8: Social Media 1

Chapter 8: Social Media

CHAPTER OUTLINE

Writing Strategies for Social Media

Social Networks
Business Communication Uses of Social Networks
Strategies for Business Communication on Social Networks
Information and Media Sharing Sites
User-Generated Content Sites
Media Curation Sites
Community Q&A Sites
Blogging
Understanding the Business Applications of Blogging
Adapting the Three-Step Process for Successful Blogging
Microblogging
Wikis
Understanding the Wiki Philosophy
Adapting the Three-Step Process for Successful Wiki Writing

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LECTURE NOTES

Section 1: Writing Strategies for Social Media

Learning Objective 1: Identify seven key points for using social media in business communication.

Social media change the relationship between sender and receiver.

Because the relationship has changed, the nature of the messages needs to change as well:

• Remember that it’s a conversation, not a lecture or a sales pitch.

• Write informally but not carelessly.
• Create concise, specific, and informative headlines.
• Get involved and stay involved.
• If you need to promote something, do so indirectly.
• Be transparent and honest.
• Think before you post!

Section 2: Social Networks

Learning Objective 2: Describe the business communication applications of social networks.

Social networks are online services that enable individual and organizational members to form
connections and share information.

Businesses now use several types of social networks:

• Public, general-purpose networks (Facebook being the most significant of these)

• Public, business-oriented networks (LinkedIn is the largest of these)
• Specialized networks, including networks for small-business owners, for connecting
entrepreneurs with investors, those created by individual companies to enhance the sense of
community among their customers, and private corporate networks

Business applications of social networks include

• Integrating company workforces

• Fostering collaboration
• Building communities and fostering brand communities
• Socializing brands
• Understanding target markets
• Recruiting new employees and finding business partners
• Connecting with sales prospects
• Providing customer support
• Extending the organization

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Guidelines to make the most of social networks for both personal branding and company
communication:

• Choose the best compositional mode for each message, purpose, and network.
• Offer valuable content.
• Join existing conversations, in addition to starting your own.
• Anchor your online presence in your hub, a web presence that you own and control, such as a
conventional website, a blog, and/or a company-sponsored online community.
• Facilitate community building; make it easy for customers and other audiences to connect
with the company and with each other.
• Restrict conventional promotional efforts to the right time and right place.
• Maintain a consistent personality across sites, while staying within the evolving norms of
each site (e.g., LinkedIn has a somewhat more formal tone than Facebook).

Section 3: Information and Media Sharing Sites

Learning Objective 3: Explain how information and media sharing sites are used in business
communication.

This diverse group of website categories include user-generated content sites, media curation sites, and
community Q&A sites.

User-Generated Content Sites

YouTube, Flickr, and other user-generated content (UGC) sites, on which users rather than website
owners contribute most or all of the content, have also become serious business tools.

Video (including screencasts) is a powerful medium for product demonstrations, interviews, industry
news, training, facility tours, and other uses.

The social aspects of these sites, including the ability to vote for, comment on, and share material,
encourage enthusiasts to spread the word.

The keys to effective user-generated content are making it valuable and making it easy, such as
organizing it all on a branded channel on YouTube.

Media Curation Sites

Media curation involves someone with expertise or interest in a particular field who collects and
republishes material on a particular topic.

Pinterest and Scoop.it are among the most popular of these sites.

Curation has the potential to bring the power of community and shared expertise to a lot of different
fields

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Ultimately, it could reshape audience behavior and therefore the practice of business communication.

Community Q&A Sites

Community Q&A sites are websites on which visitors answer questions posted by other visitors or by
representatives of companies.

Both public and member-only sites are in operation. (Note that LinkedIn is shutting down LinkedIn
Answers.)

Responding to questions on Q&A sites can be a great way to build your personal brand, to
demonstrate your company’s commitment to customer service, and to counter misinformation about
your company and its products.

Section 4: Blogging

Learning Objective 4: Describe the role of blogging in business communication today, and explain how
to adapt the three-step writing process to blogging.

Millions of business-oriented blogs are now in operation, and blogs have become an important source of
information for consumers and professionals alike.

Good business bloggers pay close attention to several important elements:

• Communicating with personal style and an authentic voice

• Delivering new information quickly
• Choosing topics of peak interest to audiences
• Encouraging audiences to join the conversation.

