GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING
YAVATMAL
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERIN
A

INTERNSHIP REPORT
ON

ELECTRICAL VEHICLE
Submitted by:-
Students name PRN.NO
1. SWAPNIL DATTATRAY 2110121293030
MADESHWAR

Guided by:- Prof.P.S.SWAMI

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Training has an important role in exposing the real life situation in an industry. It
was a great experience for me to work on training at (KGA Electrical And
Engineering) through which I could learn how to work in a professional
environment.
Now, I would like to thank the people who guided me and have been a
constant source inspiration throughout the tenure of my summer training.
I am sincerely grateful to , who rendered me his valuable assistance,
constant encouragement and able guidance which made this training actually
possible
I wish my deep sense of gratitude to (KODACY ) whose affectionate
guidance has enabled me to complete this training successfully.I also wish my
deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Shindekar sir (HOD: EE Department) and my
project guide Prof.P.S Swami and other faculty members whose guidance and
encouragement made my training successful.
 INDEX
Content Page no
1. Acknowledgement 2-3
2. Introduction 4-5
3. Classyfication of EV 5-7
4. Parts of EV
5. Types of motors and working 8-9

6. Traction of motors 9-10

7. Conclusion 10
 INTRODUCTION

Electrical Vehicle
In recent years, many existing automobile manufacturers and new
dedicated companies have puta remarkable effort in transforming the
conventional vehicle into an Electric Vehicle that providesgreen and
reliable solution. In terms of market share, EV demand is raising . It
starts replacingconventional vehicle in USA, Europe and Asia. With
revolutionized perspective and competitive price (Entry range), EV is
a smart choice for any end user, however, an extra effort is required
toenhance the range of autonomy and vary applications.An EV is a
shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are vehicles that are
either partiallyor fully powered on electric power. Electric vehicles have
low running costs as they have lessmoving parts for maintaining and
also very environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossilfuels
(petrol or diesel).
 Classification of EV
Battery Electrical vehicle ( BEV ) :
Battery Electric Vehicles, also called BEVs and more frequently called EVs, are fully electric vehicles
with rechargeable batteries and no gasoline engine. All energy to run the vehicle comes from the battery
pack which is recharged from the grid. BEVs are zero emissions vehicles, as they do not generate any
harmful tailpipe emissions or air pollution hazards caused by traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. Some
popular EV models are pictured here and a full list of available fast charging EV models is available in the
chart above.

Plug – in Hybrid Electric Vehicle ( PHEV ) :

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles, or PHEVs, have both an engine and electric motor to drive the car. Like
regular hybrids, they can recharge their battery through regenerative braking. They differ from regular hybrids
by having a much larger battery, and being able to plug into the grid to recharge. While regular hybrids can (at
low speed) travel 1-2 miles before the gasoline engine turns on, PHEVs can go anywhere from 10-40 miles
before their gas engines provide assistance. Once the all-electric range is depleted, PHEVs act as regular
hybrids, and can travel several hundred miles on a tank of gasoline. All PHEVs can charge at an EVgo L2
charger, but most PHEVs are not capable of supporting fast charging.

Hybrid Electric Vehicle ( HEV ):

Hybrid Electric Vehicles, or HEVs, have both a gas-powered engine and an electric motor to drive the car. All
energy for the battery is gained through regenerative braking, which recoups otherwise lost energy in braking
to assist the gasoline engine during acceleration. In a traditional internal combustion engine vehicle, this
braking energy is normally lost as heat in the brake pads and rotors. Regular hybrids cannot plug into the grid
to recharge and cannot charge with EVgo.

Fuel cell Electricl Vehicle ( FCEV ) :

FCEVs use a propulsion system similar to that of electric vehicles, where energy stored as hydrogen is converted to
electricity by the fuel cell. Unlike conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, these vehicles produce no harmful
tailpipe emissions. Other benefits include increasing U.S. energy resiliency through diversity and strengthening the
economy.

