﷽

SHIP STABILITY
MSN334

DR. ALAA KHAWAJA

 1

DENSITY AND RELATIVE DENSITY

DENSITY AND RELATIVE DENSITY
𝑚
• Density of a substance is its mass per unit volume ꝭ =
𝑉𝑜𝑙
• where mass is in tonnes (t), volume is in cubic metres (𝑚3 ) and density is in
tonnes per cubic metre (𝑡𝑚−3 )
• The density of fresh water is 1 𝑡𝑚−3 Substance Density (ꝭ) RD
Fresh water (FW) 1.0 𝑡𝑚−3 1
• Relative ,density of a substance is the Salt water (SW) 1.025 𝑡𝑚−3 1.025
number of times the substance is heavier Dock water (DW) 1.015 𝑡𝑚−3 1.015
than fresh water. Being a ratio, Fuel oil (FO) 0.95 𝑡𝑚−3 0.95
Density of substance Diesel oil (DO) 0.88 𝑡𝑚−3 0.88
RD has no units RD =
Density of fresh water
• Some typical values are as follows;
DENSITY AND RELATIVE DENSITY // EXAMPLES
• Example 1
A tank has a volume of 400𝑚3 . Find how many tonnes of SW it can hold.
• Example 2
A tank can hold 320 tonnes of SW. Find how many tonnes of oil of RD 0.8 it can hold.
• Example 3
A cylindrical tank is 10 metres high and has a radius of 3 metres. If it is filled to an ullage of
2 metres, with oil of RD 0.7, find the mass of oil.
• Example 4
A rectangular tank measuring 20m x 10m x 10m has an ullage pipe extending to 0.5m
above the tank top. If the tank is 98%. full of FW, find the mass of FW and state the ullage.
• Example 5
A rectangular tank is 20m x 20m x 12m. Find how many tonnes of oil of RD 0.8 it can hold,
if 2% of the volume of the tank is to be left for expansion. State also, the ullage on loading.
• Example 6
In worked example 5, if it was required to leave 2% of the volume of oil loaded for
expansion, find the mass of oil and the ullage on loading.
DENSITY AND RELATIVE DENSITY // TUTORIALS
• Q1.1 A rectangular tank measures 16m x 15m x 6m. How many tonnes of oil
of RD 0.78 can it hold?
• Q1.2 A cylindrical tank of diameter 8 m is 10m high. 400 t of oil of RD 0.9 is
poured into it. Find the ullage, assuming 𝜋 to be 3.1416.
• Q1.3 A tank of 2400 𝑚3 volume and 12m depth, has vertical sides and
horizontal bottom. Find how many tonnes of oil of RD 0.7 it can hold, allowing
2% of the volume of the tank for expansion. State the ullage on loading.
• Q1.4 A tank 10m deep has vertical sides. Its bottom consists of a triangle
measuring 12m x 12m x 10m. Find the mass of oil (of RD 0.8) to be loaded,
allowing 3% of the volume of tank for expansion. State the ullage on
completion of loading.
DENSITY AND RELATIVE DENSITY // TUTORIALS
• Q1.5 A rectangular tank measuring 25m x 12m x 8m has an ullage pipe
projecting 0.3m above the tank top. Find the mass of SW in the tank when the
ullage is 3.3m.
• Q1.6 A rectangular tank measures 30m x 16m x 14m. It has an ullage pipe
projecting 0.5m above its top. Oil of RD 0.78 is to be loaded. The pipeline
leading from the refinery to the ship is 10km long and 40cm in diameter. At the
time of completion, all the oil in the pipeline has to be taken. Find at what
ullage the valve at the refinery end must be shut so that the final ullage in the
ship's tank would be 0.78 m. State also, the mass of oil loaded finally.
• Q1.7 A tank with a horizontal base and vertical sides is 10m deep and has a
rectangular trunkway 1m high. The volume of the tank alone is 8000 𝑚3 and
that of the trunkway 500 𝑚3 . Find the ullage when 5320t of vegetable oil of RD
0.7 is loaded.
DENSITY AND RELATIVE DENSITY // TUTORIALS
• . Q1.8 A rectangular tank has a total depth of 21m and a volume of 2,0600𝑚3 ,
which includes a trunkway of depth 1m and volume 600 𝑚3 .Find the ullage
when 16320t of oil of RD 0.8 is loaded.
• Q1.9 A rectangular tank has a total depth of 10.5m and volume 8200 𝑚3 ,
which includes a trunkway of depth 0.5m and volume 200 𝑚3 . Find the mass of
oil of RD 0.8 loaded and the ullage, if 2% of the volume of the tank is left for
expansion.
• Q1.10 A rectangular tank has a total depth of 21m and volume 10 250 𝑚3
which includes a trunkway of depth 1m and volume 250 𝑚3 . Oil of RD 0.9 is to
be loaded so as to leave 3%, of the volume of oil loaded, for expansion. Find
the mass of oil to be loaded and the final ullage.
 2

WATER PRESSURE
WATER PRESSURE
• Pressure is the load per unit area. Pressure = depth * ꝭ
• At any point in a liquid, pressure acts in all directions and is expressed in
tonnes per square metre (𝑡𝑚−2 ). It may, if desired, be expressed in kilo-
Newtons per square metre (kN𝑚−2 ) where 1 tonne per square metre = 9.81
kilo-Newtons per square metre OR in bars where 1 bar = 10.2 tonnes per
square metre.
• Thrust is the total pressure exerted on a given surface. Thrust is expressed in
tonnes (t) but may, if desired, be expressed in kilo-Newtons (kN) where 1 tonne
= 9.81 kilo-Newtons. Thrust = pressure * area
• For calculating the thrust on a vertical surface, the pressure is taken at the
geometric centre of the immersed part of the surface and multiplied by the
immersed area.
WATER PRESSURE // EXAMPLES
• Example 1
Find the thrust on a keel plate 10m x 2m when the draft of the ship is 5m in
salt water.
• Example 2
A tank has a rectangular bulkhead 20m wide and 10m high. Find the thrust
experienced by the bulkhead when the tank is full of oil of RD 0.9.
• Example 3
A lock gate is 30m wide and 10m high. The water inside the lock is 7m deep
and of RD 1.005 and that outside is 5m deep and of RD 1.025. Find the
resultant thrust and the direction in which it acts.
WATER PRESSURE // EXAMPLES

• Example 4
A deep tank 10m wide and 10m deep has a
rectangular manhole (1.2m x 0.6m) at its
forward end. The longer sides of the manhole
are horizontal and its lower edge is 0.7m from
the bottom of the tank. Find the total thrust
experienced by the manhole cover when the
tank is full of oil of RD 0.8 to an ullage of 1m.
WATER PRESSURE // EXAMPLES
• Example 5
A collision bulkhead is in the form of a triangle 10m x 13m x 13m. Find the
thrust experienced by it when
saltwater is run into the forepeak
tank to a sounding of 9m.
• Example 6
A double bottom tank measures
20m x 20m x 1m. Its air pipe
extends 12m above its top.
Find the thrust on the tank top
when it is pressed with salt water.
WATER PRESSURE // TUTORIALS

• Q2.1 Find the thrust experienced by a flat keel plate 10m x 2m when the draft is
8m in SW.
• Q2.2 A box-shaped vessel 150m x 20m x 12m is floating in a dock of RD 1.010 at an
even keel draft of 10m. Find the total water thrust experienced by the hull.
• Q2.3 A submarine has a surface area of 650𝑚2 and can withstand a total water
thrust of 1332500t. Find at what approximate depth in SW she would collapse.
• Q2.4 A rectangular lock gate 40m wide and 20m high has water of RD 1.010 12m
deep on one side and water of RD 1.020 11m deep on the other. Find the resultant
thrust experienced and the direction in which it acts.
• Q2.5 A rectangular lock gate 36m wide and 20m high has FW on one side to a
depth of 16m. Find what depth of SW on the other side will equalize the thrust.
WATER PRESSURE // TUTORIALS
• Q2.6 A collision bulkhead is triangular in shape. Its maximum breadth is 12m
and its height 15m. Find the thrust experienced by it if the forepeak tank is
pressed up to a head of 3m of SW.
• Q2.7 A collision bulkhead is triangular shaped, having a breadth of 14m at
the tank top and a height of 12m. As a result of a collision, the forepeak tank
gets ruptured and SW enters the tank to a sounding of 9m. Calculate the thrust
on the bulkhead.
• Q2.8 A tank has a triangular bulkhead, apex upwards. Its base is 14m and its
sides, 15m each. It has a circular inspection hole of radius 0.5m. The centre of
the manhole is 0.8m above the base and 1.6 from one corner. Find the thrust
on the manhole cover when the tank contains oil of RD 0.95 to a sounding of
10m.
WATER PRESSURE // TUTORIALS

• Q2.9 A rectangular deep tank is 22m x 20m x 10m. Above the crown of the
tank is a rectangular trunkway 0.2m high, 5m long and 4m wide. Find the
thrust on the tank lid when the tank is pressed up with SW to a head of 2.64m
above the crown of the tank.
• Q2.10 A double bottom tank measures 25m x 20m x 2m. Find the thrust on
the tank top when pressed up to a head of 16m of SW. Also find the resultant
thrust on the tank bottom, and the direction that it acts, if the ship's draft in
SW is 10m.
 3

FLOATATION
FLOATATION
• Archimedes' Principle states that when a body is wholly or partially immersed
in a fluid, it suffers an apparent loss of weight which is equal to the weight of
fluid displaced
• Since the word fluid includes both, liquids and gases, and the fact that
merchant ships are only expected to be partially immersed in water, a modified
version of Archimedes' Principle may be called the Principle of flotation
• Principle of flotation: When a body is floating in a liquid, the weight of liquid
displaced equals to the weight of the body
• Experimental explanation: Consider a rectangular watertight box 10m x 1m x
2m, weighing 10t. If this was lifted by a crane and gradually lowered into a pool
full of FW, the volume of water displaced can be collected and measured
FLOATATION

