Gregor Johann Mendel

Austrian Monk.
Born in Czech Republic in 20
July 1822.
Study the inheritance in sweet
pea plants (Pisum sativum).
Developed the law of
inheritance, which is now called
as Mendel s Principles.
Mendel s work was not
recognized until the turn of the
20th century
He died on 6 January 1884.
 Terminology

Trait It is any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring.

Heredity Passing of traits from parent to offspring.
Genetics Study of heredity.
Genotypes Genetic makeup of an organism (Organism s complete set of genes).
Phenotypes The physical appearance of an organism with respect to a trait, such
as yellow seeds.
Dominant trait A trait expressed preferentially over another trait. It is represented
with a capital letter.
Recessive trait The opposite of dominant. A trait that is preferentially masked. It is
represented with the same letter as the respective dominant trait but with lower case.
Test cross A cross of an individual organism of dominant phenotype but unknown
genotype and an organism with a homozygous recessive genotype (and phenotype).
It is generally a cross involving a homozygous recessive individual.
Reciprocal cross Using male and female gametes for two different traits,
alternating the source of gametes.
 Genes and Related Terms

Genes A gene is a basic unit of heredity and a sequence of

nucleotides in DNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene product, either
RNA or protein.
Alleles two forms of a genes (dominant & recessive)
Dominant genes Stronger of two genes expressed in the hybrid. It is
represented by a capital letter, e.g. for Tall variety, dominant allele will
be represented by T .
Recessive Genes Genes that shows up less often in a cross. It is
represented by a lowercase letter, e.g. for Tall variety, recessive allele
will be represented by t .
Genotype Gene combination for a trait, e.g. TT, Tt, tt, RR, Rr, rr, etc.
Phenotypes The physical feature resulting from a genotype, e.g. Tall,
Dwarf, Red, White, etc.
 Genotypes

Two kinds:

Homozygous genotype: Gene combination involving two dominant or

two recessive genes, e.g. TT, RR, tt, rr, etc. It is also called pure

Heterozygous genotype: Gene combination of one dominant and one

recessive genes, e.g. Tt, Rr, etc. It is also called hybrid.
 Types of Genetic Crosses

Monohybrid cross Cross involving a single trait, e.g. flower color,

seed shape, eye color, etc.

Dihybrid cross Cross involving two traits, e.g. flower color and plant
height, eye color and abdomen color of the Drosophila melanogaster,
eye color and hair color in the human, etc.

Trihybrid cross Cross involving three traits or alleles belonging to

three different genes, e.g. plant size, pod color and seed shape of a
Sweet pea plant.
 Generation in a Crossing

Parental P1 Generation The parental generation in a breeding

experiment.

F1 Generation The first-generation of offspring in a breeding

experiment. It is also called 1st filial generation. It is derived from the
breeding male and female of P1 generation.

F2 Generation The second-generation offspring in a breeding

experiment. It is also called as 2nd filial generation. It is derived from
breeding male and female individual of F1 generation.
 Punnett Square

Punnett Sqaure A square diagram used to predict the genotypes of a

particular cross or breeding experiment.
It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the method in 1905.

Monohybrid Paternal Dihybrid Paternal gametes

gametes LB Lb lB lb
T t LB LLBB LLBb LlBB LlBb
Maternal T TT Tt Maternal
gametes gametes Lb LLBb LLbb LlBb Llbb
t Tt tt lB LlBB LlBb llBB llBb
Monohybrid cross between the lb LlBb Llbb llBb llbb
tall (TT) male and tall (TT)
female sweet pea plant Dihybrid cross between the long-winged (LL) and
black-bodied (BB) Drosophila and vestigeal-winged (ll)
and grwy-bodied (bb) Drosophila.
Punnett Square
 Why Mendel selected Sweet Pea?

Because,

It can be grown in a small area.

It produces lots of offspring.
It produces pure plants when
allowed to self-pollinate several
generations.
It can be artificially crossed.
Mendel selected seven pairs of contrasting characters of pea
plants for his experiments which are as follows:

Phenotype Dominant trait Recessive trait

Plant height Tall (T) Dwarf (t)
Flower color Purple (P) White (p)
Flower position Axial (A) Terminal (a)
Pod shape Smooth (S) Wrinkled (s)
Pod color Green (G) Yellow (g)
Seed shape Round (R) Wrinkled (r)
Seed color Yellow (Y) Green (y)
Mendel s Selection of Traits
 Results of Mendel s Experiments

Theoretical or expected ratio is 3:1, while Mendel s observed ratio was 2.96:1
 Mendel s Law

1. Law of Dominance:
offspring inherit only the dominant trait in the phenotype. The allele that are suppressed are called
the recessive traits, while the alleles that determine the traits are called as the dominant traits.

