GEOGRAPHY

GRADE 10
SECOND TERM
MR. OLUWASHINA AKANDE
 SYNOPSIS
1. INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY: MEANING, NATURE, SCOPE AND VALUE OF GEOGRAPHY.
2. THE SOLAR SYSTEM: THE UNIVERSE, THE PLANETS, THE EARTH.
3. THE EARTH AS A PLANET; SHAPE AND SIZE OF THE EARTH, PROOF OF THE EARTH’S
SPHERICITY. THE MOVEMENT OF THE EARTH: ROTATION & REVOLUTION.
4. LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE: DEFINITION, USES, SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES, GREAT AND
SMALL CIRCLES.
5. LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE: STANDARD TIME ZONE, CALCULATION OF DISTANCES, LOCAL
TIME, INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE (IDL).
6. THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH: THE OUTER ZONE I
7. MID TERM BBREAK
8. THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH: THE INTERIOR ZONE II
9. ROCKS OF THE EARTH: TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS.
10. BASIC CONCEPT OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEM (GIS).
11. MAJOR LAND FORM FEATURES: TYPES OF LAND
FORMS, MOUNTAIN.
12. REVISION.
13. EXAMINATION
 INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY: MEANING,
SCOPE AND VALUES
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
I. Explain Geography
II. Describe the nature and scope of Geography
III. Relate the value and importance of Geography to
human activities on earth.
 MEANING OF GEOGRAPHY

Geography deals with the study of different people in different

locations of the earth including their activities like agriculture,
mining, trading, fishing, manufacturing, construction, etc.
Geography also relates with the different peoples of the world,
their occupations, cultures, ways of dressing, religion, etc. In
addition, Geography involves the study of physical things within
the earth such as rocks, mountains, plains, valleys, rivers,
oceans, weather, rainfall, soils, vegetation, etc.
 SCOPE OF GEOGRAPHY
Geography is a social science subject which deals with
the study of man, his activities and his environment. Its
relevance cuts across many other subjects like
Economics, Agricultural Science, Government, History,
etc. It is concerned with the study of the size, shape and
movement of the earth and other heavenly bodies,
landmass, bodies of water, climate, vegetation and
events in different places of the world. It also deals with
the spatial distribution of animal and natural resources
as well as human activities.
 ASPECTS OF GEOGRAPHY
This can also be referred to as Geography-related subjects or courses. They are
studies that have their roots or part of them in Geography. Examples of the aspects
of Geography include:
i. Climatology: This is the study of atmospheric conditions over a longer period of
time, usually 35 years. It includes the study of different kinds of weather that
occur at a place.
ii. Biogeography: This is the study of the spatial distribution of plants, animals, and
other forms of life. It is concerned not only with habitation patterns but also with
the factors responsible for variations in distribution.
iii. Economic geography: This is the study of how economic activity is
distributed across the globe. It looks at factors such as where businesses
are located, how people travel and trade, and what resources are available
in different areas.
iv. Hydrology: This is the study of the distribution and movement of
water both on and below the Earth's surface, as well as the impact of
human activity on water availability and conditions.
v. Geomorphology: This is the study of landforms and the processes that
shape them. In essence, landforms reflect an interaction between Earth's
tectonic framework and its atmospheric canopy, and the biota they both
support.
 VALUES OF GEOGRAPHY
1. It enables man to have a better understanding of his environment.
2. Geography raises issues, problems and solutions vital to modern society.
3. It consists of knowledge of the world around us i.e. it enables us to study
the ways of lives of other people in other parts of the world.
4. A well trained geographer can perform many vital roles in the politics and
socio-economic sector of the society. He can use his geographical
knowledge in such areas as urban, economic, rural or regional planning.
5. Geography helps us to understand some other related topics in physics,
chemistry, biology, economics, history, mathematics etc.
 ASSIGNMENT

List and explain 10 aspects of geography.