Understanding the Business Applications of Blogging

Here are some of the many ways businesses are using blogs:

• Anchoring the social media presence

• Project management and team communication
• Company news
• Customer support
• Public relations and media relations
• Recruiting
• Policy and issue discussions
• Crisis communication
• Market research
• Brainstorming
• Employee engagement
• Word-of-moth marketing

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• Influencing traditional media news coverage

• Community building

Adapting the Three-Step Process for Successful Blogging

The three-step writing process is easy to adapt to blogging tasks:

• Pay attention to your audience, your purpose, and your scope: Make sure you have a clear
audience in mind, a purpose with “legs,” and a scope that gives you enough room to write
about it month after month.
• Carefully consider the information you are including (others could link to it months or years
from now).
• Evaluate the content and readability of your message—write in a comfortable, personal style.
• Compelling headlines for posts are an essential tool to draw in readers.
• Successful blog content also needs to be interesting, valuable to readers, and as brief as
possible.
• Completing blog posts is quite easy: Evaluate the content and readability of your message,
proofread to correct any errors, and post using your blogging system’s tools for doing so.
• Use tagging features to make posts easy to find.

Section 5: Microblogging

Learning Objective 5: Describe the business uses of Twitter and other microblogging systems.

A microblog is a variation on blogging in which messages are restricted to specific character counts.

Twitter is the best known, but many others exist, including private corporate systems.

Many of the concepts of regular blogging apply to microblogging as well, although the severe length
limitations call for a different approach to composition.

Microblog messages often involve short summaries or teasers that provide links to more information:

• Twitter is frequently used to announce or promote new posts on regular blogs.

• Microblogs tend to have a stronger social networking aspect that makes it easier for writers and
readers to forward messages and for communities to form around individual writers.

Microblogging quickly caught on with business users and is now a mainstream business medium.

Microblogs are used for virtually all of the blog applications mentioned in the chapter, as well as

• Providing company updates

• Offering coupons and notice of sales
• Presenting tips on product usage
• Sharing relevant and interesting information from experts
• Serving as the backchannel in meetings and presentations

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• Interacting with customers individually

Commonly used Twitter features are the hashtag to tag tweets by subject (strictly speaking, not a Twitter
feature, but a user convention) and retweeting to share content.

Section 6: Wikis

Learning Objective 6: Offer guidelines for becoming a valuable wiki contributor.

Using wikis is a great way for teams and other groups to collaborate on writing projects, from brief
articles to long reports and reference works.

The benefits of wikis are compelling, but they do require a unique approach to writing.

Understanding the Wiki Philosophy

To be a valuable wiki contributor, keep these points in mind:

• Writers must let go of traditional expectations of authorship, including individual recognition

and control. The value of a wiki stems from the collective insight of all its contributors.
• Team members sometimes need to be encouraged to edit and improve each other’s work.
• Writers should use page templates and other formatting options to make sure the content fits
the same style as the rest of the wiki.
• Many wikis provide both editing and commenting capabilities, and participants should use
the appropriate tool for each.
• New users should take advantage of the sandbox, which is a “safe,” nonpublished section of
the wiki where team members can practice editing and writing.
• Wikis usually have guidelines to help new contributors integrate their work into the group’s
ongoing effort. Read and understand these guidelines; don’t be afraid to ask for help.

Adapting the Three-Step Process for Successful Wiki Writing

Whether you’re creating a new wiki, adding new material to an existing wiki, or revising existing
material on a wiki, you can easily adapt the three-step process.

If you’re creating a new wiki, carefully think through your long-term purpose and ask these
questions:

• Will the wiki be a one-time project or an ongoing effort?

• Who will be allowed to add or modify content?
• Will you or someone else serve as editor, reviewing all additions and changes?
• What rules and guidelines will you establish to guide the growth of the wiki?
• What security measures might be required?

If you’re adding a page or an article to an existing wiki, figure out how this new material fits in with
the existing structure. Find out whether any similar material already exists; it might be better to
expand an existing article or add a subpage than to create a new item.

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If you don’t agree with published content and plan to revise it, you can use the wiki’s discussion
facility to share your concerns with other contributors. A well-run wiki encourages discussions and
disagreements, as long as everyone remains civil and respectful.

HIGHLIGHT BOX: COMMUNICATION MISCUES (p. 209)

Help! I’m Drowning in Social Media!

1. A social media source is worth paying attention to if it is useful and relevant. Note that these criteria
do not include entertaining, amusing, distracting, relaxing, and several other adjectives that could be
used to describe much of the content available via social media. Business professionals need to
exercise extreme restraint to avoid having their time consumed by interesting but not necessarily
helpful content.

2. Although this is an individual choice, many professionals elect not to be alerted each time a new
message is available. Instead, some reserve a specific time each day to review these types of
messages so that their workflow is not interrupted during the day. Constant interruptions lower
productivity and can even temporarily reduce cognitive ability.