2. Law of Independent Assortment:

pair of traits segregates independently of another pair during gamete formation. It ensures equal
opportunity of different traits to occur together.

3. Law of Segregation:
hereditary factors segregate during the production of gametes so that offspring acquire one factor
from each parent. In other words, allele pairs segregate during the formation of gamete and
reunite randomly during fertilization.

Law of Dominance Law of Independent Assortment Law of Segregation

 Monohybrid Cross
Law of Dominance
P1 Monohybrid cross

For seed shape, a pure monohybrid cross can be understand as follows:

Trait: Seed shape
Alleles: R Round r Wrinkled
Cross: Round seeds X Wrinkled seeds
RR X rr

Offspring (F1 Generation)

Genotype: Rr (Heterozygous)
Phenotype: Round
Genotypic ratio: All alike
Phenotypic ratio: All alike
 Monohybrid Cross

F1 Monohybrid cross

For seed shape, a F1 monohybrid cross can be understand as follows:

Trait: Seed shape
Alleles: R Round r Wrinkled
Cross: Round seeds X Wrinkled seeds
Rr X Rr

Offspring (F2 Generation)

Genotype: RR, Rr, rr
Phenotype: Round & Wrinkled
Genotypic ratio: 1:2:1
Phenotypic ratio: 3:1
 Monohybrid Cross

F2 Monohybrid cross or Test Cross (Pure X Hybrid)

Crosses of homozygous dominant with hybrid offspring

Trait: Seed shape
Alleles: R Round r Wrinkled
Cross: Round seeds X Wrinkled seeds
RR X Rr

Offspring (F2 Generation)

Genotype: RR, Rr
Phenotype: Round
Genotypic ratio: 1:1
Phenotypic ratio: All alike
 Monohybrid Cross

F2 Monohybrid cross or Test Cross (Pure X Hybrid)

Crosses of homozygous recessive with hybrid offspring

Trait: Seed shape
Alleles: R Round r Wrinkled
Cross: Round seeds X Wrinkled seeds
rr X Rr

Offspring (F2 Generation)

Genotype: RR, rr
Phenotype: Round & Wrinkled
Genotypic ratio: 1:1
Phenotypic ratio: 1:1
 Monohybrid Cross

Problems:

Make a Punnett square and derive genotypic and phenotypic ratio of following
crosses:
a. Tall (TT) and dwarf (tt) variety of Sweet Pea
b. Tall (Tt) and tall (Tt) variety of Sweet Pea

c. Long winged (LL) and long winged (Ll) of Drosophila melanogaster

d. Vestigeal winged (ll) and long winged (Ll) of D. melanogaster
 Dihybrid Cross

Crosses with two contrasting traits

Trait: Seed shape & Seed color

Alleles: R Round r Wrinkled
Y Yellow y green
Cross: Round seeds X Wrinkled seeds
Heterozygous RrYy X RrYy

Gametogenesis Number of gametes is equal

(Segregation) to 2n, where n is number of
heterozygotes.

RY Ry rY ry RY Ry rY ry
Dihybrid Cross

Offspring
Round/Yellow = 9
Round/green = 3
wrinkled/Yellow = 3
wrinkled/green = 1
Phenotypic ratio =
9:3:3:1
 Dihybrid Cross

Problems:

1. How many gametes will be produced for the following allele arrangements?
a. RrYy
b. TtRRYyAa
c. AaBbCCDd
d. AaBbCcDdJJLlPpvv
2. Make a Punnett square and predict phenotypic ratio of following crosses:
a. RRYY X RrYy
b. RrYy X RrYy
 Incomplete Dominance

Incomplete dominance is a type of relationship between alleles in which

both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in
an intermediate or different phenotype.
F1 hybrids will have an appearance in between the two parental varieties, such
as appearance of flower color in Snapdragon flower.
Crosses in Snapdragon flower: Red (RR) X White (rr)

Offspring (F1 Generation):

All Rr = Pink
Genotypes: All alike (Heterozygous)
Phenotypes: All alike
 Codominance

It refers to a type of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the

same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an
individual.
Two alleles are expressed (multiple alleles too) in heterozygous individuals,
such as blood type.
Cross
Genotype of blood types: Type B male (IBIB) X Type A female (IAi)
i. Type A = IAIA or Iai
ii. Type B = IBIB or Ibi
iii. Type C = IAIB
iv. Type O = ii

Offspring
50% IAIB (Type C) & 50% IBi (Type B)
 Codominance

Problems:

1. What will be the genotypes and phenotypes if a male Type O (ii) crossed
with female Type AB (IAIB)?

2. If a boy has a blood type O and his sister has blood type AB. What are the
genotypes and phenotypes of their parents?