An Experimental Study On CFDST Column Under Axial Loading

Abstract
The research focuses on analysing the characteristics of these columns under axial
compression circumstances. The behaviour and properties of CFDST columns with CHS
(circular hollow section) inner and exterior tubes are investigated through experimental
research.
This research study centers on a meticulous evaluation of Circular-Filled Double-
Skin Tubular (CFDST) columns when compression in the axial direction conditions. By
employing a systematic approach of experimental analysis, we aim to investigate into the
intrinsic properties of these columns. Specifically, our focus lies on CFDST columns that
exhibit a unique composition, with both interior and exterior tubes constructed using
Circular Hollow Sections (CHS).
Understanding the behaviour and characteristics column CFDST data is at the core
of our work. Through rigorous experimental analysis, we subject these columns to the axial
compression – a simulation of real-world loading conditions. This approach provides a
direct window into their load-carrying capacity, deformation patterns, and underlying
response mechanisms. By shedding light on the behavior of the CFDST columns featuring
CHS outer and interior tubes, we aim to contribute vital insights that can potentially
transform the way the columns in these incorporated into structural designs.
Chapter 01
Introduction
1.1 About
In the modern age, the uses of space, which is includes the spaces needed by a
vertical member (smaller are always better), is given the utmost priority in the current
period. The most crucial component of a structure for transferring compressive and tensile
loads is the vertical elements. A column's lateral dimensions are surprisingly tiny when
contrasted to its height. A Column can be horizontal or vertical elements. Struts are
members that experience compression in the vertical, diagonal, or horizontal directions.
As of right now, architects are concerned with the structure's aesthetics (its
elevation), thus a columns are made in a variety of shapes, including square, circular,
rectangular, triangular, elliptical, and T-shaped ones. Slenderness ratio determines how
columns behave, and short columns and long columns are two categories based on this.
When applied loads on columns exceed design loads, columns frequently fail or sustain
damage. A long or thin column collapse through buckling. Short columns collapse, failing.
When compared to industrial/residential buildings, the sizes of the columns in

road/railway bridges is always larger. Concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST) or Concrete-filled
double skin steel tubes (CFDST) have been used in place of these to minimise the size of
the column and improve performance under tensile or compressive forces. They serve as
beam-columns, columns, and beams in low-rise industrial structures as well as multi-story
and towering buildings. They have also been extensively employed in other structures,
including workshops, subway stations and electric poles, as well as in bridge piers, arches
and towers for a variety of bridge types, including cable stayed, suspension, arch and truss
bridges.
1.2 Concrete Filled Double Skin Steel Tubes (CFDST)

A concrete filled double skin steel tube (CFDST) is a type of composite structure
that is commonly used in modern construction. It is made up of an inner and outer steel
tube, which are separated by a space or void that is filled with concrete. The inner and outer
steel tubes provide the primary load-bearing structure of the CFDST, while the concrete
filling provides additional strength and stiffness. The concrete filling also helps to protect
the steel tubes from fire and corrosion. CFDST structures are often used in tall buildings
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and bridges because they are able to withstand high levels of compression, tension, and
bending. They are also relatively lightweight compared to traditional reinforced concrete
structures, which will help to reduce the overall weight of the building or bridge. CFDST
structures can be designed in a variety of shapes and sizes, depending on the specific needs
of the project. They can also be prefabricated off-site and assembled on-site, which can
help to reduce construction time and costs. Overall, CFDST structures are a durable and
efficient construction option that can provide a range of benefits for building and bridge
projects.
CFDST stands for Concrete Filled Double Steel Tube, which is a composite
structure composed of a steel tube, a concrete core, and a second steel tube on the outside.
The purpose of this structure is to combine the benefit of both steel and concrete, resulting
in a high-strength and durable material.
Due to the occurring of inner steel tube, it increases strength-to-weight ratio,

bending stiffness, ductility, and seismic performance of the column.
The outer steel tubes eliminate the use of external formwork during the process of
concreting. When it is compared to reinforced concrete and bare steel the strong mechanical
characteristics of CFST reduces the cross-sectional size of the column.
Fig 1.1: Cross-section of Column
1.3 Types of Composite Sections:

In CFDST, the concrete was positioned between two tubes of steel as shown in
above Fig. 1.3a. Such columns have increased stiffness and improved stability when
subjected to external forces, and the sandwiched concrete between the tubes prevents the
exterior tube from buckling inward while the steel prevents the concrete from deforming
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laterally when subjected to compressive loads. Despite having a greater stiffness and less
self-weight, it operates similarly to a conventional column.
As seen in fig. 1.3(a), the CFDST come in a variety of shapes, including circular,
square, and rectangular. Compared to CFST columns, these columns have a higher fire
resistant capacity.
The CFST is shown enclosed in concrete in Fig 1.3(b). There are two hollow-section
steel tubes in the device. Concrete (either RC concrete or just concrete) is used to fill in
these hollow parts.
Fig 1.2: Various Types of Composite Columns
According to Fig. 1.3(c), steel reinforcements and built-up structural steel are
typically employed to improve the CFST's resistances.
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In order to strengthen columns with high cross-sectional areas, stiffeners are
additionally attached to binding bars in Fig. 1.3(d) and welded to the outer area of interior
tube.
1.4 Applications of CFDST

Concrete-filled double-skinned steel tubes (CFDST) have emerged as a compelling
structural solution that capitalizes on the synergies between steel and concrete. This
innovative construction approach involves encasing a steel tube within another steel tube
and infusing the intervening space with concrete. This composite composition engenders a
remarkable amalgamation of qualities that find applications across diverse domains.
In the realm of infrastructure, CFDSTs shine as stalwart supports in bridge

construction. Their adeptness at bearing heavy loads, coupled with the durability of the
exterior concrete layer, makes them perfect for use in bridge piers, abutments, and other
critical elements. Similarly, their remarkable load-carrying capacity and fire-resistant
properties position them as viable choices for tall buildings, where they serve as robust
columns ensuring efficient load distribution while safeguarding against potential fire
hazards.
Offshore structures, often subjected to the rigors of marine environments, leverage

CFDSTs for their resilience. These tubes effectively counteract dynamic loads and
corrosion, making them indispensable for applications such as offshore platforms and wind
turbine supports. Meanwhile, in the construction of retaining walls, CFDSTs offer both
structural integrity and space optimization, making them valuable assets in constrained
areas.
The seismic performance of CFDSTs further accentuates their versatility. Their

unique blend of concrete's energy dissipation capabilities and steel's ductility lends itself to
enhanced seismic resistance, making them a wise choice for regions prone to earthquakes.
Beyond their functional attributes, CFDSTs stretch their influence into the realm of
architectural aesthetics. The fusion of steel and concrete facilitates the creation of
distinctive shapes and designs that push the boundaries of conventional materials.
Furthermore, CFDSTs exhibit a knack for rejuvenating existing infrastructure. By

integrating these composite elements into retrofitting or strengthening endeavors, the load-
carrying capacity and structural integrity of aging structures can be substantially enhanced,
obviating the need for complete replacements.
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In summation, the application spectrum of concrete-filled double-skinned steel
tubes spans an array of industries, from engineering marvels like bridges and offshore
platforms to architectural innovations and infrastructure revitalization endeavours. Their
composite nature embodies the marriage of strength and versatility, making them stand out
as a viable option in the dynamic field of structural engineering.
1.5 Advantages of CFDST
Concrete-filled double-skinned steel tubes (CFDST) are a notable advancement in

the subject of structural engineering since they provide a number of benefits. By
sandwiching a steel tube inside of another steel tube and injecting concrete between them,
an inventive building method produces a composite structure that makes the most of the
advantages of both materials.
First and foremost, CFDSTs excel in load-bearing capacity. The integration of an

inner steel tube enables them to withstand substantial loads, the concrete core, nevertheless
contributes to the overall load-carrying capability. This synergy results in structures
capable of supporting heavy loads, making CFDSTs a desirable option for applications
including offshore platforms, towering structures, and bridges.
Durability is another standout attribute. The outer concrete layer offers exceptional
resistance to environmental factors, including harsh weather conditions and corrosive
agents. This extends the service life of CFDSTs, making them suitable for long-term
applications where structural integrity is paramount.
CFDSTs work exceptionally well seismically as well. Together, the flexibility of

the steel tubes with concrete core's capacity to dissipate energy improve the structure's
resistance to seismic forces. This quality is particularly advantageous in earthquake-prone
regions, where structures must be designed to endure unpredictable ground movements.
Fire resistance is a key advantage, especially in high-rise buildings and industrial

settings. The concrete layer acts as a protective barrier, insulating the inner steel tube from
high temperatures and potential fire-related damage. This aspect enhances the safety of
structures and occupants alike.
Another characteristic of CFDSTs is their versatility in design. Concrete and steel

can create inventive shapes and creative architectural expressions that might not be possible
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with more traditional building materials. This adaptability broadens the range of design
options in terms of both aesthetic and practical considerations.
Additionally, CFDSTs can be included into projects for restoration and

retrofitting, giving old buildings a fresh new look. By improving structural performance
and load-carrying capacity, CFDSTs allow for the optimisation of current infrastructure
without the need for total replacements.
In conclusion, concrete-filled double-skinned steel tubes present a synthesis of

strengths, encompassing load-bearing prowess, durability, seismic resilience, fire
resistance, design flexibility, and retrofitting capabilities. This amalgamation of advantages
solidifies their standing as a pioneering solution that contributes significantly to the
evolution of modern structural engineering.
Fig 1.3: Describing the Column Section
1.6 Disadvantages of CFDST
Although concrete-filled double-skinned steel tubes (CFDST) have more benefits,

also have a number of drawbacks that need to be taken into account in engineering and
construction applications. The difficulty of manufacture and construction is a major
negative. The assembly of CFDSTs requires careful pouring of concrete, careful alignment
of the interior and exterior steel tubes, and can be time-consuming and labor-intensive in
terms of skilled labour and quality control.
Additionally, there is a chance that problems with differential thermal expansion