COMMUNICATION CHALLENGES AT SOUTHWEST AIRLINES (p. 215)

Individual Challenge

The challenge is to state and explain the decision to continue with the current policy while maintaining
credibility with those who argued that it should be changed. One possible solution would be:

We appreciate the feedback we’ve received regarding our policy of reviewing and filtering comments
on our "Nuts about Southwest" blog. While we recognize there are certain benefits associated with
posting every comment, we are committed to meet our readers’ needs by maintaining the blog’s focus
on how airline can best serve its customers. For this reason, we will continue to collect and seriously
consider all comments, but post only those (positive or negative) that fall within the scope of the blog.

Team Challenge

Student answer will vary, but they should support their conclusions with reasoning based on sound
communication fundamentals.

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE (p. 218)

1. A community of practice is a group of people who engage in similar work.

2. A hub is a web presence that you own and control, such as a conventional website, a blog, and/or a
company-sponsored online community that serves as the foundation of your online presence.

3. Media curation is the practice of collecting and republishing information on a particular topic using a
blog or a service such as Pinterest or Scoop.it.

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4. Blogs can assist in word-of-mouth (“viral”) marketing because bloggers and microbloggers often
make a point of providing links to other blogs and websites that interest them, giving marketers a
great opportunity to have their messages spread by enthusiasts.

5. A blog needs to have a sustainable purpose so that it can attract and keep readers over time. A blog
that runs out of ideas or wanders into new subject areas is likely to lose readers quickly.

6. Twitter users can crowdsource research by posing questions to their followers, who can respond
publically or via private direct message.

7. Twitter hashtags make it easy to find tweets of interest. One can simply click on a hashtag that
appears in a tweet, and the service will show all past tweets that include that hashtag. Another
alternative is to set up a monitor (using TweetDeck or something similar) to watch for all new tweets
that contain the hashtag.

8. Abandoning traditional notions of ownership is essential when writing for wikis because the core
purpose of a wiki is to assemble the best and most complete knowledge that an entire community has
to offer, and everyone involve is allowed and expected to contribute to the content.

APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE (p. 218)

1. No, a company cannot expect to stay in control of its messages even if it stays off social media. It can
certainly control how it transmits those messages, of course, but if it isn’t engaged with stakeholders,
it will have little influence in the conversations those stakeholders have among themselves.

2. One of the stated purposes of business social networks such as LinkedIn is using the network for
businesses purposes, so yes, this would be considered ethical.

3. A writer is able to use a personal, intimate style of writing and still adhere to the conventions of
grammar, spelling, and mechanics. Readers often have only a blogger’s writing to determine his or
her credibility, and one way to demonstrate you’re an expert and that you care about quality is by
showing that you have a firm command of the English language.

4. Eliminating blogging entirely to make sure bloggers don’t accidentally share too much prerelease
information about upcoming games would not be a wise idea. Currently, the blogs have thousands of
readers and the prerelease information piques consumers’ interests, which likely results in more sales.
Essentially, these blogs foster positive relationships with customers. One solution to ensure that no
sensitive information is released is for the company to appoint an individual who would view all
blogging content before it is posted. This way, the company can still foster its relationship with its
customers and the president could be assured that the information being posted has been vetted.

5. The president of a hiking equipment company could use Twitter in multiple ways without being
overtly promotional. Some examples: sharing hiking safety tips, sharing ideas for great hikes, linking
to articles on hiking subjects, congratulating hikers who have climbed major peaks around the world,
and giving “getting started” advice to new hikers.

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ASSISTED GRADING QUESTIONS (accessed on MyBCommLab)

1. Why is it important to avoid clever wordplay in social media headlines? [LO-1]

Avoiding wordplay in headlines is essential for social media. Readers don’t want to spend time and
energy figuring out what witty headlines mean. Search engines won’t know what they mean, either, so
fewer people will find the content.

2. Why does a personal style of writing help blogs build stronger relationships with audiences? [LO-4]

Traditional business messages designed for large audiences tend to be carefully scripted and written in a
“corporate voice” that is impersonal and objective. In contrast, successful business blogs are written by
individuals and exhibit their personal style. Audiences relate to this fresh approach and often build closer
emotional bonds with the blogger’s organization as a result.

PRACTICE YOUR SKILLS (p. 218)

Messages for Analysis

Message 8.A

The post is written in a tone that is unprofessional and excessively negative. The author loses additional
credibility by admitting that he or she has based the entire post on a very limited amount of information.

• The informal language might be appropriate for a personal blog, but not for a corporate one
(“WE’RE DOOMED!” “it ain’t pretty,” etc.).
• The purpose of the post is unclear. It sounds like the only purpose is to allow the author to vent,
but some comments (particularly in the paragraph that begins, “I’ve been saying for years”)
indicate that the author has some valid suggestions on how the company could improve.
• The author’s drastic claims are not supported with adequate evidence. A “10-second glimpse” of
the prototype would have provided only a limited understanding of its quality and functionality.
Also, the author’s interpretation of the “grin” is highly subjective. It may have meant that the
robot’s price was low, but could just have easily suggested that the price was incredibly high.
• The final paragraph establishes an adversarial relationship with the audience, casting the entire
post as a tirade based on their failure to take the author’s warnings seriously.

