POWER SYSTEM-I Basic Concepts 2 Generation of Electric Power 7 Indian Electricity Rule 30 Overhead Transmission Line 31 Overhead Line Construction 61 Insulators 70 Corona 91 Underground Cables 101 Performance of Lines 121 Tariff 142 Miscellaneous 147UBLICATI BASIC CONCEPTS 1. The surge impedance of a 50 miles long underground cable is 25 0. Fo, . miles length it will be DWBUT 2049) a) 509 b) 1000. ¢) 250 4) 2009 Answer: (a) 2. In an interconnected grid system, the diversity factor of the whole system [MODEL QUEST a) increases b) decreases a c) remains constant d) None of these Answer: (a) 3. In inter connected grid system the connection of several generating stations are made in [MODEL QUESTION, a) series b) parallel c) series-parallel d) delta-star Answer: (a) 4. In interconnected stations [MODEL QUESTION] a) the maximum demand on the system is much reduced b) the diversity factor of the system is improved ¢) there is overall increase of the effective capacity of the system d) all of these Answer: (d) §. Diversity factor is always (MODEL. aurea a)1 0) c) greater than 1 ) Answer: (c) 6. A reversible turbine-pump operation is used [MODEL QUESTION a) pumped storage plant b) thermal power plant c) nuclear power plant d) None of these Answer: (a) 7. Amodern power system comprises [MODEL QUESTION 4) large number of element any system interconnected by tie lines. b) complex electrical network grid spread-over a large geographical regio! ) synchronous machines to run in synchronism d) All of these Answer: (d) PSI-2Long Answer Type 1 what is the definition of power system? [MODEL QUESTION] Answere sem is a network which consists generation, distribution and transmission The Pov es the form of energy (ike coal and diesel) and conver it into electrical Sst he. power system. includes. the devices connected to the system like enetEY nous generator, motor, transformer, circuit breaker, conductor, ete. thes yeever plant, transformer, transmission line, substations, distribution line, and darbation transformer are the six main components of the power system. The power fant generates the power which is step-up or step-down through the transformer for transmission. A k Distribution system Generating “Transmission Bae pe transmission Uy system ae ‘wansformer HED ‘Step-down (fansformer| Industries Structure of power system Pa ‘petarsmission line transfers the power to the various substations. Through substation, : Power is transferred to the distribution transformer which ‘step-down the power to the propriate Value which is suitable for the consumers. 2 Describe the evolution of power system and present day scenario. Answer: [MODEL QUESTION} Evolution: et changing ctmology Was founded on the remarkable discovery by Faraday that a most cgenst® flux creates an electric field. Out of that discovery, grew the largest lie withoup eeu“ engineering achievement of man: the electric power system, Indeed, bhffastucree ecticity is now unimaginable. Electric power systems form the basic tes in, Beet 4 country. Even as we read this, electrical energy is being produced at Phning at spect hundreds of giga-watts (1 GW. = 1,000,000,000 W). Giant rotors Peds up to’3000 rotations per minute bring us the energy stored in’the PSI-3,So POPULAR PUBLICATIONS potential energy of water, ori fossil fuels Yet we notice electricity only when th i, out! While the basic features of the electrical power system have remained Practical unchanged in the past century, there are some significant milestones in the ¢ : electrical power systems: «First complete DC power system built by Edison (1882): Incandescent an supplied by steam driven DC generators (electrical cable system at I1oyy"™ customers spread over an approximate area with 1.5 km radius. 9 * Development of transformers led to supersession of DC systems by AC system, © Nikola Tesla - polyphase induction motors: led to development of AC 3 pha systems. Interconnection of systems led to standardization of frequency, 60 Hz in Nonh America and 50 Hz in most other countries. Use of higher and higher voltae levels (up to 1000 kV line-line rms AC). Standardization of voltage levels, * Development of Mercury Arc Valves, and subsequently thyristors led to high voltage de transmission (HVDC): DC transmission suited for very long distance bulk transmission and underwater cable links. First commercial DC link in 1954. Several new developments: Gas turbines, static excitation systems, fast acting circuit breakers, microprocessor based relaying, use of communication technologies etc, © Need for AL AMifilal Indl beoenke ‘of AC transmission systems by use of high power electronic converters suggested. Several such converters are now in operation. ‘Volution of Structure: Present day power systems are characterised by: i AC generation (3 phase synchronous machines using hydro, fossil and nuclear as primary energy sources) AC transmission (a limited number of DC transmission links are present in some systems) 3 phase AC utilization (some loads are sirigle phase, but they a usually distributed equally in all phases to obtain a balanced system). The transmission network consists of an extra high voltage (220 kV and above) lines interconnecting large generators to major load centers. These lines are capable 0! transmitting large amounts of power over large distances (1000 km is not unusual!). , For example, several 400 kV lines may be required to transmit, say, 2000 MW from large thermal power plant to a distant load center. later Note: high voltage dc lines are suitable if distances are very large (we shall see wih “ in the course). Generators, typically having terminal voltages of around 15 KV a0 connected to these EHV lines via transformers. Interconnecting transformers © EHV lines at different voltage levels (they are usually auto-transformers). kv ae A sub-transmission network, consisting of transmission lines at 66 kV and 192 Fi used to deliver power received from EHV network to various distribution subs PSI-4 pa aPOWER SYSTEM-1 4 dstibution network consisting of lines at less than 66 kV are used to transfer Finally, ach consumer. ee ee system may also be connected to neighbouring power systems via ac A Fp nso” dks. The power exchange between such neighbours i usually regulated. s,whatis Bulk Power Grid? [MODEL QUESTION] AL power system (BPS) is a large interonnected electrical system made up of trenton and transmission facilities and their control systems. A BPS does not include ies used in the local distribution of electric energy. If a bulk power system is disrupted, the effects are felt in more than one location. Thepower gridis a network for delivering electricity to consumers. The power grid includes generator stations, transmission lines and towers, and individual consumer distribution lines. itis a highly-complex interconnected system. The critical strategic assets that make up the power grid include rotating machinery, transformers, circuit breakers, protective devices, transmission and distribution lines and towers, control centers, and substations. 4, What is Microgrid? Why microgrids are good for utilities? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: 1" Part: ‘Microgrids that incorporate renewable generation often. include energy storage systems that provide benefits to the grid in terms of frequency and voltage stabilization. These Storage systems also can serve as a source of reserve power to reduce peak demands on substations and the bulk power transmission system. In addition, microgrids with energy storage provide a means of dispatching renewable energy at the times it is most needed independent of the daily cycles of sun and wind. ™ Part; There ae two tobe reall ) main reasons microgrids can work for utilities and not against them. First, Sconomically feasible, a microgrid’s generation must provide savings over current “nergy tariffs. Increased reliability and resiliency come at a cost, however, and rast ie Bee that cost. To justify passing costs along to consumers, those costs ats by improved power quality and a substantial reduction in unplanned Miropsid ee What generally clinches the economic incentives for constructing a with, : : euuiies created by energy storage, CHP systems, and, in places Parsons, and solar potential and renewable energy incentives, lower it Misrogiqe ms '© an undertaking as complex as designing, installing and maintaining a tle uty een will be just as eager to tur those tasks over to a large, communist) af 10 tum over payroll, office information technology and laps inguc NS © large, capable providers in those fields. Most customers, Ones, don’t want to be in the power business, and they shouldn’t be. PSI-5S| They simply want to lower their energy costs while improving reliability, 1, ‘ownership of microgrids allow customers to accomplish these goals in g Wann) incorporates new technology while maintaining the traditional utility moje? tit distributor of energy to the customer. re a Secondly, microgrids are also proving to be helpful for utilities to reduce the coy maintaining reliable service. “of AS microgrid technology, reliability and costs improve, utilities and regulators sey ‘i misrogridscan bea cost-effective ltemative to transmission upgrades or redundaryr't addition, they can deliver utiity-scale benefits, such as supporting stan i deployments and lowering line loss in challenging service areas. brid In years to come, we can see customized deployments of microgrids becomin, increasingly popular, proven altemative to conventional transmission and distibuig upgrades. In states that have restructured utilities to separate power Seneration from, energy delivery, laws must be amended to clarify how much generation, in the context ot a microgrid, a restructured utility is allowed to own, and when utilities are allowed to install microgrids outside their home service territories, such as to serve a multi-location customer. These changes are simply negotiations, however, not deal-killers, At the highest level, utility business models are already evolving, as they must. A process of redefining what “utility,” “grid” and “generation” mean in the context of 2017 energy delivery is already underway thanks to thousands of residential customers installing rooftop PV: Microgrids are simply the next wave of that redefinition. The distribution system, once a linear one-way pipeline from substation to customer