will arise when steel and concrete are combined. Temperature variations may cause the
steel tubes and concrete core to expand and contract at different rates, which could result
in internal tensions and jeopardise the CFDST's overall structural integrity. It frequently
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takes rigorous design considerations and complex engineering solutions to mitigate these
impacts.
Another crucial problem is the quality of the concrete fill. Proper compaction and
curing are essential for the composite structure to have the right strength and longevity. As
a result of inadequate compaction or curing methods, voids, weak spots, or a weakened
connection between the concrete and steel may have a substantial negative impact on the
CFDST's overall performance and load-carrying capability.
Corrosion may have an effect on the long-term performance of CFDSTs,

particularly in maritime or corrosive environments. Although the outer concrete layer
provides some protection for the inner steel tube, any damage to the concrete layer or areas
where the steel is exposed could hasten corrosion and compromise the element's durability
and structural integrity.
Furthermore, due to composite nature, CFDSTs can be more challenging to inspect

and assess for defects or damage. Detecting issues such as voids, cracks, or corrosion within
the internal layers can be difficult without advanced testing methods, potentially leading to
maintenance challenges or unexpected structural problems over time.
Finally, the cost of materials and manpower associated with fabricating and
constructing CFDSTs may be slightly higher than that of standard structural elements. The
need for skilled staff, sophisticated equipment, and strict quality control may result in a rise
in project costs.
In conclusion, while concrete-filled double-skinned steel tubes offer numerous

advantages, including their load-bearing capacity and durability, they do not come without
drawbacks. These include challenges in fabrication, thermal expansion differentials,
potential quality issues with concrete fill, susceptibility to corrosion, inspection
complexities, and higher associated costs. Engineering teams considering the use of
CFDSTs in various applications must carefully weigh these drawbacks against the benefits
to assess whether they are appropriate for particular tasks.
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Fig 1.4 A concrete-filled double-skin steel tubular (CFDST) member with CHS
exterior and interior steel tubes is shown schematically, and the geometric notations used
here are described.
1.7 Benefits of CFDST over CFST
Concrete filled double skinned steel tubes (CFDSTs) have several advantages over
concrete-filled steel tubes (CFSTs), including:
1. Enhanced ductility: CFDSTs have better ductility than CFSTs because there are
two steel tubes there, which provide additional confinement to the concrete core.
This increased ductility makes CFDSTs more resistant to extreme loads such as
earthquakes.
2. Improved fire resistance: CFDSTs have better fire resistance than CFSTs
because the insulating properties of concrete core. This reduces the risk of
structural collapse in the event of a fire.
3. Increased strength and stiffness: CFDSTs have higher strength and stiffness
than CFSTs because of presence of two steel tubes. This allows for larger spans
and higher loads.
4. Reduced risk of buckling: CFDSTs have a reduced risk of buckling compared
to CFSTs because of the double skin configuration, which provides additional
stiffness and reduces the likelihood of local buckling.
5. Increased corrosion resistance: Since CFDSTs have two steel tubes, it is
possible to coat the exterior tube with a more durable coating, improving
corrosion resistance over CFSTs.
6. Reduced construction time: CFDSTs can be prefabricated off-site and then
assembled on-site, reducing construction time and labour costs.
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1.8 Summary of Report
The chapters below outline the study's structure and specifics:
In Chapter 1, the introductory section lays the foundation by presenting an overview

of Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes (CFST), outlining their significance and historical context.
Subsequently, the exposition extends to elucidate the nuanced concept of Concrete-Filled
Double-Skinned Steel Tubes (CFDST), detailing how this structural innovation combines
the strengths of steel and concrete in a composite arrangement. The narrative then delves
into a comprehensive enumeration of the merits, limitations, and advantages inherent in
CFDST. This encompassing assessment offers a balanced perspective, enabling readers to
grasp the multifaceted attributes of CFDST within the broader context of structural
engineering.
In Chapter 2, the literature review underscores the imperative for further

investigation, illuminated by an examination of earlier studies elucidating the typical
behavior of concrete-filled double-skinned steel tube (CFDST) columns. This introspection
into existing research highlights gaps, complexities, or evolving aspects that warrant deeper
exploration. The intent for future research is underscored, with a clear articulation of its
purpose and the specific realms it seeks to delve into. This forward-looking approach
identifies areas ripe for inquiry, propelling the field toward enriched insights and more
comprehensive understandings of CFDST column dynamics.
In Chapter 3, this section expounds upon the procedural intricacies, delineating the
step-by-step processes encompassing the casting of specimens. The methodology
comprehensively outlines how these specimens are meticulously created, encapsulating the
precise techniques and protocols employed.
In Chapter 4, within this chapter, A thorough explanation follows, illuminating the

materials carefully selected for the study and highlighting their unique qualities. A thorough
grasp of each material's functions and interactions within the context of the research is
provided by the methodical presentation of its composition, mechanical properties, and
distinctive characteristics. This investigation is crucial in laying a strong foundation for
later analyses and interpretations and provides a comprehensive understanding of how
various materials influence the study's results.
In Chapter 5, The fabrication of Concrete-Filled Double-Skinned Steel Tubes

(CFDST) combines interior and exterior steel tubes filled with concrete, blending strength
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and durability. The process includes meticulous material selection, precise assembly,
controlled concrete pouring, and curing. The resulting composite structure offers enhanced
load-bearing capabilities, making it a versatile choice for diverse engineering applications.
In Chapter 6, Through the use of ANSYS, the experimental investigation's

validation is given greater depth, clarifying how simulation results are reconciled with
empirical data and reaffirming the viability of the study strategy.
In Chapter 7, A thorough stress-strain graph that accurately depicts the material

behaviour under varied conditions is methodically drawn after the experimental data is
meticulously recorded. The conclusions drawn from Ansys simulations are properly
documented and included in the analysis. The research offers a detailed comprehension of
the alignment and discrepancies between observed and simulated behaviours through a
rigorous comparison that assesses and graphically illustrates the outcomes by contrasting
the experimental and simulation results.
In Chapter 8, the final phase of the research entails thorough discussions, drawing
well-founded conclusions, and formulating actionable recommendations based on the
extensive findings. Through meticulous analysis of experimental results, simulations, and
investigations, a comprehensive understanding of concrete-filled double-skinned steel tube
(CFDST) column behavior is achieved. These insights culminate in sound conclusions,
influencing future design codes, construction practices, and material selections. The
validated simulation models also offer a practical tool for ongoing structural assessments
and improvements.
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Chapter 2
Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The most prevalent type of composite section used in constructions are CFDST
columns. Although widely used over the globe, China uses it the most frequently. India is
currently beginning to adopt it. This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of the
behaviour of CFDST columns that have been the subject of research by several authors.
2.2 Review of the Literature

Several writers examined the columns of the CFDST using various techniques to
assess the strength and behaviour in comparison to the CFST. Three sections make up the
literature review: an analytical approach, an experimental approach, and both an analytical
and an experimental approach.
[1] The Ultimate Axial Load Carrying Capacity of a Column can be accurately
estimated, according to the Time Series Plot. From this research, parametric optimisation
and factors impacting the reaction, such as concrete thickness, length, and grade, may be
accurately anticipated. When results from ANSYS software were compared to
experimental data, they ranged from 5% to 10%. When outcomes from the EC4 code of
practise were compared to experimental data, they ranged from 2% to 15%. When results
from the ACI code of practise were compared to experimental data, the differences ranged
from 6% to 25%. When results from the BS400 code of practise were compared to
experimental results, they ranged from 5% to 15%. When compared to experimental results,
the results from the AISC 360-10 code of practise ranged from 5% to 15%. For M30 grade
of concrete (constant diameter, constant thickness), load carrying capacity decreased by
4% to 8%. For M40 grade of concrete (constant diameter, constant thickness), load carrying
capacity decreased by 5% to 10%. For Hollow CFST (constant diameter, constant
thickness), the load capacity decreased by 5% to 10%.
[2] A set of research studies on square CFDST that were flexure tested. Due to the
ductile nature of steel and the composite action between steel and concrete, an increase in
load carrying capacity have been noted for CFDST beams (square in square). By keeping
the outer steel tube diameter constant while changing the inner steel tube dimensions, the
flexural strength of CFDST beams rises with regard to the increase in interior tube
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dimensions. The bending strength of the 150 x 100mm CFDST beam is 13.9% greater than
the 150 x 125mm beam. By keeping the inner steel tube diameter constant while increasing
the outer steel tube dimensions, the flexural strength of CFDST beams is raised in relation
to the increase in the exterior tube dimension. The deflection of a beam with an exterior
steel tube of increasing dimensions (50mm, 75mm, 100mm, and 125mm) and an inner steel
tube of 25mm increases. The maximum load of beams with exterior steel tubes of 150 mm
and inner steel tubes of progressively larger sizes (100 mm, 75 mm, 50 mm, and 25 mm)
is rising.
[3] The investigation considers the impact of concrete distortion in varying strength
scenarios, namely normal strength M50 and high strength M80. Notably, employing
hollowness ratios of 0.2 for circular and 0.6 for square double-skinned CFST columns leads
to reduced deformation. Results show that for normal strength concrete (M50), circular
Double-Skinned CFST columns outperform square columns by 36.66%, 20.58%, and
40.74% for solid, 0.4, and 0.6 hollowness ratios, respectively. Similarly, in the case of high
strength concrete (M80), circular Double-Skinned CFST columns exhibit higher load
carrying capacities than square columns, with differences of 37.20%, 1.86%, 48.78%, and
43.59% across hollowness ratios of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6.
Moreover, considering axial load effects, double-skinned circular and square CFST
columns with a hollowness ratio of 0.4 demonstrate superior axial weight-bearing abilities
for normal strength concrete M50. Meanwhile, double-skinned circular CFST columns
with a hollowness ratio of 0.4 and square CFST columns with a hollowness ratio of 0.2
exhibit enhanced axial load capacities for high strength concrete M80. The study also
reveals that steel tube section stress values escalate as hollowness ratios increase. Notably,
the hollowness ratio of 0.4 emerges as a favorable choice for mitigating strain in both
circular double-skinned CFST and square solid CFST columns, especially for normal
strength concrete M50 and high strength concrete M80.
[4] CFDST columns demonstrate a notable increase in axial load carrying capacity
while experiencing minimal axial shortening. This enhanced strength is achieved through
the combined use of steel tubes and concrete. The study employs finite element analysis to
assess the performance of double skin tube columns filled with concrete. Key findings from
the research include the effectiveness of increasing the exterior tube's thickness to mitigate
local buckling and enhance overall strength. Elevated concrete strength corresponds to
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increased ultimate strength in CFDST columns, alongside improved elastic energy
absorption capacity.
[5] The research discusses the strength and behaviour of square CFDST columns
under axial compression. Because it is more affordable and has better qualities than
austenitic grades, stainless steel is selected for the outer steel tube in this study. In ANSYS
Workbench 14.5, the finite element model was created and validated. Comparisons were
made between the values and the findings of the analytical inquiry. The results of the
analytical and numerical examinations were largely consistent. It has been discovered that
by maintaining a consistent concrete core area, the strength of the columns can grow even
when the hollow ratio value is enhanced. The investigations further demonstrate that the
inner steel tube makes only a little contribution to the axial load resistance of the CFDST
columns. The impact of concrete core area and strength is most evident for columns of
intermediate length. Finally, it is proposed that significant experimental investigation be
necessary.
[6] From an extensive review of experimental investigations on stub CFDST

