The document outlines the design of an irrigation system for two sports fields at a university campus. It estimates the water requirements to be approximately 250 litres per minute. It then details the design of the piping layout to efficiently distribute water across the fields. HDPE pipe is selected for its flexibility and resistance to damage. Valves including foot check valves, globe stop check valves, and plug valves are chosen. The manometric head is calculated to select an appropriate pump.
The document outlines the design of an irrigation system for two sports fields at a university campus. It estimates the water requirements to be approximately 250 litres per minute. It then details the design of the piping layout to efficiently distribute water across the fields. HDPE pipe is selected for its flexibility and resistance to damage. Valves including foot check valves, globe stop check valves, and plug valves are chosen. The manometric head is calculated to select an appropriate pump.
The document outlines the design of an irrigation system for two sports fields at a university campus. It estimates the water requirements to be approximately 250 litres per minute. It then details the design of the piping layout to efficiently distribute water across the fields. HDPE pipe is selected for its flexibility and resistance to damage. Valves including foot check valves, globe stop check valves, and plug valves are chosen. The manometric head is calculated to select an appropriate pump.
The document outlines the design of an irrigation system for two sports fields at a university campus. It estimates the water requirements to be approximately 250 litres per minute. It then details the design of the piping layout to efficiently distribute water across the fields. HDPE pipe is selected for its flexibility and resistance to damage. Valves including foot check valves, globe stop check valves, and plug valves are chosen. The manometric head is calculated to select an appropriate pump.
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ENGINEERING FACULTY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Hydraulic Machines Project
BALOYI. NT 219333998
CONCO. SB 220526869
GUMBI. Z 218331975
MAKAKA. E 220326061
MOSTERT. J 215162595
NELWAMONDO. AA 221002596
NKADIMENG H.M 220615292
NOGWEBELA. B 220145733
Subject: HDM360S Date: 23 November 2023
I (We) swear that this is the original work of the author(s). All information obtained directly or indirectly from other sources has been fully acknowledged.
1 Contents Introduction and Background................................................................................................................4 Estimating water requirements..............................................................................................................5 Piping and irrigation layout Design........................................................................................................5 Pipe selection........................................................................................................................................6 Valve Selection......................................................................................................................................6 Obtaining the manometric head:..........................................................................................................8 Pump selection....................................................................................................................................10 Cavitation of the pump........................................................................................................................12 System costs........................................................................................................................................13 Running costs (yearly).........................................................................................................................13 Maintenance schedule........................................................................................................................14 ANNEXURE...........................................................................................................................................15 References...........................................................................................................................................16
2 Figure 1: Visual representation of r/d ratio..........................................................................................6 Figure 2: Friction Coefficient table for 90` Elbows..............................................................................6 Figure 3: Foot Check Valve..................................................................................................................7 Figure 4: Sectioned Globe Type Check Valve.......................................................................................7 Figure 5: Plug Valve Sectional representation......................................................................................8 Figure 6 System Curve.........................................................................................................................10 Figure 7 System Curve (Final)..............................................................................................................12
3 Introduction and Background
The two sports fields on the north-eastern side (rugby and soccer fields only) of the CPUT campus need an improved irrigation system. There is a pond in the northern corner (next to Horticulture) of the campus that could be used as a water source for irrigating the fields. The objective is to design a piping and pump system to transport the water from the pond to the fields' area. This report covers various aspects of the project, including estimating water requirements, designing an irrigation network, selecting appropriate pumps, assessing cavitation risks, costing the system, determining operating costs, and developing a maintenance plan.
4 Estimating water requirements Firstly, the fields irrigation network has been drawn up to determine the water requirements. To do this, the field area will need to be mapped out and divided into irrigation zones according to the demands of the turf. The amount of water required will vary depending on evapotranspiration rates, plant water needs and other environmental factors. We determined the volume and timing requirements for the irrigation network on a weekly basis through precise evaluation. It was concluded the total amount of water required for both fields based on the field sizes is about 250 l/min. However, this will vary depending on different seasons.
Piping and irrigation layout Design
A piping and irrigation layout should be designed to transport water from the pond to the fields once the amount of water required has been determined. To efficiently distribute water across the fields, a detailed irrigation system was designed, and the old design was improved to ensure even water distribution and reduce water loss in this design. To ensure efficient and uniform irrigation, this design considers variables like water pressure, flow rate, and coverage area.
Pipe selection Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has a higher tensile strength than High Density Polythene Pipe (HDPE) pipe, but stronger does not always mean tougher. While PVC’s tensile strength is higher than HDPE pipe, it is also a much more brittle product that is susceptible to fatigue cracking and failures.
HDPE is a more flexible and ductile pipe material. Below is a comparison of the physical properties of the two types of pipes and their reactions to various conditions.
•Compared to PVC, HDPE is 2,500 times more resistant to damage from water hammer and fatigue, so the thermoplastic is far less susceptible to cracking and failure over time. •With a bend radius of 25 times the pipe’s outer diameter, HDPE pipes can form sharper curves.