FCEVs are fueled with pure hydrogen gas stored in a tank on the vehicle. Similar to conventional internal combustion
engine vehicles, they can fuel in about 5 minutes and have a driving range of more than 300 miles. FCEVs are
equipped with other advanced technologies to increase efficiency, such as regenerative braking systems that capture
the energy lost during braking and store it in a battery. Major automobile manufacturers are offering a limited but
growing number of production FCEVs to the public in certain markets, in sync with what the developing infrastructure
can support.
TYPES OF MOTORS USE IN EV

DC MOTORS :
In a majority of the cases, a DC motor runs on anything that lies between 96 and 192 volts. In
addition, more torque is generated from DC motors that lead to a cost-cutting aspect.

DC motors are classified into three categories namely brushed DC motor, BLDC or brushless DC
motor, and stepper. Brushed DC motors are widely used in electric vehicles for retracting,
positioning and extending electrically-powered side windows. These motors are suitable for
many uses because of their low cost. However, the commutators and brushes tend to wear
relatively quickly because of their continued contact, leading to periodic maintenance and
frequent replacement.

As the name implies, a BLDC motor doesn’t use brushes and employs an electronic commutator
instead, which increases its efficiency and reliability by eliminating the source of power and wear
loss. In addition, these motors boast of some significant advantages over induction motors and
brush DC motors like higher speed ranges, noiseless operation, faster dynamic response, better
speed versus torque characteristics etc. Also, the ratio of torque delivered relative to the size of
the motor is higher, which makes it a good choice for electric vehicles, where high power is
required but lightness and compactness are critical factors as well. While BLDC motors are
mechanically simple relatively, they do require regulated power supplies and sophisticated
control electronics.
AC MOTOR :
An AC motor is powered by alternating current and is likely to be a three-phase motor that can
function at 240 volts AC. The regenerative feature of AC motors can also work as a generator
which brings power back to the battery of an electric vehicle. When it comes to performance on
road, electric cars with AC motors can run more smoothly at rougher terrains, apart from offering
more acceleration. Even though AC motors are more expensive than DC motors, they’re widely
popular among electric auto manufacturers, especially when it comes to high-performance
vehicles.

The fundamental operation of these motors depends on the principles of magnetism. An AC

motor comes with a coil of wire together with two fixed magnets that surround a shaft. When
the coil of wire is supplied with an electric (AC) charge, it becomes an electromagnet, thus
creating a magnetic field. Put simply, upon interaction of the magnets, the shaft, together with
the coil of wires, starts to rotate, thus operating the motor. AC motors can be divided into two
main categories namely asynchronous motor or induction motor and synchronous motor or PM
motor.
Electric / Traction Motor :
A traction motor is a type of electric motor that is specifically designed for providing propulsion in vehicles
such as trains, electric vehicles (EVs), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It delivers torque to drive the
wheels or axles of the vehicle, providing the necessary traction to power the vehicle's movement. A traction
motor is typically designed to operate at high efficiency and with high power density, making it an important
component in the powertrain of modern vehicles. In EVs and HEVs, the traction motor often serves as the
sole source of propulsion, it is a key component of an electric vehicle's powertrain and is responsible for
delivering the torque and power necessary for the vehicle to move. In traditional internal combustion engine
vehicles, it is often used in conjunction with an engine to provide additional power and efficiency.

• Electric Vehicles (EVs): The traction motor is the primary source of propulsion in EVs and is
responsible for delivering the power needed to drive the wheels.
• Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs): In HEVs, the traction motor is used in conjunction with an
internal combustion engine to provide additional power and efficiency. The motor is used to
assist the engine during acceleration and to provide power during low-speed and stop-and-
go driving.
• Trains: Traction motors are used in electric trains to provide propulsion and are typically
mounted directly on the axles of the train's wheels.
• Industrial Equipment: Traction motors are used in a range of industrial equipment, such as
electric forklifts and mining vehicles, to provide power for movement.

•
There are many ways in which an electric vehicle (EV) can be charged depending upon the location and
requirements. Currently, conductive charging technology, or plug-in(wired) charging, is the mainstream
technology in use. There are two types of fuels that can be used to charge an EV, namely, alternating current
(AC) and direct current (DC). Battery inside an EV or in any electronic devices such as smart phone, laptops etc.,
can store only DC, therefore, before a device can be charged, the AC supply from the grid must be converted
into DC. That’s why, most electronic devices have an in-built convertor into the plug to convert the power from
AC to DC.