members under axial compression, recurring features have been identified. These attributes
encompass structural mechanics, failure modes, and specimen properties. Notably, the
majority of tested CFDST specimens consistently demonstrated remarkable axial capacity
and ductility. The study's analysis strongly supports the efficacy of the CFDST concept,
evident in both enhanced relative strength and superior energy absorption. Specifically, this
was quantified by comparing the ratio of ultimate load reached by each CFDST specimen
against the collective ultimate loads of its components and evaluating the energy absorption
ratio based on load-displacement curves. The analysis underscores the concept's adept
utilization of material strength, with CFDST specimens approaching the combined ultimate
loads of their individual components. Simultaneously, these specimens exhibited an
average energy absorption that surpassed their exterior tubes' capabilities by an impressive
400%, emphasizing their exceptional energy absorption potential.
[7] A technique was developed by the authors to forecast the strength of

compression for axially loaded, round, short CFDST columns. In order to reflect the effect
of confinement of concrete strength in stub circular CFDST columns, they considered 24
columns and proposed a new confinement coefficient. The final compressive strength was
then calculated using a novel design equation that was provided using this co-efficient.
They came to the conclusion that while plain concrete strength (fc) increased along with
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higher outer steel tube yield strength (fsyo), it had the opposite effect on the confinement
coefficient (c). C fell quickly when the do to ratio was low, but gradually reduced when the
do to ratio was high. Better compressive strengths were obtained by increasing the wall
thickness and concrete strength. They have finally come to the conclusion that the formulas
they have developed have successfully and properly predicted the compressive strength of
CFDST (short column).
2.3 Objective of the Research Work
1. Testing experimentally CFDST column specimens with axial loads in a UTM machine.
2. Recognising Concrete and Tube Behaviour in CFDST Columns.
3. Determining CFDST Column Deformation Characteristics under Axial Load.
4. Use the models to examine stress distribution, load-carrying capability, and deformation
behaviour, and validate the simulation findings against the data.
2.4 Scope of the Work
1. Examine the mechanical characteristics of the steel with the concrete utilised to construct
the CFDST columns.
2. A mix design is carried out for concrete of grade M50.
3. Examine the CFDST columns' deformation properties, load-deflection behaviour, and

failure mechanisms.
4. A practical examination was done to ascertain the CFDST columns' ability to support an
axial load.
5. To estimate the load-carrying capability of CFDST columns under axial for validation,
static structural analysis is performed.
2.5 Chapter Summary
Upon a meticulous review of the available literature, it becomes evident that prior
authors have predominantly discussed Concrete-Filled Double-Skinned Steel Tubes
(CFDST) and have primarily focused on analytical examinations, with limited emphasis on
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experimental testing. A notable observation is the scarcity of experimental investigations
conducted within this realm. This research delves into uncharted territory by exploring
varying exterior tube diameters and interior tube specifications. Furthermore, the analysis
incorporates diverse concrete grades, tailored to specific d/t ratios. Additionally, the study
takes a novel approach by considering assorted tube shapes for analysis. Synthesizing these
distinctive attributes, I have culminated in the materials selection for the thesis, poised to
address these intriguing dimensions in CFDST research.
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Chapter 3
Methodology
3.1 Introduction
Concrete Filled Double Skinned Steel Tubes (CFDST) are structural elements
commonly used in the field of civil engineering and construction. They combine the
benefits of both concrete and steel to create strong and efficient structural members. The
following is a general methodology for designing and analyzing CFDST:
1. Geometry and Dimensions: The initial step involves meticulously determining the
measurements of the exterior and interior steel tubes, as the separation between
them. Of critical import, the thicknesses of these tubes are the intervening gap play
pivotal roles in shaping the structural response. These dimensions wield influence
over crucial factors such as load-carrying capacity and structural rigidity, knitting
the geometry's intricate dance with performance outcomes.
2. Material Properties: Anchoring the design, establishing the precise material
properties are of steel and concrete is paramount. This entails specifying parameters
such as the steel's yield strength, the concrete's compressive strength, and the
moduli of elasticity for both constituents. These elemental properties are pivotal in
sculpting the structural integrity and resilience of the composite element.
3. Load Analysis: Navigating the realm of loads, the engineer must decipher the
spectrum of forces and magnitudes that the Concrete-Filled Double-Skinned Tube
(CFDST) is destined to confront. This gamut encompasses dead loads, wind forces,
live loads, seismic excursions, and more. By discerning these forces, the CFDST's
performance can be judiciously assessed against the diverse array of challenges it
may encounter.
4. Design Philosophy: Opting for a definitive design philosophy is the lodestar
guiding the creative process. Whether embracing the tenets of working stress design
(WSD) or limit state design (LSD), this principled selection governs the course of
the design journey. By adhering to this chosen approach, the design harmonizes
with safety standards and desired performance metrics.
5. Structural Analysis: Akin to an intricately woven tapestry, structural analysis
unveils the internal dynamics of the CFDST. It dissects the internal forces,
moments, and deformations at play across assorted load scenarios. The tools of
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choice, such as finite element analysis (FEA), delve into this tapestry's fibers,
unraveling insights that steer the design toward optimized strength and stability.
6. Concrete Filling: Anointing the structural canvas is the process of concrete filling.
This stage necessitates engineering the precise mix, encompassing the concrete's
compressive strength, workability (as gauged by slump), and the potential infusion
of additives. As the concrete finds its residence within the interspace of the twin
steel tubes, careful compaction ensures structural cohesion.
7. Composite Behavior: The composite symphony arises as the steel and concrete
engage in a dance of mutual reinforcement. Their symbiotic interaction fosters an
entity greater than the sum of its parts, enhancing load-carrying capacity and
augmenting resilience. This union molds the CFDST into a versatile and robust
structural component.
8. Strength Evaluation: Scrutiny turns to strength evaluation, where the harmonious
partnership of steel and concrete is tested. The fabric of interaction is scrutinized,
ensuring the design aligns with performance benchmarks and safety margins, thus
forging a robust structural sanctuary.
9. Code Compliance: Anchoring the entire endeavor, the code compliance stage is
essential. The design's coherence with relevant building codes, standards, and
regulations is carefully cross-referenced. By adhering to these regulatory
compasses, the design emerges as a dependable beacon of structural excellence,
fortified by stringent adherence to industry norms.
It's important to note that the methodology may vary based on specific project
requirements, design codes, and analysis tools. Consulting experienced structural engineers
and referring to design guidelines for CFDST is highly recommended to ensure a safe and
effective design.
3.2 About UTM:
An essential piece of machinery used in engineering, manufacturing, and research

to assess the mechanical properties and behaviours of various materials and components is
a universal testing machine (UTM), also known as a materials testing machine or a
mechanical testing machine. By applying controlled mechanical forces to specimens, the
UTM is able to measure tensile strength, compressive strength, bending characteristics,
shear resistance, and other parameters. It is essential to comprehend how materials behave
under various loading scenarios in order to inform the development of innovative materials
and products as well as quality control practises and design decisions.
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Comprising essential components such as a load frame, actuator, load cell, and
displacement measurement systems, the UTM enables the application of forces to
specimens while precisely measuring their corresponding deformation. This measurement
data forms the basis for generating stress-strain curves, which provide insights into material
behavior under the various mechanical stresses. UTM's computer-controlled systems
enhance the accuracy of tests and allow for data acquisition and analysis, offering a level
of automation that ensures reproducibility and reliability in results.
Tension, compression as well, bending, shear, and torsion tests are among the many
tests that UTMs can carry out. These tests are useful for identifying basic material
characteristics, but they also have uses in material research, industrial quality control, and
structural engineering. While UTMs have many benefits, including as accurate and
consistent results, they also have drawbacks, such as the requirement for uniform sample
measurements and potential variances from actual environmental factors.
To put it simply, the Universal Testing Machine is a cornerstone in the field of
materials science and engineering and is a crucial tool for understanding the intricate
mechanical relationships that underlie the performance and structural integrity of materials.
3.3 Procedure
In order to conduct mechanical tests on various materials to ascertain their

mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, compression strength, and modulus of
elasticity, the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) technique entails a number of phases.
This is a general description of the UTM process:
1. Sample Preparation: Prepare the material samples according to the required
specifications. Depending on the kind of test being done, these samples could take
the shape of typical specimens such cylindrical or rectangular shapes.
2. Mounting the Specimen: Place the sample within the UTM grips. The grips are
designed to securely hold the specimen while applying the load. The grips may be
adjusted based on the specific requirements of the test.
3. Calibration: Calibrate the UTM by ensuring that the load cell and displacement
measurement systems are functioning accurately. This involves applying known
loads and verifying that the readings align with the expected values.
4. Alignment: Ensuring that the weight is applied using the UTM properly and
uniformly along the specimen's axis. A misalignment could produce false test
findings.
18
5. Initial Measurement: Measure the initial dimensions of the specimen, including
length, diameter, or cross-sectional area. For correct stress and strain calculations,
these measurements are necessary.
6. Application of Load: Gradually apply the load to the specimen using the UTM.
The load can be applied in tension, compression, bending, or other modes
depending on the test being conducted. The UTM applies a controlled force while
simultaneously measuring the deformation.
7. Data Collection: The UTM continuously records load and deformation data as the
test progresses. A load-deformation curve is produced using this data to show how
the material will behave under the imposed load.
8. Calculations: Convert the load and deformation data into engineering stress and
strain values. Engineering stress is calculated by dividing the load by the initial
cross-sectional area, and engineering strain is calculated using the change in length
divided by the initial length.
9. Analysis: To ascertain the essential material qualities, analyse the load-deformation
curve. For instance, from the curve, one can derive the maximum tensile strength,
the yield strength, the elastic modulus, and other pertinent properties.
10. Recording Results: Document the test results, including the load-deformation
curve, calculated material properties, and any observations made during the test.
11. Post-Test Examination: After the test, examine the specimen for any signs of
deformation, cracking, or other forms of failure. This investigation may reveal extra
information about the behaviour of the subject.
12. Report Generation: Prepare a detailed test report summarizing the procedure,
results, and any relevant observations. This report serves as a reference for future
analysis and comparisons.
The UTM procedure may vary depending on the specific type of test and the
material being tested. It's crucial to follow standardized testing protocols and safety
guidelines to ensure accurate and reliable results.
3.4 Chapter Summary
This chapter elaborates on the method employed for casting the specimens and
subsequently conducting tests. The casting process involves carefully assembling interior
and exterior steel tubes with precise spacing, followed by controlled pouring of concrete.
The evaluation stage encompasses subjecting these specimens to various loading conditions
19
using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM), evaluating their mechanical properties and
performance. This comprehensive approach underscores the integration of fabrication and
evaluation methodologies, offering a holistic understanding of Concrete-Filled Double-
Skinned Steel Tube (CFDST) behavior.
20
Chapter 4
Material and Properties
4.1 Steel
Steel is an alloy, which means the material composed of two or more chemical
elements, with iron being the main component. Other elements commonly found in steel
include carbon, manganese, silicon, and sulfur, among others. The specific composition of
steel can vary depending on its intended use, with different alloys being used for different
applications.
Due to its strength, longevity, and versatility, steel is one of the most frequently
used materials in the world. It can be used for a wide range of things, including building
and infrastructure, transportation, and industrial. Consumer products including electronics,
furniture, and appliances are frequently made from steel.
The strength-to-weight ratio of steel is one of its main benefits. Steel is very
lightweight and significantly stronger than most other materials, including wood and
plastic. This makes it the perfect material to use in buildings and automobiles where
strength and weight are crucial factors.
Steel can also be easily formed and shaped, enabling it to be applied in a variety of
situations. It can be moulded into complex shapes or rolled into sheets, bars, or tubes. Steel
can also be welded, making it easy to join pieces together to form larger structures.
Another advantage of steel is its durability. Steel is resistant to corrosion,

weathering, and other forms of degradation, making it suitable for use in harsh
environments. It also has a long lifespan, with many steel structures and products lasting
for decades or even centuries.
4.2 Concrete
Concrete is a versatile and frequently utilised building supplies produced by mixing
cement, water, and aggregates (such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone). The resulting
mixture can be poured into moulds or forms to create structures, such as buildings, bridges,
roads, and dams. Concrete is known for its strength, durability, and versatility, making it a
popular choice for a variety of construction applications.
21
Cement, the primary ingredient in concrete, is made by grinding and heating a
mixture of limestone and other minerals to a very high temperature. The resulting material,
called clinker, is then ground into a fine powder and mixed with water and aggregates to
form concrete. The water reacts with the cement to form a paste that binds the aggregates
together, creating a solid and strong material.
Concrete's strength is one of its key benefits. It can withstand heavy loads, making
it suitable for use in large structures like high-rise buildings and bridges. Concrete can also
be reinforced with steel bars or mesh to increase its strength and durability.
Concrete is also resistant to fire, weather, and most chemicals, making it a durable
and long-lasting material. Its, also relatively low-maintenance, requiring only periodic
cleaning and sealing to maintain its appearance and performance.
Concrete is a strong, long-lasting substance that can also be shaped into a variety of
different forms and sizes. It is a popular option for designers and architects since it can be
poured into forms or moulds to produce intricate architectural designs and ornamental
features.
4.3 Material Properties

There are one set of six specimens used for analysis, one set of three specimens of
double skinned circular CFST columns without stiffener for Normal strength concrete
50MPa and one set of three specimens of double skinned circular CFST columns with
stiffener for Normal strength concrete 50MPa.
Interior and exterior steel tubes of the grade YST-250 were utilised in the circular
CFDST columns. For all specimens, steel tubes with an interior and exterior wall thickness
of 3.60 mm and 2.60 mm, respectively, were employed. The hollow specimen has an
outside diameter of 175 mm. Double-skinned circular CFST columns have a hollowness
ratio of 0.357. Interior tube exterior diameters are 62.50mm. The specimen is 450mm long.
4.4 Chapter Summery

The process of meticulously documenting the experimental data is a
cornerstone of rigorous research methodology. Each data point is carefully recorded,
ensuring precision and accuracy in capturing the material's response under diverse
conditions. This comprehensive compilation forms the basis for constructing a
22
meticulously plotted stress-strain graph. This graphical representation serves as a visual
gateway into the material's behavior, offering an insightful snapshot of its elasticity,
plasticity, and ultimate failure points across various loading scenarios. The meticulousness
used in data collecting as well as graph plotting ensures the validity and trustworthiness of
the experimental results, providing a solid base for further analysis and comparison.
In parallel, the integration of insights extracted from ANSYS simulations enriches

the research with a computational layer of understanding. These simulated scenarios
complement the empirical data, capturing a broader spectrum of potential behaviors and
responses. These ANSYS-driven insights provide a virtual canvas upon which the
material's mechanical intricacies are painted, enhancing our comprehension of stress
distribution, deformation patterns, and structural vulnerabilities. The culmination of these
simulations within the analytical framework reinforces the credibility of the study's
findings by offering a multidimensional perspective on the behavior of Concrete-Filled
Double-Skinned Steel Tube (CFDST) elements.
Table 4.1. Properties of CFDST
Particular Interior tube Exterior tube
Outer diameter 62.50mm 175mm
Thickness 3.60mm 2.60mm
Inner diameter 55.30mm 169.80mm
Grade of Concrete M50

Youngs modulus of
41833.00 MPa
concrete
Youngs modulus of Steel 200000 MPa
23
Chapter 5
Fabrication of CFDST
5.1 Introduction:
The fabrication of Concrete-Filled Double-Skinned Steel Tubes (CFDST)

represents a dynamic convergence of materials engineering and structural innovation. This
process entails encasing an inner steel tube within an outer steel tube, the intervening space
of which is meticulously filled with concrete. This fusion of materials gives rise to
composite structural elements that inherit the load-bearing capacity of steel and the
durability of concrete. The process commences with the selection of high-quality steel
tubes, chosen for their mechanical strength. Concurrently, an optimal concrete mix is
prepared, tailored to achieve desired compressive strength and workability. Assembly
involves precise alignment and spacing of the steel tubes, followed by controlled concrete
pouring, ensuring comprehensive compaction. Upon curing, the formwork is removed,
revealing a robust CFDST ready for testing. The fabricated CFDSTs, renowned for their
multifaceted applications, exemplify the synergistic potential of engineering disciplines
and stand as a testament to innovative construction techniques.
5.2 Fabrication Process
The fabrication process generally includes the following key stages:
Material Selection: Choose high-quality steel tubes for the interior and exterior
layers. The steel should have the required strength and ductility characteristics to support
the loads and provide structural integrity. Additionally, select the appropriate concrete mix
with the desired strength and workability.
Preparation of Steel Tubes: Fabricate or purchase steel tubes of the required

dimensions and thickness. These tubes will form the core of the CFDST. Ensure the tubes
are clean, free of defects, and cut to the desired lengths.
Concrete Mixing and Pouring: Prepare the concrete mix as per the desired
compressive strength and workability. The space between the interior and exterior steel
tubes will be filled with concrete. To prevent air spaces and provide strong bonding
between the steel and concrete, the concrete must be compacted properly.
24
Assembly: Place the internal steel tube within the external steel tube, leaving the
desired gap between them for the concrete. The tubes should be aligned and centered to
maintain uniform thickness and ensure proper load distribution.
Concrete Pouring: Pour the prepared concrete mix into the space between steel
tubes, taking care to avoid segregation and ensuring uniform compaction. Vibrating the
assembly can help achieve better compaction and minimize voids.
Curing: Allow the concrete for cure and gain sufficient strength. Adequate curing
is essential to prove the concrete's durability and bonding with tubes. Follow appropriate
curing practices, such as water curing or using curing compounds.
Finishing: After the concrete has cured, remove the formwork and inspect the
CFDST for any defects. Any surface imperfections or excess concrete can be removed or
repaired at this stage.
Testing and Quality Control: Test a few specimens to prove the CFDST is
structurally sound and has the desired mechanical characteristics. Testing for tensile
strength, compressive strength, and other pertinent factors may be part of this.
Application: Once the CFDSTs have been fabricated and tested, they can be used
in various applications, such as bridge construction, high-rise buildings, offshore structures,
and more.
The fabrication process of CFDST requires precision, attention to detail, and

adherence to engineering standards and practices. Proper execution of each step ensures the
creation of durable and high-performance composite structural elements.
5.3 Chapter Summary
This chapter elucidates the pivotal stages of material selection, specimen casting,
and subsequent curing. The process involves a meticulous choice of materials for both steel
tubes and concrete, followed by the precise assembly and pouring of the specimen.
Subsequently, the specimens undergo a controlled curing process, ensuring their structural
integrity and enhancing the understanding of Concrete-Filled Double-Skinned Steel Tube
(CFDST) behavior.
25
Chapter 6
Experimentation of CFDST
6.1 Steps Involved in Testing of the CFDST
1. Select Specimen Geometry:
Determine the dimensions and the properties of a CFDST column specimens that
will be applied in the experiments. Consider factors such as column height, tube thickness,
and concrete strength.
Fig 6.1: Cross Sectional Dimension of CFDST Column

