4/8/2020

Current
Electric current: charges in motion from one region to another.
Current is the amount of charge flowing through a specified area, per unit time.
n = concentration of charged particles
Chapter 25: CURRENT, RESISTANCE, AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE vd = drift velocity
Current Density (J):
Exercises: 3, 5, 9, 15, 21, 23, 25, 27, 35, 37, 41, 45, 47, 49
Problems: 53 (57), 55(59), 59(63), 61(65), 65(69), 69(73), 71(75), 75(79), 77(83)
Resistivity The resistivity  of a material is the ratio of the
magnitudes of electric field and current density.
Resistance Circuits:
Dang Duc Vuong Power:
a I ,r R b Rate at which energy is delivered to or
Email: [email protected] extracted from a circuit element.
V    I(r  R)
ab

a I ,r R b Pure resistance:

V    I(r  R)
ab

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Solve complex circuit: Kirchhoffs Circuit Laws

Kirchhoffs First Law – Kirchhoffs Second Law – 25.53(57). An electrical conductor designed to carry large currents has a circular cross section 2.50 mm in diameter and is
The Current Law, (KCL) The Voltage Law, (KVL)
14.0 m long. The resistance between its ends is 0.104 . (a) What is the resistivity of the material? (b) If the electric-field
magnitude in the conductor is 1.28 V/m. what is the total current? (c) If the material has 8.5 x 1028 free electrons per cubic
meter, find the average drift speed under the conditions of part (b).
Summary: A
d = 2.50 mm= 2.50 x 10-3 m
L = 14.0 m
R = 0.104  L

Example: Find the current flowing in the 40Ω Resistor, R3

E = 1.28 V/m
n = 8.5 x 1028 electrons/m3.  d 
2

0.104    
The circuit has 3 branches, 2 nodes (A and B) and 2 independent loops. L A  4   3.65  10 m
Using Kirchhoffs Current Law, KCL the equations are given as:
a) The resistivity of the material R  R    8

A L 14.0
At node A : I1 + I2 = I3
I1 = -0.143 A
b) The total current
2
At node B : I3 = I1 + I2
I2 = +0.429 A E 1.28   2.50  10   3
V EL 1.28  14.0
Using Kirchhoffs Voltage Law, KVL the equations are given as: I  JA  A  
8   172A or I     172A
 3.65  10  4  R R 0.104
Loop 1 is given as : 10 = R1 I1 + R3 I3 = 10I1 + 40I3
Loop 2 is given as : 20 = R2 I2 + R3 I3 = 20I2 + 40I3 c) The average drift speed:
Loop 3 is given as : 10 – 20 = 10I1 – 20I2
J E 1
Jnq v v    2.58  10 3
m / s 
The current flowing in resistor R3 is given as : -0.143 + 0.429 = 0.286 Amps ne    ne
d d

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25.55(59). On your first day at work as an electrical technician, you are asked to determine the resistance per meter of a long 25.59(63). A material of resistivity  is formed into a solid, truncated cone of height h and radii r1 and r2 at
piece of wire. The company you work for is poorly equipped. You find a battery, a voltmeter, and an ammeter, but no meter either end (Fig.). (a) Calculate the resistance of the cone between the two flat end faces. (Hint: Imagine
for directly measuring resistance (an ohmmeter). You put the leads from the voltmeter across the terminals of the battery, and slicing the cone into very many thin disks, and calculate the resistance of one such disk.) (b) Show that your
the meter reads 12.6 V. You cut off a 20.0-m length of wire and connect it to the battery, with an ammeter in series with it to result agrees with Eq. (25.10) when r1 = r2.
measure the current in the wire. The ammeter reads 7.00 A. You then cut off a 40.0-m length of wire and connect it to the
Method: calculate the resistance of each thin disk and then integrate over the truncated cone to find the
battery, again with the ammeter in series to measure the current. The ammeter reads 4.20 A. Even though the equipment you total resistance.
have available to you is limited, your boss assures you of its high quality: The ammeter has very small resistance, and the
voltmeter has very large resistance. What is the resistance of one meter of wire?
Consider a thin slice a distance y above the bottom. The slice has thickness dy and radius r. The resistance
You put the leads from the voltmeter across the terminals of the battery, and the
V
of the slice is
V
meter reads 12.6 V   = 12.6 V (no current through the battery) dy r r y y dy dy
dR  and   r  r   r  r   r  y  dR 
2
2 1 2 2
 2 2
r r h h    r  y 
2
With a wire of resistance R connected to the battery current I flows: ,r r  y r1-r2
1 2
 r   r  r  
2 1 2
2

A A  h 
Call the resistance of the 20.0-m piece R1 The 40.0-m piece have resistance R2= 2R1. R R
h
h
h
dy  1  h
1
R   dR      r  y   
  r  y    
2 2 h
0 0
2  r r 0 1 2
r-r2 y
h h L
 R1 = 1.20 ; r = 0.600   The resistance of one meter is R1/L = 1.20/20 = 0.060  when r1 = r2 = r R   2 r2
r r r
1 2
A