is being transformed Into a bidirectional system. Connecting/a\network of energy customers and producers much in the way the bulk power transmission system presently works. Utilities must revise their business model to reflect these foundational changes and extract revenue based on providing the capacity to transmit power as opposed to a flat cost of energy t0 consumers. Time of day rates are key to this business model both for utilities andthe microgrid customers. Utilities and regulators are well into working through how to prise the value those customers will place on maintaining a connection to the utility grid. The opportunity to deploy projects that serve cuistomers and rationalize network reliability make the upgrade costs associated microgrids worth the mega-opportunity the) provide electric utilities. i Microgrids that incorporate renewable generation often include energy storage syste that provide benefits to the grid in terms of frequency and voltage stabilization. PULAR PUBLI f PSI-6)WER SYS GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER ahydroelectric plant, spillways are used [MODEL QUESTION] reduce the pressure swings in the conduit leading water to turbine ‘arp corners and abrupt contractions at the head of ai 4.In a)to jt avoid sh head works ¢) to discharge the surplus water from the storage reservoir into the river on the down-stream side of the dam d) None of these ‘Answer: (c) 2.Forhigh head hydroelectric plants, the turbine used is [MODEL QUESTION] a) reaction turbine b) Pelton wheel take in ¢) Francis turbine d) Kaplan turbine Answer: (b) 3. Concrete penstocks are suitable for [MODEL QUESTION] a)highheads b) medium heads _c) low heads (<30m) Answer: (c) 4.The cheapest plant in operation and maintenance is [MODEL QUESTION] 4) diesel power b) steam power ¢) hydroelectric power d) nuclear power Answer: (c) 5. Surge tank is provided for the protection of [MODEL QUESTION] 4) Penstock b) Governor c) Ecomiser d) None of these Answer: (a) 6 tag roeletrc generating station is supplied for a reservoir of capacity 5x10° tres at a head of 200 meters. The total energy available in kWh if the ov en? SCS [MODEL QUESTION] °) Bane i b) 3.01x10*kWh Anon d) 1.95%10° kWh 7. Fine n 4) Kotg “2 Power plant in india was started at [MODEL QUESTION} er: (b) b) Tarapur c) Kalpakkam d) Narora PSI-7 —~a LICATIONS 8. Nuclear power station is normally used for IMODEL Ques, ‘a)peakload —_b) base load ¢) average load d) anya Ty Answer: (b) “J 8. Of all the plants, minimum quantity of fuel required in [MODEL quggr, a) nuclear power plant b) hydro-electric power plant OM c) thermal power plant ) none of these Answer: (a) 10. The running cost of a nuclear power plant at the time of first time installa was approximately found to be about [MODEL QUEsTioy” a) 20 Paise per unit b) 40 Paise per unit N] c) 60 Paise per unit d) Rs.1 per unit Answer: (a) 11. The first nuclear power plant n the world was commissioned in [MODEL QUESTioy b) U.S.S.R. IN 1954 c) England ) China 12, The most simple and clean plant is [MODEL QUESTION) a) hydro-electric b) steam power c) nuclear power Answer: (a) 13. The heart of a nuclear power plant is the [MODEL QUESTION a) Nuclear reactor b) Heat exchanger c) Nuclear fuel d) Control rod Answer: (a) 14. Demand factor is [MODEL QUESTION) a) always greater than 1 b) always less than 4 c) of any value d) depends upon the system Answer: (b) 415. Efficiency of a thermal power plant is [MODEL QUESTION a) 40% b) 60% c) 80% d) 30% Answer: (d) question 46. Power available in wind is proportional to [MODEL a) wind speed b) square of the wind speed peed c) cube of the wind speed d) fourth power of the wind $I Answer: (c) PSI-8 ae‘Short Answer Type Questions at are atomic number and mass number of an atom? [MODEL QUESTION] 4.Whi mee ig number Z1 isthe number of protons inthe nucleus. It identifies the chemical e us perties of the atom. i ass number of an atom, Al is the total number of protons and neutrons in its he a ons and eros in its nucleus together re called nucleons cleus. energy? [MODEL QUESTION] 2, What is. nuclear er an : ; ABET so, sectns ate revving indifferent ovis, These elton: ae hel in a ’Jectrostatic forces. The forces that hold the protons and neutrons inside their orbits by electrosta! ‘ - the nucleus are million times as strong as the electrostatic forces holding the electrons to the nucleus. : z will be released when an atom was split or when the found that enormous energy porieus was spit info two smaller nuclei. The energy, thus released is known as the dirnie energy or nuclear energy. The process of splitting the nuclear is called nuclear fusion, The schematic U"* fission can be seen in Fig. 1. It was Fission fragments Radiation Fission fragments, Fig: 1 Schematic of U>® fission ae is chain reaction? What is nuclear fission? [MODEL QUESTION] rs Wh 2 ne eae Bice Of uranium was split into smaller nuclei, two or three neutrons are om the splitting nucleus. Each neutron thus emitted can, when slowed down aie ice Cause another nucleus of uranium to split and release more energy, and still ee which can be used to split further nuclei and so on. Such a continuous lown as chain reaction in nuclear field. PSI-9—— ll POPULAR PUBLICATIONS By chain reaction, continuous release of energy in the form of heat wit) take process of splitting the nucleus of an atom is called fission process. Place Thy 4 2) What is nuclear fusion? [MopeL ini : x SUESTIog ‘Nuclear fusion is the process of forcing and combining together two light ato, a heavier one. Fusion reaction creates much more heat than fission, 5 (0 tale b) What is m [mop) Answer: i QUESTION Ina reactor, for the chain reaction to sustain, enough fuel must be as: so that the neutrons released due to the reaction will have a go another fuel nucleus to split. For the chain reaction to be maintai ‘quantity must exceed a certain quantity. This quantity of fuel mas mass. int by critical mass (of fuel) in a reactor? sembled in th ep od chance of tng ed the systems IS known as ern 5. What is meant by critical size of the reactor core? [MODEL QUEstioy Answer: In a reactor, if the core is smaller than the critical mass, too large a fraction Of neutrons Produced will be lost by leakage past the reactor core boundary. The minimum size os Teactor core for a self sustaining chain reaction is designated as critical size. 6. What for control rods are there in a nuclear reactor? [MODEL Question Answer: The control rods in a nuclear reactor are meant to absorb as many of the neutros | impinging on them as possible. This will ensure that only sufficient number of neutoa will take part in the fission (chain reaction) process. Rods made of boron steel are mot | commonly used as control rods. 7. What are the factors that decide the power of the reactor? [MODEL QUESTION Answer: The power of the reactor depends upon the following: ‘a. Number of nuclei split per second. b. Volume of the reactor. ¢. Number of neutrons formed per Cu.m of the central part of the reactor, iia 4. Velocity and length of the free path of the neutrons which are capable of spl! the nuclei, 8. a) What is a spillway? [Moet Question of Answer: cl Spillway permits surplus water to overflow over the dam and thereby controls the lev water in the head pond and the level in the canal to the head pone. PSI-10POWER SYSTEM-1 adrainage gallery? [MODEL QUESTION] ate gallery, usually incorporated inside the dam structure, serves as an outlet for Aarinae® BF seeps from the upstream masonry and from the foundation. It also helps ter of the dam interior along its length, 9, Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power plants. | [MODEL QUESTION] er: A advantages of nuclear power plants are: Less space requirement. Very well suited for large power demands. No atmospheric pollution as there are no combustible products. Cost of fuel transportation and storage is less. Power generation is not affected by weather conditions. Greater reliability of operation. Water requirement is les compared to hydel plants. mmeeogce The disadvantages of nuclear plants are: High initial cost. Not suitable for varying power demands. Danger of radioactivity always persists. Failure of controls may lead to nuclear explosion. Disposal of nuclear waste is a major problem: Maintenance cost is high. & Complexity of the fuel cycle increases cost of power generation. pepe se 10, What is hydroelectric power station and where it is located? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: A generating station which utilises the potential energy of water at a high level for the Generation of electrical energy is known as hydroelectric power station. They are fenerally located in hilly areas where dams can be built conveniently and large water Teservoirs can be obtairied. ae the main types of hydroelectric installations. [MODEL QUESTION] jer: Types are: »), igh head or stored ledium head or pond. 9) Run of river te 9) In India mini o Wherever | camer ir micro-hydroelectric schemes have been installed on canals so head is available. Often cascaded plants are also constructed le same water strea is di it becomes the inflow of 2am sera team where is dscharge of one plant es PSI-11om | 12. What is pumped storage scheme? [MODEL gy Answer: ESTiony In areas where sufficient hydroelectric generation is not available, peak ioay handled by means of pumped storage. May by 43. State the functioning method of pump-storage scheme. [MODEL ‘Answer! QUESTION, This consists of upper and lower reservoirs and reversible turbine- Benerator set can also be used as motor-pump sets. Ss Which 14. What are the major electrical equipments required to run a hydroele, stations? [MODEL auesricror Answer: The electrical equipment of a hydroelectric power station includes alien transformers, circuit breaker and other switching and protective devices, st 18. What are the salient factors that are considered for selecting the location f coal-based thermal power plant? [MODEL QUESTION, Answer: Considering factors for selection of suitable site for thermal power plant: i) Proximity to load centre ) Population distribution Land use 5 : . iv) Meteorology |VWI/AK AUT (Ventor. v) Geology vi) Seismology vii) Hydrology 16. a) Describe a single crystalline solar cell with constructional details. b) What is ‘fill factor’ of a PV cell? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: : a) The first silicon PV cells were of the single crystal array. Single crystal silicon cels are the most efficient and most robust of the silicon PV family. Their main carey are: (i) they are most energy intensive in their production and (i) the unit consumption silicon to produce one unit of PV electricity is also quite high. Other variations o cells are being developed to overcome mainly these two drawbacks. Let us have @ ‘overview of the main steps involved in their production. =f roa The first step is the production of metallurgical grade (99% pure) silicon, Me om ore, SiO, by reduction reaction with carbon in an arc furnace. The energy cOS' is 50 kWh/kg of silicon. Also, in this process CO, is produced as a byproduct sii on (0 greenhouse gas. Electronic grade pure (an impurity of about 1 part in 10) Pov pix polycrystalline silicon) is then obtained by refining it further through ee a ‘operations at an energy cost of 200 kWh/kg of silicon. These two steps are intensive, PSI-12 Oe eePOWER SYSTEM -I melted and the III" group impurity (generally boron) in a desired a the melt to get a p-type base material. The bulk resistivity ofthis riately by controlled doping. Low doping or high resistivity apPiepletion layer and increased short-circuit current. But this would r open-circuit voltage and a large series resistance leading to a On the other hand, too low resistivity, or a high doping leads to fetosion of HT due to larger carrier recombination. Such considerations have Tead to poster inthe range I to 3 ohm-cm as an optimum value for bulk silicon selection a ston mass is recrystallized into a single crystal ingot as large as 410 6 jel The end 3 to 5 feet ong, using a silicon seed erst. Special saws ae then ingame’ ots into wafers of thickness between 200 to 400 microns. Again, this ie ie fering processes are quité energy intensive, Also about 40-50% of Bye mala 0st in his slicing operation Eats are ont fabricate a thin sasexpesi stl to avoid the need of wafering, The edges of the wafers are then ta ake it closer 10 a square So as to increase the packing density, as circular sinned eed on a module would leave a large amount of space between them. After ion of the surface, on each wafer a v® group impurity (usually phosphorus) is Be et athin (action of a micron) layer of n-type material and thus apn junction is formed. Low-resistance ohmic contacts are made on both sides for external connection. semcommon commercially produced silicon cell has an n-on-p structure, where the pase material is p-type, which has a thin diffused n layer on top of it. Since the diffused Ire is relatively heavily doped, itis likely to. have a large number of unwanted Teambinaton centres. Therefore, the diffisfon length, Gf minority carriers in this region faut small and they are not expected to contribute significantly to photocurrent. The tp eoniibution would normally come from the base region. The minority carrier fiffsion length for electron is about twice that of a hole in silicon. Therefore, a p-type Siicon base material, which has electrons as its minority carriers are preferred for making Single crystalline bulk silicon solar cell. })Fill Factor of a PV cell indicates the quality of a cell which is defined as the ratio of thepeak power to the product of open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current, ie., jicon is then ge qty is chosen appre re polis result in a Wi et into lowet als fill factor. 1, " ¥. 4 ae Cell of active area 6cm” gave the following results: eae 1,,=200mA, fent intensity 80 mW/cm?. What is the energy lon efficiency of the device? (Assume fill factor of 80%). om [MODEL QUESTION] eee output of the device Be =Vely = 400mV x 200mA x 0.80 Toa ing COPY *0-2A x0.80 =64mW dent Insolation = 80 mW/em? x 6 em? = 480 Mw PSL-13= POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Cee ra MmrmeeSOWE T h 8 387 Total Insolation 480mW .. Efficiency = 18. Explain how we can get maximum power from a solar cell an, dd expression for that. [MODEL suey Answer: SUESTI Maximum power output can be got from the solar cells when they are conn, Parallel. Efficiency = Power developed per unit area. In this condition whe, they adit in full sunlight and we get maximum power output. 7 are key, Desirable features of a solar cell are — maximum values of V,. and 1 resistance that will lead to high fill factor and high shunt resistance, I,. is elated e to Photocurrent and V .. depends on the ratio of J, to J,. Shunt resistance i maximioeg ed by ensuring that no leakage occurs at the perimeter of the cell This is done 4 Passivating the surface. Reduction of series resistance Tequites high doping 2 semiconductor. But high doping will also decrease the width of depletion layer, Which in tum decreases the photocurrent. Therefore, both V,,and J, are affected, Therefore, trade offis made in choosing the level of doping to get optimal performance. se OW seg 19. a) How is the power output related to wind speed? ») What type of generators are coupled.towind turbines? [MODEL QUESTION) Answer: f 8) If u, is the speed of free wind in unperturbed state, the Volume of ait column passing through an area 4 per unit time is given by Aw,.If p is the density of air, the air-mass flow rate, through area A, is given as, du, . Power (P.) available in wind, is equal to kinetic energy associated with the mass of moving air, ic. 2 =5(e4u,)us or, =P, =F(o4)us Power available in wind per unit area is This indicates that power available in wind is proportional to the cube of wind a Assuming a typical value of wind density, at 15°C and at sea level to be 1.2 kg! power available in moderate wind of 10 m/s is 600 W/m’, b) The generators which are coupled to wind turbines 1. Squirrel cage induction generator PSI-14 EEfed (wound rotor) induction generator 4, poubly ve synchronous generator 3, Direct dri inciple of wind energy conversion? [MODEL QUESTION] au What is the Basie Pr Ase orks on the principle of momentum. The work done by the turbine rotor is The wind! nthe kinetic energies of incoming and outgoing streams through the traifrence Bee! 1 ans, propeller type windmills shown in Fig. 1. The thickness of wheel is - Ae ese and velocity changes are also plotted. wb Set he ' ve Fig: 1 Pressure and velocity profiles for air flow through a wind turbine Tesi Velocity ¥, is less than Y, because kinetic energy is extracted by turbine. The Prssure p, is almost equal to p,. Applying total energy equation and taking air density P=constant, PSI-15For exit area, ya yi pvt tie pete ie yi P.+P2=p, pth Now ¥,>¥, and 57, P.>P, DSP v2 - -P=P,+0) me, V.=V,=V, [velocity does not change within the turbine] ee Vitec Pa Phe ra Det adel am at to the wind stream, the axial force, If-A is the proj ee ny per F,=(p,-p,)A= pl 5 -| The axial force is also equal to change of momentum. F, = A(rmu) m= pAV, F,=pAV,(V,-V,) where V, (4) Now steady flow work, yaya W = KE,~ KE, =*1 1 The power produced is rate of work, Wi-V Em P=m (5 P=5pAV,(V?-¥2) P=i pall, +¥,)(¥-¥2) PSI-16um powers maxi For dP 2 We 0.5926 = 60% ii Thereft ore actual power, A Panhy “15 ere 7. varies between 30 to 40% for real turbines. Why are control rods used in the nuclear power plant? Be the advantages of wind energy. [MODEL QUESTION] ) State Answer: 5 : ) Control rods are used in nuclear reactors to control the fission rate of uranium and putonium. They are composed|of chemical elemehtS suchas boro, silver, indium and Frdmium that are capable of absorbing many neutrons without themselves fissioning. In the operation ofa nuclear reactor, fuel assemblies are put into place and then the control rods are slowly lifted until a chain reaction can just be sustained. As the reaction proceeds, the number of uranium-235 nuclei decreases and fission by-products which absorb neutrons build up. b) Wind energy is a clean fuel source. Wind energy doesn't pollute the air like power plants that rely on combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas. Wind turbines dont produce atmospheric emissions that increase health problems like asthma or create acid rain or greenhouse gases. 2, What are the different methods of firing coal? Discuss the advantages of mechanical methods of firing coal. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: pe fuel for a coal-fired furnace or boiler may be fed either auto-matically or by hand. ane have certain advantages and disadvantages. For example, automatic OF stabs nally more expensive because it requires the purchase and installation are mechanical stoker to feed the coal to the furnace or boiler. As a result, stoker Cos of hg on practice in larger buildings (e.g. stores, hotels) where the initial high Despite the “quipment can be more easily absorbed into the total cost of the structure. Telative high cost of stokers, there are some designed for use in single-family PSI-17POPULAR PUBLICATIONS idences, Because there is no need fo invest in special ang aie hand-firing the coal has been the traditio eee aditional method gv Coa) _ heating furnaces and boilers. Although hand-firing « 0al is less for si hing firing for these smaller installations, the following objections toative tht i method should be noted: hand “a fi The frequent opening ofthe furnace or boiler doors allows a large ex and chill the flame. The combus-tion efficiency of the flame therefore es The dumping of a lot of fuel at each firing results in a smoke ane to ombustion conditions ae restored, Hand-firing coal is by its noon an ind ti method. The flame often reaches a low and inefficient leve, OF is extn Mien, te new fuel is added. *tin-Buish «it wi bee airy itu Mechanical methods of firing coal When fuel i. coal is put into the steam boiler furnace by means ohne ie fring of boiler method is referred as mechanical stoker ene There are St types of mechanical stoker firing systems, Mainly Here, combustion takes place on the grate, The primary air i feq below the Primary air is fed below the grate. The secondary air is allowed at the top, When Th is bumt, itis pushed down by fresh coal The fresh coal is pushed the grate yo of rams as shown. The ignition occurs panes against the primary aip ind volatile matter rough the bed and is completely burnt. The commu ™ high. The light Rae combustion gases fly away to the am men re alon; Primary air. Heavier ash content comes down over the grate ana ultimately fal int pit 23. Give Lay out of Coal fired power plant. [MODEL QUESTION, PSI-18,RYB Air Ash hopper | Coal opp = Turbine = E a Preipitator Feedwater Pump Condenser Cooling Tower Water Storage 4, Describe the hydroelectric power plants and its classification. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: Hydroelectric Power Plants: Ina hydroelectric power plant stored energy in water is converted into electrical energy by the use of water turbine coupled with an alternator. The turbine converts the potential energy of water into mechanical energy which drives the alternator. The cost of generation per kWh is lower than the energy generated at thermal power stations or combined cycle gas turbine, Hydropower uses a renewable source of energy where fossil fuels are finite in nature and, therefore, need to be conserved in the long term interest of ‘he country, This type of project do not require any feed stock, unlike thermal power Projects for which coal has to be transported to a long distance from coal mines to ! plant sites. While the life of a hydro plant is very long of the order of 35 - 40 48 and its efficiency does not reduce much with age, the generation of power is ut upon the availability of water in its reservoir. Since more than 70% of the sui ieee India takes place during 3 - 4 monsoon months, it is necessary to build Uilization ne Teservoir schemes so as to store water during monsoon period for lon-monsoon months. While selecting the site for hydroelectric power PSI-19POPULAR PUBLICATIONS station, it is the prime consideration that there must be large quantity o¢ water. alain NY oy Classification of Hydroelectric Plants: Classification based on plant capacity; (a) Micro hydel plant — upto 100kW (b) Mini hyde! plant — — 100kW to 2000kW (c) Small hydel plant > 2MWto SMW. (d) Medium capacity plant + 1SMW to 100MW () High capacity plant > — 100MWto loooMW () Super capacity plant > — above 1000MW 2, Describe the nuclear power plant and main parts of a reactor. Answer: eon QUESTO Nuclear Power Plant: ln nuclear power plant, nuclear fuel is subjected to controlled nuclear fission in Teacior. In the process of fission heat is generated which is used to heat wenn coolant transfers heat tothe heat exchanger to produce steam. The steam genera heat exchanger is admitted to the turbine, which is coupled to the alternator. Te, alternator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The steam after chad through the turbine is\condensed in the condenser. The condensate pump seas condensate back to Aa ‘thus forming a closed-feed system. The rain and the heat exchanger are equivalent to the furnace and the boiler in a convention ac fired steam power plant. Main Parts of a Reactor: (a) Reactor core: It consists of a number of fuel rods made of fissile material (b) Moderator: This material in the reactor core is used to moderate or reduce te neutron speed to a value that increases the probability of fission occurring (c) Reflector: This completely surrenders the reactor within the thermal shielat arrangement and helps to bounce escaping neutrons back into the core. TH conserves the nuclear fuel, as the low speed neutrons thus returned are usefilit continuing the chain reaction. 7 (d) Shielding: It helps in giving protection to the personnel ftom the deadly aah Particle radiations and y rays as well as neutrons given off by the Lei fission within reactor. Concrete is found to be the most commonly used stel# material. i “ab (¢) Reactor control: This is effected by inserting neutron-absorbing a Keep the chain reaction at a desired level. Cadmium and boron ar). commonly used materials. A reactor has three different types of contr (i) Regulating rod for rapid fine adjustment. (ii) Skim rod for occasional coarse adjustment. PSI-20 aePOWER SYSTEM -I safety rods for scramming, or shutting down the reactor quickly in case of an earthquake, excessive power generation ete (p Cooling system: This removes heat from the core produced by nuclear reaction. (iii)! types of a reactor ibe the ty esi water Reactor (BWR): [MODEL QUESTION] #ypaling Wate ABSYET he fuel used is enriched uranium, Light water i used as both moderator and eB branium fuel elements ae arranged in a parclarlatice fom inside the conan vessel containing water. Feed water enters the reactor tank at the bottom and it ret jet procuced by nuclear fission. The steam is generated in the recto itself and fas the reactor atthe top. The steam after passing through the turbine and condenser lax the reactor. The schematic diagram ofa boiling water reactor (BWR) is shown below in Fig. |. Steam Turbine Alternator Steam Concrete shield Control rods Fig: | Boiling water reactor (BWR) yeas Water Reactor (PWR): [MODEL QUESTION] wer: aa fuel used is enriched uranium clad with stainless steel or zirconium alloy. Light peuudes pressure is used as both moderator and coolant. The schematic diagram of rized water Reactor is shown in Fig. 2. PSI-21Shield Steam Te Turbine rm Water N " Fig: 2 Pressurised water reactor (c) Pressurized Hi Wat pact IR): (eee rized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR): [MODEL QUESTog In PHWR, natural uranium as fuel and heavy water as both moderator and cool used, CANDU stands for CANadian Deuterium Uranium reactor isa pressurogan® water reactor adopted in India. The coolant heavy water is passed through the pres) fuel tubes heat exchanger: Healy Water isiteilated inthe primary circu Ran way, as in PWR. The steam is produced in the secondary circuit. The power outa be varied by varying the level of the moderator in the reactor. Hence control rods areas required. (d) Liquid metal cooled Reactor (Sodium Graphite Reactor SGR): [MODEL QUESTION) Answer: In this type of reactor as shown in Fig. 3 below, fuel used is slightly enriched uraniun Graphite is used as a moderator. Two liquid metal coolants are used. Liquid sodium () is circulated through the reactor core and the intermediate heat exchanger (IHX). Tie used to prevent the steam from becoming radioactive. In the intermediate heat exe the heat from the sodium is transferred to the sodium (NaK) liquid metal, which ered its heat to the heat exchanger HX to generate steam. This steam is fed to the s turbine. PSI-22POWER SYSTEM -I Primary Secondary circuit Na circuit Na-K Steam mes | Turbine F—=LAternater Invermedine heat exchanger THX Coolant Feed pump pump Fig: 3 Schematic diagram of a liquid metal cooled reactor 4.2)How electrical energy is generated in a nuclear power plant? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: i ‘ tn a nuclear power station, heat is produced by the energy that is released during the spliting ofthe nucleus. This heat energy inside the reactor is utilized to produce steam, titer directly or indirectly, the steam is used to drive the turbine coupled to an electrical generator, In this way, the energy locked inside the nucleus is released to produce electricity. b)Mention a few atomic power plants in our country? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: The following are some of the nuclear power plants in our country: a. Tarapore atomic power station. b. Rajasthan atomic power station. ¢. Kalpakkam atomic power station. d._ Narora power station ¢) What are the safety features incorporated in a nuclear power plant? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: The following safety features are there in a nuclear power plant: Fuel cladding is of highest quantity tubing and extensively tested. Coolant circuit is tested to be leak proof. The concrete vaults around the reactor and its coolant circuits are of a massive double walled system. The eactor is separately enclosed by a steel shel. a exhaust gases are continuously monitored for radioactivity and are let into t ree from a tall stack (100m height). onic instruments and radiation detectors are there to measure and detect lation levels inside and outside the reactor plant. PSI-23POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 8 ient ventilation system is provided, ; h. Pailsafe system incorporated to shut down the plant in an Emergency 5. a) What is meant by rainfall? Move, Answer: Ue Rainfall is the total condensation of moisture from the atmosphere that reach. ( h When the quantity of water collected on a certain area due to rains the 6. tt ‘ fall Can centimetre in height, rainfalls said to be one centimetre, Pecan 5) What is run off? What are the factors that affect run off? [MODEL gy Answer: ESToy 1 Part: The portion of the rainfall that flows through the catchment area on the surta earth is known as run off. The unit of run off is cum/sec. Of 2 Part: The following factors affect run off: a. Rainfall pattern, b. Character of the catchment area, ©. Shape and size of the catchment area, d. Vegetation, ©. Geology of f. Weather BRUT Mentor.in ©) What is a hydrograph? What is flow duration curve? What is a mass curve? [MODEL QUESTION, Answer: 1" Part: The hydrograph is a graph showing discharge (i.e.,run off) of flowing water with rat to time, for a specified period. 2" Part: The flow duration curve is made with magnitudes of run off as ordinates agtnt corresponding percents of time as abscissa. 3" Part: The mass curve is the graph of the cumulative values of the water quantity (run of) against time, 6. a) How the hydraulic turbines are classified? [MODEL question Answer: The hydraulic turbines are classified according to the following features. 1, Head and quantity of water available, 2. Nature of working on the blade, PSI-24 aePOWER SYSTEM -I ction of flow of water. fe Diefiie shaft of the turbine. 4 Gpecific speed. ; Name ofthe originator jow are dams classified? [MODEL QUESTION) 1H! aswel! jassfied in various ways based on the following: Dans on — SITE, Diversion, Buttress. 1s pape — Trapezoidal, Arch, Butiress. F Material of construction — Earth, Rock pieces, Stone masonry, Concrete, RCC, * snd Timber. 4. yaralic design —Non-overflow type, Overflow type at are the main parameters of water on which the magnitude of hydropower ponds? ent ft Faramiade of the hydropower depends on (1) flow or discharge and (2) height of fall cof water or head. 4 What is catchment area? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: ‘The catchment area of drainage area is, the whole area which collects rain water and drains the same into a river or stream at'any particular point in its CoutSe. 7.a)Whatis a reflector in a reactor? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: Ina reactor, some of the neutrons may escape completely and hence make no contribition to the continuing chain reaction. This leakage loss is reduced by surrounding the reactor core by a reflector. Many neutrons leaving the ore encounter scattering Collisions in the reflector and are directed back in the core. These returned neutrons may saisefissions. Thus, an assembly is surrounded by a reflector. Bw does a pressurized water reactor power plant work? [MODEL QUESTION] nswer: th Pessrized water reactor power plant is a double loop cooling system unit. The ae (water) in the primary circuit gets heated by absorbing the heat energy liberated. eactor core by fission process. This energy is given away by the coolant in the heat Berto generate steam. This steam is used to drive a turbine coupled to an electrical *} How. ‘oes a boiling water reactor power plant work? [MODEL QUESTION] PSI-257 ystem, In thig " arate steam, gener an electrical Benerant or, Answer: The boiling water reactor power plant is also called direct cycle s plant, the steam is generated in the reactor itself instead of in a sep (heat exchanger). This steam is used to drive a turbine coupled to 4d) What is moderator in a reactor? MODE! Answer: IMOPEL QUESTO, The moderator in a nuclear reactor slows down or moderates the fast fission travelling at about 4200 knvsee to about 1.5 km/sec, before subsequent fssign tt The most usual moderators are carbon, Beryllium or beryllium oxide, heavy ware and ordinary water (H,0). t(D.) 8. a) What is dam? Answer: Dam is an impervious (or fairly impervious) structure erected acros: The dam holds up water on one side of it upto a certain limiting le (of water) on the power plant. [MODEL QUESTioy) 8 stream oF a ig vel. It creates a hey b) What are the usual types of dams? Answer: There are two types of dams: 1. Rigid dams: a Tinted AUT Mentor. b. Steel dam c. Masonry dam 2. Non-rigid dams a. Earthdam b. Rockfill dam. [MODEL QUESTION) c) What are the three major classes of masonry dams? [MODEL QUESTION, Answer: The masonry dams are of three major classes: 1. Solid gravity dam is solid throughout its length. 2, Hollow buttress reinforced concrete dam. 3. Arched dam is constructed in a valley, where the width of the valley is narow compared with the height. This is a curved dam. 9. a) What is storage plant? What is run off river plant? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: 1" Part: i : The storage plants have reservoirs of fairly large size. The usually keep sufficient ye to carry over from wet season to dry season and sometimes from one year to another, These plants can be operated both as peak and base load plants. PSI-26 Fehr aot OP eeutilizes the flow of water as it runs through the river. It has no ator plant n mn oft te infiriver plants are normally base load plants, onstructed: 4 3 sow head plant? What is a high head plant? [MODEL QUESTION] 0 1 what IS net Mee sof ate avalable i ess than 30 metres, the plants known as low head went Pread plants use Francis, propeller or Kaplan type turbines. Low itt d available for power generation exceeds 100 metres, the plant is mete heai pa Francis turbine is used upto 300 metres and beyond that head ‘When gsahigh head plant. Jis used. Pelton wheel pase load plant? What is peak load plant? [MODEL QUESTION] int takes care of the base load portion of the load curve. The load on this jore or less constant throughout its operation. The load factor of the base load e t casiderably high. Base load plants are generally larger in capacity oper Ek joad plant takes care of peak’ Toads ‘on the oad’ EUivel It! Operates for short dafon when the load becomes greater than the base load. Run off river plant with pia and pumped storage plants are usually used as peak load plants. The load factor titi peak load plants is considerably low compared to that of the base load plants. 40, What are the factors to be considered for site selection of [MODEL QUESTION] a) Nuclear Power Plant +) Hydroelectric Power Plant Answer: 4)The factors to be considered for the site selection of nuclear power plants are: Availability of water Disposal of waste it) Distance from populated area WY) Transportation facilities. over panpvementioned factors it becomes apparent that ideal choice for a nuclear Would be near sea or river and away from thickly populated areas. 4 The followis Deeesrg ng Heo should be taken into account while selecting the site for a i) An PoWer station: > salsbilty of water RE Of WaterPOPULAR PUBLICATIONS i) Cost and type of land iv) Transportation facilities, Itis clear from the above-mentioned factors that ideal choice of site near ariver in hilly areas where dam can be conveniently built and larg obtained. for such , reser Pi Ca ‘11. Write short notes on any three of the following: [Mop a) Storage and Pondage EL Ques, b) Fast breeder reactor a c) Surge tank 4d) Draft tube e) Nuclear reactor f) Fertile materials and Fissile materials g) Nuclear fuels Answer: a) Storage: Storage for water must be provided atthe power house site, by dam when a major portion of the natural water flow is to be used. The water ont during off peak periods and this stored water can be used during peak periods °°" Pondage: When the power station is away from the main storage, small st | pondage is usually provided near the power house. 98° called | | b) In a fast breeder reactor, the chain reaction is sustained primarily by fast mo neutrons rather than by thermal neutrons as in a conventional reactor. These rent? contain little or no moderator, est fuel for fast breeder reactor is four id MARAUT Mentor.in a plutonium. ©) A surge tank is a small (vertical) reservoir into which the water from the close conduit flows in or flows out to reduce the pressure swings. In this way the pressue swings are not transmitted to the closed conduit. The surge tank prevents damage to the conduit due to water hammer that occurs when the water supply to the turbine is stopped suddenly. d) The draft tube allows the turbine to be set above the tailrace to facilitate inspection and maintenance. By diffuser action (gradual enlargement in section) regains the ma portion of the kinetic energy or velocity head at the runner outlet. By this way the draft tube reduces the exit loss, e) A reactor is an assembly in which the chain reaction is kept going at cl controlled rate so that heat will be produced continuously. For this to happen, them as well as the speed of the neutrons will have to be controlled. ily split b) £) Uranium 235, plutonium 239 and uranium 233 which can be more eal) fly bombardment with neutrons are called fissile materials. Uranium 238 and ¥" PSI-28 oePOWER SYSTEM-I terials. These can be converted inside a nuclear reactor into fissile cal fertile ™ ener fuels of most interest are uranium and plutonium. Nude sists of V0 isotopes, namely, uranium 235 (U?%) and uranium 238 ar the ratio of 1:139. The less abundant isotope uranium 235 can be more easily rH mbardment with neutrons than uranium 238, spty Porat plutonium 239 and uranium 233 (the former obtained from uranium 238 caer obtained from uranium 232, both by absorption of neutrons) are also peing easily split by neutrons and thus enormous amount of energy ean be relsseO 5 plutonium 239 and uranium 233 are, therefore, called fissile materials. Ure used as nuclear fuels for generating power. Tres oer hand, uranium 238 and uranium 232 are called fertile materials. These can parmered inside a nuclear reactor int fisile materials pepe rau, which is nothing but the natural uranium in which the concentration of Fate uranium 235 has been increased, is also used as a fuel in nuclear power plans, i gouty possesses one of the largest reserves of thorium, Though uranium is also of this fuel is very much limited, Thus, in the long run, found, the present known resourc fhemaclear power programme of our country has to depend on the huge stocks of thodum, A vast resource of thorium is located in the mineral sands on the south west tout of our country. Attempts are being made to get the fuel from these mineral sands. MAKAUT \ tor.in PSI-29POPULAR PUBLICATIONS INDIAN ELECTRICITY RULE 4, Discuss main features of Indian Electricity rule- 1956. .wayr Answer: 2008, 204 A The main features of Indian Electricity rule - 1956 implies the need to ma; standards of carrying out electrical installation work etc ight from genera hig consumer premises and then o appliances and complying withthe certain egulations and code of practice as laid down in Indian Electricity Rule (ER Megs country. Some of the major rules are given: R) in, oy Rule 30: Service line and apparatus on consumer's premises Rule 31: Cut out consumer's premises Rule 32: Identification earthed and earthed neutral conductor and position of gt, cut outs there in shes and Rule 33: Earthed terminal on consumer's premises. Rule 34: Accessibility of bare conductors Rule 35: Caution notices. Rule 36: Handling of electric supply line apparatus Rule 37: Supply of vehicles cranes ete Rule 38: Cables for portable and transportable apparatus Rule 39: Cables protestedb bituminous materials Rule 40: Street boxes. Rule 45: Precautions to be adopted by consumer's owners electrical contractor, elec workmen and supplier's Rule 46: Periodical inspection and testing of consumer's installation Rule 47; Testing a consumer's installation Rule 48: Precautions against leakage before connecting. Rule 49: Leakage on consumer's premises. Rule SO: Supply to consumers. Rule 51: Provisions applicable to medium high or extra high voltage instalation. Rule 57: Meters, maximum demand indicators and other apparatus on consumers premises. Rule 61: Connecting with earth. Rule 64: Use of energy at high and extra high voltage. Rule 68: General conditions as to transformation and control of energy Rule 71: Additional provisions for supply o high voltage luminous tube sign installation PSI-30POWER SYSTE I OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE ina conduction becomes more pronounced [WBUT 2006, 2007] 4.srin effect nancy b) at lower frequency a eee te d) none of these gyatde. answer: (2) jon of steel wire in an ACSR conductor is to [WBUT 2007, 2018] The fun gate skin effect b) provide additional mechanical strength 4 eine inductance d) none of these answer: ©) tion of lines is done to [WBUT 2007, 2009, 2010, 2016, 2018] 4 is ices b) reduce skin effect ‘balance the