Here is one possible revision:

Impressive prototype from Motoman

I visited the Sikorsky plant in Stratford yesterday to check the status of the assembly line retrofit we
performed for them last year. While there, I saw part of a demonstration of a prototype robot from
Motoman. It was, to say the least, impressive. I witnessed only a small part of the demo, but from
what I saw the robot was compact, fast, and incredibly maneuverable.

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Motoman may be onto something with its emphasis on size, speed, and maneuverability. Our
products are strong in terms of accuracy and payload capacity, but to remain competitive we may
need to pay more attention to factors that have become our rival’s trademarks.

Message 8.B

This wiki article is a good example of material that suffers from a lack of the “you” attitude. Here is one
possible revision:

Experience tells us that adult language leaders are most likely to succeed when three conditions are
met. First, learning must take place within a safe, mutually respectful relationship. Our clients have
learned to survive in today’s complex environment without the benefit of strong reading and writing
skills, so they clearly possess intelligence and creativity that we must respect. Second, when the
subject matter is relevant to their everyday concerns and interests, learners are more likely to grasp
and retain the language. Third, clients’ needs and interests evolve as their language skills improve, so
tutors must continuously improvise and adapt.

Message 8.C

Students should ask these when evaluating a wiki:

• What is the purpose of this document or message?

• Who is the target audience?
• What information does the audience need?
• Does the document provide this information in a well-organized way?
• Does the writing demonstrate the “you” attitude toward the audience?
• Is the tone of the writing appropriate for the audience?
• Can the readability be improved?
• Is the writing clear? If not, how can it be improved?
• Is the writing as concise as it could be?
• Does the design support the intended message?

Students should also realize that if they don’t agree with published content and plan to revise it, you can
use the wiki’s discussion facility to share their concerns with other contributors. A well-run wiki
encourages discussions and even robust disagreements, as long as everyone remains civil and respectful.

Exercises

1. Student answers will vary. Encourage students to dig for the sort of breaking news that a real industry
insider would get excited about. Bloggers and Twitter users who follow a company or industry
closely might reveal some interesting news items.

2. Students might revise the blog posting in the following manner:

We’ve been unable to get our hands on enough high-grade chromium steel to meet our production
schedule, so we aren’t going to meet the June 1 commitment to ship 100 operating tables to Southeast
Surgical Supply. This morning we learned that we’ll be able to make only 30 tables.

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The fact that we won’t be able to keep our promise to a valued customer is obviously embarrassing
and bad for business. However, it also aggravating for all of us involved because we were warned
about the chromium steel shortage well in advance. Six months ago purchasing told us about the
shrinking supplies and suggested that we advance-buy the chromium steel we would need for the next
12 months. Unfortunately, we were not able to do so given our corporate policy that restricts advance
purchasing to three months in advance. Since our division is responsible for completing this order,
we’re going to be blamed for the inability to fill the order and for possibly losing a customer to our
competition, Crighton Mfg. We have urged the corporate office to reexamine the advance purchasing
policy so that we can be more financially flexible and better able to compete.

3. Student answers will vary depending on the companies and issues chosen. Look for a clear
explanation of the situation and logical persuasion in terms of explaining how the issue affects the
company.

4. Students’ responses will vary, but the updates should be concise, easy to read, and contain a link back
to the product they describe. For example:

Perfect for hunting season: Bernat® Camouflage Yarn ON SALE! $2.79/skein http://store.knitting-
warehouse.com/yarn-bernat-camouflage.html

5. Student answers will vary.

CASE SOLUTIONS (p. 219)

Here are possible solutions for this chapter’s cases.

1. Media Skills: Social Networking; Media Skills: Microblogging [LO-2] [LO-5]

Note: Students should keep in mind that this service is provided in the spirit of friendly competition and
creates marketing messages that are real-time, authentic, and enthusiastic. Timeliness is of vital
importance in these messages to potential customers.

Use the free tools provided by Foursquare to attract new customers and keep your best ones coming back.
https://foursquare.com

Offer customers extra enticements by using Foursquare Specials, attractive freebies that will boost your
business.

Special offers will be automatically presented in the Foursquare applications of near-by users for better
promotion.

Claiming a Foursquare Venue will also allow you to profile your customers and monitor their activities at
the Venue Stats dashboard!

2. Media Skills: Social Networking; Online Etiquette [LO-2] , Chapter 2

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Note: Controlling the urge to harshly criticize these employees is vital. Students’ posts should be positive,
informative about possible negative consequences to the company, and helpful in offering guidance.
Students should also recognize the power of social media and its sometimes delicate application in
business communications.