• It will be noticed that as the box is lowered more and more into the water, the
load registered by the spring balance becomes less and less. Consider the case
when the draft becomes 0.1m. The underwater volume of the box is then 1𝑚3
i.e. the volume of water displaced
(overflow) is 1𝑚3 .
• The weight of displacement is 1t.
So, the apparent loss of weight or
buoyancy experienced by the box is 1t
FLOATATION
• The spring balance now shows a
reading of only 9t whereas it showed
10t before the box reached the water
surface. Similarly when the draft
becomes 0.2m, the displacement (or
buoyancy) is 2t and the load
registered by the spring balance is 8t

• 𝑊 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑤 * ꝭ𝑤
FLOATATION Load
Volume of
Displacement registered by
• The following would be the Draft (m) displacement
or buoyancy (t) spring balance
(𝑚3 )
results, expressed as a table: (t)
0 0 0 10
• At a draft of 1.0 m, it is noted 0.05 0.5 0.5 9.5
that the spring balance registers 0.1 1 1 9
zero indicating that the buoyancy 0.2 2 2 8
equals to the weight so that the 0.4 4 4 6

body is now floating freely 0.6 6 6 4

0.8 8 8 2
• From the foregoing it is clear that: 1 10 10 0

• (a) The volume of water displaced is the underwater volume of the ship
• (b) Buoyancy or displacement is the upward thrust experienced by the ship.
When the ship is floating freely, its displacement (or buoyancy) equals to its
weight. The weight of the ship is therefore referred to as displacement (W).
FLOATATION // EXAMPLES

• Example 1
A homogeneous rectangular log 6m x 1m x 0.8m floats in SW at a draft of
0.5m, with its largest face parallel to the water. Find its mass.
• Example 2
A homogeneous rectangular log 6m x 1.5m x 1m has RD 0.7. Find its draft in
FW. (Assume that the log will float with its largest face parallel to the water).
• Example 3
A homogeneous log of 0.5m X 0.5m section has RD 0.8. Find its draft in water
of RD 1.02, assuming that it will float with one face horizontal.
FLOATATION // EXAMPLES
• Example 4
A hollow, plastic cylinder of 1m diameter and 10m
length floats in FW at a draft of 0.2 m, with its axis
horizontal. Find its mass
• Example 5
A cylindrical drum of radius 40cm and height 2m weighs
200kg. Lead pellets are put in it until it floats with its
axis vertical, at a draft of 1.4m in SW. Find the mass of lead pellets in it, in kilogrammes.
• Example 6
A rectangular lidless box 6m x 2m x 1.5m floats in water of RD 1.005 at a draft of 0.6m. Find
the maximum mass of iron that can be put in it without sinking it, when it is floating in SW.
• Example 7
A rectangular barge 10m x 5m x 4m, floating in SW at a draft of 2m, is being lifted out of
the water by a heavy-lift crane. Find the load taken by the crane when the draft becomes
1.2m.
FLOATATION // TUTORIALS
• Q3.1 A rectangular log of wood 8m long, 2m wide and 2m high floats in FW
at a draft of 1.6m with one face horizontal. Find its mass and RD.
• Q3.2 A rectangular log of wood 5m x 1.6m x 1m weighs 6t and floats with its
largest face horizontal. Find its draft in SW and its RD.
• Q3.3 A rectangular log 3m broad and 2m high floats with its breadth
horizontal. If the density of the log is 0.7tm-3, find its draft in water of RD 1.01.
• Q3.4 A cylinder 2m in diameter and 10m long floats in FW, with its axis
horizontal, at a draft of 0.6m. Find its mass.
• Q3.5 A barge of triangular cross section is 20m long, 12m wide and 6m
deep. It floats in SW at a draft of 4m. Find its displacement.
FLOATATION // TUTORIALS
• Q3.6 A cylindrical drum of 1.2m diameter and 2m height floats with its axis
vertical in water of RD 1.016 at a draft of 1.4m. Find the maximum mass of lead shots
that can be put in it without sinking it.
• Q3.7 A rectangular barge 10m long and 5m wide, floating in SW at a draft of 3m,
is being lifted out of the water by a heavy-lift crane. Find the load on the crane when
the draft has reduced to 1m.
• Q3.8 A rectangular box 2.4m long, 1.2m wide and 0.8m high, floats in water of RD
1.012 at an even keel draft of 0.2m. Find the maximum mass of SW that can be
poured into it without sinking it.
• Q3.9 A box-shaped vessel of 18450t displacement is 150m long and 20m wide.
Find its draft in SW.
• Q3.10 A box-shaped vessel 120m long and 15m wide is floating in DW of RD 1.005
at a draft of 5m. If her maximum permissible draft in SW is 6m, find how much cargo
she can now load.
 4

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS
• Displacement is commonly used to denote the mass of a ship in tonnes.
Technically, it is the mass of water displaced by a ship and, when floating freely,
the mass of water displaced equals to the mass of the ship, as explained in
previously.
• Light displacement is the mass of the empty ship - without any cargo, fuel,
lubricating oil, ballast water, fresh and feed water in tanks, consumable stores,
and passengers and crew and their effects.
• Load displacement is the total mass of the ship when she is floating in salt
water with her summer loadline at the water surface.
• Present displacement is the mass of the ship at present. It is the sum of the
light displacement of the ship and everything on board at present.
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS

• Deadweight (DWT) of a ship is the total mass of cargo, fuel, freshwater, etc.,
that a ship can carry, when she is floating in salt water with her summer
loadline at the water surface. 𝐷𝑊𝑇𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝. − 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝.
• Deadweight aboard is the total mass of cargo, fuel, ballast, fresh water, etc., on
board at present. 𝐷𝑊𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝. − 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝.
• Deadweight available is the total mass of cargo, fuel, fresh water, etc., that can
be put on the ship at present to bring her summer loadline to the water
surface in salt water. 𝐷𝑊𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝. − 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝.
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS

• Waterplane Coefficient, or coefficient

of fineness of the water-plane area, is
the ratio of the area of the water-
plane to the area of a rectangle
having the same length and maximum
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
breadth. 𝐶𝑤 =
𝐿 ∗𝐵
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS
• Block Coefficient, or coefficient of
fineness of displacement, at any draft
is the ratio of the underwater volume
of the ship at that draft to a
rectangular box having the same
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑤
extreme dimensions. 𝐶𝑏 =
𝐿 ∗𝐵 ∗𝑑
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑤 = 𝐿 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝐶𝑏
• The term block coefficient may also be
used with respect to a tank in which
case it would be the ratio of the
volume of the tank to the volume of a
rectangular box having the same 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘
𝐶𝑏 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 =
extreme dimensions as the tank. 𝐿 ∗𝐵 ∗𝐷
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS

• Reserve buoyancy (RB) is the volume of the enclosed spaces above the
waterline. It maybe expressed as a volume in m3 or as a percentage of the total
volume of the ship. 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑤
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑤
𝑅𝐵% = ∗ 100
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
• Reserve buoyancy is so called because, though it is not displacing any water at
that time, it is available for displacement if weights are added or if bilging takes
place. Bilging is the accidental entry of water into a compartment, due to
underwater damage.
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS

• Tonnes per centimetre (TPC) is the number of tonnes required to cause the
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
ship to sink or rise by one centimetre. TPC = ∗ ꝭ𝑤 𝑡 𝑐𝑚−1
100
• In the foregoing formulae, the area of the water-plane of a ship-shape has
been considered constant since the sinkage or rise being considered is only
1cm. However, the area of the water-plane of a ship-shape usually increases as
draft increases. Hence, its TPC also increases as draft increases. In view of this,
calculations involving TPC should generally be confined to small values of
sinkage or rise. In the case of a box-shaped vessel, the area of the water-plane
is the same at all drafts and hence its TPC does not change with draft.
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS // EXAMPLES
• Example 1
A box-shaped vessel is 120m long and 16m wide and has a load draft of 8m. If her present
draft is 6m, find the DWT available in SW.
• Example 2
The length and breadth of the water-plane of a ship are 100m and 12m. If the coefficient of
fineness of the water-plane is 0.7, find her TPC in SW & FW.
• Example 3
A ship floating in DW of RD 1.010 at a draft of 5m, is 90m long and 10m wide at the water-
line. If her block coefficient is 0.72 and her light displacement is 1200t, find the DWT aboard.
• Example 4
A box-shaped vessel is 120m long and 14m wide and 12m high. If her displacement is
13776t, find her reserve buoyancy % in SW.
• Example 5
A ship is floating in FW at a draft of 6.8m. If her maximum FW draft is 7.0m, and her SW
TPC is 40, find the DWT available.
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS // TUTORIALS
• Q4.1 A box-shaped vessel 120m long and 15m wide has a light draft of 4m
and a load draft of 9.8m in SW. Find her light displacement, load displacement
and DWT.
• Q4.2 A box-shaped vessel 100m long and 14m wide is floating in SW at a
draft of 7.6m. Her light draft is 3.6m and load draft 8.5m. Find her present
displacement, DWT aboard and DWT available.
• Q4.3 A ship is 200m long and 20m wide at the waterline. If the coefficient of
fineness of the water-plane is 0.8, find her TPC in SW, FW and DW of RD 1.015.
• Q4.4 A double bottom tank 20m x 10.5m x 1.0m has a block coefficient of
0.82. Calculate how much fuel oil of RD 0.95 it can hold.
• Q4.5 A ship floating in SW at a draft of 8m is 110m long and 14m wide at the
waterline. If her block coefficient is 0.72, find her displacement. If her load
displacement is 12000t, find the DWT available.
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS // TUTORIALS