line voltage drop d) reduce corona Answer: (C) {Use of bundle conductors in EHV transmission system provides [WBUT 2008, 2010, 2013, 2016] 2) Increased line reactance b) Decreased capacitance ¢) Reduced voltage gradient d) Increased corona loss Answer: (C) s Fora stranded conductor, the ratio of GMR to actual radius is ['WBUT 2008, 2016] 2) equal to 1 b) greater than 1 ¢) equal to 0.7788 d) less than 0.7788 Answer: (@) 6.Ina transmission line having negligible resistance, the surge impedance is [WBUT 2009, 2013] gue b) VerL ° | @ Ele Answer: (4) 1 TW resence of earth in case of overhead lines [WBUT 2010, 2016, 2019] Ode ts the capacitance b) increases the inductance e(ifiien ce capacitance d) decreases the inductance Othe ’) e Impedance of a transmission line is [WBUT 2010] meee VC/L ©) Ji/c 4) WC PSI-31—— 7 8. ACSR in an overhead transmission line stands for a) Alloy Copper Stee! Reinforced b) Aluminium Conductor Steo} eur a Clnforcg 1] td c) All Cooper Steel Reinforced d) None of these Answer: (b) 10. The function of a) prevent earth fault ) provi jety measure for any high flying objects ©) provide a shield to the phase conductors from direct lightnin, d) provide mechanical strength to the tower 9 Stroke, Answer: (c) th wire in a transmission line is to eur 2014 1 2017) 11. Stranded conductors are used to wours S)redce transmiseion|loss b) increase mechanical ooo! 23 c) reduce skin effect 4) increase stability of the seu Answer: (b) ae 12. The a.c. resistance of a conductor is greater than its d.c. value due to IWBUT 2011, 2019 2) skin effect only b) proximity effect only c) Ferranti effect only d) both (a) and (b) Answer: (d) 13. ACSR conducto- stands for a) All Conductor Steel Reinforced b) Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced c) Aluminum Copper Steel Reinforced |) d) All Copper Steel Reinforced Conductor Answer: (b) 14, The transmission efficiency of a line is a) directly proportional to the load power factor b) inversely proportional to the load power factor c) does not depend on load power factor d) proportional to the square of load power factor (WBUT 2017, [WBUT 2012, 2016] Answer: (b) 2 i 45. The surge impedance of 400 km long transmission line is 50 ohms. at sot impedance of 100 km of that line is eh a) 200 b) 1250 c) 500 d) 100.0 Answer: (c) - ‘3 put 16. The length of a short transmission line is up to about \ fe a) 50 km b) 120 km c) 200 km ) 300 Answer: (a) PSI-32 —_POWER SYSTEM - required for an overhead transmission line is inversely f coppe evo © [WBUT 2013] wren b) voltage c) power factor d) both (b) & (c) aeu pswe= @ : if GMD method is used to evaluate [WBUT 2013] 4g.the Fic tance . b) capacitance a) ‘ mth inductance and capacitance d) none of these ¢ poser) ductors are used to [WBUT 2014] 13 bundle inductance of the line 4) toe both inductance and capacitance »reguce corona [Oss rece corona loss and line inductance Answer: (4) nt power locus of a transmission line at a particular sending end and constant Portage Ie [WBUT 2014] iving end vol ‘ wvastaightline b)acircle c) a parabola d) an ellipse ‘Answer: (2) 1, The presence of ground causes the line capacitance to [WBUT 2014] .The p a)increase by about 12% b) decrease by about 12% c) increase by about 0.2% d) none of these. Answer: (¢) 22. At the time of transposition of three phase line, the equivalent equilateral spacing between the conductors is [WBUT 2015] a)d.d,d, b) /ad.d, ©) d,d,d, 4) (ddd) Answer: (a) a me size of conductors of modern EHV lines is obtained based on [WBUT 2015] aa drop b) current density _c) corona d) skin effect ih The surge i impedance oe amPedance of a 100 km long underground cable is 500. The surge a)a0g. 2 40 km long cable of similar type is [WBUT 2015) (6) b) 500 c) 80 d) 1250 8 When ou oe resistance of a conductor increases due to the presence of an Re i luctor nearby, then the effect is called {WBUT 2015] b) proximity effect d) corona effect PSI-33 , faseere oo oa 26. The leakage resistance of a 50km long cable is 1MO. For a 100 km will be ONG caby a) {Ma b) 0.66M0 c) 2Ma Neural 5M Answer: (a) 27. The surge impedance of a 400kV, 100km transmission line is 3000. Fg Ta 2 length the line surge impedance will be DW 200k a) 3000 b) 1500 c) 6002 a) Mane 2019) Answer: (2) Short Answer Type Questions 1. What is skin effect? How does in influence the resistance, inductang 8 an capacitance of a conductor? oR, (weuT 2006) Explain skin effect. On which factors does it depend? IWBUT 2010, 2014) R, : Define Skin effect. Why it is not happened in case of DC? [WBUT 204 Answer: 4 While the distribution of current through out the cross-section of a conductor is uniform when D.C is passed through it, it is non-uniform when A.C. flows through the conductor resulting higher current density at the surface compared at its center. This effect becomes more pronounced as frequency is increased and the phenomenon is called Skin effect. Consider solid current carrying conductor of circular cross section. Now assume that the conductor consists of largé number of small elements in parallel as shown in the figure. Each small filament carries fraction of total current and generate its own magnetic field. But there is a difference in the flux set up by the inner and outer elements. The flux due to filament ‘a’ links with itself but not with any of the other filament. The flux due to an outer element ‘b’ links with all filaments up to ‘b’. It then follows that the inductance of inner filament like ‘a’ is much more than that of the outer filament likes ‘b’. Due to the higher inductive reactance of inner elements the current has a sa te, tendency to confine itself to the paths nearer to the surface of conductor thus ee a effective cross sectional area of conductor. This phenomenon is called skin effect, this non-uniform distribution current these will be more loss of power. Hence us ca effect results in increased effective resistance but decreases the cfc reactance of the conductor. Skin effect will be more prominent for hi igher freque! i with ‘The phenomenon is due to higher reactance of the inner elements in the conduct i he consequent flow of current in the outer surfaces of the conductor, thus effective area of cross ~ section. Due to this, losses will be more. PSI-34 cePON 1 d losses due to non — uniform current distribution, it is usually to jor increase ue 3 tf resistance” (AC resistance) of a conductor and not its “ohmic yunt To0ee rg ‘effective tis understood by 24/7 ACSR conductor? Peano 4 2, What Sa ACS. means, Nos of steel Conductors in central ACSR —> 7 nos Nos of Aluminium Conductors in outer surface —> 24 Nos. are transmission lines classified based on their length? Define regulation of jiransmission line. [WBUT 2011] “Answer ‘ oa ne eee inet Avnet The major importance of transmission line is to maintain particular voltage level I diferent points. So based on the transmission line distance power system divided into a three parts, i.e. 2) Short transmission b) Medium transmission ¢) Long transmission Transmission lines are classified as short, medium and long. When the length of the line isless than about 80Km the effect of shunt capacitance and conductance is neglected and the line is designated as a short transmission line. For these lines the operating voltage isles than 20KV. MAKAUT Men ! Formedium transmission lines the length of the line is in between 80km - 240km and the operating line voltage will be in between 21K V-100K V.In this case the shunt capacitance can be assumed to be lumped at the middle of the line or half of the shunt capacitance may be considered to be lumped each end of the line. The two representations of medium length lines are termed as nominal-T and nominal-x respectively. Lines more than 240K m long and line voltage above 100K require calculations in terms Of distributed parameters. Such lines are known as long transmission lines. This slasification on the basis of length is more or less arbitrary and the real criterion is the degree of accuracy required. ™ Part; Votta i ae '8¢ regulation of a transmission line is defined as the rise in voltage at the receiving ere 4 Percentage of fll lad voltage, when fil load at a speifed powerPOPULAR PUBLICATIONS: 4, What is surge impedance? What do you mean by surge Impedance loading, Answer: Bee at The characteristic impedance or surge impedance (usually written Z) of a y transmission line is the ratio of the amplitudes of voltage and current of a single” propagating along the line; that is, a wave travelling in one direction in the abee'® ofreflections in the other direction. Characteristic impedance is determined be geometry and materials of the transmission line and, for a uniform line, is not og on its length. The SI unit of characteristic impedance is the ohm. ot Surge impedance loading In electric power transmission, the characteristic impedance of a transmission line j expressed in terms of the surge impedance loading (SIL), or natural loading, being the power loading at which reactive power is neither produced nor absorbed: Vin 0 In which /,, is the line-to-line voltage in volts. Loaded below its SIL, a line supplies reactive power to the system, tending to raise system voltages. Above it, the line absorbs reactive power, tending to depress the voltage, SIL 5. Derive an expression of inductance for single phase two wire line. MAK } [WBUT 2015, 2017, 2018] Answer: Let conductors carry currents I and I; and for Single phase line, J, =—/, Assumptions: a) Relative permeability of earth is about the same as that of air. b) Electrical conductivity of earth is relatively small, i.e., the earth's effect on magnetic field geometry is insignificant. i ¢) Since D>>r, and D>>r, the flux from (D-12) to the centre of conductor 2 linksall the current I, and the flux from the centre of conductor 2 to (D+) links Ze0 current. 1POWER SYSTEM -I ircuit due to current I; are «linkages of the circutt ence US yer" ta Wo tor due to current I, only crance oe ere nd L similarly, 1,=2x10" én x107 én— H/m r Him A otal inductance is L=L,+L,=4x1076 yD Hence L=4x10 en Hm 6A 3-phase, 50Hz line consists of three conductors, each of diameter 21mm. the spacing between the conductors are 3m, 5m & 3.6m. Find the inductance & inductive reactances per phase per kmof the line. [WBUT 2046, 2018] Answer: Radius of conductor = eae. 1.05em =1.05x107m : Dia=2 16m 188% =(0.7788)(1.05 x10) =8.1774 x10? m Dy=3m Dy = Sm Deg = 3.6m 3m, 3.6m D, =DisDy-De, = {3x 5x36 =3.71m Inductance per phase L, =210"7 of 2m 8 Me c 7 D, =2x10* In] —* |H/km = xto*te| 27 | r 8.17774%10 2 In 3,77 10° =2«104In 3.77 . 