Journal of Millimeterwave Communication, Optimization and Modelling v.

2 (2) 2022

Modeling and Simulation of a Doubly Fed Induction

Generator Based Wind Turbine
Received: 8 June 2022; Revised: 11 August 2022; Research Article
Accepted: 25 December 2022

Khalid Waleed Nasser

Department of electrical engineering
University of Misan
Misan, Iraq
[email protected]
ORCID: 0000-0002-2384-7031

Abstract— Wind power's fundamental difficulties are energy sources, the wind energy conversion system confronts
becoming more visible as the system's penetration grows. Wind major hurdles [5]. The power outage variation generates
energy fluctuation must be reduced, and large-scale units must variation in frequency, implying the unsteadiness of a high
be connected to the grid constantly and dependably. Despite penetration system. Because of the large variability in output
conventional power vector control can achieve decoupling
control, DFIG has a high reliance on elements; therefore power
power, wind energy conversion devices are considered
control and maximum power tracing is a critical area of hazardous loads [6]. The transmission of nonlinearity of wind
research. The DFIG model is constructed on the farms owing to the DFIG physical model is affected by wind
MATLAB/Simulink platform and is based on an examination of swiftness and rotation of electro-magnetic torque. For both
active power research's current state. The impact of wind speed stator and rotor current flow are nonlinear functions. The
on power generated, pitch angle, and reactive power is rotor current controller must be carefully tuned to maintain
investigated by simulating the dynamic model of a DFIG WT. the steadiness of the closed-loop technique and adequate
transient reaction into the working scope [7, 8]. As well,
Keywords—DFIG, wind turbine, doubly fed induction
vector control demands flux prediction or mensuration. It is
generator,
essential to move up and down to generate units to satisfy
I. INTRODUCTION active and reactive power requirements [3]. The
accompanying preservation expense of such manipulation
The environment is concerned about the global energy crisis
activities ought kept low, as must the network's requirement
and climate change. Renewable sources of energy have
for wind turbines to ride through the ability of external AC
developed as a new model for meeting our society's energy
disruption. An enhanced control in the presence of an
needs. Hydroelectric power, solar, wind, geothermal heat,
imbalanced voltage and enhances the fluctuation in grid
tides, seas, and biofuel energy supplies have all attracted
voltage is suggested for controlling the overcurrent of the
much attention in recent years. The future of the power sector
generator by keeping an eye on the network failure [9]. The
will be characterized by wind energy. Wind power generation
investigation of the fault current characteristics of DFIGs is a
technologies have attracted widespread attention due to their
prerequisite for fixing the difficulties of relaying electrical
fast development . DFIGs have several advantages in modern
system's protection with DFIGs. These criteria vary from
energy systems, including operation at varied speeds and real
those of a traditional synchronous generator. Under different
and reactive power characteristics. The stator is connected to
settings, the fault current properties of DFIG (damping
the electricity grid directly in DFIG. In contrast, the rotor is
temporal constants as well as transient elements) are variable.
connected via a bi-directional converter to regulate active and
As a result, the research of DFIG features for specific
reactive power among the stator and the alternative current
situations is required [2, 10-12]. For fault circumstances,
system [1]. The rotor flow is based on wind turbine
numerous research has been recommended. However, due to
technology and disconcerts the vector control approach into
the intricate consequences of the dynamic reaction of an
active and reactive power elements. Rotor current control
AC/DC/AC converter according to fault situations, analyzing
systems regulate these elements by rectifying the rotor
the current fault characteristics of the DFIG is hugely
current excitation voltage [2, 3]. The issues should be
challenging. The DFIG fault current was investigated on the
overcome for massive wind farm operations. The
assumption that the excitation current would be fixed before
electromechanical model created a nonlinear feedback
and after the fault occurred [11-14]. The research is
controller by coupling DFIG with turbines for wind. The
unsuitable for practical systems because it is based on the
increased utilized of replenishable energy is mandated on a
stated assumption. As other high-quality, research was
global scale owing to traditional power plants' energy key
conducted for properties of fault current while taking in
pollution and non-sustainability [4]. Many technical
consideration the rotor side converter (RSC) and grid side
problems involving systems of electricity, such as voltage
converter's dynamic response (GSC). The work offered in
stability, reliability, and protection. Wind energy is gaining
that study is insufficient to fulfill the criteria of the relaying
popularity as a sustainable energy source that is less
protection study. To close this gap, a theoretical, analytical
expensive than traditional electricity sources. Wind energy is
approach for the DFIG The characteristic of fault current in
erratic due to substantial changes in the natural wind. Due to
non-severe conditions is proposed. The rotor windings are
considerable insignificant changes compared to conventional
still excited, and the dynamic reaction significantly impacts