• Q4.6 A vessel of 14000t displacement is 160m long and 20m wide at the
waterline. If she is floating in SW at a draft of 6.1m, find her block coefficient.
• Q4.7 A box-shaped vessel 18m x 5m x 2m floats in SW at a draft of 1.4m.
Calculate her RB%.
• Q4.8 A box-shaped vessel of 2000t displacement is 50m x 10m x 7m.
Calculate her RB% in FW.
• Q4.9 The TPC of a ship in SW is 30. Calculate her TPC in FW and in DW of RD
1.018.
• Q4.10 A ship is floating at a draft of 8.2m in DW of RD 1.010. If her TPC in SW
is 40, find how much cargo she can load to bring her draft in DW to 8.4m.
 5

EFFECT OF DENSITY ON DRAFT & DISPLACEMENT

EFFECT OF DENSITY ON DRAFT & DISPLACEMENT
• When a ship goes from SW to FW, her draft would increase and vice versa. This
can be illustrated by a simple example. Consider a ship of 10000 tonnes
displacement. 𝑊 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑤 ∗ ꝭ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
10000
• In SW; 10000 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑤@𝑆𝑊 ∗ 1.025 =>> 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑤@𝑆𝑊 = = 9756 𝑚3
1.025
10000
• In FW; 10000 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑤@𝐹𝑊 ∗ 1 =>> 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑤@𝐹𝑊 = = 10000 𝑚3
1
• From the foregoing example it is clear that when a ship goes from SW to FW
her underwater volume (and hence her draft) increases, and vice versa, though
her displacement is constant.
• Fresh Water Allowance (FWA) is the increase in draft when a ship goes from
𝑊𝑆𝑊
SW to FW and vice versa. 𝐹𝑊𝐴 = [cm]
40 ∗𝑇𝑃𝐶𝑆𝑊
EFFECT OF DENSITY ON DRAFT & DISPLACEMENT
• FWA of a ship usually increases as draft increases. This is because W depends on
underwater volume whereas TPC depends on waterplane area. As draft increases,
both W and TPC increase but W increases at a faster rate. Hence FWA, as calculated
by the foregoing formula, also increases as draft increases. The table on the next slide
is taken from the hydrostatic particulars on an actual ship in service.
• The FWA calculated, by the foregoing formula, for the summer load condition is
called the FWA of the ship. This FWA is mentioned in the loadline certificate and is
considered constant for those loadlines marked on the ship's sides - T, S, W and WNA.
When a ship is loading down to her marks in FW, she can immerse her loadline by the
FWA of the ship so that when she goes to SW, she would rise to her appropriate
loadline.
• If it is desired to find the FW draft of the ship when she is not immersed up to the
loadline marked on the ship's sides, the FWA must be calculated by the formula and
added to the SW draft of the ship at that time.
EFFECT OF DENSITY ON DRAFT & DISPLACEMENT
𝑾
Draft [m] W [t] TPC [𝒕𝒄𝒎−𝟏 ] = FWA [cm]
𝟒𝟎 ∗ 𝑻𝑷𝑪

𝟓𝟒𝟕𝟖
3 5478 20.90 = 6.6
𝟒𝟎 ∗ 𝟐𝟎. 𝟗𝟎

9788
5 9788 22.08 = 11.1
𝟒𝟎 ∗ 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟖
• . 14299
7 14299 22.95 = 15.6
𝟒𝟎 ∗ 𝟐𝟐. 𝟗𝟓

19051
9 19051 24.14 = 19.7
𝟒𝟎 ∗ 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟒

19617
9.233 [load draft] 19617 24.28 = 20.2
𝟒𝟎 ∗ 𝟐𝟒. 𝟐𝟖
EFFECT OF DENSITY ON DRAFT & DISPLACEMENT

• Dock Water Allowance (DWA) is the increase in draft when a ship goes from
saltwater to dockwater, and vice versa, where the dockwater is neither fresh
not salt i.e., RD between 1 and 1.025. When loading in a dock, the ship can
immerse her loadline by the DWA so that when she goes to sea, she would rise
to her appropriate loadline. Change of
From – to Change of Draft
RD
• When a ship goes from SW to FW SW 1.025 >> FW 1 0.025 FWA
(change of RD of .025) she increases 0.008
SW 1.025 >> DW 1.017 0.008 ∗ 𝐹𝑊𝐴
her draft by FWA. So for any change 0.025
0.005
of RD between 1.025 and 1.000, SW 1.025 >> DW 1.020 0.005
0.025
∗ 𝐹𝑊𝐴
linear interpolation may be done. FW 1 >> 1.016 0.016
0.016
∗ 𝐹𝑊𝐴
0.025
0.012
DW 1.017 >> DW 1.005 0.012 ∗ 𝐹𝑊𝐴
0.025
EFFECT OF DENSITY ON DRAFT & DISPLACEMENT

• From the aforementioned table, we conclude that:

𝑅𝐷 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 = ∗ 𝐹𝑊𝐴 [𝑐𝑚]
0.025
• This formula holds good for any change of RD. However, when the change of
draft is calculated between SW and DW, it is called DWA. The term dock water
is used here only symbolically to represent water whose RD is between 1.000
and 1.025 and, for stability purposes, includes the water of rivers, harbours,
etc., even though they may not have enclosed docks.
EFFECT OF DENSITY ON DRAFT & DISPLACEMENT // EXAMPLES
• Example 1
A ship's load displacement is 16000t and TPC is 20. If she is in DW of RD 1.010, find
by how much she may immerse her loadline so that she will not be overloaded when
she goes to sea.
• Example 2
A vessel of FWA 200mm goes from water of RD 1.018 to water of RD 1.006. Find the
change in draft and state whether it will be sinkage or rise.
• Example 3
A box-shaped vessel 24x5x3m has a mean draft of 1.2m in DW of RD 1.009.
Calculate her draft in DW of RD 1.019.
• Example 4
A box-shaped vessel 20x6x4.5m floats in DW of RD 1.010 at a draft of 2.4m.
Calculate her percentage reserve buoyancy in DW of RD 1.020.
• Example 5
A vessel displaces 5000t at a certain draft in DW of RD 1.018. Find her displacement
when floating at the same draft in DW of RD 1.012.
EFFECT OF DENSITY ON DRAFT & DISPLACEMENT // EXAMPLES

• Example 6
A vessel displaces 16000t at her summer load draft in SW. If she is now floating in DW of
RD 1.015 with her summer loadline on the water, calculate how much DWT is available.
• Example 7
A vessel is in SW with her summer loadline 60mm above the water on the port side and
10mm above the water on the starboard side. Find the DWT available, if her TPC is 40.
• Example 8
A vessel is in SW with her port summer loadline 80mm below water and her starboard,
200mm above. Find the DWT available if TPC is 30.
• Example 9
A vessel arrives at port X at the mouth of a river. Her displacement is 12000t and arrival
draft 5.77m in RD 1.020. She is to cross a bar upriver before entering port Y. The depth at the
bar is 6.0m and RD 1.005. If her TPC is 25, find the minimum quantity of cargo to off-load at
port X so that she may cross the bar with an under-keel clearance of 0.5m.
EFFECT OF DENSITY ON DRAFT & DISPLACEMENT // TUTORIALS
• Q5.1 A ship of 16000t displacement and TPC 20 is floating in SW at a draft of
8.0m. Find her draft in FW.
• Q5.2 A ship goes from water of RD 1.008 to SW. Find the change in draft, if
her FWA is 180mm, and state whether it would be sinkage or rise.
• Q5.3 A vessel goes from water of RD 1.010 to FW. If her FWA is 160mm, state
whether she would sink or rise and by how much.
• Q5.4 A ship of FWA 175mm goes from water of RD 1.006 to water of RD
1.018. Find the amount of sinkage or rise.
• Q5.5 A ship's stability data book gives her load displacement to be 18000t
and TPC to be 25. If she is now loading in DW of RD 1.018, by how much may
her loadline be immersed so that she would not be overloaded?
EFFECT OF DENSITY ON DRAFT & DISPLACEMENT // TUTORIALS
• Q5.6 A box-shaped vessel 20x4x2m has a mean draft of 1.05m in SW.
Calculate her draft in DW of RD 1.012.
• Q5.7 A box-shaped vessel 18x5x2m floats in FW at a draft of 1.4m. Calculate
her percentage reserve buoyancy when she enters SW.
• Q5.8 The hydrostatic particulars of a ship indicate that her displacement in
SW at a draft of 5m is 3000t. Find her displacement when floating at 5m draft
in water of RD 1.018.
• Q5.9 A vessel displaces 4500t of FW at a certain draft. Find her displacement
at the same draft in water of RD 1.020.
• Q5.10 A ship 100m long and 20m wide, block coefficient 0.8, floats in SW at a
mean draft of 8.0m. Calculate the difference in displacement when floating at
the same draft in FW.
 6

CENTER OF GRAVITY
CENTER OF GRAVITY
• The centre of gravity (G or COG) of a ship is that point through which the force of gravity may
be considered to act vertically downwards, with a force equal to the weight of the ship.
• The position of the COG of a ship is indicated by its distance in metres from three reference
lines:
• Its height above the keel. This distance is referred to as KG where K represents
the keel. KG affects the stability of the ship.
• Its distance from the after perpendicular (A) of the ship. This distance is
referred to as AG. AG affects the trim of the ship. Some shipyards use midships
(H) for reference instead of the after perpendicular (A). The distance of the
COG is then referred to as HG, but then it must be stated whether the COG is
forward or abaft midships in each case
• Its distance from the centre line of the ship. This distance causes the
ship to list. Since mariners like to keep their ship upright at all times,
this distance should preferably be zero.
CENTER OF GRAVITY
• The position of the COG of a ship depends on the distribution of weights on board
and not on the total weight.
• When a weight is added (loaded), the COG of the ship moves directly towards the
COG of the added weight.
• When a weight is removed (discharged), the COG of the ship moves directly away
from the COG of the removed weight.
• When a weight already on board is shifted, the COG of the ship moves in a
direction parallel to that moved by the weight.
• So far, only the direction of shift of COG has been considered. The distance
through which the COG would move is given by the following formula:
𝑤 ∗𝑑
• 𝐺𝐺1 = [m] Where, 𝐺𝐺1 is the shift of COG in meters, small w is the
𝑊
shifted/added/removed weight, small d is the move distance or distance off
original COG, and finally uppercase W is the final displacement (after
load/discharge).
CENTER OF GRAVITY
• Adding weight
CENTER OF GRAVITY
• Removing weight
CENTER OF GRAVITY
• Shifting weight
CENTER OF GRAVITY // EXAMPLES