8.17774 =2x104 In(461.02) =2x10%x1.813 =0.362mH/km x N= 2150x036. =113.668Q/km PSI-37BL iS 7. Consider a three-core, three-phase, 50Hz, 11kV cable whose Conducta denoted as R, Y and B in the figure. The inter-phase capacitance (c) i = x each line conductor is 0.2uF and the capacitance (C,) between core aNd she 0.4uF. Determine the per-phase charging current. WELT 29 “i Outer Sheath Answer: Effective capacitance in this case: sec’ C= Here, C,=0.2pF, C,=0.4uF 9x04 702 3 v6 + 0.2" 6 peo erin = 0.566 nF Per phase charging current =OCV =22 fCV =22 x 50x 0.56610 x 11x10? =1007 x 0.566x107 x11=1.954 Amps Outer Sheath: Capacitance of a three core cable Star equivalent of deltt PSI-38 APOWER SYSTE! ree == 143C;=C, C+3¢: C430 ae 7 fet capacitance of three core cable bunched the thre conductors and the sheath Ne be C, given by, C, =3C, =3%0.2 P= 0.6 pF cme gay two cores to the sheath and measure the capacitance between the i ini id the sheath. remaining conductor an ; Leb thisbe C, given by, C, =C) +2C, =(0.2+2x04) uF =1 uF per phase capacitance, So, pet C=C, +30, =(0.2+3%0.4) nF =(0.2+1.2) uF eG el sur So, per phase charging current, [p=2a fC) =20x50x1.4x11x10' x10 =4.8A (Ans) 4. The A, B, C, D constants of a 220kV line are: 4= D=0.94/10, B=130273°, (001290°. If the sending end voltage of the line for a given load delivered at C= nominal voltage is 240KV, what is the percentage voltage regulation of the line? [WBUT 2017) Answer: 4=D=0.94210°, B=130273°, C= 0.001290? V,=240kV V,=AVy+Bly 1,=CV,+Dly y : Now, af = 7, = 20x10 955.327 10°kV loo 0.94210 V, 240 Peeenage voltage regulation 55.322 -10° 199% 255.322 -10° BeOSsMR TO nse aA Se see ips * 100% =037% (Ans) PSI-39POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 9. An overhead transmission line conductor is subjected to a hori; 2 of 4.78 kglm & vertical ice loading of 1.08kg/m. If the maximum permigea, Missile 4 lay | metres, then calculate the permissible span between two supports .° aig factor of safety of 2. Weight of conductor is 0.849kg/m. Wau lowing ! Answer: "7, 2a W, =1,08kg/m, W, =0.849ke/m, T8kgm, S=6m So, the total weight of conductor per unit length, W,=\(Wv. +7) +172 = \(0.849+1.08)" +1.78 pee Te 0 = 40:72 W.+W, 1.929 WE 89 kg/m Now, tan@= Now, Sag. [L=span between two supports] 87 Given, S=6 m, factor of safety=2 Ultimate safety = 8060 kef | Maximum working tension, T ad = 4030 kef _6.89x 2? ~ 8x4030 => L=167.6m Permissible spari=167.6m'\ | | (Ais) fy So, 40. A single phase load of 200kVA is delivered at 2500V over a transmission line having R = 1.40, X = 0.80. Calculate the current and voltage at the sending ent when the power factor of the load is unity. [WBUT 2018) Answer: Rp=142 — V,=2500V | X,=082 P=200kVA _ 200x10? Sis? (52500, Z,=V(l.4y + (0.8) =1.6120 £084, Vz = (Vp. 008¢, + IR)? + (Vy sin gy + IX'p)* = ¥(2500%1+80x1.4) +(80x0.8)" = 2612.78 V y a 41. Derive the expression of capacitance for single phase overhes BUT considering the effect of earth. Mg Answer: Refer to Question No. I of Long Answer Type Questions. ° PSI-40 Peg aPOWER SY: estions Long Answer Ty} /er line considering ffect of earth. [WBUT 2008, 2014] for capacitance for a single-pha deduce the capacitance without th ive the expression 4, Der" of earth. Hence the eft of ansneince of Single Phase Line: (With Method of Images) ee Dee, i WHEE?) 4 yo( 2h =e 2h \Van+D™ L | in Ma" aek'| 7 ee F/m (line to line) In— r(! me ei C= “(ured € Real conductor QO imsctor % Fig: 1 Ge tunvak D ii a: if i uae of single-phase line without considering the effect of earth is cu vi aD) F/m to neutral. n= r F/mtoneutral i PSI-41Fig: IL 2. Derive the expression for the inductance of a 3-phase line without considering the effect of a transposition. What is the significance of the imaginary term in the expression for inductance? Hence derive the expression for inductance for a completely transposed line. [WBUT 2008] OR, Derive the expression for the inductance of a 3-phase line. [WBUT 2013] i i 3d line. Derive the expression for inductance of a 3-phase completely er an Answer: Flux Linkages of Telephone line running parallel to power line: wastes » According to the figure in which t, and t, are telephone line conductors and a, b, © a" power line conductors, When Power line not transposed Flux linkages of telephone line conductors are PSI-42 aPOWER SYSTEM -I 1 I In— +7, n— Dy 1 lf in——t hh yore? E DAs Dy ee eri ere” Pape aD ages of telephone line are og inkages © ME hz Ay ode in Di -na [18 yin 22+ 1.10 a i iF induced in telephone line is ‘The EM! V,=2nfA, Volumeter Fully Transposed ‘When Power Line : \ductor t, of telephone line in three section of transposition cycle. Flux linkages of con i a | 1 I 1 saul) fen + In —— +7, li ] alil-2 [. CTH laaaD, tual D) alil]=2*10 . 1 4, il] = 2x10 [. Soa. el A=; [aleat a] oil, ei.) (DDD)? Inthe same way, nee A, =2x107 (I, +1, ia (D..P.Day? fend ret? (1 1,41) 2a2abal : (D,PyPei)? feee power line, J, +/,+J.=0 This voltage i tage induced i i is luced in telephone line loop is zero over one transpositions cycle of Power line,—— llc ( cos =F pee 08 eee 3719__08 Rg +X? > 473=N3.719 + X° =2.830. ie, 5,2) Show that the inductance per. loop metre fa fe -wire transmission line using solid round conductor is given by 1 = 4x10" (2 ae where D is the distance beween the conductors and r’ is the GMR of the conductors. [WBUT 2011] Answer: \ Consider a single phase transmission line Sean of two conductors of radius 7 and f, atadistance of D as shown, 1, —___- io flowing in conductor 1 is J, and that of conductor 2 is 1,(=—/,). *S consider the flux of current of conductor 1 first. Flux beyond (D+r,) would be “aul 9 zer0 as net current enclosed (1+) will be zero. As 7, is very small as Cony pared to D, it can be assumed that cia) flux linkage for (D=y;,) to D is same Wale beyond Dj it ‘ndutor | wil itis an TI ibe given herefore, flux linkages to the circuit caused by current in PSI-47Siti ~ A=2x107% In 4=2x107In2 qi Similarly, 2, =2x107 In ey L=1+L,=2x107ln nr L=4x107 In nh ie, 2=4x107n2H r where, r'= Jr b) What is meant by the term “bundled conductors"? What are t this type of conductors? ne acwantage Answer: at Due to low tensile strength, aluminium conductors produce greater sag. This prohibits their use for large spans and makes them unsuitable for long distance transmisin order to increase the tensile strength, the aluminium conductor is reinforced with a ear of galvanized steel wires. Again by increasing conductor size, the voltage at wish corona occurs is raised and hence corona effects are considerably reduced. This is one f the reasons that ACSR conductors which have a large cross-sectional area are used in transmission lines. ACSR conductor is called “bundled conductor”. There is a limit to how much electric field intensity an individual conductor cn withstand. This is greatest atthe surface of the conductor. Even in dry air, ionization may result causing corona discharge to take place, and may lead to a breakdown in insulaio where the conductor is supported from its tower. Transmission line conductors, therefore, are bundled in order to reduce the electric field intensity which would be excessive if a single conductor were to be used instead. Wit bundled conductors, the same field is distributed equally between the bundle! conductors, reducing the field intensity per conductor. ‘Advantages of bundled conductors: 1, Reduced reactance 2. Reduced voltage gradient 3, Reduced radio interference 4, Reduced corona loss 5, Reduced surge impedance, PSI-48iu SYSTEM-I 50 Hz overhead transmission line has the following distributed a pnas®: meters: s} parameter’. 28 ohm: 4 Oe mince = 4x 10 mho. rai sine ing end is 75 MVA at 0.8 pf lagging with 132 kV between wt calculate yee, cul is cavotage (ocuren* actor at the sending end (c @ Isa \srtransmission for this load, [WBUT 2012] @) a: is Aiaceofline per phase, R=280 se susceptance per phase, Y¥ =4x10~ mho iti evingend line voltage, Vp, =132kV 132 , geceivingend phase voltage, Vp =— 7 = 76.21KV 75x10° It, Ip == = 328A peveving-end load eure, J, =“ Oo =3 ‘: Line impedance, Z=(R+ jX)=28+ j0=28Q Incase of equivalent circuit for Nominal-T-Method is given by Avo B Line c Taking receiving-end voltage as reference phasor — Pover factor cos $=0.8 sing=0.6 7, =328(0.8 - j0.6) = (262.4 196.8) A * Phase voltage across capacitor ne a Te Ty x5 =76210 + (262.4 j1968)x14 i M=(79883.6— §2755.2) volts. ‘BIN Current Ipsy' oe XY =(79883.6 ~ j2755.5)x j4x104 =(I.1+ j31.95) A. PSI-49a POPULAR PUBLICATIONS + Sending-end current, I, =I, +1 => 1, =(262.4-f196.8)+(1.1+ /31.95) I, = (263.5 — j16485) A.=310.822~32.03° Ans.) - Sending-end phase voltage Vey = Vs1% = (79883.6 ~ 2755.2) + (263.5 j164.85)14 = (83572.6— j5063.1) volts =83725.832-3.47° <. Sending-end line voltage = 3 x83725.83 = 145017 volts =145kV_ (Ans.) «= Voltage Regulation = 2-="a 90% = 45="32 x 100% Ven 132 =9.85% (Ans.) <. Line Efficiency, N3V pil, COS by ¥3x132000x328x0.8 = NB at C089 199 = iy V3V ls, 0055 73%145000x310.82 x cos(—3.47° + 32,035) 1" pees 7.5 (Ans.) MAKAUT- Mentor: in 7. A 500 KV line has a bundling arrangement of two conductors per phase x shown in Figure-1. 05m van O1O O;0 O---- +— 15m \sm ——+ Fig: 1 Computer the reactance per phase of this line at 60 Hz. Each conductor cate 50% of the phase current. Assume full transposition. peut Answer: eo 05m s-05m sfireinfey fees ed 0; @ 30mm (0) 2 (OP ‘O | f—4 d=15m d= 15m | , Bundled conductor three-phase line The mutual GMD between bundles of phases a and b 7 PSI-50 i alWER SYSTEM - I x Ds =(a(d+5)(4 -s)d)é (D between bundles of phases and ¢ uta a = Dy (By symmetry) sa1GMD between bundles of phases ¢ and a pg =(24(24+ s)(2d-s)2a)* Dy=(DaPxPa)? =(4a (d+5) (4-3) (2d+3)(2a-5))? =[4(ts)(15) (14:5) (30.5)(29.5) =25.05m « self GMD of phase A (Daa) = Diy = Dic = 0.108 m [.. due to symmetry] ss nce per phase Mut Inductive reacta 0. 1, =314x0.461 10” log S — 0342 ohm/km 25. 