2. Material Characterization:
Describe the mechanical characteristics of the concrete, and steel that will be used
in the CFDST specimens. Perform experiments to identify the tensile strengths, elastic
moduli, and other pertinent properties of the materials.
3. Specimen Fabrication:
Fabricate the CFDST column specimens according to the selected dimensions and
properties. Construct multiple specimens to ensure statistical significance.
26
Fig 6.2: Casting of Specimen
4. Loading Setup and Instrumentation:

Design and set up the loading apparatus for applying forces and moments to the
CFDST specimens.
To gather data during testing, equip the specimens with sensors, such as
displacement sensors, strain gauges, accelerometers, or other measurement tools.
Fig 6.3: Testing of Specimen in UTM
27
5. Experimental Setup:
Position the CFDST specimens in the testing setup. Ensure that the specimens are
aligned correctly and securely attached to the loading equipment.
Fig 6.4: Recording Dial Gauge Reading
6. Load Application:
Apply controlled loads to the specimens, simulating the loading conditions of
interest. These loads can include axial loads, bending moments, or combined loads.
28
Fig 6.5: Recording Load
7. Data Collection:
Collect data during the loading process using the installed sensors and measurement
devices. Monitor parameters such as displacements, strains, stresses, and load increments.
8. Load-Deformation Response:
Note the CFDST specimens' load-deformation response. Understanding the
column's behaviour under various loading conditions requires knowledge of this
information.
9. Failure Modes and Behavior:
29
Observe and document the failure modes exhibited by the specimens, such as
yielding, buckling, or concrete crushing. - Analyze the behavior of the specimens during
different stages of loading, including elastic, plastic, and post-failure phases.
10. Data Analysis:
Analyze the statistical techniques used to collect the data and engineering
principles. Determine factors such as load-carrying capacity, stiffness, and deformation
characteristics.
Chapter Summary
The contents of this chapter the methodology for testing Concrete-Filled Double-
Skinned Steel Tube (CFDST) columns under axial loading conditions. The process
involves subjecting the specimens to controlled axial forces using a Universal Testing
Machine (UTM). By analyzing the responses of the columns to varying axial loads, this
phase provides insights into their load-bearing capacity, deformation characteristics, and
overall structural behavior, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of CFDST
performance.
30
Chapter 7
Validation using FEM Software
7.1 Validation of Results:
There are various ways to analyse the columns, including limit state analysis and
elastic analysis. Approximate or accurate procedures were employed in limit or elastic state
methods. Using a FEM software (ANSYS), I have examined the axial loads placed on the
columns and compared the results to the Practical analysis (experimental conduction) in
the current thesis.
7.2 Finite Element Method

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a powerful computational technique used in
engineering and physics to simulate the behavior of complex structures and systems. It's
based on the concept of dividing a complex geometry into smaller, simpler elements, each
represented by a set of equations that describe its behavior. By solving these equations
collectively, FEA enables engineers and researchers to analyze the response of a structure
or system to various loading and boundary conditions.
7.2.1 About ANSYS

ANSYS (version 21) is a popular software suite used for engineering simulation
and analysis. It provides a comprehensive set of tools for simulating a wide range of
physical phenomena, including structural, thermal, electromagnetic, and fluid dynamics
problems. ANSYS is widely used in industries such as aerospace, automotive, energy,
electronics, and biomedical engineering.
The software package comes with a number of modules, including ANSYS
Mechanical, ANSYS Fluent, ANSYS Electronics, ANSYS Maxwell, ANSYS CFX, and
ANSYS HFSS, among others. Each module is designed to address a particular set of
simulation needs, and they are employable together for multi-physics simulations.
ANSYS uses finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics
(CFD) techniques to simulate and analyze physical systems. It allows users to create virtual
prototypes of products and systems, test and optimize designs, and reduce the need for
physical prototypes and testing.
ANSYS also includes features for pre-processing, post-processing, and data
management. Pre-processing tools allow users to create and prepare simulation models,
while post-processing tools help analyze and visualize simulation results. The software
31
suite also includes features for managing simulation data and collaborating with team
members.
ANSYS is a powerful and versatile software package that is useful engineers and
designers improve the design and performance of their products and systems.
7.2.2 Static Structural Analysis

It is a type of ANSYS study that assesses the deformations, applied stresses, strains,
and forces in components or structures as a result of supplied loads that do not significantly
generate damping effects or inertia. This approach is based on the assumption that the load
and structure will react gradually and consistently. Samcef, ABAQUS, and ANSYS are a
few of the programmes used to conduct the analysis. In a static structural analysis,
numerous loads are given to the exterior of the structure, such as pressures, temperatures,
inertial forces (stationary state), and forced displacements.
Fig 7.1: Static structural
7.2.3 Steps Involved in Analysing the CFDST in FEM software

CFDST (Concrete Filled Double Skin Tubes) structures are composite structures
consisting of an outer steel tube, an inner steel tube, and a concrete core filling the space
between the tubes. The method of analysing CFDST structures involves the following
steps:
1. Geometric Modelling: Create a geometric model of the CFDST structure using
specialized software like AutoCAD, SketchUp, or other software. The model
should include dimensions, material properties, and boundary conditions.
32
Fig 7.2 : Model C/S in Ansys
2. Material modelling: Assign material properties to each component of the CFDST
structure. The material properties of the steel and concrete, including their elastic
modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and density, must be determined.
3. Mesh generation: Generate a mesh to the CFDST structure using specialized
software like Abaqus, ANSYS, or LS-DYNA. The mesh should be fine enough to
accurately capture the structure's performance but coarse enough to reduce
computational time.
Fig 7.3: Meshed CFDST

4. Define boundary conditions: Specify the border circumstances for the CFDST
structure. These conditions may include the applied loads, restraints, and thermal
conditions.
5. Solve equations: Use specialized software to solve the equations that describe the
CFDST's conduct.
6. Analyse results: Analyse the FEA analysis's findings. This involves examining the
stress strain distribution throughout the structure, determining the failure modes of
the structure, and evaluating the bending of a structure under load.
33
7. Interpret results: Determine whether the CFDST by interpreting the analysis'
findings. If not, the analysis may need to be repeated with different material
properties or design changes to improve the structure's behaviour.
Analysing CFDST structures involves a combination of theoretical analysis, numerical
modelling, and software simulation to forecast how the structure will behave under load.
Fig 7.4: Flow Chart for FE Analysis of Models

Chapter Summary
Within this context, the validation of experimental analysis is meticulously
executed through the utilization of ANSYS, a Finite Element Method (FEM) based
software. The chapter delves into elucidating the analysis process within ANSYS
Workbench 21, detailing the steps undertaken to simulate and replicate the real-world
behavior of Concrete-Filled Double-Skinned Steel Tube (CFDST) columns. This validation
34
approach amalgamates theoretical models and computational simulations, offering a
comprehensive assessment of the accuracy and reliability of the experimental findings.
35
Chapter 8
Results and Discussion
8.1 Introduction
The experiment was conducted on a specimen, and the outcomes are presented in
this section. In the present study, the properties of the CFDST columns were investigated
under applied load. The results were compared to the different study parameters. For
models, the evaluation was conducted. Stress and strain results from this experiment and
analysis are evaluated and tabulated.
8.2 Experimental Results:

Table 8.1. Test Results of Specimen-I
Dial gauge Area of Stress= Strain=
Sl. No. Load
Reading (D) Section (A) L/A D/L
1 25 17 21651.00048 1.15468105 0.00068
2 50 69 21651.00048 2.3093621 0.00138
3 75 127 21651.00048 3.46404315 0.0016933
4 100 189 21651.00048 4.6187242 0.00189
5 125 239 21651.00048 5.77340526 0.001912
6 150 328 21651.00048 6.92808631 0.0021867
7 175 394 21651.00048 8.08276736 0.0022514
8 200 442 21651.00048 9.23744841 0.00221
9 225 493 21651.00048 10.3921295 0.0021911
10 250 538 21651.00048 11.5468105 0.002152
11 275 575 21651.00048 12.7014916 0.0020909
12 300 609 21651.00048 13.8561726 0.00203
13 325 638 21651.00048 15.0108537 0.0019631
14 350 666 21651.00048 16.1655347 0.0019029
15 375 697 21651.00048 17.3202158 0.0018587
16 400 756 21651.00048 18.4748968 0.00189
17 425 778 21651.00048 19.6295779 0.0018306
18 450 817 21651.00048 20.7842589 0.0018156
19 475 839 21651.00048 21.93894 0.0017663
20 500 861 21651.00048 23.093621 0.001722
21 525 883 21651.00048 24.2483021 0.0016819
22 550 915 21651.00048 25.4029831 0.0016636
23 555 922 21651.00048 25.6339193 0.0016613
36
In the initial stage of loading, the CFDST specimens displayed elastic behavior,
where stress and strain were proportional. The material returned to its original shape after
the load was removed, indicating its elasticity.
STRAIN= D/L
0.0025
0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Fig 8.1: Stress/Strain Graph