• Example 1
In a vessel of 12000t displacement, KG 9m, 200t of cargo was shifted from the upper deck
(KG 12m) to the lower hold (KG 2m). Find the new KG.
• Example 2
In a vessel of 7850t displacement, KG 8.4m, 150t of cargo is loaded on the UD (KG 10m).
Find the final KG
• Example 3
In a ship of 12300t displacement, KG 10m, 300t of cargo was discharged from the lower
hold (KG 2m). Find the final KG.
CENTER OF GRAVITY // EXAMPLES
• Example 4
On a vessel of 6000t displacement KG 7.4m, how many tonnes of cargo may be discharged
from the lower hold (KG 2.0m) in order to have a final KG of 8.0m?
• Example 5
A vessel of 11000t displacement has KG 6.3m. A jumbo derrick is used to shift a weight of
250t from the lower hold (KG 3m) to the UD (KG 8.5m). The head of the derrick is 19.5m
above the keel. Find the KG of the ship: (i) When the weight is hanging by the derrick and (ii)
When the shifting is over.
• Example 6
A vessel of 6000t displacement, KG 7.1m, loads a heavy lift weighing 150t by her jumbo
derrick whose head is 16m above the keel. If the weight is placed on the tween deck (KG 8m)
find: (i) the KG when the weight is hanging 1 m above the tween deck and (ii) the KG when
the loading is over.
CENTER OF GRAVITY // TUTORIALS
• Q6.1 In a vessel of 8800 tonnes displacement and KG 6.2m, 200 tonnes of cargo was loaded
in the lower hold, 1.7m above the keel. Find the final KG.
• Q6.2 600 tonnes of cargo were discharged from a vessel from the upper deck 11m above the
keel. If the original KG and displacement were 6m and 12600 tonnes, calculate the final KG.
• Q6.3 In a vessel of 9900 tonnes displacement and KG 4m, a heavy lift of 100 tonnes is loaded
on the UD (KG 15m). Find the final KG.
• Q6.4 500 tonnes of cargo was discharged from the lower hold (KG 3m) of a vessel whose
displacement and KG before discharging were 11500 tonnes and 6.3m. Find the final KG.
• Q6.5 500 tonnes of cargo was shifted 15 metres vertically downwards in a vessel of 10000
tonnes displacement. Find the effect it has on the KG of the vessel and state whether KG
increases or decreases.
• Q6.6 In a vessel of 9000 tonnes displacement, KG 10.4m, 300 tonnes of cargo was shifted
from the LH (KG 2.5m) to the UD (KG 11.5m). Find the resultant KG of the vessel.
CENTER OF GRAVITY // TUTORIALS
• Q6.7 In a vessel of 9009 tonnes displacement, KG 8.7m, how many tonnes of cargo can be
loaded on the upper deck (KG 15m) so that the final KG would be 9m?
• Q6.8 A heavy lift derrick, whose head is 20m above the keel, is to shift a locomotive
weighing 300 tonnes from the UD (KG 8m) to the LH (KG 2m). If the displacement and initial
KG of the vessel were 12000 tonnes and 7.6m, find the KG of the vessel (i) when the derrick
has taken the weight off the UD and (ii) after shifting is over.
• Q6.9 On a vessel of 4,950 tonnes displacement, KG 9.2m, the ship's jumbo derrick is used to
load a weight of 50 tonnes from the wharf, on to the UD (KG 8m). If the head of the derrick is
25m above the keel, calculate the KG of the vessel (i) when the weight is hanging by the
derrick on the centre line but 2m above the UD, and (ii) after loading.
• Q6.10 A ship's derrick, whose head is 22m above the keel, is used to discharge a weight of 20
tonnes (KG 5m), lying on the centre line. If the vessel's displacement and KG before
discharging were 6000 tonnes and 8m, calculate the KG (i) as soon as the derrick lifts the
weight and (ii) after discharging.
 7

FINAL KG
FINAL KG
• When loading, discharging' or shifting a single weight, the vertical shift of the COG of
𝑤 ∗𝑑
a ship is given by the formula: 𝐺𝐺1 =
𝑊
[m]
• The GGI formula, which seems adequate when considering a single weight at a time,
becomes impracticable for general use of ships because several weights are loaded,
discharged and/or shifted, at a time. In such cases, the calculation of final KG is done
by taking moments about the keel.
• The initial moment of the weight of the ship about its keel plus the moments about
keel of all weights loaded minus the moments about keel of all weights discharged
gives the final moment. This final moment about keel divided by the final
displacement of the ship gives the final KG. In cases where weights have been shifted
vertically, the weight multiplied by the vertical distance shifted gives the change in
moment, to be added if the shift is upwards; to be subtracted if the shift is
downwards.
• Calculation of final KG by taking moments about keel can be done even when only a
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
single weight is being loaded, discharged or shifted. 𝐾𝐺𝑓 =
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑊
FINAL KG // EXAMPLE

• Example 1
On a ship of 10000t displacement, KG 7.75m, the following
changes took place: 1000t of cargo discharged from No.2 LH, KG
4.0m. 2000t of cargo discharged from UD, KG 9.8m. 500t of FW
taken into peak tanks, KG 6.5m. 500t of fuel oil taken into No.4
DBT, KG 0.5m. 500t of cargo shifted from No.2 TD to No.2 LH,
through a vertical distance of 8m. Find the final KG of the ship.
FINAL KG // TUTORIALS
• Q7.1 A ship of displacement 2000t and KG 4.2m, loads 300t of cargo (KG 2.0m),
200t of cargo (KG 3.2m) and 500t of bunkers (KG 1.0m). Find her final KG.
• Q7.2 A ship of displacement 3000t and KG 3.9m, loads cargo as follows:- 200t in
No.1 LH (KG 3.0m), 300t on deck (KG 6.4m), 150t in No.3 TD (KG 5.2m) and 350t in
No.4 LH (KG 4.0m). Find the final KG.
• Q7.3 A ship of load displacement 10000t, KG 6.0m, discharges cargo of 250t (KG
3.0m) and 150t (KG 4.0m). Find her final KG.
• Q7.4 A ship of displacement 12000t, KG 4.3m, discharges cargo as follows:- 200t
from No.1 LH (KG 2.6m), 250t from No.2 TD (KG 3.4m), 1000t from No.3 LH (KG
4m) and 550t from UD near No.5 (KG 8m). Find final KG.
• Q7.5 Ship of 2000t displacement and KG 3.66m, loads 1500t (KG 5.5m), 3500t (KG
4.60m), and takes 1520t of bunkers (KG 0.60m). She discharges 2000t cargo (KG
2.44m) and consumes 900t of bunkers (KG 0.40m). Find the KG at the end of the
voyage.
FINAL KG // TUTORIALS
• Q7.6 A ship of 3200t displacement, KG 6.2m, loads 5200t of cargo (KG 4.8m). Find
the amount of deck cargo (KG 10.4m) that can be loaded so that the KG shall be
6.0m when loading is completed.
• Q7.7 A ship of 2600t displacement, KG 4.88m, loads 4600t of homogeneous cargo
(KG .5.0m). Find how much deck cargo (KG 10m) may be loaded to obtain a final
KG of 5.11m.
• Q7.8 A heavy-lift derrick is used to discharge a 100t package from a ship of
displacement 8000t, KG 8.2m. If the KG of the weight while on board is 3m and if
the derrick head is 25m above the keel, find the KG of the ship (i) while
discharging and (ii) after discharging.
• Q7.9 On a ship of 15000t displacement KG 7.9m, a weight of 200t is loaded on the
UD (KG 12m) using the ship's Stulken derrick whose head is 30m above the keel.
Find the KG of the ship (i) while loading and (ii) after loading.
• Q7.10 On a ship of 11000t displacement KG 7.2m, a shore crane is used to shift a
180t heavy-lift from the UD (KG 12m) to the LH (KG 3m). Find the KG of the ship (i)
during shifting and (ii) after shifting.
 8