0.108 y 4.2) Derive the expression of capacitance of a single phase line considering the tifect of earth. Hence deduce the capacitance without the effect of earth. yA phase, 400 kV, 50 Hz, 350 km overhead transmission line has flat horizontal spacing with three identical conductors. The conductors have an outside diameter of3.28 em with 12 m between adjacent conductors. Determine the capacitive reactance to neutral, in-ohmsim/phy and the capacitive reactance for the line in ohms/ph. et ¢) Why is surge impedance of overhead line more than underground cable? [WBUT 2016] Answer: a) Radius a Fig. 1 Single-phase transmission line with images Cay Pacltance of a Single-Phase Line PSI-S1POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Consider a single-phase line shown in Fig. 1. It is required to calculate jg | taking the presence of earth into account by the method of images described grt equation forthe voltage drop Vi, as determined by the two charged conducons Te and their images a’ and b’ can be written as follows: eh yz ‘4h? + D? 2h | yoo Ree reee), ie 2xk| > D 2h (a Dip Substituting the values of different charges and simplifying, we get ¢ 2hD ae eee zk (48+?) | | | It immediately follows that ak in__D (ora) 2ak we D Afra)” Its observed from the above equation that the presence of earth modifies the radius» (I +(D'/si?) Por flange eo PENGOD his is the case normally), te eau arth on line capacitance is of negligible order. b) D,, = 12x12 24 =15.12m 0.0328 r=— # 2 Ca= F/m line-to-line ++ (la) F/m to neutral ses (1b) = 0.0164 15.12 | 2.862 = =3.256x10° 164 3.256x10'Qum =~ x10? in dc cacolaiehmon For 125 miles, 3.256x10° = = 16194 <= Tas 1609 Oe 6) In this section, we will be calculating the surge impedance for overhead transis Jines and underground cables, (i) Overhead transmission line L=2x10" In(D/r) F/phase/m asl where, D isthe distance between the centres of the conductors and r is ther conductor and D>>r, ’PSI-52, |2x10" In(D/r) _ (a- PT eom(oinia cable ey 0-7 In(R/r) F/phase/m 074 ein C=5RIA) Fp 18In(R/r) en, Ris the radius ofthe cable and ris the radius ofthe conductor. Assuming a a srrichaving a relative dielectric constant of ¢, value of $000 is usually assumed of the surge impedance of an overhead line while a valve of 500 is assumed for the surge impedance of a cable. 4.2) Point out the difference between the nominal rr equivalent and equivalent 1 circuit model of a transmission line. 4) Find A, B, C, D constants for nominal rr circuit of a medium transmission line. Also derive the expression for sending end voltage & current. 0) A S-phase, 132 kV, 50 Hz transmission line has_resistance, reactance and capacitance of 0.1 0, 5.0 2 and’0.01 pF per km. Deter the series and shunt parameter and draw the nominal tr circuit model of the line. (WBUT 2016] Answer: 4) In Nominal x method, capacitance of each conductor (i.e., line to neutral) is divided into two halves, one half being lumped at the sending end and the other half at the feeiving end, The capacitance at the sending end has no effect on the line drop. However, its charging current must be added to line current in order to obtain the total Sending end current, : fetal I Representation 7 method the total line capacitance is divided into two equal parts which are lumped. ‘sending and receiving — ends resulting in the nominal -[ representation like, Is za le = Y/2 yp Va | Fig: Medium line x representation PSI-53POPULAR PUBLICATIONS We have, Ts 1 1 Retr a. 1 =Vp (te oinr)z = rl sh }euz 1 1 1 Ab. 1 Is =Ip sLrge staf (te) te |=n (+477) +u(t+L12) So, it is obtained as under: 1 1+=¥Z Z [i] ( 2 } Al 3 I y 1112) (+7) S 4 2 Note: Nominal —T and nominal [] with the above constants are not equivalent to each other I; ©) R=0.12/phase Qphase C=0.01x10* F/phase / Th tari Rese iy ead votaeerioe jE eta wv pe eS LD )3746 A V3x132%10°x0.8 V3 x132x0.8 cos, =0.8 lagging cos¢, = 0.6 Z=R+ jal =0.1+ j5 Qphase Y=g+joC =0+ jx2%%50X0.01%10° = j3.14%10* A/phase In the phasor format, we can write Vy = 76.212 kV I, = 273.3746 (cos4, — jsing,) A=273.3746(0.8 — j0.6) A=273.3746245°4 Load current J, I, HV, x= T6110" jx3.14x10 A= j76.2123.14%10° A= JOA T= Iy + Io, = (218.69968— j164.024 + 0.239) A = 218.69968 — j163.78576 A = 273.27432 -36.82°A Vi, =V, + IZ =76.212x10" + (218.69968— 163.78576)(0.1+ /5) = 76212+ (21.86996 - 16.3785 +1090 — j?818.9288) PSI-54 SS£76212 + (1930-79876 — ‘j16.3785) = 78,142 — 16.3785 V = 78,1422 - 0.012 y a 6 iA 2¥y x5 = (78142 16.3785) j3.14*10 = 024536 j?0.000051 A = j0.24536 + 0,000051 A = 0.245362 -0.0119° A 1, 2+ Io, = (218.69968- j163.78576 + j0.24536 + 0.000051) A pelt tc, =218.69973 ~ /163.5404 A = 273.27432 -36.82° A Z=0.1+j50 POWER SYSTEM - In 40, Determine the capacitance per km per phase to noutral of a 3-phase line arranged as shown in the figure. The diameter of the conductor is 2.8cm. The line js transposed. Take the effect of ground into account. [WBUT 2017] Answer: dy=d, Radius of conductor = 2 a . R ye B =6mand d,, =12m none 4 4 8 A hs Ge 1 2 3 —— 4, ——> tn GMR=r' =0.788x1.4=1.09032 For equivalent spacing, Dz, = Yaad, = 16x 6x12 Ground 5 D,=7.6cm Inductance Per phase per metre, Oo Oo Oo L=2x107 af. 88x10 Him (Ans)ae 14. a) Explain the effect of earth on conductor capacitance, we Answer: Refer to Question No. 1 of Long Answer Type Questions, - S4t 2 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS b) A three phase 50Hz line consists of three conductors each of diam, The spacing between the conductors is as follows: eter 24 , A-B = 3m, B-C = 5m, C-A = 3.6m. ig Find the capacitance and capacitive reactance per phase Per km of the line operates at 132KV, find the charging current per km and the neyi"® My amperes generated by the line per km. Wau” Vole. Answer: T 2049 1" Part: Refer to Question No. 6 of Short Answer Type Questions, 2™ Part: r=——=1,05em=1.05x10?m d,=AB=3m d,=CA=3.6m D,, =93x5x3.6 =3.779 m (2H X8.85 «1077 221.744 10 2.556 a i . Phase voltage, V, eeLinevoltag@EIS2x1 nee Igy, B B Charging current / phase Tc = CV, = 27x 50x 21.744 x10"? x 76210 =100x 2 x 21.744 x10" x 76210 = x 21.744 x 76210 x 10"? = 52.03x10°A Reactive volt-amperes per km = Wyle = 3% 76210x 52.0310" =118.95 Kvar 12. a) What do you mean by transposition of a three phase line. De expression of inductance for a three phase transposition line with unsymm¢ spacing. Im. b) Find Z, and ZL, of figure below. Also find the total inductance in HI muri PSI-56POWER SYSTEM-1 LO. Oy © ©: ait art Refer fo Question No. 3(a) 1" part of Long Answer Type Questions. pat Inductance of 3¢ Tine with unsymmetrical spacing, 4 ee c b pa/\dw b < aN, by a 1 1 rota noth nitnng) ab o Inudance of conductor a, L, = © =2x10 {ns r ae Ifall three currents are assumed to be balanced with I,asareference phasor T=1,20°; I, 12240? = c0s240°+ jsin 240° = a 3 =1A20°= os120° + jsin120°=—-1+ j22 Der. = Substituting this in equation for Z, =2x1077 pt 1 3 ffi Bat 18a] (A 22x19? x10 [ns (Dabs) jNBin | PSI-57UBLICATION 1 =2x107] J, neh bene] ot te L,=2x107 1 de Bael In—+=£ In— DTDs 1, =2x10"| n+ (12-2409) In + (12-1209) in r Da =2x107 =2x107 y,=2x107 =2x107 & reper of three phases are: ) D, 1, =2x107 need Dadi Nine 2x107| Ind +in [DysDz, + jV3In r 1, =2x107| n44in DD, + j¥3in | 7 " b) Ses 9m —>| ae to. «of PSI-58for A= a2 255x107 0.7788 m 5x10 0.7788), x6] “= 0.081m o [(sPuPs)(PuPsPa)(PsPuPn)] i. a 0.7788) x9° x6? } = 0.302m ae ale sinitly, Po = 8. -o6rshim 0461085, Teal Mee: Lj + Ly =1.605 Him hort notes on the following: sein [WBUT 2007, 2010, 2013, 2014] ity effect f ila for transmission line [WBUT 2009, 2010, 2013, 2014] p) ninty effect: A B Tke proximity effect results into non-uniformity of current distribution in a conductor smsssection, Consider the conductor A and B placed near to each other as shown in figure where conductor A carries current its flux links with conductor B in such a fashion thatmore flux links with nearer half (shaded). If conductors carry the currents in opposite ate the magnetic fields setup will tend to increases the current density in the ‘sset portion of the conductors. On the other hand if the currents are in the same lon there is an increase in effective resistance of conductor and hence losses. iniy effect depends on conductor size, frequency, distance between conductors and ay of conductor material. fect is Wee ee aoe by the following factors: Tequency of supply i) F PSI-59POPULAR PUBLICATIONS: iii) Resistivity (p,) of the material iv) Permeability (z,) of the material, ¥) Distance between conductors b) Choice of voltage for transmission line: With increase in the power to be transmitted over long distances, se of power transmission has been developed, A choice could be made out which ret be used in country. The voltage selected has 10 be economial upon cost of lines, cost of apparatus such as transformers, circuit Dreaken is voltages used as standard in India and UK are 1TKV,22kV,33kV for short and 110kV for medium line and 132kV, 166kV,and 230k for long lines. is ky In selection of voltage of transmission li iti in the vicinity should be considered. This is required for possible inter lines, The choice of voltage also linked with conductor size, perfo expected within permissible percentage losses and regulation ofthe li lable is also used- Volt of standard yo MANE Of lng nes. The filling Line “line voltage (kV) Line loading KW Km i 24x 10° 33 200% 10° 66 600x10° 110 11x 10° I2AKAUT Mentor. in» 20-108 166 35x10° 230 90 x10° The best method to decide the voltage for transmission would be to study the initial and ‘operating cost corresponding to the various voltage under consideration. PSI-60 aPOWER SYSTEM - | ovERHEAD LINE CONSTRUCTION Multiple Choice Type Questions [WBUT 2007, 2008, 2010, 2017, 2019] is useful for he conductor eo) footing resistance of a transmission tower should be [WBUT 2009] z Tower in a5 possible b) as low as possible ) 28, d) moderately low Amoderately high aswer: (0) Peiseale [WBUT 2012] Ba sare b)S cos ©) Ssin 0 d) none of these Answer: (0) « Sringing chart is used in transmission lines for [WBUT 2015] 2) designing the tower p) calculating the Sag in the conductor ¢)determining the distance between the conductor ¢) design of insulator string Answer: (b) §.By increasing the sag on the transmission line, the tension {WBUT 2016] 2) increases b) decrease ¢)not affected d) may increase or decrease Answer: (b) 6.The sag of a transmission line is least effected owing to [WBUT 2018] 4) weight of the conductor b) current through the conductor ©) atmospheric temperature d) ice deposition on the conductor Answer: (b) Short Answer Type Questions ‘Whats a stringi : inging chart? What is its utility? [WBUT 2009] What sort OR, f information is obtained from a stringing chart? Why is it important? [WBUT 2011] PSL-61