>» A major ancillary iteni Considerations lL. Type of fluid: chemical and physical characteristics of the fluid to be pumped. . System-head curve: may be obtained from the manufacturer. . Potential system modifications 4. Operational mode: degree of flow, head fluctuation, and mode of operation (continuous or intermittent) . Required margins: 15~20% over the design pointsPumping System - 6. Pump selection: based on the fluid characteristics, turn-down ratio, discharge pressure and system requirements, availability of space, lay-out, energy and pump costs, code requirements, and the materials used in the construction. Reciprocating pumps (plunger or diaphragm type) for liquid chemical metering and injection applications (small capacity) Centrifugal pumps - for wide variety of hydraulic head and over a wide range of capacity requirements, for low to medium capacity with medium to high pressure.Pumping System - » Axial flow pumps: for low hydraulic head and high flow conditions Vertical turbine pumps: require much less space and self-priming but more head room. . Drive selection: electric motor, internal combustion engine, or steam; constant or variable speed drives; the majority of pumps are driven by squirrel-cage induction motors due to their versatility and availability Synchronous: requiring large horse power Wound rotor: requiring variable speed drives Reduced voltage starting and low in-rush currentPumping Sytem - 8. Number of pumps and standby generators: A three pump system employing identical electric motor driven pumps, each having a capacity that is 50% of the max. demand is commonly selected; for frequent power outrages, an engine driven pump or standby diesel generator should be incorporated; for a standby generator, the system will require reduced voltage starting.Pump Specifications Related to pump construction and performance Selection of the appropriate type of metal e.g., for anaerobic sludge or deep well water or pumping out the bottom portion of deep lakes, type 301 or 304 stainless steel rather than type 316 should be specified. Request for bidding: technical specifications and general information (commercial term). Performance testing: agree on the method of testing and whether the testing of the pump should be witnessed.Special Considerations 1. Pump starting conditions Centrifugal pumps: close the discharge valve during startup to prevent hydraulic surges. Propeller type pumps: require very high horse power at start-up. 2. High-speed versus low-speed pumps «a small sized impeller with a high-speed motor +a larger impeller with a slower speed motor 3. Hydraulic surge control During pump start-up: install a surge control valve Water hammer: install a surge tankSpecial Considerations - . Design of the pump suction well The pump impeller requires a particular type of flow condition to exist. . Sludge pumps Positive displacement type - plunger (seldom used) and progressive cavity (Moyno) pumps Centrifugal type - screw feed, bladeless Torque flow type - the Wemco pump, effective but very low pump efficiency The sludge piping should be < 6 in. in diameter and the velocity should be 5 ~ 6 ft/sec.pes of Pressure ANY PRESSURE ABOVE ATMOSPHERIC TMOSPHERIC PRESSURE = 14.7 P.S.LA. vacuum CIN, HG.) BAROMETRIC UR Gage pressure is usually the one we mean when we talk about pump pressure in pounds per square inch (P.S.I.)Column of Liquid which exerts a pressure > Head in feet = 2.31 x psi/Liquid Sp. Gr. ’ For most cases water Sp. Gr. = 1.0 ’ Lighter than water like oil Sp. Gr. = 0.85 ’ Heavier than water like brine Sp. Gr. = 1.15 > Specific gravities for various liquids and for water at various temperatures can be found in