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Journal of Millimeterwave Communication, Optimization and Modelling v.2 (2) 2022

the stator fault current characteristics. Wind turbines must be stability issues with grid-connected DFIG systems are
integrated and participate actively in maintaining system frequently overlooked. This research offers a reduced-order
stability during and after disruptions or failures. Other system small-signal model that may be used to examine the stability
dynamics could deteriorate as a result of this strategy. In the of DFIG's dc-link voltage controller, especially when the ac
sector of transient investigations, the disruption of the field is grid is not performing well. The DFIG flux and quick current
separated from the turbine generator's way of behaving [8, control characteristics are ignored in this model. However,
15]. The boundary of the rotor side converter can raise the the effects of operating points, grid strength, and control loop
stator fault current and DC link voltage to achieve the DFIG interactions just on dynamic system performance are
needs through the voltage dip. The theoretical underpinning considered. A comparison of eigenvalues shows that the
of the inquiry was conducted, and the DFIG transient suggested model demonstrates the dominant oscillation mode
behavior enhanced after the disturbance in the study was indicated by the detailed model, which is suitable for the
removed. The dynamic model analysis was employed in the stability study of the DFIG's dc-link voltage management
nonlinear control architecture to settle the nature of the system. Control loop interactions are also depicted using
instability and enhance the generator's performance [16]. influence coefficients. The recently launched model's
application studies reveal that it is useful for demonstrating
II. LITERATURE SURVEY the effect of grid strength on the dynamic response of the
H. Abouobaida: A control method for a grid connected DFIGs dc-link voltage controller. At the same moment, the
(DFIG)-based WECS is presented in this research. Control effects of active power control (APC)/reactive power controls
algorithms for the DFIG's grid and rotor side converters, as (RPC) on phase-locked loop (PLL) and rotor-side converter
well as simulation techniques of the design, are described. (RSC) stability of the system are explored [19].
The established methodology control is simulated in P.GAYATHRI et al., The use of fuel has increased in tandem
MATLAB-SIMULINK, with the findings given at the with the rise in worldwide power demand, harming the
conclusion of this study [1]. Adavipalli Chandanaet al., In environment, and inspiring the use of renewable energy
relation to other renewable energy sources, wind turbines are supplies. The wind energy system is the most widely used and
more expensive. DFIG with Fuel Cells could be used to keep meets all power requirements. The DFIG is used in the
the active power at a consistent level. The power transfer proposed system for wind energy conversion, as well as
matrix is a fresh idea for governing the DFIG introduced in harmonics scaling down and frequency management. When
this study. A matrix converter mechanism-based two back-to-back coupled Voltage Source Converters
power/current controller is designed with the goal of (VSCs) are retained between the rotor and the grid in DFIG,
protecting the DFIG during malfunctioning situations [4]. the stator is directly connected to the grid. Since the
NihelKhemiri et al, The design and control concepts for a suggested DFIG operates as an active filter and generates
variable-speed constant-frequency WECS using a (DFIG) are active power in the same way as a typical DFIG, nonlinear
discussed in this research paper. The wind energy converter loads are connected at PCC. The PCC voltage is distorted due
system performed well under common wind variations, to harmonics created by the nonlinear load connected at the
according to simulation findings generated with PCC. GSC control improves the nonlinear load harmonic
Matlab/Simulink. A backstepping control scheme is first currents to the point where the stator and grid currents are
constructed for the rotor side converter. A backstepping harmonic-free. Using a voltage-oriented reference frame,
control system was originally created for the (RSC).The GSC RSC is adjusted to achieve MPPT and also to achieve unity
is controlled using the same principles [17]. HU Jia-bing et power factor at the stator side. For GSC control, a
al., A proportional-resonant (P-R) current control scheme and synchronous reference frame (SRF) control method is used to
suitable control strategies for (GSC and RSC) are extract the basic component of load currents. Furthermore,
investigated for better control and fully operational of WECS PLL is used to monitor and modulate frequency. The
that rely on DFIGs during voltage profile unbalancing MATLAB Simulink software is used to evaluate this newly
circumstances. A P-R current control technique that is presented technology.
applied in the two-phase stator stationary reference for the
DFIG's RSC when the system voltage is mismatched was III. GENERATING SYSTEM IN GENERAL
introduced in this academic research with the goal of Figure 1 shows a structured methodology for generating
concurrently controlling the positive and negative sequence electrical energy from wind power using a doubly-fed
rotor currents using no sequential-decomposition method. induction generator. The stator is fed to the network straight,
Baseline calculations of positive and negative sequence rotor whereas the rotor is plugged via a back-to-back converter [15].
currents were shortened according to distinct enhanced The grid side converter is a PWM inverter, whereas the rotor
control aims based on the positive-sequence d+-axis line side converter is a current regulate-voltage source inverter
voltage direction. The P-R current controller's feasibility was [20].
validated by developing and building the appropriate control
method for a DFIG wind power generating system under
network instability. The results show that the recently
developed P-R current controller can execute the RSC's
control aims with an exceptional transient response. As a
result, the DFIG wind generating system's ride-through
capabilities have increased during unbalanced network fault
Fig. 1. Wind energy schematic diagram based on the DFIG system
conditions [18]. Jiabing Hu et al., The electromagnetic