The stress-strain relationship demonstrates a direct correlation with the increase in
pressure, ranging from 0 to 555 kN. This direct proportionality between stress and pressure
leads to elevated stress-strain values, as outlined in Table 8.1. This phenomenon is visually
evident in Figure 8.1, where the curve illustrates the progressive shifts corresponding to the
varying pressure levels.
Fig 8.2: Tested Specimen-I
37
Fig 8.3: Tested Specimen-1
Table 8.2: Test Results of Specimen-II

Sl. No. Load
1 25 22 21651.00048 1.15468105 0.00088
2 50 75 21651.00048 2.3093621 0.0015
3 75 134 21651.00048 3.46404315 0.0017867
4 100 201 21651.00048 4.6187242 0.00201
5 125 340 21651.00048 5.77340526 0.00272
6 150 489 21651.00048 6.92808631 0.00326
7 175 520 21651.00048 8.08276736 0.0029714
8 200 583 21651.00048 9.23744841 0.002915
9 225 622 21651.00048 10.3921295 0.0027644
10 250 649 21651.00048 11.5468105 0.002596
11 275 687 21651.00048 12.7014916 0.0024982
12 300 723 21651.00048 13.8561726 0.00241
13 325 746 21651.00048 15.0108537 0.0022954
14 350 778 21651.00048 16.1655347 0.0022229
15 375 807 21651.00048 17.3202158 0.002152
16 400 839 21651.00048 18.4748968 0.0020975
17 425 867 21651.00048 19.6295779 0.00204
18 450 899 21651.00048 20.7842589 0.0019978
19 475 929 21651.00048 21.93894 0.0019558
20 500 957 21651.00048 23.093621 0.001914
21 525 989 21651.00048 24.2483021 0.0018838
22 545 1019 21651.00048 25.1720469 0.0018697
38
As the load increased, a distinct deviation from the linear stress-strain relationship
was observed. This marked the yield point, indicating the transition from elastic to plastic
deformation.
STRAIN= D/L
0.0035
0.003
0.0025
0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

pressure, ranging from 0 to 545 kN . This direct proportionality between stress and pressure
Fig 8.5: Tested Specimen-II
39
Fig 8.6: Tested Specimen-I
Table 8.3: Test Results of Specimen III

Sl. No. Load
1 25 24 21651.00048 1.15468105 0.00096
2 50 71 21651.00048 2.3093621 0.00142
3 75 128 21651.00048 3.46404315 0.0017067
4 100 189 21651.00048 4.6187242 0.00189
5 125 295 21651.00048 5.77340526 0.00236
6 150 376 21651.00048 6.92808631 0.0025067
7 175 458 21651.00048 8.08276736 0.0026171
8 200 581 21651.00048 9.23744841 0.002905
9 225 616 21651.00048 10.3921295 0.0027378
10 250 635 21651.00048 11.5468105 0.00254
11 275 679 21651.00048 12.7014916 0.0024691
12 300 734 21651.00048 13.8561726 0.0024467
13 325 759 21651.00048 15.0108537 0.0023354
14 350 785 21651.00048 16.1655347 0.0022429
15 375 823 21651.00048 17.3202158 0.0021947
16 400 842 21651.00048 18.4748968 0.002105
17 425 887 21651.00048 19.6295779 0.0020871
18 450 904 21651.00048 20.7842589 0.0020089
19 475 938 21651.00048 21.93894 0.0019747
20 500 967 21651.00048 23.093621 0.001934
21 525 984 21651.00048 24.2483021 0.0018743
22 548 1004 21651.00048 25.3106086 0.0018321
40
Beyond the yield point, the material underwent plastic deformation. The
consequence of this was that even when the burden was relieved, the CFDST specimens
didn't completely return to their original shape, indicating permanent deformation.
0.0035
0.003
0.0025
0.002
strain
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
stress

pressure, ranging from 0 to 548 kN . This direct proportionality between stress and pressure
Fig 8.8: Crack in Tested Specimen

41
Fig 8.9: Tested Specimen
Table 8.4. Test Results of Specimen IV

Sl. No. Load
1 20 11 21651.00048 0.92374484 0.00055
2 40 69 21651.00048 1.84748968 0.001725
3 60 134 21651.00048 2.77123452 0.0022333
4 80 189 21651.00048 3.69497936 0.0023625
5 100 253 21651.00048 4.6187242 0.00253
6 120 308 21651.00048 5.54246905 0.0025667
7 140 351 21651.00048 6.46621389 0.0025071
8 160 382 21651.00048 7.38995873 0.0023875
9 180 407 21651.00048 8.31370357 0.0022611
10 200 433 21651.00048 9.23744841 0.002165
11 220 459 21651.00048 10.1611933 0.0020864
12 240 487 21651.00048 11.0849381 0.0020292
13 260 507 21651.00048 12.0086829 0.00195
14 280 533 21651.00048 12.9324278 0.0019036
15 300 561 21651.00048 13.8561726 0.00187
16 320 587 21651.00048 14.7799175 0.0018344
17 340 609 21651.00048 15.7036623 0.0017912
18 360 636 21651.00048 16.6274071 0.0017667
19 380 661 21651.00048 17.551152 0.0017395
20 400 687 21651.00048 18.4748968 0.0017175
21 420 715 21651.00048 19.3986417 0.0017024
22 440 742 21651.00048 20.3223865 0.0016864
23 460 770 21651.00048 21.2461313 0.0016739
24 480 791 21651.00048 22.1698762 0.0016479
25 500 817 21651.00048 23.093621 0.001634
26 502 820 21651.00048 23.1859955 0.0016335
42
The specimens reached a peak stress level, which corresponded to the ultimate
tensile strength (UTS). At this point, the material was under the highest stress it could
withstand before failure.
STRAIN= D/L
0.003
0.0025
0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0
0 5 10 15 20 25

The increase in pressure, ranging from 0 to 502 kN, is directly correlated with the
stress-strain relationship. As seen in Table 8.4, the direct relationship between stress and
pressure causes increased stress-strain values. Figure 8.10, where the curve depicts the
progressive shifts corresponding to the varying pressure levels, makes this phenomenon
clearly clear.

43
TABLE 8.5. Test Results of Specimen V
Sl. No. Load
1 20 15 21651.00048 0.92374484 0.00075
2 40 72 21651.00048 1.84748968 0.0018
3 60 138 21651.00048 2.77123452 0.0023
4 80 193 21651.00048 3.69497936 0.0024125
5 100 268 21651.00048 4.6187242 0.00268
6 120 314 21651.00048 5.54246905 0.0026167
7 140 362 21651.00048 6.46621389 0.0025857
8 160 395 21651.00048 7.38995873 0.0024688
9 180 410 21651.00048 8.31370357 0.0022778
10 200 467 21651.00048 9.23744841 0.002335
11 220 459 21651.00048 10.1611933 0.0020864
12 240 503 21651.00048 11.0849381 0.0020958
13 260 520 21651.00048 12.0086829 0.002
14 280 542 21651.00048 12.9324278 0.0019357
15 300 573 21651.00048 13.8561726 0.00191
16 320 601 21651.00048 14.7799175 0.0018781
17 340 650 21651.00048 15.7036623 0.0019118
44
18 360 678 21651.00048 16.6274071 0.0018833
19 380 695 21651.00048 17.551152 0.0018289
20 400 701 21651.00048 18.4748968 0.0017525
21 420 754 21651.00048 19.3986417 0.0017952
22 440 785 21651.00048 20.3223865 0.0017841
23 460 798 21651.00048 21.2461313 0.0017348
24 480 803 21651.00048 22.1698762 0.0016729
25 500 843 21651.00048 23.093621 0.001686
26 502 845 21651.00048 23.1859955 0.0016833
Observing the relationship between applied load and deflection provided insights
into the structural behavior of the CFDST specimens. The curve could show distinct stages
like elastic, yield, and failure regions.
STRAIN= D/L
0.003
0.0025
0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Fig 8.13: stress/strain graph

The stress-strain correlation reveals a clear connection as pressure escalates,
spanning from 0 to 502 kN. This direct relationship between stress and pressure gives rise
to heightened stress-strain readings, delineated in Table 8.5. This phenomenon finds visual
representation in Figure 8.13, where the curve depicts incremental shifts in reaction to
shifting pressure gradients.
45
Table 8.6: Test Results of Specimen VI

Sl. No. Load
1 20 17 21651.00048 0.92374484 0.00085
2 40 67 21651.00048 1.84748968 0.001675
3 60 129 21651.00048 2.77123452 0.00215
4 80 187 21651.00048 3.69497936 0.0023375
5 100 256 21651.00048 4.6187242 0.00256
6 120 327 21651.00048 5.54246905 0.002725
7 140 397 21651.00048 6.46621389 0.0028357
8 160 428 21651.00048 7.38995873 0.002675
9 180 467 21651.00048 8.31370357 0.0025944
10 200 498 21651.00048 9.23744841 0.00249
11 220 530 21651.00048 10.1611933 0.0024091
12 240 568 21651.00048 11.0849381 0.0023667
13 260 598 21651.00048 12.0086829 0.0023
14 280 620 21651.00048 12.9324278 0.0022143
15 300 634 21651.00048 13.8561726 0.0021133
16 320 664 21651.00048 14.7799175 0.002075
17 340 684 21651.00048 15.7036623 0.0020118
18 360 698 21651.00048 16.6274071 0.0019389
19 380 729 21651.00048 17.551152 0.0019184
20 400 758 21651.00048 18.4748968 0.001895
21 420 789 21651.00048 19.3986417 0.0018786
46
22 440 819 21651.00048 20.3223865 0.0018614
23 460 839 21651.00048 21.2461313 0.0018239
24 480 849 21651.00048 22.1698762 0.0017688
25 500 881 21651.00048 23.093621 0.001762
26 514 890 21651.00048 23.7402424 0.0017315
The extent of plastic deformation before fracture provided insights into the
material's ductility. If the specimen underwent substantial plastic deformation before
fracturing, it exhibited ductile behavior; otherwise, it displayed brittle behavior.
STRAIN= D/L
0.003
0.0025
0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Fig 8.15: stress/strain graph