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25.61(65). Leakage in a Dielectric. Two parallel plates of a capacitor have equal and opposite charges Q. The dielectric has a 25.65(69). The potential difference across the terminals of a battery is 8.4 V when there is a current of 1.50 A in the
dielectric constant K and a resistivity . Show that the “leakage” current I carried by the dielectric is given by I = Q/K0. battery from the negative to the positive terminal. When the current is 3.50 A in the reverse direction, the potential
difference becomes 9.4 V. (a) What is the internal resistance of the battery? (b) What is the emf of the battery?
 Q
Let A be the area of each plate  E  
K AK
0 0
Q -Q

E Q
I  AJ  A  K, a I ,r b
 AK Q
 I  A  0

Q   K
E 0

AK 0  r  0.20 ;   8.7 V

a I ,r b

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25.69(73). A 12.6-V car battery with negligible internal resistance is connected to a series combination of a 3.2  resistor that 25.75(79). In the circuit of Fig. below, find (a) the current through the 80- resistor and (b) the
obeys Ohm’s law and a thermistor that does not obey Ohm’s law but instead has a current-voltage relationship V = I + I2, total rate of dissipation of electrical energy in the 80-  resistor and in the internal resistance
with = 3.8  and  = 1.3 /A. What is the current through the 3.2  resistor? of the batteries, (c) In one of the batteries, chemical energy is being converted into electrical
energy. In which one is this happening, and at what rate? (d) In one of the batteries, electrical
energy is being converted into chemical energy . In which one is this happening, and at what
rate? (e) Show that the overall rate of production of electrical energy equals the overall rate of
consumption of electrical energy in the circuit.

a) We suppose the current flow in the following circuit as shown in figure.

a b a I ,r R b
The quadratic formula gives V    Ir
ab 1 1    Ir    I(R  r )
1 1 2 2
V    I(r  R)
ab
  12.0  8.0
I must be positive, so take the + sign a I ,r R b I 
1 2
 0.40A
V    I(R  r )
ab 2 2
R  r  r 1.0  1.0  8.0
1 2

V    I(r  R)
ab

b) Total rate of dissipation of electrical energy P  I (R  r  r )  1.6w

2
1 2

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(c) In one of the batteries, chemical energy is being converted into electrical energy. 25.77(83). The Tolman-Stewart experiment in 1916 demonstrated that the free charges in a metal have negative charge and
In which one is this happening, and at what rate? a b provided a quantitative measurement of their charge-to-mass ratio, |q|/m. The experiment consisted of abruptly stopping a
Chemical energy is converted to electrical energy in a battery when the current goes rapidly rotating spool of wire and measuring the potential difference that this produced between the ends of the wire. In a
through the battery from the negative to the positive terminal, so the electrical simplified model of this experiment, consider a metal rod of length L that is given a uniform acceleration a to the right.
energy of the charges increases as the current passes through. Initially the free charges in the metal lag behind the rod’s motion, thus setting up an electric field E in the rod. In the steady
This happens in the 12.0 V battery, and the rate of production of electrical energy is state this field exerts a force on the free charges that makes them accelerate along with the rod. (a) Apply  F  ma to the
free charges to obtain an expression for |q|/m in terms of the magnitudes of the induced electric field E and the acceleration
(d) In one of the batteries, electrical energy is being converted into chemical energy. In which one is this happening, and at what a. (b) If all the free charges in the metal rod have the same acceleration, the electric field E is the same at all points in the
rate? rod. Use this fact to rewrite the expression for |q|/m in terms of the potential V be between the ends of the rod (Fig. below).
Electrical energy is converted to chemical energy in a battery when the current goes through the battery from the positive to (c) If the free charges have negative charge, which end of the rod, b or c, is at higher potential? (d) If the rod is 0.50 m long
the negative terminal, so the electrical energy of the charges decreases as the current passes through. and the free charges are electrons (charge q = -1.60x10-19 C, mass 9.11x10-31 kg), what magnitude of acceleration is
This happens in the 8.0 V battery, and the rate of consumption of electrical energy is
required to produce a potential difference of 1.0 mV between the ends of the rod? (e) Discuss why the actual experiment
used a rotating spool of thin wire rather than a moving bar as in our simplified analysis.
(e) Show that the overall rate of production of electrical energy equals the overall rate of consumption of electrical energy in
the circuit.
Total rate of production of electrical energy = 4.8 W. equals the rate of production
Total rate of consumption of electrical energy = 1.6 W + 3.2 W = 4.8 W

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The Tolman-Stewart experiment:
a
    
- - E + F   ma F qE N
b - -
+ c 1 2

- - + M
L
 
In the steady state F F 0
1 2
- +
VMN
q a
ma  q E   - - +
m E q aL M - -
+ N
  - -
+
V m V
E cb cb

L
(c) If the free charges have negative charge, which end of the rod, b or c, is at higher potential? Vc > Vb

(d) Rod: L = 0.50 m; q = -1.60x10-19 C, m = 9.11x10-31 kg. Vcb = 1.0 mV  a = ?

q aL q V 1.6  10   1.0  1019 3
  3.5  10
 a   cb 8
m / s 2

m V cb
mL  9.1 10  (0.5) 31

 the actual experiment used a rotating spool of thin wire rather than a moving bar as in our simplified analysis

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