 THE SOLAR SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
i. Describe the solar system
ii. State the components of the solar system and their
characteristics
iii. Analyze the benefits of the solar system to man.
 DEFINITION OF THE SOLAR
SYSTEM
Solar system is the description of the position of the
earth and other planets in relation to the sun. The solar system
comprises of the sun and the nine planets. All the planets
revolve round the sun in “elliptical orbits”.
The Universe: The universe is made up of many heavenly
bodies, group of stars form clusters which are known as
galaxies or nebulas. Our local groups or galaxy i.e. the earth
galaxy is known as ‘The Milky Way’. It contains twenty
seven galaxies.
A satellite
is a smaller
body which
moves
round a
planet. The
moon is
the natural
satellite of
the earth.
Planets Number of satellites Distance from sun(Km) Revolution duration

Mercury None 57,600,000 88 days

Venus None 107,200,000 225 days

Earth One 148,800,000 365 days

Mars Two 227,200,000 687 days

Jupiter Twelve 772,800,000 11.9 years

Saturn Nine 1,417,600,000 29.5 years

Uranus Five 2,854,400,000 84 years

Neptune Two 4,468,800,000 164.8 years

 THE SUN
I. The sun is at the center of the planets. It does not in itself move.
II. It is stationary while all other planets move around it.
III. The sun is the largest star and has a surface temperature of 6000oC.
IV. It is the ultimate source of light and energy to all the planets.
V. The planets shine only by the reflected light of the sun.
VI. The stars which appear singly when viewed from the earth actually exist in
groups or clusters which is better described as galaxies or nebulas.
MERCUR
YThis is the smallest planet.
►
► It is the closest planet to the
sun.
► It contains no living thing
because of its high
temperature.
► Its distance from the sun is
57,600,000km.
► It takes 88days to complete its
revolution.
VENUS
► This is the second closest
planet to the sun.
► It contains no living thing.
► It is often referred to as THE
EARTH TWIN because of
their close proximity in size,
mass and density.
► It takes 225ays to completes
its revolution.
EART
HThis is the only planet
►
where life exists. This is
because earth is the only
planet that contains
oxygen, and force of
gravity.
► It has one natural satellite
known as Moon.
► It takes 3651/4 days to
complete its revolution.
► Its distance from the sun
is 148,800,000km.
MARS
► This planet is
believed to have the
possibility of
supporting some
plant’s life.
► It has two satellites.
► It revolves round the
sun in 687days.
► Its distance from the
sun is
227,200,000km.
JUPITE
RThis is the largest
►
planet in the solar
system.
► Its surface contains
gases such as
hydrogen and JUPITER AND ITS
methane with light
and dark bands. RINGS
► It has twelve
satellites.
► It takes 11.9years to
complete its orbit
round the sun.
SATURN
► This is the second
largest planet after
Jupiter.
► It has three rings
around it.
► It has nine satellite.
► It takes 29.5years
to complete its
orbit.
► Its distance from
the sun is
1,417,600,000km.
URANU
S
► This is the only
planet that revolves
round the sun in a
clockwise direction.
► It takes Uranus 84
years to complete its
orbit.
► It has five satellites.
► Its distance from the
sun is
2,854,400,000km.
NEPTUNE
► This planet is very
cold because of its
distance from the
Sun.
► It has two satellites.
► It takes about
164.8years to
complete its orbit.
► Its distance from the
sun is
4,468,800,000km.
 EXERCISE
► Name three planets that has no satellite(s).
► Name three planets that have satellite(s).
► What is elliptical orbit?
► State two characteristics of any three planet.

ASSIGNMENT
► Draw the solar system.
 THE EARTH
OBJECTIVES:
i. Describe the shape and size of the earth
ii. Argue the proofs of Earth's spherical shape
iii. Differentiate between earth's rotation and revolution
iv. Appraise the impacts of earth's rotation and
revolution on man and his environment
 EARTH AS A PLANET