Similarly, in case of an electric vehicle, the EV chargers are categorized depending upon the location, where the
AC power gets converted, inside or outside the vehicle.

a. AC Charging:

In AC charging, the converter is built inside the vehicle, known as an “onboard charger”. The onboard
charger converts power from AC to DC and then feeds it into the vehicle’s battery. Today, this is the
most common way for charging electric vehicles.

b. DC Charging::

In case of DC charging, the DC charger has a converter inside the charger itself and the power
conversion happens outside the vehicle. This means that the charger can feed power directly to the
vehicle’s battery and doesn’t need the onboard charger.

The Relationship between power conversion mechanism and rate of charging

The power conversion mechanism has a direct relationship with the rate of EV charging. It is important to note
that the onboard charger of an electric vehicle has its own power rating. For example, In India market, the low
voltage electric vehicles (below 120V) such as electric 2-wheelers and 3-wheelers have an onboard charger
only up to 3kW, whereas the high voltage electric cars such as Nexon EV, MG ZS EV and Hyundai Kona have
onboard chargers of 3.2kW, 7kW and 10.5kW (max).
Charging port :
So, when an electric vehicle is charged by an AC charger of certain power rating, the rate of charging is limited
to the rating of the lowest rated component. But this is not applicable in case of DC charging, as the DC
chargers bypasses all the limitations of onboard chargers and feeds DC power directly to the battery. So, the
power rating of DC charger is the key determinant along with other factors like C-rate of the battery. Only the
power rating of DC charger will not guarantee fast charging, as it will depend upon the C-rate of the battery. A
charger would supply power up to its rated capacity only, but it is the BMS of the battery that would decide
whether it would accept that much power or not.

Classification of EV Chargers:

When it comes to EVs, it is more appropriate to classify chargers based on their power rating instead of the
rate of charging vis-à-vis “slow-chargers” or fast-chargers”. The definition of a slow charger and fast charger is
not sufficient, as the same charger will act as a fast or slow charger depending upon the vehicle to be charged.
For e.g., a 2.5kW charger will be a slow charger for an electric car but could act a fast charger for an electric
two-wheeler.

Globally, the EV chargers are categorized broadly into 3 levels: 1) Level 1 AC Charging; 2) Level 2 AC
Charging; and 3) DC Charging.

1. Level 1: Known as slow AC charging, these are simple home sockets used for AC trickle charging. The
power rating of such chargers varies between 1kW to 3kW. In North America, Level 1 charging is
defined at 120V, whereas in India, the home private chargers are generally used with 230V/15A single
phase plug, which can deliver a maximum of up to about 2.5kW of power.

2. Level 2: Known as fast AC charging, the level 2 charging supports both single phase as well as 3
phase AC charging with the help of different charging connectors available globally. In North America,
the level 2 charging is defined at 208-240V, and the output power varies between 3kW to 19kW AC.
As far as India market is concerned, the chargers are available with the power output ranging from
3.5kW to 22 kW supporting both single phase as well as 3 phase AC charging. These types of
 chargers are preferred for workplaces, shopping malls, parking garages, hotels etc.

3. DC Charging: These are known as fast chargers, as DC chargers bypasses the need of onboard
chargers inside the vehicle, thus the EVs can be charged faster. The power rating of charger varies
between 10kW to 400kW globally. The charging time will depend upon many factors such as the
power rating of charger, size of battery, the C-rate of the battery etc. Many vehicles available in market
today can achieve 80% charge within an hour using the different DC chargers available currently.
These types of chargers are preferred mainly for public places.

Standards and Connector types for EV charging around the world:

Generally, whenever a new technology is introduced in the market, the initial phase always remains
challenging and full of competing standards. Each manufacturer uses and develops his own standards and
processes. Only time can determine which one will sustain. The world witnessed the same in case of charging
connectors for mobile phones. Today, the same is happening with the connectors on charging cables for
electric vehicles. The details below explore the different charging connectors used by OEMs across
geographies and models.
CONCLUSION:
An engineer needs to have not just theoretical but practical as well as and so every
student is supposed to undergo practical training session after 3rd year where I
have imbibed the knowledge about transmission, distribution and maintenance
with economical issues related to it.
At last I would like to say that practical training taken at MSEB substation pauni
has broadened my knowledge and widened my thinking as a professional