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Journal of Millimeterwave Communication, Optimization and Modelling v.2 (2) 2022

A. Wind Turbine Pattern 𝑇𝑒𝑚 = 𝑃 𝑀 (𝐼𝑟𝑑 𝐼𝑠𝑞 − 𝐼𝑟𝑞 𝐼𝑠𝑑 ) (10)

The mechanical power caught by a wind turbine is as ∅𝑠𝑑 = 𝐿𝑆 𝐼𝑠𝑑 + 𝑚. 𝐿𝑚 𝐼𝑟𝑑
described in the following:
1 ∅𝑠𝑞 = 𝐿𝑆 𝐼𝑠𝑞 + 𝑚. 𝐿𝑚 𝐼𝑟𝑞 (11)
𝑃𝑚 = 2 𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽)𝜌𝑅𝑇2 𝜋𝑣𝑉𝜔3 (1)
∅𝑟𝑑 = 𝐿𝑟 𝐼𝑟𝑑 + 𝑚. 𝐿𝑚 𝐼𝑠𝑑
Where 𝜌 reflects the density of the air, 𝑅𝑇 the wind
turbine radius, 𝑉𝜔 the wind speed, and 𝐶𝑝 the wind turbine ∅𝑟𝑞 = 𝐿𝑟 𝐼𝑟𝑞 + 𝑚. 𝐿𝑚 𝐼𝑠𝑞
power coefficient. The 𝐶𝑝 is calculated by: Where V is the voltage, 𝐼 is the current, ∅ is the flux, 𝑅 is
−12.5 the resistance, 𝐿 is the inductance, M is the mutual inductance,
116
𝐶𝑝 (𝜆, 𝛽) = 0.22( – 0.4 𝛽-5) 𝑒 𝜆𝑖
(2) 𝑇𝑒𝑚 is the electromagnetic torque, and 𝑃 is the pole pair
𝜆𝑖
number. The following simplified model is adopted for the
1 1 0.035 DFIG wind turbine:
𝜆𝑖
= 𝜆+0.08 𝛽 − 𝛽3+1 (3)
dω
where 𝛽 symbolizes the blade pitch angle and 𝜆 J dt
= Tm − Tem − K. ω (12)
symbolizes the tip speed ratio as described [10]. where Tem is the generator electromagnetic torque, J is the
𝜆𝑜𝑝𝑡 =
𝜔𝑟 𝑅𝑇
(4) turbine total inertia, and K is the turbine total external
𝑉𝜔 damping. The stator and rotor powers, both real and reactive,
Because of the existence of a gearbox with the gear ratio, are described by:
the dynamic model wind turbine rotational speed 𝜔𝑟𝑜𝑡 is Ps = 𝑉𝑠𝑑 𝐼𝑠𝑑 + 𝑉𝑠𝑞 𝐼𝑠𝑞
related with the rotor speed 𝜔𝑟 :
Qs = 𝑉𝑠𝑞 𝐼𝑠𝑑 − 𝑉𝑠𝑑 𝐼𝑠𝑞
𝜔𝑟 = 𝑛𝑔 𝜆𝑜𝑝𝑡 (5)
Pr = 𝑉𝑟𝑑 𝐼𝑟𝑑 + 𝑉𝑟𝑞 𝐼𝑟𝑞 (13)
The exact dynamic model of the torque equation of the
generator is given by, Qr = 𝑉𝑟𝑞 𝐼𝑟𝑑 − 𝑉𝑟𝑞 𝐼𝑟𝑞
𝑃𝑚
𝑇𝑚 = (6) Turbine speed is regulated as a function of wind speed to
𝜔𝑟
increase output power and increase system efficiency. Beyond
It is a proportion of wind turbines that is measured, where a large power range, performance at maximum power could
𝑇𝑚 represents rotor torque and 𝜔𝑟 denotes wind turbine be accomplished. Common output power-speed lines as a
velocity. Wind turbine speed affects the power coefficient. result of turbine and wind speed are shown in Fig. 2 [5, 21].
The theoretical maximum 𝐶𝑝 is 0.59, although the actual
range is 0.2-0.4 [21]. (4) and (5) yield the ideal generator
speed for the optimum tip speed ratio:
𝜆𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝑛𝑔
𝜔𝑟 𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑉𝜔 (7)