pump handbooks such as: ’ Hydraulic institute engineering data book ¥ Cameron hydraulic Data. ¥ Hydraulic handbook (colt industries)Head vs. Pressure The figure are to illustrate the relationship between head and pressure with a centrifugal pump handling liquids of varying specific gravityHead vs. Pressure - continued Three identical pump, each designed to develop 115.5 ft. of head (water Sp. Gr. 1.0) when liquids of other Sp. Gr. are handled, the head (in feet) will remain the same, but the pressure will very proportional to the specific gravityHead vs. Pressure - continued br?5003i 4. se gre le s0.gr+10 wero Three pumps designed for same pressure will develop heads (ft. of liquid) inversely proportional to the specific gravity.Capacity » Quality of liquid to be pumped in a time period ¥ Usually expressed as gallons per minute (gpm) ’ Sometimes expressed as gallons per hour (gph) ’ Other examples Flow Equivalents Example; 100 U S gaumin x 0.0631 = 6.31 iiteraizec Convert cu Barrels | Barreis to us meters (42 gal) Convert miltion per per trom fa gavaay | (secety hour day US gaumin 7 | oasa7 | coors | coca | 0221 | osm | cozs8 Ima gaumin ee | acor7a | accas7s | 0.2727 | oovsa | o.czess | 21.176 6o44 | 578.25 | 1 | sz wT | 438 1653 | 23810 US million gaday Cu fisec . 4ansa | 3737 | 066 | 1 | 1019 | 2832 voees | ts2e8 Cu msec . .. | 13882 | 13200 | 2263 | 3535 | 2600) | 1000 74 | Sr Sa mumin Ta | 2802 | 220 | 05806 | 05886 | 600 | 16667 | 6.290 | S0Sa amine | «103 | 367 | o.c0sse | aoosez | 7 | aarre | a0 | 151 Litersisec | 1585 | 1220 | ocaze | oo3sa | 360 | 1 | os77a | 5433 Litersimin | | scocsao | accoses | 0.060 | a0r7 | 0.00629 | o0s8 Barres (42 gaimin ..... | #2 | 3497 | 0.0605 | aosa7 | ssc | 2es | 1 | 140 Sarrets (42 gan/aay | a0zs2 | a0z Measured in feet of liquid, equivalent head to overcome resistance to liquid flow in pipes, valves and fittings in the piping system. » Values can be located in most hydraulic handbooks. (see examples on following pages)Friction loss for water in ft per 100 ft of pipe Fluid flow ‘Friction loss — Water roy e8 BEGGS WEnse angus sizes ees cocoy caeue age is tau ERRG HAuRE 03 S8983 FERED AERA AAReS SORES A334 don bees ances coaue P0202 ARREA AYIA Bee Hides eat fogs so sets2 tate seeaa eee caer tozoa veal S04 onan aaay S805 S505 29083 Yaogs gaan: gagzE aaa TANTS ih penn navaa' maser eas2g 2233: 2 FERRE GARR RARAG PLGGE AESER B58RR bas Etats 208] SHUHH E2Ug HIUEE Goss Fagz | ae aUSE tH Ba maeNOTE: X DECREASES WITH. INCREASING WALL THICKNESS OF (PIPE AND -RGUNGING OF E5Ge! REGULAR SeREWED oor ELL TONG. Er FRowus w ax 2 PRET oF FLUID ag Resistance coefficients for valves and fittingsLosses and UJ » Entrance and Exit losses ~ Bell mouth opening will reduce entrance losses. Handle same way as a pipe loss. Values found in hydraulic handbooks. » Velocity Head ~ Energy in the fluid as a result of movement. Usually a small value and can be neglected except for very accurate calculations. * Velocity Head = v7/2gDefining Total Head » Combining from previous pages on static heads and friction losses. > Suction lift (-) * Dynamic suction lift = static suction lift + suction friction losses + suction entrance losses > Suction head (+) * Dynamic suction head = static suction head + suction friction losses + suction entrance losses. » Discharge head (+) * Dynamic discharge head = static discharge head + discharge friction losses + exit losses. * Total Head or TDH * Total Head = Discharge Head + Suction lift or — Suction Head.System Head Curve TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD -FEET & & 8 8 nm 8 Theacity - -G.PRM. Example: If Customer needs 550 G.P.M. the pump head as selected from the system