrical bond.

How Does it Work?

Solder is melted by using heat from an iron connected to a temperature controller. It is heated up to temperatures
beyond its melting point at around 600 degrees Fahrenheit which then causes it to melt, which then cools creating
the soldered joint.

As well as creating strong electrical joints solder can also be removed using a disoldering tool.

Solder is a metal alloy used to create strong permanent bonds; such as copper joining in circuit boards and copper
pipe joints. It can also be supplied in two different types and diameters, lead and lead free and also can be between
.032” and .062”. Inside the solder core is the flux, a material used to strengthen and improve its mechanical
properties.

What Metals are Used?

Filler metals used in soldering were once lead based (lead solder), however, owing to regulations, lead-based solders
are increasingly replaced with lead free solders, which may consist of antimony, bismuth, brass, copper, indium.

Which Flux Can be Used for Soldering?

Occasionally at the site of the joint, there are impurities such as oil, dirt or oxidation, the flux helps prevent
oxidation and can sometimes chemically clean the metal. The flux used is rosin flux which helps the mechanical
strength and electrical contact of electrical joints. Sometimes it is also possible to apply a ‘wetting agent’ to reduce
the surface tension

what is a Soldering Gun Used For?

Soldering guns are used for applications where more heat is required as irons use lower power. This tool is used for
joining stained glass, light sheet metal and heavy electronic soldering work. When you need to solder intermittently,
the soldering gun is much more practical as it cools much quicker.

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Uses of a Soldering Iron
A soldering iron is a hand tool used to heat solder, usually from an electrical supply at high temperatures above the
melting point of the metal alloy. This allows for the solder to flow between the workpieces needing to be joined.
This soldering tool is made up of an insulated handle and a heated pointed metal iron tip. Good soldering is
influenced by how clean the tip of your soldering iron is. To maintain cleanliness, a user will hold the soldering iron
and use a wet sponge to clean the soldering iron tip prior to soldering components or making soldered connections.
In addition to the soldering iron, solder suckers are an important part of the soldering setup. If excessive solder is
applied, these small tools are used to remove the solder, leaving only that desired.

Automation in solidering
In the field of electrical engineering, soldering is one of the most commonly used joining processes. The production
of photovoltaic modules is one example of an application involving automated soldering systems.

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Artificial intelligent in robots
definition of AI in Robotics
Artificial Intelligence or AI gives robots a computer vision to navigate, sense and calculate their
reaction accordingly. Robots learn to perform their tasks from humans through machine learning
which again is a part of computer programming and AI.

AI used in Robotics
With the help of AI, a robot can reach out and grasp an object without the need for a human
controller. AI-enhanced navigation and motion control. Through enhanced machine learning
capabilities, robots gain increased autonomy, reducing the need for humans to plan and manage
navigation paths and process flows.
Importance of AI in Robotics
Artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics are a powerful combination for automating tasks inside and
outside of the factory setting. In recent years, AI has become an increasingly common presence in
robotic solutions, introducing flexibility and learning capabilities in previously rigid applications.

kit assembling

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 Electronics in Robotics

Definition in in Robotics
Robots pick up and place components into electronic assemblies where the position is not always
precisely known or parts cannot be reliably placed without finessing. Adaptive tools such as vision
or force control allow the robot to ‘feel’ its way into an assembly, placing parts in a dynamic
assembly process.”
Voltage, Current and Watts
Before we can regulate electricity, let us take a very brief moment and talk about what
electricity is.

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Electricity is basically a form of energy resulting from charged particles. It can exist either as a
static charge or dynamically as a current.
We will be exclusively dealing with it as a current. A ‘direct current’ in fact. You may have heard
of DC electricity. In case you have not yet figured it out, the abbreviation DC stands for Direct
Current. What this means is that electricity flows in one direction only. Since it only flows in one
predictable direction, it is easy to regulate.
There are two ways to measure Direct Current that you should be immediately aware of.

Voltage
Symbol: V
Voltage is measured in volts. If you were to think of electricty as a river, volts would be how high
the water rises above the river bed (or the depth you could say).

Current
Symbol: A
Current is measured in amperes (or – colloquially – amps). If volts is the water depth, than
current is the force with which the water is moving.

Just as it is possible to have a really deep river moving with little force, it is also possible to
have a really shallow river moving with a lot of force. Voltage and current need to be considered
in relation to one another in order to have an understanding of their combined power. The
relationship between voltage and current is measured in Watts (symbol: W). This is an expression
of the overall power being exerted. You probably have heard this term before, and should just
generally be aware of this. However, it is not a particularly important measurement for what we
will be doing in this class.

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Multimeter
A multimeter is a tool used for a wide range of electronics related measurements. Or you could
say they could meter multiple measurements… multi-meter… painfully obvious – right?

A typical multimeter will measure voltage, current, resistance, and continuity. More advanced
multimeters will also measure a host of other things that are not important to get into at this
junction.
Circuits
A circuit is basically a closed conductive loop in which electricity can flow freely. Basically, a
circuit is a bunch of things connected together in either series or parallel that enables electricity
to flow between power to ground. This can be as simple as a battery source and a light bulb, or as
complex as the controller board for a servo motor. In fact, let’s take a closer look at the servo
motor’s circuit board
Solidering gun
In order for all of the components on the servo’s circuit board to be attached, they needed to be
soldered. Soldering is a means of both fusing together two metal objects, and creating an
electrical connection.

Unsurprisingly, the tool used for soldering is called a soldering iron.

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 conclusion
Conclusion: Robotics changes the labor market but does not destroy it. Robotic automation is
unlikely to destroy the labor market – at least in terms of the number of positions. However,
jobs are subject to massive change.

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