The shape of the earth. The

earth has a spherical shape. Its
shape can also be described as
GEOID. Though we walk on
“flat” surface, it is almost like a
sphere and it is slightly
flattened at the two poles.
There are many facts to prove
that the earth is spherical.
Size of the Earth
The earth is the fifth largest planet in the
solar system. The surface area of the earth
is approximately 443,000,000sqkm
(197,000,000sqmiles). The earth has a
polar diameter of about 12,722km and
equatorial diameter of about 12,762km. At
the equator, the earth measures about
40,085km in circumference. The polar
circumference is 39,955km. Its mean
density is estimated to be 5.5 gram per
cubic centimeters.
 PROOFS OF THE EARTH’S
SPHERICITY
1.Circumnavigation of the Earth:
Ferdinand Magellan and his crew sailed
round the world between 1519 and
1522 and came back to their starting
point. Since then, several other people
have done so thereby confirming the
fact that the earth is not flat but
spherical. If the Earth was flat, they
would have met an abrupt edge thereby
falling off.
2. Sunrise and Sunset:
Different parts of the world
experience sunrise and sunset at
different times. If the earth were
flat, the sun would rise and set
at the same time for all places.
Note that the Earth rotates from
west to east, so places in the
east see the sun first before
places in the west. The sun is
said to rise in the east and set at
the west.
3. Aerial Photographs:
Photographs of the earth
taken from high altitudes
by rockets shows that the
earth is spherical. This is
the most recent proof of
the sphericity of the earth.
4. The Lunar Eclipse:
During lunar eclipse,
the earth casts a
circular shadow on the
moon. Only a sphere,
like the earth can cast
such a circular
shadow.
5. Ship’s Visibility: When a
ship approaching a port is
viewed, the top of the mast is
seen first before the hull and
later the rest of the ship’s
body. In the same way, if a
ship leaves a harbour, it
disappears gradually. If the
earth is flat, the ship from a
distant view would appear and
disappear at once.
6. Shape of other
Planets/Planetary
Bodies: When the sun,
moon, stars and other
planetary bodies are
viewed from any angle,
they are all circular in
outline. So the earth
cannot be an exception.
7. Experimental Proof/
Engineer Surveys/Driving
Poles of Equal Length:
Three poles of equal length
driven at the same depth in a
level ground were found to
have the center pole projected
slightly above the poles at
either side because of the
curvature of the earth. If the
earth was flat, all the poles
would have been at the same
height.
 MOVEMENT OF THE EARTH
It is the earth on which we stand that is constantly in
motion. It revolves round the Sun and turns its different
sides to the Sun at different times. When the sun
emerges, we say the sun is rising and when the sun
recedes, we say the sun is setting. Earth’s movement
can be grouped into two:
-The Rotation of the earth;
-The Revolution of the earth.
 THE ROTATION OF THE EARTH
The rotation of the earth is the movement of the
earth on its axis. By turning its axis from the
west to the east, the earth makes a complete
rotation i.e. it rotates through 360° in every 24
hours which makes a day. We should note that
0
the earth rotates through 15 in 1hour or through
0
1 in 4 minutes.
EFFECTS OF EARTH
ROTATION
DAY AND NIGTH: As the
earth rotates, only one part
of the earth surface facing
the sun receives the rays of
the sun and experiences day,
while the other part of the
earth backing the sun
experiences darkness(night).
TIME DIFFERENCES
FROM PLACE TO
PLACE: it causes
difference in local time
between places as the earth
rotates from west to east, it
means that for every 15° we
go eastward, the local time
is advanced by 1hr and for
every 15° westward, the
local time is behind by
1hour.
APPARENT SUNRISE
AND SUNSET: During the
rotation of the earth, the part
that emerges from darkness
into the rays of the sun
experiences sunrise, while the
part moving away from the
sun rays experiences sunset.
It thereby causes apparent
sunrise and sunset.
DEFLECTION OF WIND
AND OCEAN CURRENT:
The earth rotation causes
freely moving object e.g. wind
and ocean current to deflect to
the right. This deflection is in
a clockwise direction when
the object lies in the northern
hemisphere and it is an
anticlockwise direction for an
object lying in the southern
hemisphere.
DAILY RISING
AND FALLING
OF THE TIDE:
This is the rising
and falling in the
level of water in
Seas and Oceans.
This takes place
twice every day.
 REVOLUTION OF THE EARTH
Revolution is the movement of the earth on its orbit round the
sun once in approximately 365 1/4 days i.e. one year. Every
fourth year has 366days and this is called a leap year. All other
years have 365days.The word “Revolution” refers to the
movement of one body around the sun, the moon revolves
around the earth while the earth revolves round the sun.
The moon revolves around the earth once a month. The earth
and moon travel together making a complete trip around the
sun once a year.
 EFFECTS OF EARTH REVOLUTION
1. It determines a year: The time it takes a planet to
complete one revolution around the sun determines one
year in that planet. One year in earth is 365 ¼ days.
2. Revolution determines the seasons: There are two
main seasons in tropical belt. These seasons are rain and
dry season, while in the temperate belt, there are four
distinct seasons, summer, autumn, winter and spring.
3. Changes in the altitude of the mid-day
sun: This refers to Equinox and Solstices.
4. Varying length of day and night at
different times of the year: The length of
day and night varies depending on the
position of the earth in relation to the sun.
5. Changes in seasonal temperature: It is
observed that summers are usually warm
and bright while winters are cold and dark
in the arctic region.
Dawn and Twilight
Dawn refers to the
brief period between
sunrise and full
daylight while twilight
refers to the brief
period between sunset
and complete
darkness.