This refers to a high level of wind energy extraction 𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑥

at the moment, the rotor torque of the generator can be
calculated as:
5 𝑜𝑝𝑡
1 𝜌 𝜋 𝑅𝑇 𝐶𝑃
𝑇𝑚 𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 2 𝜆3
𝜔𝑟 𝑜𝑝𝑡 (8)
𝑜𝑝𝑡

The external input of the mechanical elements of the

system is a wind turbine that rotates at the optimum rotational
velocity and with the optimum torque of the nonlinear
Fig. 2. Electrical output power as a function of turbine speed. Parameter
dynamic model of the doubly-fed induction generator. curves are plotted for different wind speeds
B. The DFIG Model
C. Modeling of GSC and Grid
The controller is often specified in a synchronous d-q
frame that is linked to the stator voltage or flux [12, 22]. The As shown in Fig. 3, this section focuses on the design of
generator dynamic model stated in a synchronously rotating the AC/DC converter connected to the electrical grid through
frame d-q for the suggested control approach is: the RL filter.
𝑑∅𝑠𝑑
𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 𝑅𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑑 + − 𝜔𝑠 . 𝐼𝑠𝑞
𝑑𝑡
𝑑∅𝑠𝑞
𝑉𝑠𝑞 = 𝑅𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑞 + 𝑑𝑡
− 𝜔𝑠 . 𝐼𝑠𝑑 (9)
𝑑∅𝑟𝑑
𝑉𝑟𝑑 = 𝑅𝑟 𝐼𝑟𝑑 + − 𝜔𝑟 . 𝐼𝑟𝑞
𝑑𝑡
𝑑∅𝑟𝑞
𝑉𝑟𝑞 = 𝑅𝑟 𝐼𝑟𝑞 + − 𝜔𝑟 . 𝐼𝑟𝑑
𝑑𝑡

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Journal of Millimeterwave Communication, Optimization and Modelling v.2 (2) 2022