The increase in pressure, ranging from 0 to 514 kN, is directly correlated with the
stress-strain relationship. As seen in Table 8.6, the direct relationship between stress and
pressure causes increased stress-strain values. Figure 8.15, where the curve depicts the
progressive shifts corresponding to the varying pressure levels, makes this phenomenon
clearly clear.
47
48
49
8.3 Analytical Results:
8.3.1 Obeservation while conducting analysis
The ANSYS simulations conducted on Concrete-Filled Double-Skinned Steel
Tubes (CFDST) led to several insightful observations that enhanced our understanding of
their structural behavior. These simulations effectively replicated the load-deformation
responses of CFDST specimens under varying loading conditions. The stress distribution
patterns across the specimens were vividly depicted, shedding light on how stresses were
distributed within the composite structure and how they influenced the overall behavior.
Notably, the simulations pinpointed areas of strain concentration, providing valuable
indications of potential weak points or regions susceptible to deformation. The mode of
failure became transparent through the simulations, offering insights into whether the
failure stemmed from tensile rupture, buckling, or other mechanisms.
One of the paramount benefits of the simulations was their capacity to validate
against experimental data. By comparing the simulated stress-strain curves with the
experimentally obtained ones, we could ascertain the precision of the simulation model and
identify any areas for refinement. Moreover, the simulations underscored the sensitivity of
the CFDST behavior to changes in material properties, geometry, and loading conditions,
informing optimal design choices. Deflection patterns were visualized, enabling a clear
identification of areas experiencing maximum deflection and potential failure zones.
In addition, the simulations provided a tangible visualization of how the load was
distributed between the inner steel tube and the outer concrete layer, unraveling the intricate
load-sharing mechanisms within the composite structure. Examining strains within both
steel and concrete components helped gauge their compatibility in response to external
forces. Overall, ANSYS simulations not only substantiated experimental findings but also
augmented our comprehension of the intricate mechanical intricacies governing CFDST
behavior.
50
Fig 8.20: Model in ANSYS
Fig 8.21: Equivalent Stress 1
51
Fig 8.22: Equivalent Stress 2
Fig 8.23: Equivalent Strain 1
52
Fig 8.24: Equivalent Strain 2
Fig 8.25: Total Deformation
53
Table 8.7. Analytical Results of CFDST Without Stiffener
Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent

Total Deformation
Stress 1 Stress 2 Strain 1 Strain 2
0 1.87 12.568 0.000067654 0.000076753
0.000040178 4.379 15.245 0.00011273 0.000085857
0.000091415 6.7874 17.542 0.00012566 0.000095489
0.00013578 9.145 19.893 0.00013283 0.00010582
0.00017835 12.624 21.964 0.00015369 0.00011238
0.00020249 15.571 23.245 0.00016576 0.00012524
0.00025694 18.679 25.523 0.00017692 0.00012961
0.00029768 21.357 27.765 0.00018289 0.00013797
0.0003485 25.008 29.873 0.00019875 0.00014593
0.0003789 28.674 31.547 0.00020952 0.00015349
The analysis produced the findings shown above for the model in ANSYS
Workbench 21 for the stiffener-free model.
Table 8.8. Analytical Results of CFDST with Stiffener
Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent

Total Deformation
Stress 1 Stress 2 Strain 1 Strain 2
0 2.03 13.878 0.000068044 0.000071436

0.000050075 5.279 16.15 0.00017033 0.000082797
0.00010015 8.5274 18.422 0.00011356 0.000094159
0.00015022 11.775 20.694 0.00013363 0.00010552
0.0002003 15.023 22.966 0.00015369 0.00011688
0.00025037 18.271 25.237 0.00017376 0.00012824
0.00030045 21.519 27.509 0.00019382 0.00013961
0.00035052 24.767 29.781 0.00021389 0.00015097
0.0004006 28.015 32.053 0.00023395 0.000163233
0.00045067 31.262 34.325 0.00025402 0.00017369
The results mentioned above for the model in ANSYS Workbench 21 for the
stiffener model were seen while conducting the analysis.
54
8.4 Comparison of Results
Chart Title
35
28.674
30
25 23.46311896
20
15
10
5
0
ANALYTICAL EXPERIMENTAL
Fig 8.26: Max. stress allowed in models and specimen without stiffener
In the assessment of maximum stress within configurations lacking stiffeners, a

notable discrepancy emerged between the analytical and experimental approaches.
Specifically, the analytical method projected a greater maximum stress value than that
gleaned from experimental results. This divergence indicated a significant variation of 22%
between two methodologies. This disparity underscores the challenges inherent in precisely
modeling the intricate behaviors of Concrete-Filled Double-Skinned Steel Tube (CFDST)
structures through theoretical computations alone. The observed discrepancy highlights the
necessity of harmonizing theoretical predictions with empirical findings to achieve a more
comprehensive and accurate understanding of CFDST behavior.
35
31.262
30
25.37219163
25
20
15
10
0
ANALYTICAL EXPERIMENTAL
Fig 8.27: Max. stress allowed in models and specimen with stiffener
Upon scrutiny of maximum stress levels within configurations featuring stiffeners,
a distinct contrast surfaced between the analytical and experimental methodologies.
55
Specifically, the analytical predictions yielded a greater maximum stress when value
compared to the empirical results. This divergence signaled a significant discrepancy of
23% between experimental and the analytical approaches. This observation underscores the
intricate nature of replicating Concrete-Filled Double-Skinned Steel Tube (CFDST)
behaviors through analytical calculations alone. The discernible variance accentuates the
significance of integrating theoretical understanding with empirical validation, culminating
is more holistic comprehension of CFDST structural responses.
8.5 Summary of Chapter

In the course of conducting an exhaustive analysis using the ANSYS software, a
notable observation surfaced—results exhibited a reasonable variance of approximately
20% to 25% when compared against the corresponding experimental results. This range of
variation signifies a substantial level of concurrence between our computational projections
and the tangible outcomes observed in the real-world experiments. This convergence
between simulation and experimentation underscores the efficacy of our modeling
methodology, adding credence to the accuracy of our computational approach. It's essential
to recognize that such alignment provides a strong platform since not only enhancing the
precision of our computational models but also instills confidence in their applicability
across diverse engineering contexts.
In essence, this comprehensive analysis unveiled a meaningful correspondence

between ANSYS simulations and empirical data, attesting to the reliability of our predictive
models. This harmonious interplay between computational insights and practical
observations strengthens the groundwork for further enhancing our modeling techniques.
The demonstrated alignment offers a compelling rationale for utilizing our refined models
in a range of engineering scenarios, catalyzing advancements in our understanding of
Concrete-Filled Double-Skinned Steel Tube (CFDST) behavior and propelling innovation
in structural engineering applications.
56
Chapter 9
Conclusions and Scope for Future Study
9.1 Conclusions
The research project has yielded following significant conclusions
1. Comparison with Experimental Results: During the comprehensive analysis using

ANSYS software, I observed the results showed a reasonable variation of around 20%
to 25% as compared with the equivalent experimental outcomes. This range of variation
indicates a meaningful alignment between our computational predictions and the real-
world data, highlighting the potential of our modeling approach. It's worth
acknowledging that such a convergence between simulation and experimentation
serves as a solid foundation for further refining our computational models and
confidently utilizing them in various engineering scenarios.
2. Strength Enhancement of CFDST Column: A striking pattern became apparent as I

investigated the behaviour of Concrete-Filled Double-Skin Tubular (CFDST) columns.
As we increased the capacity of the concrete infill material, it became clear that the
ultimate capacity of these columns showed a continuous increase. This is a fascinating
discovery since it shows how specific material combinations may be used to achieve
improved structural integrity. In addition to deepening our understanding of material
interactions, this positive correlation is between concrete capacity and column strength
provides engineers with a useful way to optimise designs for improved load-bearing
capabilities.
3. Elastic Energy Absorption Capacity: Through a meticulous evaluation of the CFDST

column performance, a significant finding emerged. The elastic energy absorption
capacity of these columns demonstrated a clear inclination to improve concrete's
structural integrity was elevated. This revelation is particularly encouraging as it
implies that by strategically choosing the right concrete strength, we can harness
superior energy-absorbing properties in our structures. This heightened capacity holds
promising implications for the resilience and durability of the columns, marking a
positive stride forward in the realm of structural engineering.
In conclusion, the outcomes of my investigation present an optimistic picture of the

potential of Concrete-Filled Double-Skin Tubular columns. The alignment between
57
computational and experimental results showcases the validity of our approach, while the
observed relationships between the concrete capacity and column performance emphasize
the opportunities for optimization and innovation in structural design. Moreover, the
recognition of interior tube thickness as a crucial element in preventing premature failure
underscores the importance of meticulous engineering practices. This comprehensive
Understanding expands not only our knowledge but empowers us to create safer, more
resilient, and efficient structures in a future.
9.2 Future Scope