5 •HDPE pipes are joined using heat fusion, whereby pipes are thermally fused to form a seamless, monolithic, leak-free system that can withstand changing water levels, earthquakes, frost, and other ground movement. Because the fusion joints are self-restrained, they do not create the same vulnerabilities as bell and spigot joints, which are susceptible to leakage, over-deflection, over-insertion, and thrust blocking issues. •Narrow trench widths: Compared to other pipe systems, HDPE pipes allow narrower trenches, which result in easier and more cost-effective below-ground installation. This is because the pipes can be joined outside the trench and then lowered into it. Pipe sizes start larger near the water source and get smaller towards the end of the irrigation system. Calculating the right pipe size will ensure the application of the right amount of irrigation water.
Valve Selection For 90° Pipe Bends That Are Flanged
The resistance coefficient depends not only on the pipe size, but also on the r/d of the bend. It can also be noted, this is because the length of pipe required to make 90° Elbowsincreases with higher r/d, which adds more resistance to the flow.
Figure 1: Visual representation of r/d ratio
Figure 2: Friction Coefficient table for 90` Elbow
Foot Check Valves
6 Are typically installed in the suction line of a pump to prevent it from losing its prime when the pump is turned off and the fluid flows back into the supply tank.
Figure 3: Foot Check Valve
K=420 f T
Stop Check Valves
This valve fulfils valve fulfils two functions in a single valve in that it is an isolation valve and a check valve combined in one valve body.
Figure 4: Sectioned Globe Type Check Valve
When fully open, the disc can drop to the closed position automatically in the event of a reversal flow.
Globe type stop checker K=400 f T
Plug Valves
7 Figure 5: Plug Valve Sectional representation.
Are a quarter turn rotary valve in which the plug rotates 90° from closed to fully open. Plug valves can be used as on/off isolation valves.
K=18 f T
Obtaining the manometric head:
2 H m =H static +k Q 2 2 K .V fl v H m =H static + + 2g 2g
The pump that corresponds with the system requirements is a Speroni Centrifugal Pump CBM 150 230V. (Product catalogue attached to document)
This pump is suitable to pump clean water or non-aggressive liquids with small solid impurities. The only difference between design requirements and actual pump requirements is in diameters. The selected pump requires constant inlet and outlet diameters of 50.8mm.
Changing the system to:
10 d 1=d 2=50.8 mm
Q=vA
(4 )(0.004166) v= π ¿¿
v=5.18 m/s
v D1 m 2 R 1= v water=0.000001003( ) v water s
(5.18)(0.0508) = 0.000001003 3 R1=R 2=262.357 ×10
2× 64 Σf = 3 262.357 × 10
Σ f =0.000489
Σk ¿ 910 f T
¿(910) ( 0.000489 )
Σ k=0.44499
2 lQ H m =H static +(Σ k + Σ f ) 2 2g A 2 H m =H static +(0.000489+0.44499)Q ¿ ¿ 2 H m= H +690 881.61 Q static
13 Maintenance schedule TASK PURPOSE FREQUENCE TIME OF LEVEL OF YEAR EXPECTISE
Pump Test Asses Pump Every 1 – 3 End of Season Service
Efficiency Year Profession Required
Vibration Test Identify Every 1 – 3 End of Season Service
Misalignment Year Profession Required
Inspect Motor Maintain Once a Year Beginning of Service
Winding Longevity of Season Profession Motor Recommended
Replaces Fuses To Ensure a Once a Year Beginning of In- House
Proper Power Season Input
Inspect for Indicate Wear At Minimum Throughout In- House
Leaks Monthly Season
Inspect & Clean Clear of Dust Once a Year Beginning of In- House Power Contacts and Oxidation Season
Inspect Wire Replace Any Once a Year Beginning of In- House
Housing Heat Damage Season
Inspect Wire Tighten Loose Once a Year Beginning of In- House
connection Connections Season
Clean Out Prep For Start Once a Year Beginning of In- House Rodents , Insects Up Season or Debris
Remove Any Prep For Start Once a Year Beginning of In- House Winterization Up Season Covering
14 ANNEXURE
15 References A Field Perspective on Engineering Commissioning Resources (no date a). Available at: https://www.av8rdas.com/.
Langston, D. (2023a) “HDPE vs. PVC Pipes,” WL Plastics [Preprint]. Available at: https://wlplastics.com/hdpe-vs-pvc-pipes/.
Overstrand Municipality (no date a). Available at: https://www.overstrand.gov.za/.
Powers, J.P. et al. (2007a) “Appendix A: Friction Losses for Water Flow Through Pipe,” in John Wiley & Sons, Inc. eBooks, pp. 597–602. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470168103.app1.
SABI (no date a). Available at: https://www.sabi.co.za/.
Selecting an irrigation pump (no date a). Available at:
