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JP (V Lab - 4)

what is the need of object oriented database? Object orientea database MU May 19.5 Marks systems are proposed as an alternative to relational systems and other availabie syste is aimed at application domains where complex objects play a major role. ems. It The term object-oriented-abbreviated by 00 or 0-0 has its origins in 00 programming languages, or 00P The O0 approach is heavily influenced by 00PL DBMS functionality to a (object-oriented programming languages) and this is used to gE program

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37 views6 pages

JP (V Lab - 4)

what is the need of object oriented database? Object orientea database MU May 19.5 Marks systems are proposed as an alternative to relational systems and other availabie syste is aimed at application domains where complex objects play a major role. ems. It The term object-oriented-abbreviated by 00 or 0-0 has its origins in 00 programming languages, or 00P The O0 approach is heavily influenced by 00PL DBMS functionality to a (object-oriented programming languages) and this is used to gE program

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shivampatel22098
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Engineering

Physis ( VIRTUAL
LAB )
[ PLANCK’S CONSTANT ]

NAME : Jay Parmar


SAPID : 60003210223
Branch : IT / D2

Aim
Determination of Planck’s constant.

Apparatus
0-10 V power supply, a one way key, a rheostat, a digital milliammeter, a digital voltmeter, a 1 K
resistor and different known wavelength LED’s (Light-Emitting Diodes).

Theory
Planck’s constant (h), a physical constant was introduced by German physicist named Max Planck
in 1900. The significance of Planck’s constant is that ‘quanta’ (small packets of energy) can be
determined by frequency of radiation and Planck’s constant. It describes the behavior of particle
and waves at atomic level as well as the particle nature of light.

An LED is a two terminal semiconductor light source. In the unbiased condition a potential barrier
is developed across the p-n junction of the LED. When we connect the LED to an external voltage
in the forward biased direction, the height of potential barrier across the p-n junction is reduced.
At a particular voltage the height of potential barrier becomes very low and the LED starts glowing,
i.e., in the forward biased condition electrons crossing the junction are excited, and when they
return to their normal state, energy is emitted. This particular voltage is called the knee
voltage or the threshold voltage. Once the knee voltage is reached, the current may increase
but the voltage does not change.

The light energy emitted during forward biasing is given as ,

(1)
Where
c -velocity of light.
h -Planck’s constant.
λ -wavelength of light.

If V is the forward voltage applied across the LED when it begins to emit light (the knee voltage),
the energy given to electrons crossing the junction is,

(2)

Equating (1) and (2), we get

(3)
The knee voltage V can be measured for LED’s with different values of λ (wavelength of light).

(4)
Now from equation (4), we see that the slope s of a
graph of V on the vertical axis vs. 1/λ on the horizontal
axis is

(5)
To determine Planck’s constant h, we take the slope s
from our graph and calculate

using the known value

Alternatively, we can write equation (3) as

calculate h for each LED, and take the average of our results.

Procedure for Simulation

Place the mouse pointer over the components and click to drag wire.
1. After the connections are completed, click on ‘Insert Key’ button.
2. Click on the combo box under ‘Select LED’ button.
3. Click on the ‘Rheostat Value’ to adjust the value of rheostat.
4. Corresponding voltage across the LED is measured using a voltmeter,which is the knee
voltage.
5. Repeat, by changing the LED and note down the corresponding knee voltage.

6. Calculate ‘h’ using equation

7. The wave length of infrared LED is calculated by using equation,

STIMULATIONS :
Observations
Colour of LED Wavelength Knee voltage (v)
Vx h=e V/c
(nm)
RED 650 01.908 1240.200 x 10^-9 6.61440 x 10^-34

GREEN 510 02.443 1245.980 x 10^-9 6.61440 x 10^-34

YELLOW 570 02.178 1241.460 x 10^-9 6.61440 x 10^-34

BLUE 475 02.619 1244 .025 x 10^-9 6.61440 x 10^-34

For infrared LED voltage = 1.21 V

Calculations :
The wavelength of infrared LED is calculated by using equations ,

= hc
eV

= 6.62882 x 10^-34 x 3 x 10^8 = 11.0834 x 10^-7 m = 1108.34 nm


1.6 x 10^-19 x 1.21

Results
PLANK CONSTANT = 6.62882 x 10^-34 Js.
Wavelength of IR LED = 1108.34 nm.

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