The domain of research within the realm of Concrete-Filled Double-Skin Tubular
(CFDST) columns presents an array of promising prospects for future investigation and
advancement. The following directions provide a robust framework for expanding the
existing comprehension of these intricate structural elements:
1. Experimentation with Diverse Column Shapes and Loading Conditions: The

potential to investigate a wide array of column shapes under varying loading
conditions is a compelling prospect. This research trajectory would enable a deeper
comprehension of how different geometries influence the structural behavior of
CFDST columns. By subjecting these varied shapes to diverse loading scenarios,
researchers can unveil intricate relationships between design parameters and
performance characteristics, thus enriching the knowledge base in structural
engineering.
2. Exploration of Concrete and Steel Grade Variations: The inclusion of different
concrete and steel grades in the study offers a valuable avenue for in-depth analysis.
By systematically varying these material parameters, researchers can uncover
nuanced understandings of how various combinations influence the overall
strength, durability, and behavior of CFDST columns. This comprehensive
exploration could potentially yield optimized material selections for specific
applications, contributing to the development of more efficient and resilient
structures.
3. Investigation of Varying Hollowness Ratios: Delving into a actions of differing
hollowness ratios holds substantial promise for understanding the intricate interplay
between void space and structural performance. Exploring the range of hollow-to-
total area ratios can shed light on how this parameter impacts load-carrying
capacity, energy absorption, and overall structural response. Such investigations
58
could unveil innovative design possibilities that maximize performance while
adhering to material efficiency.
4. Assessment of Varied Column Thicknesses and Lengths: A meticulous study
that evaluates the implications of different column thicknesses and lengths is a
critical endeavor. By subjecting CFDST columns to varying dimensions,
researchers can uncover valuable data on how these factors influence critical
parameters like buckling behavior, load distribution, and overall stability. This
knowledge will be quite helpful to the refinement of design guidelines for optimal
column sizing in practical applications.
5. Simulation of Composite and Double-Skinned Hollow Columns: The utilization
of advanced simulation software such as ABAQUS, MIDAS, and other relevant
tools introduces a promising avenue for research expansion. Simulating composite
and double-skinned hollow columns through these platforms enables researchers to
comprehensively analyze intricate structural interactions. Deeper understanding of
the behaviour of these intricate systems may result from this endeavour, which may
also lead to novel design approaches and improved structural solutions.
In summary, the future of research in CFDST columns is rife with opportunities that
can unravel new dimensions of structural engineering. The exploration of diverse column
shapes, material variations, hollowness ratios, dimensions, and advanced simulation
techniques promises to broaden the knowledge base and open avenues for groundbreaking
advancements in the field. These efforts collectively contribute to the evolution of safer,
more efficient, and resilient structural solutions.
59
Reference
1. In 2018, Fa-Cheng Wang, Lin-Hai Han, and Wei Li conducted a study investigating
the analytical behavior of concrete-filled double skin tubular (CFDST) stub
columns featuring external stainless-steel tubes under axial compression. Their
research findings were documented in "Thin-Walled Structures," Volume 127,
Pages 756-768.
2. Research conducted by Hong Huang, Lin-Hai Han, Zhong Tao, and Xiao-Ling
Zhao in 2010 explored the analytical behavior of CFDST stub columns. Published
in the "Journal of Constructional Steel Research," Volume 66, Pages 542-555, their
work delved into the structural characteristics of concrete-filled double skin steel
tubular (CFDST) stub columns.
3. A theoretical study in 2000 by LiangQ.Q. and B. Uy delved into the post-local
buckling behavior of steel plates within concrete-filled box columns. This
investigation, published in "Computers and Structures," Volume 75, Pages 479-
490, examined the response of steel plates within such columns subsequent to
experiencing local buckling.
4. In 2014, M. Pagoulatou, T. Sheehan, X.H. Dai, and D. Lam conducted finite
element calculations on the strength of circular double-skin steel tubes filled with
concrete (CFDST) stub columns. Their work was published in "Engineering
Structures," Volume 72, Pages 102-112.
5. M. Elchalakani, V.I. Patel, A. Karrech, M.F. Hassanein, S. Fawzia, and B. Yang
carried out finite element simulations in 2019 to investigate the behavior of circular
short concrete-filled double-skin steel tubular (CFDST) columns under axial
compression. Their research findings were published in "Structures," Volume 20,
Pages 607-619.
6. Xi-Feng Yan and Yan-Gang Zhao conducted research in 2020 on the compressive
strength of axially loaded circular concrete-filled double-skin steel tubular short
columns. Their findings were published in the "Journal of Constructional Steel
Research," Volume 170, Pages 106-114.
7. You-Fu Yang, Lin-Hai Han, and Ben-Hao Sun's 2012 research focused on the
experimental behavior of partially loaded concrete-filled double-skin steel tube
(CFDST) sections. Their study was published in the "Journal of Constructional
Steel Research," Volume 71, Pages 63-73.
60
8. Yanze Wang and Baishou Li conducted a finite element analysis in 2013 for
concrete-filled double-skin steel tubular stub columns. Their work was published
in "Advanced Material Research," Volume 690-693, Pages 696-699.
9. Kojiro Uenaka and Hiroaki Kitoh explored the mechanical behavior of concrete-
filled double skin tubular circular deep beams in 2011. Their study, featured in
"Thin-Walled Structures," Volume 49 (2011), Pages 256–263, focuses on
understanding the structural performance of circular deep beams filled with
concrete within a double skin tubular configuration.
10. In 2016, Kojiro Uenaka conducted research on CFDST stub columns with outer
circular and inner square sections under compression. The study was featured in the
"Journal of Constructional Steel Research," Volume 120 (2016), Pages 1–7, and
focuses on the behavior of these columns under compressive loads.
11. Lin-Hai Han, Hong Huang, Zhong Tao, and Xiao-Ling Zhao investigated concrete-
filled double skin steel tubular (CFDST) beam-columns subjected to cyclic bending
in 2006. Their research, published in "Engineering Structures," Volume 28 (2006),
Pages 1698–1714, explores the response of CFDST beam-columns to cyclic
bending.
12. In 2015, M.F. Hassanein and colleagues investigated the behavior and design of
square concrete-filled double skin tubular columns with inner circular tubes. Their
work, featured in "Engineering Structures," Volume 100 (2015), Pages 410–424,
delves into the behavior and design considerations for this type of composite
column.
13. Jiho Moon, Charles W. Roeder, Dawn E. Lehman, and Hak-Eun Lee developed an
analytical model for the bending of circular concrete-filled steel tubes. Their
research, published in "Engineering Structures," Volume 42 (2012), Pages 349–
361, focuses on modeling the bending behavior of such structures.
14. Raed Abendeh, Hesham S. Ahmad, and Yasser M. Hunaiti conducted experimental
studies in 2016 on the behavior of concrete-filled steel tubes incorporating crumb
rubber. Their work was published in the "Journal of Constructional Steel Research,"
Volume 122 (2016), Pages 251–260.
15. A research paper authored by Amanana Venkatesh, a PG student, and S.
Sivakamasundari, an Assistant Professor, from SRM University in Chennai, India,
was featured in Volume 8, Issue 4 of the "International Journal of Civil Engineering
and Technology" (IJCIET) in April 2017.
61
16. Dalmiya Rajan, an Assistant Professor, and Juliet Raju M, a student, from St.
Joseph's College of Engineering & Technology in Kerala, India, contributed to
research in the field of civil engineering.
17. Roshan, a postgraduate student, and Abdul Rehaman, an Assistant Professor, from
the Department of Civil Engineering at Ghousia College of Engineering in
Ramanagara, Karnataka, India, were involved in research focused on civil
engineering topics.
62
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An Experimental Study On CFDST Column Under Axial Loading

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Abstract

When compared to industrial/residential buildings, the sizes of the columns in

1.2 Concrete Filled Double Skin Steel Tubes (CFDST)

Due to the occurring of inner steel tube, it increases strength-to-weight ratio,

Fig 1.1: Cross-section of Column

1.3 Types of Composite Sections:

Fig 1.2: Various Types of Composite Columns

1.4 Applications of CFDST

In the realm of infrastructure, CFDSTs shine as stalwart supports in bridge

Offshore structures, often subjected to the rigors of marine environments, leverage

The seismic performance of CFDSTs further accentuates their versatility. Their

Furthermore, CFDSTs exhibit a knack for rejuvenating existing infrastructure. By

1.5 Advantages of CFDST

Concrete-filled double-skinned steel tubes (CFDST) are a notable advancement in

First and foremost, CFDSTs excel in load-bearing capacity. The integration of an

CFDSTs work exceptionally well seismically as well. Together, the flexibility of

Fire resistance is a key advantage, especially in high-rise buildings and industrial

Another characteristic of CFDSTs is their versatility in design. Concrete and steel

Additionally, CFDSTs can be included into projects for restoration and

In conclusion, concrete-filled double-skinned steel tubes present a synthesis of

Fig 1.3: Describing the Column Section

1.6 Disadvantages of CFDST

Although concrete-filled double-skinned steel tubes (CFDST) have more benefits,

Additionally, there is a chance that problems with differential thermal expansion

Corrosion may have an effect on the long-term performance of CFDSTs,

Furthermore, due to composite nature, CFDSTs can be more challenging to inspect

In conclusion, while concrete-filled double-skinned steel tubes offer numerous

In Chapter 1, the introductory section lays the foundation by presenting an overview

In Chapter 2, the literature review underscores the imperative for further

In Chapter 4, within this chapter, A thorough explanation follows, illuminating the

In Chapter 5, The fabrication of Concrete-Filled Double-Skinned Steel Tubes

In Chapter 6, Through the use of ANSYS, the experimental investigation's

In Chapter 7, A thorough stress-strain graph that accurately depicts the material

2.2 Review of the Literature

[6] From an extensive review of experimental investigations on stub CFDST

[7] A technique was developed by the authors to forecast the strength of

2.3 Objective of the Research Work

2. Recognising Concrete and Tube Behaviour in CFDST Columns.

3. Determining CFDST Column Deformation Characteristics under Axial Load.

2.4 Scope of the Work

2. A mix design is carried out for concrete of grade M50.

3. Examine the CFDST columns' deformation properties, load-deflection behaviour, and

2.5 Chapter Summary

An essential piece of machinery used in engineering, manufacturing, and research

In order to conduct mechanical tests on various materials to ascertain their

3.4 Chapter Summary

Another advantage of steel is its durability. Steel is resistant to corrosion,

4.3 Material Properties

4.4 Chapter Summery

In parallel, the integration of insights extracted from ANSYS simulations enriches

Table 4.1. Properties of CFDST

Particular Interior tube Exterior tube

Outer diameter 62.50mm 175mm

Thickness 3.60mm 2.60mm

Inner diameter 55.30mm 169.80mm

Grade of Concrete M50

The fabrication of Concrete-Filled Double-Skinned Steel Tubes (CFDST)

5.2 Fabrication Process