Fig. 5. MPPT control strategy

Fig. 3. Grid connected to AC/DC converter
By adjusting the DFIG's dq-axes rotor currents, the
The following equations represent the three-phase grid electromagnetic torque and stator reactive power could be
linked AC/DC converter design: controlled. The stator field rotates at synchronous speed in a
steady state. The stator flux vector represents this field and
𝐶𝑑𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑑𝑡
= Irec − Iond provides a visual representation of the phase and flux
𝑑Ig 1 magnitude. We could construct by selecting the two-phase dq
𝑉𝑠1 = 𝑉𝑔1 − 𝑅𝑔 ⋅ 𝐼𝑔1 − 𝐿𝑔 ⋅ for the rotating stator field and positioning the stator flux
𝑑𝑡
𝑑Ig 2 (11) vector on the d-axis. [14]:
𝑉𝑠2 = 𝑉𝑔2 − 𝑅𝑔 ⋅ Ig 2 − 𝐿𝑔 ⋅ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼𝑔3 Φ 𝑑 = Φ𝑆
{ 𝑉𝑠3 = 𝑉𝑔3 − 𝑅𝑔 ⋅ 𝐼𝑔3 − 𝐿𝑔 ⋅ 𝑑𝑡 { 𝑆 (13)
Φ𝑠𝑞 = 0
With Vgi: electrical network voltages, Igi: electrical By examining the selection of reference related to dq
network currents, Irec, Iond: AC/DC converter output current rotating stator field and eliminating the resistance of the stator
and DC/AC converter input current, respectively. Vdc, Ic: the windings, a modification of the DFIG formulas in the dq
DC connection capacitor's voltage and current, respectively. reference could be derived (9-11):
Vsi: the AC/DC converter's input voltages IGBT transistor
(Si).Control Methodology 𝑉𝑠𝑞 = 𝜔𝑠 Φ𝑠𝑑 ; 𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 0
𝑑Φ𝑟𝑑
Figure 4 depicts the controller's structure. It is based on a 𝑉𝑟𝑑 = 𝑅𝑟 𝐼𝑟𝑑 + − 𝜔𝑟 𝐼𝑟𝑞
𝑑𝑡 (14)
three-phase model of the wind system's electromechanical
conversion chain [6]. Three goals guide the control method: 𝑑Φ𝑟𝑞
{ 𝑉𝑟𝑞 = 𝑅𝑟 𝐼𝑟𝑞 + 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜔𝑟 𝐼𝑟𝑑
• "MPPT" is used to control the harvesting of peak wind From the (9-11) of the stator and rotor flux in dq axes, the
power (Maximum PowerPoint Tracking), stator currents can be obtained from the following
• Controlling the RSC by adjusting the DFIG stator's expressions:
electromagnetic torque and reactive power Φ𝑠𝑑 − 𝑚 ⋅ 𝐿𝑚 ⋅ 𝐼𝑟𝑑
𝐼𝑠𝑑 =
• Controlling the DC bus voltage, active and reactive 𝐿𝑠
(15)
power shared with the network to regulate the GSC. 𝑚 ⋅ 𝐿𝑚
𝐼𝑠𝑞 = ⋅ 𝐼𝑟𝑞
{ 𝐿𝑠
These expressions are then substituted into the (9-11) of
the rotor flux which then become:
(𝑚 ⋅ 𝐿𝑚 )2 ) 𝑚 ⋅ 𝐿𝑚
Φ𝑟𝑑 = (𝐿𝑟 − ) ⋅ 𝐼𝑟𝑑 + ⋅ Φ𝑠𝑑
𝐿𝑠 𝐿𝑠
(16)
(𝑚 ⋅ 𝐿𝑚 )2
Φ𝑟𝑞 = 𝐿𝑟 ⋅ 𝐼𝑟𝑞 − 𝐼𝑟𝑞 = 𝐿𝑟 ⋅ 𝜎 ⋅ 𝐼𝑟𝑞
{ 𝐿𝑠

With :
(𝑚 ⋅ 𝐿𝑚)2
𝜎=1−
𝐿𝑠 𝐿𝑟
Fig. 4. Control strategy of wind energy conversion system is the dispersion coefficient of the DFIG. By replacing the
expressions of direct and quadrature components of rotor flux
MPPT technique: Figure 5 illustrates the MPPT control (12) in (14), we obtain:
theory for a wind turbine without controlling the rotation
speed [12]. The control goal is to maximize wind energy 𝑑𝐼𝑟𝑑
𝑉𝑟𝑑 = 𝑅𝑟 𝐼𝑟𝑑 + 𝐿𝑟 ⋅ 𝜎 ⋅ + 𝑒𝑟𝑑
harvesting by tracking the appropriate torque. Tem*. 𝑑𝑡
{ (17)
2 𝑑𝐼𝑟𝑞
𝑇𝑒𝑚 ∗= 𝑘 ⋅ 𝜔𝑚 (12) 𝑉𝑟𝑞 = 𝑅𝑟 𝐼𝑟𝑞 + 𝐿𝑟 ⋅ 𝜎 ⋅ + 𝑒𝑟𝑞 + 𝑒Φ
𝑑𝑡
1 𝐶𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 Where:
With 𝑘 = 2 ⋅ 𝜋 ⋅ 𝜌 ⋅ 𝑅5 ⋅ 𝜆3
𝑜𝑝𝑡

