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13.1 䊏 The View Factor 865
J1
J2 F12 = 1 F11 = 0
A A
F21 = ___1 F22 = 1 – ___1
A2 A2
FIGURE 13.3 View factors for the enclosure
2
formed by two spheres.
From the summation rule, we also obtain
F11 ⫹ F12 ⫽ 1
in which case F11 ⫽ 0, and
F21 ⫹ F22 ⫽ 1
in which case
F22 ⫽ 1 ⫺ 冢AA 冣
1
For more complicated geometries, the view factor may be determined by solving the
double integral of Equation 13.1. Such solutions have been obtained for many different sur-
face arrangements and are available in equation, graphical, and tabular form [1–4]. Results
for several common geometries are presented in Tables 13.1 and 13.2 and Figures 13.4
through 13.6. The configurations of Table 13.1 are assumed to be infinitely long (in a
TABLE 13.1 View Factors for Two-Dimensional Geometries [4]
Geometry Relation
Parallel Plates with Midlines
Connected by Perpendicular
wi
i
[(Wi ⫹ Wj)2 ⫹ 4]1/2 ⫺ [(Wj ⫺ Wi)2 ⫹ 4]1/2
Fij ⫽
2Wi
L Wi ⫽ wi /L, Wj ⫽ wj /L
j
wj
Inclined Parallel Plates of Equal
Width and a Common Edge
w
Fij ⫽ 1 ⫺ sin 冢␣2 冣
α
i
w
(continues)
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866 Chapter 13 䊏 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces
TABLE 13.1 Continued
Geometry Relation
Perpendicular Plates with a Common Edge
j 1 ⫹ (wj /wi) ⫺ [1 ⫹ (wj /wi)2]1/2
Fij ⫽
2
wj
i
wi
Three-Sided Enclosure
wi ⫹ wj ⫺ wk
Fij ⫽
wj 2wi
wk j
k
wi
Parallel Cylinders of Different Radii
Fij ⫽
1
2 冦
⫹ [C 2 ⫺ (R ⫹ 1)2]1/2
rj
⫺ [C 2 ⫺(R ⫺ 1)2]1/2
ri
i j
⫹ (R ⫺ 1) cos⫺1 冤冢CR冣 ⫺ 冢C1 冣冥
s ⫺ (R ⫹ 1) cos⫺1 冤冢CR冣 ⫹ 冢C1 冣冥冧
R ⫽ rj /ri, S ⫽ s/ri
C⫽1⫹R⫹S
Cylinder and Parallel Rectangle
j
r r
冤 s1
Fij ⫽ s ⫺ s tan⫺1 ⫺ tan⫺1
1 2 L
s2
L 冥
L
i
s2
s1
Infinite Plane and Row of Cylinders
s
冤 冢 冣冥
2 1/2
D D
Fij ⫽ 1 ⫺ 1 ⫺ s
j
⫹ 冢 s 冣 tan 冤冢
D 冣 冥
2 2 1/2
D s ⫺D
⫺1
2
i
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13.1 䊏 The View Factor 867
TABLE 13.2 View Factors for Three-Dimensional Geometries [4]
Geometry Relation
Aligned Parallel X ⫽ X/L, Y ⫽ Y/L
Rectangles
冦 冤
(1 ⫹ X 2) (1 ⫹ Y 2)
冥
1/2
(Figure 13.4) 2
Fij ⫽ ln
X Y 1 ⫹X2 ⫹Y 2
j
L X
⫹ X (1 ⫹ Y 2)1/2 tan⫺1
(1 ⫹ Y 2)1/2
Y i
X ⫹ Y (1 ⫹ X 2)1/2 tan⫺1
Y
(1 ⫹ X 2)1/2
⫺ X tan⫺1 X ⫺ Y tan⫺1 Y 冧
Coaxial Parallel Disks Ri ⫽ ri /L, Rj ⫽ rj /L
(Figure 13.5) 1 ⫹ R2j
rj S⫽1⫹
j R2i
1
Fij ⫽ {S ⫺ [S 2 ⫺ 4(rj /ri)2]1/2}
ri L 2
Perpendicular Rectangles H ⫽ Z/X, W ⫽ Y/X
with a Common Edge
(Figure 13.6) Fij ⫽
1
W 冢 1
W tan⫺1 ⫹ H tan⫺1
W
1
H
1
j ⫺ (H 2 ⫹ W 2)1/2 tan⫺1 2
Z (H ⫹ W 2)1/2
i
冦 冤 冥
W2
1 (1 ⫹ W 2)(1 ⫹ H 2) W 2(1 ⫹ W 2 ⫹ H 2)
Y X ⫹ ln
4 1 ⫹ W2 ⫹ H2 (1 ⫹ W 2)(W 2 ⫹ H 2)
⫻冤
(1 ⫹ H )(H ⫹ W )冥 冧冣
2
2 2 2
H (1 ⫹ H ⫹ W ) H
2 2 2
direction perpendicular to the page) and are hence two-dimensional. The configurations of
Table 13.2 and Figures 13.4 through 13.6 are three-dimensional.
It is useful to note that the results of Figures 13.4 through 13.6 may be used to deter-
mine other view factors. For example, the view factor for an end surface of a cylinder (or
a truncated cone) relative to the lateral surface may be obtained by using the results of
Figure 13.5 with the summation rule, Equation 13.4. Moreover, Figures 13.4 and 13.6
may be used to obtain other useful results if two additional view factor relations are
developed.
The first relation concerns the additive nature of the view factor for a subdivided sur-
face and may be inferred from Figure 13.7. Considering radiation from surface i to surface j,
which is divided into n components, it is evident that
n
Fi( j) ⫽ 兺F
k⫽1
ik (13.5)
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868 Chapter 13 䊏 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces
1.0 ∞
10
j 4
0.7
L 2
0.5
0.4 i 1.0
Y
0.3 X 0.6
0.2 0.4
Fij
0.1 0.2
0.07
0.05
0.04 Y/L = 0.1
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 2 3 4 5 10 20
X/L
FIGURE 13.4 View factor for aligned parallel rectangles.
where the parentheses around a subscript indicate that it is a composite surface, in which
case ( j) is equivalent to (1, 2, . . . , k, . . . , n). This expression simply states that radiation
reaching a composite surface is the sum of the radiation reaching its parts. Although it per-
tains to subdivision of the receiving surface, it may also be used to obtain the second view
factor relation, which pertains to subdivision of the originating surface. Multiplying
1.0
rj
8 j
6
0.8 ri L
5
i
4
0.6
3
Fij
rj /L
=2 1.5 1.25
0.4
1.0
0.8
0.2
0.6 0.4
0.3
0
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2 4 6 8 10
L/ri
FIGURE 13.5 View factor for coaxial parallel disks.
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13.1 䊏 The View Factor 869
0.5 Y/X = j
0.02 Z
i
Y X
0.05
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.3
Fij
0.4
0.6
0.2
1.0
1.5
0.1
2.0 4
10
0 20
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2 4 6 8 10
Z/X
FIGURE 13.6 View factor for perpendicular rectangles with a common edge.
Equation 13.5 by Ai and applying the reciprocity relation, Equation 13.3, to each of the
resulting terms, it follows that
n
Aj F( j)i ⫽ 兺A F
k⫽1
k ki (13.6)
or
n
兺A F k ki
F( j)i ⫽ k⫽1n (13.7)
兺
k⫽1
Ak
Equations 13.6 and 13.7 may be applied when the originating surface is composed of
several parts.
Ai
An
Ak
A1
n
Aj = Σ
k=1
Ak
FIGURE 13.7 Areas used to illustrate view factor relations.
