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Lecture 1. Introduction To Various Analytical Techniques

The document outlines an introductory lecture on analytical chemistry and instrumentation. It discusses various analytical techniques including different types of chromatography, spectroscopy, electrophoresis, centrifugation and their principles and applications. The document also provides an overview of analytical chemistry, its goals and types of analysis. Key analytical methods like chromatography, spectroscopy, and electrophoresis are introduced in further detail.

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Moiz Ahmed
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539 views22 pages

Lecture 1. Introduction To Various Analytical Techniques

The document outlines an introductory lecture on analytical chemistry and instrumentation. It discusses various analytical techniques including different types of chromatography, spectroscopy, electrophoresis, centrifugation and their principles and applications. The document also provides an overview of analytical chemistry, its goals and types of analysis. Key analytical methods like chromatography, spectroscopy, and electrophoresis are introduced in further detail.

Uploaded by

Moiz Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analytical Chemistry and

Instrumentation
Lecture 1

By

Dr. Muhammad Kaleem Samma

17TH Feb 2021


Course Outlines
1. Introduction to various Analytical Techniques

2. Principles and Application of various Types of Chromatography

A. Planar (paper / thin)

B. Column chromatography (common terms)

C. Gel Filtration

D. Ion Exchange

E. Affinity

F. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

G. Gas Chromatography

H. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

I. Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)


Course Outlines
3. Spectroscopic Techniques
A. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
B. Ultraviolet-Visible Absorption Spectroscopy
C. Fluorescence Spectroscopy
D. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

4. Principles and Application Flow Cytometry


5. X-ray Diffraction
6. Fractionation Methods
7. Characterization of Proteins and Nucleic Acid
A. Dialysis
B. Ultra-filtration
C. Lyophilisation
D. Ultracentrifuge
E. Amino Acid Analyser
Analytical Chemistry

 The science and art of determing composition of materials and in terms


of elements or compound contents

 In analytical chemistry used instruments to separate, identify, qualify, and


quantify molecules ( Biomolecules)

 Characterization of matter involves quantitative and qualitative


determination
Analytical Chemistry
Provides the methods and tools needed for insight into our material
world….

For answering 5 basis questions about a sample material


Analysis types

1. Qualitative Analysis ( Identify)

Provides the information about the (A) identity of species or functional groups in the
sample

2. Quantitative Analysis (quantify)


Provides the numerical (exact amount or concentration ) information of analyte
Analytical methods
1. Classical Methods

 Are Wet Chemical methods: precipitation, extraction,


distillation, boiling or melting points, gravimetric and
titrimetric measurements

2. Instrumental Methods
Analytical measurements are made using instruments

Such as : conductivity, light absorption and emission, mass to charge ration,


fluorescence)
Classical Methods
Precipitation : is an insoluble solid that emerges from a liquid solution

Extraction: Isolation of a target compound

Distillation: Separation of components or substance (mixtures) on the


basis of difference in their boiling points

Boiling point: pressure exerted by the surroundings upon a liquid is


equaled by the pressure exerted by the vapour of the liquid (under this
condition, addition of heat results in the transformation of the liquid
into its vapour without raising the temperature) (liquid to vapour)

Melting points: the point at which materials changes from a solid to a


liquid
Classical Methods

• Gravimetric analysis:
Quantitative measurement of an analyte by weighing a pure, solid
form of the analyte

• Titrimetric measurements:
Quantitative measurement of an analyte in solution by completely
reacting it with a reagent solution
Major Basic Instrumental Techniques

1. Chromatography

2. Spectroscopy

3. Electrophoresis

4. Centrifugation

5. Luminescence
Chromatography

 Invented and named by the Russian


botanist Mikhail Tswett

 Father of Chromatography
Chromatography

 Separation techniques

 Separating organic and inorganic compounds so that they can be analyzed and

studied

 Usually consist of mobile and stationary phase

 How? On the basis of different physical interactions between the stationary

and mobile phase results in separation of compounds from mixture

 Mobile phase : Individual compounds to be separated ( Liquid or gas)

 Stationary phase: Porous solid matrix , fixed in place in a column or on a solid

surface
Classification of Chromatographic Methods

Categorized in 2 ways

1. Based upon the physical means by which the stationary and


mobile phases are brought into contact

2. Based upon the types of mobile and stationary phases and the
kinds of equilibria involved in the transfer of solutes between
phases
Spectroscopy

Investigation and measurement of spectra produced by matter interacting


with or emitting electromagnetic radiation

Study of the interaction between radiation and matter as a function of wavelength


Electrophoresis
 Migration of the charged particle through a solution under the influence of an
external electrical field towards the opposite charges

 Used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on their size and
electrical charge

Type of Electrophoresis

1. Paper

2. Gel

3. Isoelectric
Spectroscopy

• Spectrum: the group of colours that a ray of light can be separated by


their different degrees of refraction according to wavelength

• Spectrum: Is a plot of amount of light absorbed by a sample versus the


wavelength of light

• Absorbance: the amount of light absorbed

• Spectroscopy: Study of interaction between electromagnetic radiation


and matter ( atoms, molecules , ions )

• Spectrophotometer: used to measure the presence of particular


compound or particle in the molecule
Spectroscopy
• The nature of interaction between radiation and matter may
include

• They help in study of matter with respect to


A. Qualitative Analysis
B. Quantitative Analysis
Centrifugation

• Used to Separate or concentrate materials suspended in


liquid medium

• Mechanical process

• It involves the use of the centrifugal force

• According to their size, shape, density, medium viscosity


and rotor speed
Centrifugation

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