[Post title] Essential Business Netiquette

The Internet has revolutionized business communication. Now social media sites allow people to discuss
openly about products and services; businesses are increasingly using the Internet to interact more freely
with their customers.

However, the speed and ease of online interaction has brought with it a decline in etiquette.
‘Conversational and personalized’ communication often crosses the boundaries of professionalism. At
times, an unintentional blunder on the part of an employee could lead to confusion or even hurt the
company’s reputation.

We can easily avoid such lapses while representing our company online. It’s simply a matter of keeping
in mind basic business netiquette.

1. Avoid personal attacks.

The anonymous nature of online interactions often removes social inhibitions. Many people use foul
language and strike out at others on Internet platforms; something they would not do face to face.
Keeping one’s cool is the only solution to avoid such emotional outbursts.

2. Follow company policies.

PR guidelines inform employees about the official stand on important issues. We should refer to these
guidelines while speaking on behalf of our company to ensure that our communications are in line with
the company’s stand.

3. Ensure authenticity of information.

Often people confuse their personal beliefs with facts, and then support them with evidence. This tends to
happen more often on Web-logs and in online discussion groups and it dilutes the speaker’s authenticity.

4. Respect people’s virtual space.

While a person might appear online on the IM late at night, it’s presumptuous to message them about
work. When interacting online, we should imagine how we would speak if the person was in front of us
and extend the same courtesy to them in the virtual world as well.

5. Do not assume privacy.

All emails, instant messages, blog posts and tweets are stored forever. They could be seen by anyone—a
customer, a friend, co-worker, company security staff, or even one’s boss. So writing something online is
very much similar to saying it aloud in a public space!

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6. Maintain email etiquette.

Even in an informal email, we should ensure the writing remains grammatically correct, relevant, and
comprehensive. All emails don’t require the “Reply-all” option, unless it’s relevant to everyone in the
mailing list. Acronyms, emoticons, and slang could be interpreted as unprofessional. These simple steps
will go a long way in developing a positive image for our community.

3. Media Skills: Social Networking; Media Skills: Presentations [LO-2], Chapters 16–17

Note: This exercise gives students the opportunity to step out of their college confines and expand their
awareness of local business. They should offer an effective strategy to integrate that small business into
the community and be able to utilize all effective means of social media to expand the existing customer
base. Following is an example of how a small business could benefit from students’ strategies.

(See <BCT12 Chapter 8 Case 3 solution.pptx> for PowerPoint slides that contain these points.)

Brain Snacks is a small business in our neighborhood that could use some help in increasing its customer
base. The unique, personal touches to customer service and small-town atmosphere set Brain Snacks apart
from larger national chains that we all see at every mall. A tailored social media strategy would enhance
the customer base by strengthening is local presence with personal, accountable recommendations from
its neighbors.

An independent bookstore owned by our neighbor Sue Petersen, Brain Snacks shelves mostly mystery,
romance, and science fiction/fantasy titles. Presented here is a proposal for a social media campaign
designed to assist our neighbor and community-focused employer. Goals of this strategy include:

• Increase the customer base

• Foster brand communities

• Facilitate community building

• Strengthen local presence

• Share product information

• Share information about the store

An effective social media strategy can help bolster the financial strength and viability of Brain Snacks in
the following ways:

1. Create a buzz about the store

2. Announce special offers through status updates

3. Initiate engaging conversations

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4. Invite customer feedback, views, and reviews

A variety of social media outlets can be used to attract a wide variety of users, all with differing interests
and capabilities. In addition to linking the bookstore’s website to social media outlets, the following
examples show opportunities for each outlet:

• LinkedIn

o Get support and advice

o Connect with investors

o Create special interest groups

• Facebook

o Share photographs

• YouTube

o Encourage customer involvement by posting video clips of interviews with authors,

video tours of the bookstore, or tutorials on picking the right book for gifting

• Twitter

o Provide store updates and the latest news from the publishing world

o Offer coupons and notices of sales/discounts

• Create a Blog

o Share the bookseller’s views on books

o Invite authors and publishers to write

o Publish customers’ book reviews

These efforts will go a long way increasing an online presence and community, establishing a broader
customer base, and therefore, increasing sales.

4. Media Skills: Social Networking [LO-2]

Note: The key challenge of this message will be in leveraging good intentions against a possibly negative
reaction. While the message is intended to guard against future embarrassment or negative employment
consequences, the receiver may see this effort as intrusive. The goal should be focused on constructive

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advice. The example message below begins with complimentary comments on writing ability and then
moves swiftly into problem areas, helping the receiver be more open to the feedback.