head curve will be 98 ft. T.D.H.Selection of Pump » Pump will operate at intersection of pump curve and system head curve. For duty point of 550 GPM@ 98 ft. T.D.H., select 4 x5 x 12-340 pump with 20 H.P., 1750 R.P.M. motor secre 40 race 424 meen 4X5 X12 SERIES 340 OR 360 caren FEBRUARY 1969 ENCLOSED IMPELLER : DO NOT! z Over calculate : id pump head & requirement 3 SMCULaTED SYSTET of Senve Higher driver H.P. will be required. Possibility of cavitation (pump noise vibration and internal damage)For Pumping Problems for §nit over selected as result of improper system head curve > hp requirement too high + Larger motor * Throttle discharge valve to get more head and reduce hp required. (temporary solution) * Cut impeller diameter for proper head and capacity requirements. > Cavitation * Throttle discharge valve to get back on pump curve. (Temp. solution) * Cut impeller diameter to meet correct Head-Capacity requirement.Break Horsepower The BHP required to drive a pump at a specific duty point is: Head (ft) gpm Sp. Gv. 3,960 Pump eff. BHP = These values can be determined from the pump specification and the pump curve.» Spec. calls for 675 gpm at 95 ft. head. Performance curve shows 86%. Pump effluent liquid is ethylene glycol at Sp. Gr. of 1.08. 95 ftx675 gpm x1.08 3,960x86% = 20.3 BHP = Would select a 25 hp DriverNPSH Definition > Hydraulic institute defines net positive suction head (NPSH) as follows: The net positive suction head in feet of liquid absolute determined at the suction nozzle and referred to datum less the vapor pressure of the liquid in feet absolute (This sounds pretty complicated,but let’s try to simplify it a bit as it is very important in pump selection.) Also be defined as the combination of atmospheric pressure and static suction head that causes liquid to flow thru the suction piping and finally enter the eye of the impeller. From that it can be seen that NPSH is very important to successful operation of a pump.Two Kinds of Net positive suction head. >» NPSH,.—required by pump at duty point, found on the pump performance curve. » NPSH,. — Available in the system and must be determined by calculation Important ! For the pump to perform properly, the NPSH, (required), must be less than the NPSH, (available)_ 2.31(P, —Py) Sp. Gr. P,, = atmospheric pressure or pressure in tank (psia); NPSH, +(H, —H;) P, = vapor pressure of liquid at maximum pumping temperature, Sp. Gr. = specific gravity at pumping temperature; H, = elevation head (ft); and H, = friction loss in suction line (ft). Refer to following pages for example calculations. Values for vapor pressure (P,)) and atmospheric pressure (P,) found in pump handbooks. (see attached)Properties of Saturated Steam—Temperature Table (29, cameron uyprautic pataApproximate Atmospheric Pressures and Baromet Readings at Ditferent Altitudes i i é i 1500 m0 00 00 300 200 00 Pt 300 ne too 38 woo | m2 | 239 roo | 2s | zo9 Tao | zag | Zss ooo | dike | 2222 aso | zsas | 2180 maa 10s ma | tas | me 88s 103 maf ims] Sogo 101 Ba | mr] ea asrz0 a ia ite ose a 12 =NPSH, Example #1 vent Atmospheric pressure (P,.) = 14.7 psia af A Nater at 90°F SP.GR. = if Py = 0.69 psia NPSH, = 2.31 (P,-P,,) + (H,-H,) YY SP.GR. ton, || Friction loss in = 2.31 (14.7-0.69) + (10-1.5) sStiction line H, = 1 * fi. 0.99 = 32.7+ 10-1.5 = 41.2 ft NPSH, GOOD! Should be no problem to select a pump to perform satisfactorily.NPSH, Example #2 Tank not vent Deaerator system Water at 225°F Sp.Gr, Tank pressure (P,) = 18.9 psia ] = 0.95 Py= 18.9 psia NPSH, = = 2.31 (P,=P,) + (H,-H,) SP.GR. Friction loss in suction line = 72 3) (18.9-18.9) + (10-1.5) H, = | * ft. 0.953 =0+ 10-15 = 8.5 ft NPSH, Fair ! Select a pump that requires less than,NPSA, Example #3 Ven ter at 210°F Sp.Gr, Atmospheric pressure (P,) = 14.7 psia 16 Py= 14.1 psia “ee Strainer, Gate — = chy 4 Friction loss in suction pipe with strainer and gate valve H, = 1/4 fi. NPSH, ary aL -H,) = 231147-14.) 