CENTER OF BUOYANCY
CENTER OF BUOYANCY
• The centre of buoyancy (B or COB) of a ship is that point through which the
force of buoyancy may be considered to act vertically upwards, with a force
equal to the weight of water displaced by the ship. It is the geometric centre
of the water displaced i.e., the geometric centre of the underwater volume
of the ship.
• The position of the COB of a ship is indicated by:
• (i) Its height above the keel. This distance is referred to as KB.
• (ii) Its distance from the after perpendicular of the ship. This distance is
referred to as AB. Some shipyards use midships (H) for reference instead
of the after perpendicular (A). The distance of the COB is then referred to
as HB, in this book, but then it must be stated whether the COB is
forward or abaft midships in each case.
CENTER OF BUOYANCY
• Both KB and AB depend on the shape and volume of the underwater
portion of the hull and are therefore dependant on the ship's draft. KB
and AB (or HB) are given in the hydrostatic particulars of the ship in the
form of curves or tables against draft.
• The KB of a box-shaped
vessel would be exactly
half the draft, if the vessel
is upright and on an even
keel. The KB of a ship-shape
will, however, be a little greater
than half draft, as illustrated
by the following figures:
CENTER OF BUOYANCY
• From the above figure, it is obvious that if the shaded part
of the box-shaped figure is removed, the figure becomes
ship-shaped. The KB of a ship-shape would, therefore, be
about five to ten percent more
than half its draft.
• KB of a triangular-shaped vessel
would be two-thirds of its draft,
when on an even keel and
upright, as shown in the
following figure:
CENTER OF BUOYANCY // TUTORIALS
• Q8.1 A box-shaped vessel of displacement 1640t is 50m long, 10m
wide and 8m high. Find her KB in SW, if she is on an even keel and
upright.
• Q8.2 A box-shaped vessel 60mx10mx10m floats in DW of RD 1.020 at
an even keel draft of 6m. Find her KB in DW of RD 1.004.
• Q8.3 A triangular-shaped vessel of displacement 650t floats in DW RD
1.015. Her water plane is a rectangle 30mx8m. Find her KB.
• Q8.4 A triangular-shaped vessel floats in SW. Her water plane is a
rectangle 40mx12m. If her KB is 3.6m, find her displacement.
• Q8.5 A homogeneous log of wood 3mx0.75mx0.75m floats in SW
with one face horizontal. If the RD of the log is 0.8, calculate the
vertical distance between its COG and its COB.
CENTER OF BUOYANCY // TUTORIALS
• Q8.6 A homogeneous log of wood of 0.5m square section floats in
water of RD 1.005 at a draft of 0.4m with one of its faces horizontal.
Find the vertical distance between its COG and its COB in water of RD
1.020.
• Q8.7 A cylindrical drum of 0.8m diameter and 1.5m height weighs
10kg. 490kg of steel is put .in it such that it floats with its axis vertical in
FW. Find its KB.
• Q8.8 A barge is prism-shaped such that its deck and keel are identical
and parallel; its sides vertical. Its deck consists of three shapes
triangular bow of 12m each side; rectangular mid-part 80m long and
12m wide; semi-circular stern of radius 6 m. If the light displacement of
the barge is 500t and it has 5000t of cargo in it, find its KB when
floating on an even keel in SW.
CENTER OF BUOYANCY // TUTORIALS
• Q8.9 The deck and keel of a flat-bottomed barge are identical. Its
sides are vertical. The deck consists of two sections - the bow is a
triangle 12m broad and measures 12m in the fore and aft direction; the
mid-body is a rectangle 50m long and 12m broad. If it is floating on an
even keel in SW with a displacement of 3444t, find the position of its
COB with reference to the keel and with reference to its after end.
• Q8.10 A barge 45m long has a uniform transverse cross-section
throughout, which consists of a rectangle above a triangle. The
rectangle is 8m broad and 4m high. The triangle is apex downwards,
8m broad and 3m deep. If the displacement of the barge is 1620t, find
the position of its COB with reference to the keel and also with
reference to the after end, if it is upright and on an even keel in FW.
 9

TRANSVERSE STATICAL STABILITY

TRANSVERSE STATICAL STABILITY

• List is the transverse inclination caused by unequal distribution of

weights on either side of the centre line of the ship. In other
words, list is caused when the COG of the ship is not on the centre
line - an internal cause. A ship with a list will become upright only
if the COG is brought to the centre line.
• When a ship is floating in still water, her COG and COB will be in a
vertical line. The forces of gravity and buoyancy, being equal and
opposite, will cancel each other out and the ship will be in static
equilibrium.
TRANSVERSE STATICAL STABILITY

• When a ship is heeled over to one side, say to starboard,

her underwater volume increases on the COB, being the
geometric centre of the
underwater volume of
the ship, will shift to the
lower side (starboard
side in this case), as
shown in the following
figure:
TRANSVERSE STATICAL STABILITY
• In the foregoing figure:
• b is the geometric centre of the emerged wedge (of the part
that came out of the water due to heeling).
• b1 is the geometric centre of the immerse (of the part that
went underwater heeling).
• B is the COB before heeling.
• B1 is the COB after heeling.
• BB1 is the shift of COB caused by heeling.
• BB1 is parallel to bb1. BB1 is not parallel to the water
line. BB1 is not parallel to the keel. Angle GBB1 is not a
right angle.
TRANSVERSE STATICAL STABILITY
• Transverse Metacenter (M) When a vessel is heeled (inclined by an external
force), the force of buoyancy, acting vertically upwards through the new
position of COB, cuts the centre line of the ship at a point called the
transverse metacentre (M). This is illustrated in the next figure.
• The position of M is indicated by its height above the keel in metres (KM).
KM increases as the angle of heel increases, until it reaches a maximum
value at some large angle of heel. Thereafter, it decreases as angle of heel
increases. However, over small angles of heel (say upto about 15°) the
increase of KM is generally small. Hence, KM is considered constant for
small angles of heel, for the sake of convenience in stability calculations,
and is sometimes referred to as initial KM.
• KM is calculated by adding KB and BM, each of which is calculated
separately. The initial KM is, therefore, a function of the draft of the vessel.
On board a ship, the initial KM is obtained by consulting a table or graph,
supplied by the shipyard, wherein KM is indicated against draft.
TRANSVERSE STATICAL STABILITY
• Metacentric Height (GM) is the vertical distance between
the centre of gravity and the metacentre. GM is termed
positive when G is below M i.e., when KG is less than KM
and negative when G is above M i.e. when KG is greater
than KM. GM is illustrated in the next figure.
• Over small angles of heel, wherein KM may be considered
constant, GM also is considered constant and is referred to
as initial GM.
TRANSVERSE STATICAL STABILITY
• Righting Lever (GZ) When a vessel is heeled (inclined by an
external force), the force of buoyancy, acting vertically upwards
through the new position of COB, becomes separated from the force
of gravity, acting vertically upwards through the COG, by a horizontal
distance called the righting lever (GZ). GZ is illustrated by the
following figure.
• GZ normally increases as angle of heel increases until it reaches a
maximum value at some large angle of heel. Thereafter, GZ
decreases as angle of heel increases.
• For small angles of heel (up to about 15°), wherein KM, and hence
GM, may be considered constant, GZ = GM * SinꝊ in which Ꝋ is the
angle of heel and GM is the initial GM, as is apparent in the
following figure.
TRANSVERSE STATICAL STABILITY
TRANSVERSE STATICAL STABILITY

• For large angles of heel, GZ can be calculated by the

wall-sided formula: 𝐺𝑍 = 𝑆𝑖𝑛Ꝋ * (GM + 1Τ2 * BM * (𝑇𝑎𝑛Ꝋ)2 )
• This formula can be used whenever the ship's sides within the
immersed wedge and the emerged wedge are parallel i.e.,
until the deck edge goes under water. Ꝋ is the angle of heel,
GM the initial GM, and BM is the height of the initial
metacentre above the COB before heeling, as shown in the
following figure.
• On board ships, the value of GZ can be obtained for various
angles of heel by use of cross curves of stability (GZ curves or
KM curves). These curves are supplied by the shipyard.
TRANSVERSE STATICAL STABILITY
• K Keel
• G COG
• Ꝋ Angle of heel
• B COB before heeling
• B1 COB after heeling
• BB1 Sift of COB due to heeling
• M Transverse metacenter
• GM Metacentric Height
• GZ Righting Lever
• W Displacement [t]
• W*GZ Righting Moement
TRANSVERSE STATICAL STABILITY

• Righting Moment (RM) When a vessel is heeled (inclined by

an external force), the forces of gravity and buoyancy, being
equal and opposite, become separated by a horizontal
distance called the righting lever and form a couple which
tends to return the vessel to upright. The moment of this
couple is a measure of the tendency of the vessel to return to
upright and is hence called the righting moment or 'Moment
of statical stability’.
• 𝑅𝑀 = 𝑊 ∗ 𝐺𝑍 for all angles of heel.
• For small angles of heel, where GM may be considered
constant, 𝑅𝑀 = 𝑊 ∗ 𝐺𝑀 ∗ 𝑆𝑖𝑛Ꝋ for small angles of heel
TRANSVERSE STATICAL STABILITY // TUTORIALS

• Q9.1 A ship of 10 000 t displacement has a GM of 0.4 m.

Calculate the moment of statical stability when she is heeled by 5°.
• Q9.2 A ship of 12 000 t displacement is heeled by 6°. If her
righting lever is then 0.1 m, find the moment of statical stability. If
her KM is 8.2 m, find her KG.
• Q9.3 When a ship of 14000 t displacement is heeled by 8°, her
moment of statical stability is 400 tm. If KG is 7.3 m, find KM.
• Q9.4 A ship of 8000 t displacement has KB 3.5 m, KM 6.5 m, and
KG 6 m. Find her moment of statical stability at 20° heel.
• Q9.5 A ship of 4000 t displacement has KG 5.1 m, KB 2.1 m, KM
5.5 m. Find the moment of statical stability when she heels 24°.
 10