To: [email protected]

Subject: My review of your online presence

Hi Janet,

I “Googled” you today and have finally sifted through your Facebook account, numerous blog posts,
tweets, and photographs. While evaluating your online presence I kept asking myself how I would react if
I was in the process of hiring you.

Your online writing is impressive. I liked your blog, especially the section with links to your published
and award winning work.

I suggest you reconsider the following:

• Your online résumé at LinkedIn does not have your current contact information.
• Several photographs and videos, taken during Allison’s bachelorette party and posted on her
website, show you drunk and passed out. You should contact her immediately and ask to have the
images removed.
• A few of your Facebook posts criticizing university policies appear emotionally charged and
hostile.
• You have tweeted details from drinking binges and parties. I suggest going through your tweet
history and deleting all such messages. The Library of Congress will still have them on file, but
unless you run for president someday, that shouldn’t be a problem! At least you can get them out
of immediate view of employers, and according to Twitter, deleting them will eventually clear
them from Twitter search.

Please let me know if I can answer any questions about my feedback.

Regards,
Lisa

5. Media Skills: Community Q&A; Career Management: Personal Branding [LO-3], Prologue

Note: LinkedIn Answers was shut down shortly after the 12th Edition was printed. However, you can
direct students to Quora to find business-related questions (http://www.quora.com/search?q=business).

Question: My only work experience is at large corporations, but I’m considering a position at a small
company. What are some of the key differences between major corporations and small companies?

Answer: Based on my experience working at both large and small firms, here are three key ways that
small companies are different. First, most small firms have a narrow focus, offering fewer goods and
services to fewer market segments. This can be great if that focus is a good fit with your interests and

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talents, but it does restrict your opportunities to get experience in multiple markets. Second, unless they
are launched with generous financial backing, which is rare, small businesses have to get by with limited
resources. This can limit your compensation and benefits, as well as the company’s ability to invest in
new products and market opportunities. Third, smaller businesses often have more freedom to innovate
and move quickly. As they grow larger, companies tend to get slower and more bureaucratic. In contrast,
entrepreneurial firms usually find it easier to operate “on the fly,” making decisions quickly and reacting
to changes in the marketplace. In other words, it’s a mix of positive and negative differences, and the
right choice depends a lot on your interests and personality.

6. Media Skills: Blogging; Compositional Modes: Tutorials [LO-5]

Note: In posting to their blogs, students should focus on exciting and tangible details to garner
enthusiasm for the program. While it may seem obvious that most consider travel abroad exciting,
students should remember to include practical details to make the experience more imaginable. The
author’s voice should convey upbeat and enticing information. A possible example is below.

[Post title] Study Abroad Opportunities for Students at Miami University

“Imagine studying marine biology in the “living laboratory” of the Galapagos Islands, while staying with
a local family in a small village in Ecuador! The learning curve was tremendous, and I received insights
into the subject that would have been impossible while sitting in a classroom in Miami. I swam with sea
lions and manta rays and ambled alongside giant tortoises, constantly wondering if I was treading ground
that Charles Darwin had previously walked on!” — Martha Wright, UGalapagos Spring Program, 2011

I am sure many of you have interacted with students who have returned from study abroad programs and
couldn’t stop talking about their experiences. Such programs provide students valuable exposure to new
learning, cultures and peoples, which translates into tangible personal, academic, and career benefits in
today’s globalized environment.

Our University also encourages students to study abroad by providing a variety of foreign workshops,
exchange programs, and scholarships. Study programs sponsored by other U.S. universities and study
abroad providers are also accepted. Credits from these programs can easily be transferred to Miami
University, so we can avail of these facilities and still graduate on time.

Here’s what you can do to get your study abroad plans rolling:

Typically, students start making their study abroad plans at least two semesters in advance. The first
person to approach when planning your program is the academic advisor, who can help you decide upon
the best time to study abroad, and arrange your academic plan around a study abroad experience.

Step 1: Research the study abroad programs available by

• Checking out the study abroad program listings at: www.studyabroad.muohio.edu

• Attending a Study Abroad 101 Group Advising Session.
• Attending the Study Abroad Fair held each fall.
• Browsing the materials in the Study Abroad Resource Center, 225 MacMillan.

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Study abroad advisors and financial aid counselors are a great resource for students who plan to go
abroad.

Step 2: Get all the paperwork in place.

• Visit the Study Abroad website to electronically sign your Disciplinary Release and complete the
Office of Education Application.
• Complete the application procedures needed for your foreign university program.
• Program applications will often require a form called a Home School Nomination Form (or
similar), to be signed by a Study Abroad Advisor. You can drop this form off in 216 MacMillan
anytime during business hours.
• Transcripts can be requested from the Office of the Registrar in the CAB Building.

Step3: Visit your academic adviser to discuss the program courses and request approval of the Transfer
Credit Approval Form (available at: www.studyabroad.muohio.edu).