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Journal of Millimeterwave Communication, Optimization and Modelling v.2 (2) 2022

𝑒𝑟𝑑 = −𝜎 ⋅ 𝐿𝑟 ⋅ 𝜔𝑟 ⋅ 𝐼𝑟𝑞 as their references. Vrk* (k Є [2, 5-12, 15, 20, 22-27]), which
𝑒𝑟𝑞 = −𝜎 ⋅ 𝐿𝑟 ⋅ 𝜔𝑟 ⋅ 𝐼𝑟𝑑 means that the magnitude Vp of the carrier should be secured
(18) to Vdc / 2, implying a gain G = 1. The block control loops of
𝑚 ⋅ 𝐿𝑚
𝑒Φ = 𝜔𝑟 ⋅ ⋅ Φ𝑠𝑑 the dq axes rotor currents diagram is shown in Fig. 6. The
{ 𝐿𝑠 controllers used are PI correctors. The reference of the q-axis
The electromagnetic torque Tem can be expressed from rotor current is formed from the MPPT control via reference
the flux and the stator currents by: of electromagnetic torque (21 and 12).
𝑇𝑒𝑚 = 𝑃 ⋅ (Φ𝑠𝑑 ⋅ 𝐼𝑠𝑞 − Φ𝑠𝑞 ⋅ 𝐼𝑠𝑑 ) (19) The regulation of the stator reactive power provides the
It can also be expressed in terms of the rotor currents and reference current for the d-axis rotor current. The RSC's
stator flux: control block diagram is shown in Figure 7. This method can
𝑚 ⋅ 𝐿𝑚 individually control the dq axis rotor currents, as well as the
𝑇𝑒𝑚 = 𝑃 ⋅ (Φ𝑠𝑞 ⋅ 𝐼𝑟𝑑 − Φ𝑠𝑑 ⋅ 𝐼𝑟𝑞 ) (20) stator's active and reactive power.
𝐿𝑠
From (13), the electromagnetic torque becomes: The stator flux must be estimated along the d-axis in order
to create the rotor's reference current. The grid is assumed to
𝑚 ⋅ 𝐿𝑚 be stable in our study, and the dq reference choice is connected
𝑇𝑒𝑚 = −𝑃 ⋅ ⋅ Φ𝑠𝑑 ⋅ 𝐼𝑟𝑞 (21)
𝐿𝑠 to the rotational field of the stator. Thus, measurements of the
The active and reactive stator powers are expressed by: d-axis stator and rotor currents in open loop can be used to
𝑚 ⋅ 𝐿𝑚 determine the d-axis stator flux:
𝑃𝑠 = −𝑉𝑠𝑞 ⋅ ⋅ Φ𝑠𝑑 ⋅ 𝐼𝑟𝑞
𝐿𝑠 Φ𝑠𝑑−𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 𝐿𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑑 + 𝑚 ⋅ 𝐿𝑚 ⋅ 𝐼𝑟𝑑 (24)
(22) After estimating the stator flux, the dq-axes rotor reference
𝑉𝑠𝑞 ⋅ Φ𝑠𝑑 𝑚 ⋅ 𝐿𝑚
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠𝑞 ⋅ − ⋅ 𝑉𝑠𝑞 𝐼𝑟𝑑 currents must be generated. According to (21), the
{ 𝐿𝑠 𝐿𝑠 electromagnetic torque is related to the q-axis rotor current,
Expressions (21) and (22) show that The use of dq thus we can construct a relationship between the irq* current
reference makes the electromagnetic force created by the and the electromagnetic torque Tem* from block MPPT
DFIG, and thus the stator power, proportional to the q-axis control by:
rotor current in the scenario where the stator flux sq is held
constant (this criterion is fulfilled in the situation of a stable 𝐿𝑠
𝐼𝑟𝑞 ∗= ⋅𝑇 (25)
network connected to the stator of the DFIG). Due to the P.m.L Φsd_est 𝑒𝑚
network's constant, reactive stator power is not proportional to Two approaches for rotor d-axis current reference have
d-axis rotor current. As a result, the reactive stator power can been developed in the literature:
be freely adjusted [23].
• The reactive stator power is controlled by this current.
• The purpose of this current is to reduce Joule losses in
the rotor and stator.
Since we have opted to control the value of reactive power
in this paper, we will stick with the first method.
Φ𝑠𝑑− 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐿𝑠
𝐼𝑟𝑑 ∗= 𝑚⋅𝐿𝑚
− 𝑚⋅𝐿 ⋅ 𝑄𝑠 ∗ (26)
𝑚 ⋅𝑉𝑠𝑞