FREE SURFACE EFFECT

FREE SURFACE EFFECT
• When a vessel with a slack (partly full) tank rolls at sea, the liquid in the
slack tank would move towards the lower side during each roll, thereby
causing the angle of roll and the period of roll to increase. Because the
vessel behaves as if her GM has been reduced, we say that a slack tank
causes a virtual loss of GM. This is called free surface effect (FSE).
• The virtual loss of GM can be calculated quite easily and is called free
surface correction (FSC). In order to indicate whether FSC has been applied
or not, the GM before subtracting FSC is called 'Solid GM' and after
subtracting FSC it is called 'Fluid GM’. In all stability calculations involving
GM, it is fluid GM that is used.
• FSC depends on the length and breadth (mainly breadth) of the slack tank.
The quantity of liquid in the slack tank makes only a very small difference.
FREE SURFACE
𝑖 𝑑𝑖
• FSC can be calculated by the formula; 𝐹𝑆𝐶 = ∗ where…
𝑉 𝑑𝑜
i is the moment of inertia (or second moment of area) of the slack tank
4 𝐿 ∗ 𝐵3
surface about its centre line, in 𝑚 . 𝑖 =
12
V is the volume of displacement of the ship, in 𝑚3 .
𝑑𝑖 is the density of liquid in the slack tank, in 𝑡𝑚−3 .
𝑑𝑜 is the density of water outside (in which the ship is floating), in 𝑡𝑚−3 .
FSC is the free surface correction in m, caused by this slack tank.
• Since displacement = volume of displacement * density of water displaced,
the denominator in the foregoing formula may be substituted by W, the
𝑖∗𝑑𝑖
displacement of the ship in tonnes. The formula then becomes; 𝐹𝑆𝐶 =
𝑊
FREE SURFACE EFFECT

• When several tanks are slack on a ship, the FSM of each tank is calculated
separately and then added together to obtain the total FSM. This total FSM
divided by the final W of the ship would give the total FSC of all the slack
tanks.
• On a ship, the 'i' of each tank about the tank’s centre-line is readily available
particulars supplied by the shipyard.
FREE SURFACE EFFECT // EXAMPLES

• Example 1
Given the following particulars of a ship, calculate her fluid GM:
W=10000t , KG=9.0m, KM=9.8m, moment of inertia of surface
of tank about its centre line =1242𝑚4 , RD of heavy fuel oil in the
tank =0.95.
• Example 2
The stability particulars of a ship indicate that, for her present condition, her
W=5532 t , KM=8.7m, 'i' of No.3 DBT about its centre line =1428𝑚4 . If No.3
DBT is partly full of DO of RD=0.88, and the ship's KG is 8.5m, calculate her
fluid GM.
FREE SURFACE EFFECT // EXAMPLES
• Example 3
A vessel has a displacement of 16635t, KM=8.25m, KG=7.4m. She has the
following tanks slack:
No.1 DBT containing SW RD=1.025, i=400𝑚4
No.3 Centre " HFO RD=0.95, i=1200𝑚4
No.4 Stbd " HFO RD=0.95, i=270𝑚4
No.5 Port " DO RD=0.88, i=180𝑚4
No.8 Port " FW RD=1, i=25𝑚4
No.8 Stbd " FW RD=1, i=15𝑚4 …, find her fluid GM.
• Example 4
On a vessel of 18000t displacement KM=8.9m, KG=8.3m, a DB tank is partly full of
FW. The tank surface is rectangular 20m long & 18m wide. Calculate her fluid GM.
FREE SURFACE EFFECT // EXAMPLES
• Example 5
On a vessel of 5000t displacement, KM=7.8m, KG=7.0m, No.2 port DB tank is partly full of
FW. If this tank is 15m long and 9m broad, find the fluid GM.
• Example 6
On a ship of 10000t displacement, No.3 DB tank is partly full of SW. If the tank is 20m
long and is 18m wide from shipside to shipside, calculate the FSC caused.
• Example 7
Same ship as example 6, except that No.3 DB tank has a watertight centre girder dividing
it into port and starboard tanks of equal breadth. Find the FSC when both, P&S tanks are
slack.
• Example 8
Same ship as example 6, except that No.3 DB tank is divided into three watertight tanks
(P, S & C) of equal breadth. Find the FSC when all three tanks are slack.
• Example 9
Same ship as example 6, except that No.3 DB tank is divided into four identical watertight
tanks (Psd-Out, Psd-In, Stbd-In, Stbd-Out). Find the FSC when all four tanks are slack.
FREE SURFACE EFFECT // EXAMPLES
• Example 10
A vessel of 10000t displacement, KM=9.3m, KG=7.3m, has two rectangular,
identical deeptanks, Psd and Stbd, each 15m long, 10m wide and 8m deep.
The starboard deep tank is full of SW while the port deep tank is empty.
Calculate the GM of the ship when one quarter of the water in the starboard
deep tank is transferred to the port deep tank.
FREE SURFACE EFFECT // TUTORIALS
• Q10.1 On a ship of 5000t displacement, a tank is partly full of DO
of RD=0.88. If the moment of inertia of the tank about its centre line
is 242𝑚4 , find the FSC.
• Q10.2 If the tank in question 1 was partly full of SW instead of DO,
find the FSC.
• Q10.3 On a ship of W6000 t, KM 7.4 m, KG 6.6 m, a double bottom
tank of i 1200 m4 is partly full of FW. Find the GM fluid.
• Q10.4 Given the following particulars, find the GM fluid: W =8800 t,
tank of i =1166 m4 is partly full of HFO of RD 0.95, KM 10.1 m, KG
9.0 m.
• Q10.5 On a vessel of W 16000 t, No 4 port DB tank 20 m long and 8
m wide is partly full of DW ballast of RD 1.010. Find the FSC.
FREE SURFACE EFFECT // TUTORIALS
• Q10.6 A vessel has a deeptank on the starboard side 12 m long 9 m wide
which is partly full of coconut oil of RD 0.72. If W =12000 t. KM = 9 m and
KG = 8.5 m, find the GM fluid.
• Q10.7 A vessel displacing 8000 t, has a rectangular deep tank 10 m long 8
m wide and 9 m deep full of SW. The KM is 7 m and KG 6.2 m. Find the GM
when 1/3 of this tank is pumped out.
• Q10.8 A ship of W 5000 t has a DB tank 16 m long, 10m wide and 4 m deep
which is empty. KM is 7.2 m and KG 7.0 m. Find the GM fluid if 400 t of oil of
RD 0.95 are received in it.
• Q10.9 A vessel has two deep tanks, port and starboard, each 12 m long, 5
m wide and 8 m deep. The port side is full of SW while the starboard side is
empty. W = 9840 t, KM = 8.5 m, KG =8.0 m. Calculate the GM fluid if SW is
transferred from P to S until each tank has equal quantity of ballast.
FREE SURFACE EFFECT // TUTORIALS
• Q10.10 Ship displacing 10000 t has KM 9.9 m. The following is her
present condition;

If the final KG is
8.954 m, find the
Final GM fluid.
FREE SURFACE EFFECT // TUTORIALS
• Q10.11 Vessel in same condition as in question 10, transfers some HFO from No.1 DBT
to No.2 P such that No.2 P becomes full, while No.1 remains partly full. Find the
resultant GM fluid if the final KG is 8.950 m.
• Q10.12 Vessel in same condition as in question 10, transfers SW ballast from FP into No
35 and into AP, such that No 35 becomes full while FP and AP remain partly full. Find the
GM fluid if final KG is 8.880m.
• Q10.13 Vessel in same condition as in question 10, consumes the following while on
passage: All the HFO (200t) from No 1 DB & Half the HFO (i.e. 100t) from No 3 C & All the
FW from No.4 P & S (Total 200t). Find the fluid GM on arrival at the next port.
• Q10.14 Vessel in same condition as in question 10, consumes the following on a
passage: All HFO (i.e. 150t) from No 2 Port.
Part HFO (i.e. 50t) from No 3 C.
All FW (i.e. 100t) from No 4 S.
Find the GM fluid on arrival port.
FREE SURFACE EFFECT // TUTORIALS
• Q10.15 Vessel in same condition as in question 10, loads 1000t cargo in No.2 LH KG 4m;
2000t cargo in No.4 LH KG 5m. Find the final GM fluid, given that the final KM is 10m.
• Q10.16 A ship of 5000t displacement has a DB tank 18m long and 12m wide, partly full
of SW. Find the FSC in the following cases;
(a) If the tank is undivided.
(b) If the tank is divided into 2 identical P & S watertight divisions and
(i) both sides are slack (ii) only one side is slack.
(c) If the tank is divided into 3 P, S & C identical watertight divisions and
(i) all three of these are slack. (ii) Only two of these are slack.
(iii) Only one of these is slack.
(d) If the tank is divided into 4 identical watertight divisions P.in, P.out, S.in, S.out and
(i) All four of these are slack. (ii) Any three of these are slack.
(iii) Any two of these are slack. (iv) Anyone of these is slack.
FREE SURFACE EFFECT // TUTORIALS
• Q10.17 A ship of 10000t displacement has a fresh water DB tank which is 20m long and
divided into P, S & C watertight divisions. The P & S divisions are each 4 m wide, while
the C division is 12m wide. Calculate the FSC in the following cases:
(a) Only the port side tank is slack.
(b) Both port and stbd tanks are slack.
(c) Only the centre tank is slack.
(d) All three tanks are slack.
(e) If all the three divisions formed one undivided tank 20m broad.
• Q10.18 A ship has a very small GM. It is decided to fill up SW ballast, one tank at a
time, in six tanks whose particulars are:
State the order in which the tanks must be
filled so as to keep FSC at a minimum at all times.
FREE SURFACE EFFECT // TUTORIALS
• Q10.19 An unstable vessel is at her angle of loll. The following tanks are
available for SW ballast:
If it is decided to ballast three tanks
with SW, one at a time, state what order
should be followed so as to keep FSE to
a minimum.