Step 4: There is a Consortium Agreement for transferring financial aid to your study abroad program.
Approach the Office of Student Financial Assistance for further information on financial grants.

Step 5: You can use our university orientation facilities to prepare for a successful study program abroad.

Living and learning abroad is a unique experience. I hope many of us avail it to explore the global nature
of today’s economy, politics, and cultures.

And of course, don’t forget to share your experiences here!

7. Media Skills: Blogging [LO-5]

Note: While this post is intended for the car dealer’s blog, students should remember that they’re
providing information ultimately intended for the customer. This will require detailed information
presented in an enticing and energetic format. Effective communication in the blog will ensure success as
dealers create a buzz about an exciting new product.

[Post title] Stay in the Game with the 2011 Chevrolet Volt

The 2011 Chevrolet Volt lives up to the high expectations. Available at approximately $32,780, it is the
most advanced hybrid fuel-efficient car, featuring an electric-only mode with a range of roughly 40 miles
per charge, and luxurious interiors.

It is a four-seat, four-door hatchback, engineered with closed grille and aerodynamic back edges which
increase its fuel efficiency. The futuristic dashboard has been specially designed to help customers make
the most of their car.

The standard features of the Volt include:

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• Two LCD screens on the dashboard that display speed, battery power, range to recharge or re-fill
as well as an efficiency gauge that gives you real-time feedback
• A seven-inch diagonal high-resolution touchscreen on the center console and a driver mode
control switch
• A six-speaker energy-efficient Bose stereo with CD/DVD player, auxiliary audio jack, iPod/USB
interface and 30GB of digital music storage
• 17-inch alloy wheels, automatic headlights, power adjustable mirrors, keyless ignition, remote
ignition, automatic climate control, cruise control, auto-dimming rearview mirror, six-way
manual front seats, and tilt-and-telescoping steering wheel

Car owners will get a 100,000 mile/8-year warranty for the 16-kWh lithium-ion battery. The Volt's
standard equipment includes a charger that allows customers to recharge the battery in about 10 hours
using a conventional 110-volt outlet. Alternatively, a 220/240-volt station can be purchased that will
charge the battery in about four hours.

The new Volt enables users to cut costs on gasoline and go green!

The average costs of recharging the battery is $1.50 per day allowing customers to commute gas-free and
tailpipe emissions-free at much lower costs. People can further reduce their costs by charging the battery
during off-peak hours. It also has a small, on-board gas generator that creates energy to power the vehicle.
Hence, customers can have a much quieter ride compared to noisy, internal combustion engines found in
most cars.

Other innovative features include:

• Seamless torque right at the wheels, which allows greater and smoother acceleration
• Regenerative braking captures the energy from forward motion when the car brakes and then
converts it into electricity, thus increasing its efficiency
• Eight standard airbags, wrapping its passengers in a cocoon of safety
• A standard five-year subscription to an OnStar automatic crash response plan, providing
automatic alerts to an OnStar Advisor, who is immediately connected into the vehicle to gauge
the severity of the crash and call for help
• Freedom for customers to pick their driving mode from maximum efficiency, normal mode;
responsive acceleration of the sports mode; and the mountain mode for better energy reservation

The first electric car to win the Green Car of the Year award, the 2011 Chevrolet Volt is receiving
accolades from both industry experts and users. To access the latest prices and quotes go to the Chevrolet
website: http://www.chevrolet.com/tools/currentoffers/results.do.

8. Media Skills: Blogging [LO-5]

Note: Students should write this post in a way that accommodates the audience’s need for concise
information and a recommendation. Some audience members might be skeptical about the magnitude of
the convention, so it will be important to include statistics to illustrate its magnitude and popularity. The

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journalistic approach will work well, since it will help keep the post focused on the basics (if readers
want more details, they can visit Comic-Con’s website, which should be listed in the post).

[Post title] What’s Up with Comic-Con?

I’ve received a lot of email recently about whether or not I would recommend fans to attend Comic-Con,
the international pop culture convention of massive proportions coming up this July in San Diego,
California. In a word: yes! If you’re a pop culture fan (and if you’re reading this, you are), it’s an
understatement to say you’ll enjoy this event. From comics to film to gaming, Comic-Con has it all
packed into a four-day extravaganza featuring costumed participants and big-name special guests
including the likes of Ray Bradbury.

We’re not talking about some glorified comic book sale here. Comic-Con is in its thirty-eighth year, and
organizers expect more than 100,000 participants (which, according to the Comic-Con site, is “the largest
number of attendees of any convention in the country”). Everything pop culture—from classics to the
latest titles—will be on display in a 460,000 sq. ft. exhibit hall. Participants can attend seminars on
production and screenwriting, how to get noticed by well-known publishers like DC Comics, and a
Battlestar Galactica Forum hosted by Richard Hatch (a.k.a. Captain Apollo).