Fig. 6. rotor current regulation on the dq-axis

Assuming that the effect of couplings can be managed of

each current separately, the DFIG model in dq reference
connected to stator rotating field demonstrates that we may
create a rotor currents control. The q-axis rotor current and the
d-axis rotor current will be used as reference values for these
regulators. To build rotor current control loops, we suppose
that the RSC (rotor side converter) is optimal (which
correlates to disregarding the wasted time enforced by the
power switch drivers) and that the DC/AC converter (RSC) Fig. 7. The Rotor Side Converter's Control Approach (RSC)
could be described by a gain G which equation is:
Control of the AC/DC converter:
𝑉𝑑𝑐 The GSC is an AC/DC converter with an RL filter that
𝐺= (23)
2 ⋅ 𝑉𝑝 connects the DC bus to the electrical network. This converter
with: Vp: the magnitude of the triangular carrier of the performs two functions:
generation of the PWM. Vdc : voltage of the DC link
capacitor. We also suppose that the rotor voltages are the same

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Journal of Millimeterwave Communication, Optimization and Modelling v.2 (2) 2022

• Maintain a steady DC bus voltage independent of the From (30), imposing the active and reactive power
direction and magnitude of the DFIG's rotor power reference, indicated by Pg* and Qg *, imposing reference
flow. currents Igd* and Igq*:
• Ensure a unity power factor at the point of electrical 𝑃𝑔∗
𝐼𝑔𝑞 ∗=
grid connection. 𝑉𝑔𝑞
(31)
The instruction of the AC/DC converter is shown in Figure 𝑄𝑔∗
𝐼𝑔𝑑 ∗=
8. This command carries out the following two tasks: { 𝑉𝑔𝑞
• Controlling the currents that run through the RL filter The reactive power at the GSC's grid connection point is
controlled by the direct current element. The DC bus voltage
• The DC bus voltage is controlled. is regulated by the quadrature component. A null reference of
reactive power (Qg * = 0 VAr) can be enforced using this
In the dq reference related stator rotating field, (11) becomes: technique.
𝑑𝐼𝑔𝑑
𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 𝑉𝑔𝑑 − 𝑅𝑔 ⋅ 𝐼𝑔𝑑 − 𝐿𝑔 ⋅ + 𝑒𝑔𝑑 We can write the DC bus powers using (23):
{ 𝑑𝑡 (27)
𝑑𝐼𝑔𝑞 𝑃rec = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 ⋅ 𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑐
𝑉𝑠𝑞 = 𝑉𝑠𝑞 − 𝑅𝑔 ⋅ 𝐼𝑔𝑞 − 𝐿𝑔 ⋅ + 𝑒𝑔𝑞
𝑑𝑡 { 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 ⋅ 𝐼𝑐 (32)
With 𝑃ond = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 ⋅ 𝐼ond
𝑒𝑔𝑑= 𝜔𝑠 ⋅ 𝐿𝑔 ⋅ 𝐼𝑔𝑞 These powers are linked by the relation:
{ (28)
𝑒𝑔𝑞 = 𝑉𝑔𝑑 − 𝜔𝑠 ⋅ 𝐿𝑔 ⋅ 𝐼𝑔𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃ond (33)

Modeling of the AC/DC converter (GSC) connection to IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
the network in the spinning dq stator field reference The controller design for a DFIG wind turbine has been
demonstrates that the current flowing through the RL filter implemented utilizing Matlab/Simulink to confirm the
may be changed individually, as can the influence couplings robustness of the control strategy and then evaluate the
near each axis. These regulators' magnitudes are RL filters in performance of the PI controller execution. Tables II and I
dq axis currents. present the 1 MW doubly-fed induction generator wind
turbine parameters. Fig.3 shows the Turbine Power
In terms of rotor current regulation, the GSC converter Characteristics at Pitch angle beta = 0 deg. The DFIG wind
model is gain G equal to 1. Figure 9 shows the present turbine controller validates the efficiency of a 1MW wind
technique for block control loops of dq axes. PI controllers are turbine utilizing Matlab software, which had been run with a
being used. The adjustment terms, dq axis decoupling, and 400 V RMS voltage at 50Hz per unit system for the
GSC models are shown in these blocks, and they are linked to simulation, as shown in Fig.4. At the same time, the Simulink
the network. model of the wind turbine is shown in Fig.5. The Controller
Rotor Side Converter (RSC) and Grid Side Converter (GSC)
The reference dq-axis currents Igd* and Igq* are delivered are shown in Fig.6. In this situation, wind velocity changes
in the DC bus voltage control and reactive power control whenever a step-change occurs between 8/s and 12 m/s, as
blocks at the GSC's grid point of connection, respectively. The seen in Fig 7. The research proposes a state feedback
below relations describe the active and reactive power controller for an accurate DFIG wind generation unit model to
exchanged with the electric network: improve the machine's grid transient response. The wind
𝑃𝑔 = 𝑉𝑔𝑑 ⋅ 𝐼𝑔𝑑 + 𝑉𝑔𝑞 ⋅ 𝐼𝑔𝑞 turbine system's state variable results are depicted in Fig. 8-
{ (29) Fig. 15. Figs. 8 and 9 show the real and reactive power
𝑄𝑔 = 𝑉𝑔𝑞 ⋅ 𝐼𝑔𝑑 − 𝑉𝑔𝑑 ⋅ 𝐼𝑔𝑞 responses of the DFIG wind generation system. Fig. 10 shows
When losses in the Rg resistance of the RL filter are the DC link voltage has been improved for the system.
ignored, and the orientation of the dq reference in relation to
the stator rotating field (Vgd = 0) is taken into consideration,
the (29) become:
𝑃𝑔 = 𝑉𝑔𝑞 ⋅ 𝐼𝑔𝑞
{ (30)
𝑄𝑔 = 𝑉𝑔𝑞 ⋅ 𝐼𝑔𝑑

Fig. 9. dq-axis RL filter current control

Fig. 8. The Grid Side Converter's command technique (GSC)

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Journal of Millimeterwave Communication, Optimization and Modelling v.2 (2) 2022

TABLE I. DFIG PARAMETERS

Parameters Value Units

Nominal power 1 MW
Voltage 400 V
Stator resistance 0.00706 PU
Rotor resistance 0.005 PU
Stator self-inductance 0.171 PU
Rotor self-inductance 0.156 PU
Mutual inductance 2.90 PU
Total inertia 5.04 Kg.𝑚 2
Friction Coefficient 0.01 N.m𝑆 −1

TABLE II. TURBINE PARAMETERS

Parameters Value Unit Fig. 13. the Controller Rotor Side Converter (RSC) and Grid Side Converter
Power at point C 0.73 PU/mechanical power (GSC)
Wind speed at point C 12 m/s

Fig. 14. Step change in Wind speed

Fig. 10. shows the Turbine Power Characteristics at Pitch angle = 0 ◦.

Fig. 11. Simulink model of DFIG wind turbine-load system

Fig. 15. The real power response of the DFIG wind generation system

Fig. 12. Simulink model of wind turbine

Fig. 16. The reactive power response of the DFIG wind generation system

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Journal of Millimeterwave Communication, Optimization and Modelling v.2 (2) 2022

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