• Q10.20 A vessel of W=8000t, KM=7.9 m, KG 7m, has a tank 15m long and
12m wide, partly full of HFO of RD=0.95.
(a) Find her moment of statical stability at 6° heel.
(b) If her BM is 4.9 m, find statical stability at 20° that she is wall-sided.
11

LIST
LIST
• List is the transverse inclination caused when the COG of the ship is off the centre line.
• For a ship to be in static equilibrium, the forces of buoyancy and gravity must cancel each other out. In
other words, for a ship to be in static equilibrium,
• the force of buoyancy must equal the force of gravity and
• the COB and COG of the ship must be in a vertical line, as illustrated in following figure A.
• If the COG is moved out of the centre
line of the ship, due to asymmetrical
loading or discharging or due to
transverse shift of weights aboard as
shown in figure B,
• the ship will sink or rise as necessary
until the force of buoyancy equals the
force of gravity and
• the forces of buoyancy and gravity
will form a couple which will cause
the ship to incline until the COB comes vertically below the COG as illustrated in figure C.
LIST
• In the foregoing figures, 𝐺𝐺1 is the transverse shift of COG.
The couple formed by the forces of gravity and buoyancy
causes the ship to incline. As the ship inclines, the COB shifts
to the lower side, as explained in chapter 9, and when it
comes vertically under 𝐺1 , the ship would be in static
equilibrium. The angle of inclination at which this happens
is the list Ꝋ in figure C.
• In the right-angled triangle 𝑀𝐺𝐺1 ; In order to calculate the angle of list
systematically, the following order of work is suggested:
a. Find the final listing moment. b. Find the final displacement.
𝑤1 ∗𝑑1 + 𝑤2 ∗𝑑2 + 𝑤3 ∗𝑑3 +⋯
𝐹𝐿𝑀 = c. Find the final fluid GM.
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑊
𝐺𝐺1 𝑤∗𝑑
d. Apply the list formula 𝑡𝑎𝑛Ꝋ =
𝐺𝑀
=
𝑊∗𝐺𝑀
LIST // EXAMPLES
• Example 1
On a ship of W=5000t, GM=0.8m, 40t of cargo is shifted transversely by 10m. Find the list.
• Example 2
On a ship of W=8000t, KG=7m, KM=7.5m, 100t of cargo is loaded on the upper deck
(KG=9.2m) 2m to port off the centre line. Find the list.
• Example 3
A ship of W=10000t, KM=7m, KG=6m works cargo as follows:
Loads 800t in No.2 LH (KG=3.75m) 4m to port of the centre line.
Loads 600t in No.4 LH (KG=6m) 8m to starboard of the centre line.
Discharges 400t from upper deck (KG=10m) 2m to port of the centre line.
If her free surface moment is 4400tm, find the final
list.
• Example 4
A ship of W=8000t, GM=0.6m, is listed 5° to starboard. How many tonnes of HFO must be
transferred from No.2 S to No.2 P to upright the vessel, if the centres of the tanks are 7m apart?
• Example 5
A ship of W=15000t, KM=9m, KG=8.7m is listed 10° to port. She now loads 150t of cargo 7m
above the keel and 4m to starboard of the centre line. Find the final list.
LIST // EXAMPLES
• Example 6
A ship of W=16000t, KM=9m, KG=8m is listed 7° to starboard. She then works cargo
as follows: Loads 1600t cargo KG=4.5m, 5m to port.
Loads 1400t cargo KG=8m, 4.5m to stbd.
Discharges 1000t KG=6.5m, 1m from stbd.
Find how many tonnes of ballast must be transferred transversely to upright the
vessel, if the P & S tank-centres are 10m apart.
• Example 7
A ship displacing 9000t has KM=8.7m, KG=7.2m.
She is now listed 8° to port. She has port and
starboard deep tanks, each 10m long, 10m wide
and 8m deep. The port side deep tank, which
was full of SW, is pumped out until its sounding
is 2 m. Assuming that no other tanks on the ship
are slack, find the final list.
LIST // EXAMPLES
• Example 8
A ship of 15000t displacement, KM=8.6m, KG=7m, is to discharge a 100t heavy lift from the
centre line of No.2 LH (KG=2m) by her jumbo derrick whose head is 20m above the keel. The
FSM is 1000tm. Find the list caused when the derrick swings the weight 14m away from the
centre line.
• Example 9
A ship of 8000t displacement has a mean draft of 7.8m and is to be loaded to a mean draft of
8m. Her GM=0.8m and TPC=20. She is listed 4° to starboard at present. How much cargo should
be loaded into the port and starboard 'tween decks (centres 5m & 6m off the centre line
respectively) for the ship to complete loading and finish upright.
• Example 10
A ship of W=11000t, KM=7.4m, and KG=6m is listed 4° to port. A heavy lift weighting 150t is to
be discharged from No.3 LH using the ship's jumbo derrick whose head is 23m above the keel
and whose base is on the centre line. While in No.3 LH, the COG of the weight is 3m above the
keel and 5m to port of the centre line. Find the list at each of the following stages:
i) As soon as the derrick picks up the load from the LH.
ii) When the derrick has swung the load 15m to starboard of the centre line.
iii) After discharging the weight.
LIST // TUTORIALS
• Q11.1 On a ship of W=5000t, GM=0.3m, 20t was shifted transversely by 5m. Find list.
• Q11.2 On a ship of W=8000t, GM=2m, if the following transverse shifting were done,
find. the list: 200t cargo shifted 4m to stbd
100t cargo shifted 2m to port
100t cargo shifted4m to port
50t stores shifted 20m to stbd
• Q11.3 If 200t of cargo was shifted downwards by 10m and to starboard by 5m on a
ship of W=10000t, KG=7m, KM=7.4m, find the list.
• Q11.4 A quantity of grain estimated to be 100t shifts transversely by 12m and upwards
by 1.5m, on a ship of W=12000t, GM=1.2m. Find the list caused.
• Q11.5 A ship displaces 4950t and has KG=4.85m, KM=5.79m. Cargo weighing 50t is
loaded 1.25=m above the keel and 4m to port of the centre line. Find the list.
LIST // TUTORIALS
• Q11.6 A weight of 100t is discharged from a position 2.45m above the keel and 6m to
port of the centre line of a ship of W=10000t, KM=8.25m, KG=7.45m. Find the list.
• Q11.7 A ship of 10000t displacement, KG=8.3m
carries out the following cargo operations:
If the final KM is 9.6 m, find the list.

• Q11.8 A ship of W=9000t, KG=8.3m loads 600t of cargo (KG=4.0m, 3m to port of the
centre line) and discharges 400t of cargo (KG=9m, from 5m to port of the centre line).
200t of cargo is then shifted upwards by 5m and to starboard by 8m. 300t of cargo is
then is then shifted 1m downwards and 4m port. Find the list if the final KM=8.95m.
• Q11.9 A ship of W=18000t, KG=7.75m, discharges 1500t (6m above the keel and 3m
port of the centre line) and loads 500t (10m above the keel and 4m port of the centre
line). Cargo was then shifted as follows: 500t upwards 2m and to starboard 4m & 800t
downwards 2m and to port 3m. If the final KM is 8.935 m, find the list.
LIST // TUTORIALS
• Q11.10 A ship listed 8° to port, displaces 12000t and has KM=7.54m and KG=6.8m. Find
how many tonnes of SW ballast must be transferred from No.2 port DB tank to No.2 stbd
DB tank, to upright in vessel, if the tank-centres are 10m apart.
• Q11.11 A ship displacing 4000t has GM=1m (KM=10m & KG=9m) and is listed 10° to
port. If 16000t of cargo is now loaded on the centre line and the final GM=1m (KM=9m &
KG=8m), state whether the list would change. If yes, find the new list.
• Q11.12 A ship of W=10000t, GM=1.5m , is listed 5° to stbd. If cargo is shifted vertically
until her final GM=0.5m, state whether the list would change. If yes, find the new list.
• Q11.13 A ship of W=8500t, KM=9m, KG=8.3m, is listed 8.5° to stbd. The following cargo
operations were carried out: 200t discharged KG=4m from 5m stbd of CL.
300t discharged KG=5m from 2m port of CL.
100t loaded KG=2m, 4m to stbd of CL.
200t shifted up by 2m and port by 3m. If
the final KM is 9.3m, find the final list.
LIST // TUTORIALS
• Q11.14 A ship of 15000t displacement, KG=8.7m, KM=9.5m, is listed 10° to port. The
following cargo work was carried out: 500t loaded, KG=8m, 5m stbd of CL & 300t
discharged, KG=4m, 4m port of CL. Find the quantity of SW ballast that must be
transferred transversely to bring the vessel upright, the tank centres being 12m apart.
• Q11.15 A bulk carrier presently of 12250t, KM=9.8m, KG=9m has a list of 6.5° to
starboard. She then loads 1250t of ore (KG=8m, 2m to stbd of centre line) and discharges
250t of ore (KG=2m, 5m from starboard of centre line). 160t of SW ballast is then
transferred from the stbd shoulder tank to the port DB tank (vertically downwards by 9m
and transversely by 10m). Find the final list, assuming that there are no slack tanks, given
that the final KM is 9.6m.
• Q11.16 From a ship of W=8000t, KM=8.6m, KG=8m, some deck cargo was washed
overboard (KG=10m, 8m from the centre line). If the resultant list is 3°, find the quantity
of cargo lost.
LIST // TUTORIALS

• Q11.17 A ship of W=16000t, KM=7.5m, KG=6m, TPC=25, is listed 3° to port. Her present
mean draft is 8.6m and she is to finish loading at 8.8m mean draft. Space is available 5m
off the centre line, on either side. State how much cargo must be stowed on either side
to finish upright.
• Q11.18 A ship displacing 12000t has KM=9m, KG=7.25m. A 200t heavy-lift is to be
loaded by ship's jumbo whose head is 24 m above the keel. Find;
(i) The list as soon as the derrick picks up the weight from the wharf on the stbd side
with an outreach of 15m.
(ii) The list when the weight is placed on the upper deck KG=10m, 7m to stbd of the
centre line.
LIST // TUTORIALS
• Q11.19 A ship of W=10000t, KM=7.3m, KG=6.8m, is listed 5° to port. A heavy-lift
weighing 100t, lying 6m to port of the centre line and KG=10m, is to be shifted to the
lower hold KG=2m on the centre line of the ship, by the ship's jumbo derrick whose head
is 28m above the keel. Find; (i) The list as soon as the derrick takes the load.
(ii) List when derrick swings the load to the centre line.
(iii) The list after the shifting is over.
• Q11.20 A ship of W=13000t, KM=8.75m, KG=8m, has a list of 6° to starboard. A heavy-
lift weighing 150t, .lying on the upper deck 9m above the keel and 5m to stbd of the
centre line, is to be discharged using the ship's jumbo derrick whose head is 22m above
the keel. Calculate; (i) The list as soon as the load is taken by the derrick.
(ii) When the load is hanging over the port side of the ship with an
outreach of 10m from the centre line.
(iii) After discharging the heavy-lift.
LIST // TUTORIALS