The dates for this year’s Comic-Con are July 26-29 (with a “Preview Night” on July 25). Registrations
and hotel rooms are limited, so if you plan on going don’t wait to make your arrangements. You can find
out more at www.comic-con.org or by emailing [email protected].

9. Media Skills: Blogging [LO-5]

Note: Students must recognize that the intention of this post is to generate interest in the services of
PreVisor. They should be specific, yet brief, in detailing the customer’s need and how that was
successfully met.

[Post title] How NASA Validated IT Security Readiness with Objective Skills Metrics from PreVisor

When NASA discovered that it needed to measure and validate the IT security skills of its 3,000 systems
administrators, it turned to PreVisor for help. Together, they developed a pre-employment assessment and
skills certification program using Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) technology to provide an accurate
snapshot of critical employee skills. Today, PreVisor’s assessments are delivering results by providing
objective skills metrics that serve as a catalyst for continuous improvement among employees and
contractors who are crucial to the agency’s success. To know more about this case, visit
http://www.previsor.com/results/clients/nasa.

10. Media Skills: Blogging [LO-5]

Note: Most readers are likely to believe that there can be few benefits to teenagers playing videogames
and this blog posting immediately addresses this belief as well as makes use of clear organizational
structure.

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Parents today are increasingly concerned about the amount of time their child spends playing video games
as they have, from time to time, heard that playing videogames can be detrimental to children. While our
organization has posted evidence based on experiments we’ve conducted to contradict this, we’d also like
to direct your attention to the results of a recent study by the Pew Internet & American Life Project
survey that supports our stand on the issue. Read on to see how playing videogames can help your
children.

Game playing is social, with most teens playing games with others at least some of the time.

• 76% of gaming teens play games with others at least some of the time.
• 82% play games alone at least occasionally, though 71% of this group also plays games with
others.
• 65% of gaming teens play with others in the same room.

Game playing can incorporate many aspects of civic and political life.

• 76% of youth report helping others while gaming.

• 44% report playing games where they learn about a problem in society.

These results indicate that game playing is not quite the curse it has been made out to be. In fact, it has
benefits that could help children and youth learn civic and social skills that will make them positive
members of society.

11. Media Skills: Microblogging [LO-5]

Note: This post should be a catchy appeal to customers that highlights the unique nature of the product,
and how that could play into customers’ personal lives. An example would be:

Logan, a fashion magazine for young women with disabilities, makes a great birthday gift for special
young women!

12. Media Skills: Microblogging; Compositional Modes: Teasers [LO-1] [LO-5]

Note: This exercise gives students an opportunity to pass along tips regarding the more exciting elements
of the job hunt. They should inject a lighthearted, helpful approach to an often challenging task.

Watch Ken Lloyd of “Jerks at Work” share his secret psychological techniques and nail your first job
interview. [URL]

13. Media Skills: Microblogging; Compositional Modes: Updates and Announcements [LO-1] [LO-
5]

Note: Travelers need up-to-the-minute information and they want it now. Students should appeal to the
urgency required for getting a great deal.

Bid for your Vacation & Save: Enjoy steep discounts on flights and travel packages, but act now! [URL]

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14. Media Skills: Wiki Writing; Evaluating the Work of Other Writers [LO-6]

Note: Wikipedia has many articles flagged with issues, from missing citations to disputed information. In
addition, students can browse articles to find one that needs improvement, even if it hasn’t been flagged.
For example, the brief section on health and environmental concerns about nanotechnology lacks a
coherent focus and clear structure (as of August 2013). Anyone reviewing this article might note concerns
such as the following:

The “Health and environmental concerns” section of the Wikipedia article on nanotechnology suffers
from several shortcomings:

• It lacks an overview that would help readers get perspective on the question of health and
environmental concerns. Instead, it opens with a detailed sentence about the outcome of one
experiment involving rats breathing in nanoparticles.
• The four paragraphs are a hodge-podge of examples, with no structure or context. It also lacks
transitions that could tie the examples together in a meaningful way.
• Both carbon nanotubes and nanofibers are separately described as being as harmful to the lungs
as asbestos. Is one more dangerous than the other? Or, given that nanoparticles are also
mentioned as being harmful to breathe, does this imply that every form of nano material is
dangerous to breathe? Readers need some context to distinguish the health risks of the various
types of nanotechnology mentioned in the article.
• Nothing is said about any steps being taken to mitigate the risks that are mentioned.
• The section lacks any kind of summary or conclusion. It’s just four scary-sounding examples,
with no perspective or context to help readers get a clear idea of the health and environmental
risks of nanotechnology.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology#Health_and_environmental_concerns, accessed 20

August 2013.

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