4 95) 0.96 . =1.9 ft NPSH,NPSH, Example #3 - continued Bad ! It will be difficult to select a pump for satisfactory operation the NPSH, could be increased by raising the tank (H,). If the pump requires 7 ft. NPSH,, tank should be raised approximately 6 ft. add to give 7.9 ft NPSH, even more if possibleNPSH, Example #4 Gate Value Atmospheric pressure (P,) = 14.7 psia Strain ty + we UY isainy,|| Friction loss in suction pipe with strainer and gate valve H, = 1'4 ft. npsu, = 23!.-Pv) 4-H) Water at 90°F Sp. Gr, Foot value Sp.Gr, = 0.99 P, = 0.69 psia _ —2.31(14.7-0.69) +(-15-2.5) 0.99 =32.7-17.5 =15,2 ft NPSH, In selection the pump it would be necessary to see that the NPSH, required did not exceed 13 to 14 ft at the duty point, otherwise noise and cavitation would occur at the pumpFinal Note on NPSH Although a good working knowledge of NPSH is required to select pumps for hot water service, an estimation chart is often helpful to get you in the right area The following chart shows approximate NPSH available at various water temperatures along with various static suction heads up to 15 feet. Note that the chart is based on water at sea level and also that no friction losses in the suction pipe are accounted for. Example of chart use: Given: Vented tank with water level at 8 feet above pump suction and water at 204°F NPSH available = 13.1 feetAvailable NPSH table for water Equiv. NPSH (iy available at various state suction Reads, (R) °F | press. | Fuof lO 77 7 2 ] 3 | 4 ]5 ]76 )]7)]8)]9 7] 15 water 340 foo] 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 30] 00 | 70 | 80) 90 | 0] 15 210 | 141 | 326 | 14] 24 | 34] aa | Sa | oa | 7a | ba | Oa | toa | tie 208 13.7 314 [26 36 46 5.6 6.6 76 9.6 10.6 116 12.6 206 13.0 30.0 | 4.0 50 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10 120 13.0 140 204 | 125 | 289 é1 | Fl oT | iar 12 Tat | 181 202 | 120 | 277 7 | 8S Tos [113 133 | 143 | 153 | 163 200 [115 | 266 sa [om tia | 124 14a | 4 | loa | 17a 190 | 93 | 205 55 | 4S 16s | 17s 195 | 20s 225 160 | 47 | 109 ad | 251 2a | 2a 301 3a 120 1.7 3.9 BIBT 32.1 34.1 35.1 301 40,1 80 | os | 15 335 | MS 365 | 375 305 | 405 a5 [ 40 [or [02 aan | 358 378 | 388 408 | 408 | 42N | 8 Notes: 2 This chart does not take into account head losses due to friction in the pump suction piping which must be deducted from the available NPSH for the specific application s Values given are for water at sea level. For each 1000 feet above sea level, deduct one (1) foot from the available NPSHAffinity On occasion you may findft Wetessary to determine the performance of a pump at a different operating speed the affinity laws are used in making these calculations. Q, = capacity H, = Head (feet) at N, — rpm Q, = capacity H, = Head (feet) at N, — rpmGiven pump at 600 gpm, 80 ft head, 15.1 BHP at 1750 rpm, what is comparable point at 1550 rpm? Q=600 H=80 BHP,= 15.1 N,= 1750 BHP,=? —N,= 1550 9, = WxNs _ 600x1,550 =531 gpm 2 Ny, 1,750 SP H, =H, x (N,/N,) = 80 (1550/1750)? = 62.8 ft. BHP, = BHP,(N,/N,)3 = 15.1 (1550/1750) = 10.5 BHPExample - co Other points from the 1750 rpm curve can be converted in a similar manner to plot an expected curve at the new rpm. There are also similar equations to determine expected performance when changing the impeller diameter with rpm remaining constant. These can be shown by replacing N, and N, with D, and D, in the above equations. The use with different diameters would be the same as above