• Q11.21 A ship of 10000t displacement is floating in SW and has KM of 10.8m and KG of

9m. She is listing 10° to stbd. She has two rectangular deep tanks, one on either side,
each 12m long, 12m wide and 9m deep. The stbd tank is full of FW while the port one is
empty. If FW is to be transferred from the stbd tank to the port one, find;
(i) the quantity of FW to transfer to bring the ship upright.
(ii) the list if one third of the original FW in the stbd tank is transferred to the port tank.
• Q11.22 On a ship 8000t displacement. 50t is shifted transversely by 4m. Find the list if
the total FSM is 1216tm, KM=7m, KG=6.4m.
• Q11.23 A ship has W=10000t, KM=7.8m, KG=7.075m, and is upright. No .3 port and stbd
DB tanks are full of HFO RD=0.95. Each tank is rectangular, 15m long, 12m wide and 2m
deep. Find the list when HFO is consumed from No.3 stbd until the sounding is 1.2m.
LIST // TUTORIALS

• Q11.24 A vessel displacing 9000t has KM=8.02m, KG=7.5m, and is upright. She loads
250t KG=12m, 3m to stbd of the centre line; loads 1000t KG=3m, 1m to port of the
centre line; discharges 250t KG=8m, 2m to stbd of the centre line & 100t of cargo is then
shifted transversely 3m to stbd. If the total FSM is 1200tm, calculate the final list.
• Q11.25 A ship of 14000t displacement, KM=9m, KG=7.8m, has a total FSM of 2100tm
and is listed 8° to port. How many tonnes must be shifted transversely by 10m to upright
the ship?
 12

TRIM
TRIM

• Trim may be considered as the longitudinal equivalent of list. Trim is also known as
‘longitudinal stability’. Instead of trim being measured in degrees it is measured as the
difference between the drafts forward and aft.
• If difference is zero then the ship is on even keel. If forward draft is greater than aft draft,
the vessel is trimming by the bow. If aft draft is greater than the forward draft, the vessel is
trimming by the stern.
• Consider a ship to be floating at rest in still water and on an even keel as shown in Figure
12.1. The centre of gravity (G) and the centre of buoyancy (B) will be in the same vertical
line and the ship will be displacing her own weight of water. So 𝑊 = 𝑏
TRIM
TRIM

• Now let a weight ‘w’, already on board, be shifted aft through a distance ‘d’, as shown in
Figure 16.1. This causes the centre of gravity of the ship to shift from G to G1, parallel to the
𝑤∗𝑑
shift of the centre of gravity of the weight shifted, so that 𝐺𝐺1 = or 𝑊 ∗ 𝐺𝐺1 = 𝑤 ∗ 𝑑.
𝑊
Therefor, Trimming Moment is 𝑇𝑀 = 𝑤 ∗ 𝑑
• The ship will now trim until the centres of gravity and buoyancy are again in the same
vertical line, as shown in Figure 12.2. When trimmed, the wedge of buoyancy 𝐿𝐹𝐿1 emerges
and the wedge 𝑊𝐹𝑊1 is immersed.
• Since the ship, when trimmed, must displace the same weight of water as when on an even
keel, the volume of the immersed wedge must be equal to the volume of the emerged
wedge and F, the point about which the ship trims, is the centre of gravity of the water-
plane area. The point F is called the ‘centre of flotation’ or ‘tipping centre’.
TRIM
TRIM
• A vessel with a rectangular water-plane has its centre of flotation on the centre line
amidships but, on a ship, it may be a little forward or abaft amidships, depending on the
shape of the water-plane.
• The longitudinal metacentre (𝑀𝐿 ) is the point of intersection between the verticals through
the longitudinal positions of the centres of buoyancy. The vertical distance between the
centre of gravity and the longitudinal metacentre (𝐺𝑀𝐿 ) is called the longitudinal
metacentric height. 𝐵𝑀𝐿 is the height of the longitudinal metacentre above the centre of
𝑖𝐿
buoyancy and is found for any shape of vessel by the formula: 𝐵𝑀𝐿 = 𝐺𝑀𝐿 = .
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑤
Where 𝑖𝐿 is the longitudinal second moment of the water-plane about the centre of
𝐵∗𝐿3
floatation, and is found by 𝑖𝐿 = where B and L represents the breadth and length of the
12
𝐵∗𝐿3
12 𝐿2
water-plane respectively. Combining the 2 formulas will result to 𝐵𝑀𝐿 = = only
𝐿∗𝐵∗𝑑 12∗𝑑
𝐿2
for ships having a rectangular water-plane. Similarly, 𝐵𝑀𝐿 = for triangular prism ships.
6∗𝑑
TRIM

• The MCT 1cm, or MCTC, is the moment required to change trim by 1cm, and may be
𝑊∗𝐺𝑀𝐿
calculated by using the formula: 𝑀𝐶𝑇𝐶 = . Therefor the total change of trim
100∗𝐿𝐵𝑃
𝑇𝑀
∆𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑚 = ∆𝑑𝐹 + ∆𝑑𝐴 =
𝑀𝐶𝑇𝐶
• It should be well-understood that in case of box-shaped vessel, the F is located at the
midship, thus change of drafts forward equals change of draft aft ∆𝑑𝐹 = ∆𝑑𝐴 . However, if
the F was off-midship,
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡.𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐹𝑃 𝑡𝑜 𝐹 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡.𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴𝑃 𝑡𝑜 𝐹
the ∆𝑑𝐹 = ∗ ∆𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑚 and ∆𝑑𝐴 = ∗ ∆𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑚
𝐿𝐵𝑃 𝐿𝐵𝑃
• In cases where a weight already onboard is shifted along the ship, the only change in drafts
forward and aft are ∆𝑑𝐹 and ∆𝑑𝐴 . However, if a weight is either loaded or discharged, the
final drafts must account for bodily sinkage or rise, since the overall weight is changed.
TRIM// TUTORIALS

• Q12.1 A ship 126 m long is floating at drafts of 5.5 m F and 6.5 m A. The centre of flotation
is 3 m aft of amidships. MCT 1cm 240 tonnes m. Displacement 6000 tonnes. Find the new
drafts if a weight of 120 tonnes already on board is shifted forward a distance of 45 metres.
• Q12.2 A box-shaped vessel 90m 10m 6 m floats in salt water on an even keel at 3 m draft F
and A. Find the new drafts if a weight of 64 tonnes already on board is shifted a distance of
40 metres aft.
• Q12.3 A ship 90 m long is floating at drafts 4.5 m F and 5.0mA. The centre of flotation is
1.5 m aft of amidships. TPC 10 tonnes. MCT 1 cm. 120 tonnes m. Find the new drafts if a
total weight of 450 tonnes is loaded in a position 14 m forward of amidships.
TRIM// TUTORIALS

• Q12.4 A box-shaped vessel 40m 6m 3 m is floating in salt water on an even keel at 2 m

draft F and A. Find the new drafts if a weight of 35 tonnes is discharged from a position 6 m
from forward. MCT 1cm 8.4 tonnes m.
• Q12.5 A ship 100 m long arrives in port with drafts 3 m F and 4.3m A. TPC 10 tonnes. MCT
1 cm 120 tonnes m. The centre of flotation is 3 m aft of amidships. If 80 tonnes of cargo is
loaded in a position 24 m forward of amidships and 40 tonnes of cargo is discharged from 12
m aft of amidships, what are the new drafts?
TRIM// TUTORIALS
• Q12.6 A ship of 6000 tonnes displacement has drafts 7 m F and 8 m A. MCT 1 cm 100
tonnes m, TPC 20 tonnes, centre of flotation is amidships;
500 tonnes of cargo is discharged from each of the following four holds:
No. 1 hold, centre of gravity 40 m forward of amidships
No. 2 hold, centre of gravity 25 m forward of amidships
No. 3 hold, centre of gravity 20 m aft of amidships
No. 4 hold, centre of gravity 50 m aft of amidships
The following bunkers are also loaded:
150 tonnes at 12 m forward of amidships
50 tonnes at 15 m aft of amidships
Find the new drafts forward and aft.
TRIM// TUTORIALS

• Q12.7 A ship arrives in port trimmed 25 cm by the stern. The centre of flotation is
amidships. MCT 1 cm 100 tonnes m. A total of 3800 tonnes of cargo is to be discharged from
4 holds, and 360 tonnes of bunkers loaded in No. 4 double bottom tank; 1200 tonnes of the
cargo is to be discharged from No. 2 hold and 600 tonnes from No. 3 hold. Find the amount
to be discharged from Nos. 1 and 4 holds if the ship is to complete on an even keel.
Centre of gravity of No. 1 hold is 50 m forward of the centre of flotation
Centre of gravity of No. 2 hold is 30 m forward of the centre of flotation
Centre of gravity of No. 3 hold is 20 m abaft of the centre of flotation
Centre of gravity of No. 4 hold is 45 m abaft of the centre of flotation
Centre of gravity of No. 4 DB tank is 5 m abaft of the centre of flotation
 ‫ي‬‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ع‬‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا حل‬
‫مد لله رب ا ن‬

Thanks for your hard work.

Stay stable and afloat,,, DR. ALAA KHAWAJA