Lesson 1 - Communication - Writing, eye contact, facial

expression, Chronemic facial

Processes, Principles, and
- “Manual Language”
Ethics
3. Visual Communication
Nature of Communication - Use drawing or pictures that can
Communication came from the Latin word visually explain what you want to
communis which means commons. To be convey
common means to come together or to - Signs, graphic designs, and
commune meaning to share something in countless other examples
common. - “Oldest form of Communication”
- Example is the PowerPoint
Communication - is the act of conveying Presentation
messages from one entity or group to
another. Ways to Improve Communication Skills
1. Keep it simple
The channel of communication can be 2. Eliminate technical jargons
visual, auditory, tactile/haptic (ex. Braille 3. Be concise but not too concise
system), olfactory, electromagnetic, or 4. Avoid abbreviations and acronyms
biochemical. Human communication is 5. Reduce the use of canned phrases
unique for its extensive use of abstract 6. Be concrete
language. 7. Be conversation

When we communicate, we send Process, Principles and Ethics of

messages that are received and Communication
understood through the symbols. Communication is a process of
exchanging verbal and non-verbal
Purposive Communication is about writing, messages. It’s a continuous process.
speaking, or presenting to different
audiences and for various reasons such 1. Encoding
as arrangement of symbols and create - Everything that goes inside the
meaning brain of an individual
3 Major Purposes - Involves the sender who, grounded
● To inform by communicative intentions and
● To express feelings goals, decides on assigning codes.
● To imagine - It is a systematic arrangement of
symbols used by individuals to
Types of Communication create a meaning.
1. Verbal Communication
- The spoken or written conveyance 2. Transmission
of a message. It’s the use of - Process by which the sender,
sounds and words to express a having assigned codes to come up
feeling with thought symbols (message).

2. Non-Verbal Communication 3. Receiving

- Process of conveying a type of - Having been submitted
information in a form of
non-linguistic representation 4. Decoding
 - Which the receiver interprets or intervene with the
assign meaning communication
process.
5. Responding 7. Context
- Response is anticipated by the - Involves the expectations of the
sender from the receiver sender and the receiver and the
- Also called, Feedback common or shared understanding
through the environment signals.
Components of Communication a. Physical Context - refers to
where communication
1. Sender takes place. (temperature,
- The one who initiates the lightning, noise level)
communication b. Social Context -
relationships that exist
2. Receiver between and among
- Provides the sender with feedback participants.
which may prompt the sender to c. Psychological Context -
clarify the message or signal to includes the moods and
carry on as planned. feelings each person brings
to the communication.
3. Message
- Non-verbal and verbal. Interference - barrier or block that
prevents effective communication to take
4. Channel place.
- Means through which we transmit a. Psychological Barrier - hampering
the message in either vocal or thoughts
non-vocal. b. Physical Barrier - stimulus like
weather, climate, health, and
5. Feedback ignorance
- Behavioral response c. Linguistic Barrier - different culture
6. Environment and language
- The place, the feeling, the mood, d. Mechanical Barrier -
the mindset and the condition of communication issues like
both communication’s sender and connectivity and electrical power
receiver. outage
● Noise - an interference that
bars the message from Levels of Communication
being understood and
interpreted 1. Intrapersonal
1. External Noise - - Operates within the communicator
sights, sounds and himself
other stimuli that - Ex. what to wear for the next day
draw people’s
attention away from 2. Interpersonal
what is being said. - Occurs between two or more
2. Internal Noise - people
thoughts and - Ex. Private conversation, interview
feelings that and simple group meeting
 - Sender must strive to make a
Principles of Communication message interesting

1. Courtesy Ethical Standards

- Build goodwill
- Involves being polite in terms of Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of
approach and manner of philosophy that involves systematizing,
addressing an individual defending

2. Clarity Ethical Rules to Consider in

- Makes speech understandable Communication
- Avoid jargons, cliche expression, 1. Respect the audience/receiver of
euphemisms information
2. Consideration in the result of
3. Conciseness communication
- Simplicity and directness 3. Truth of the information must be
valued at all times
4. Completeness 4. Only correct information must be
- Each message have a clear and obtained and disseminated
good conclusion 5. No falsification or bending of the
true information
5. Correctness
- Glaring mistakes in grammar Communicating in Multicultural Setting
obscure the meaning of a Global Culture
sentence. Misuse of language can - Which transcends national borders
damage your credibility. and exists in many different places
around the world
6. Concreteness - All of these influence people’s way
- Reduces misunderstanding of thinking all around the world and
- It must be supported by facts such act as socialization agents. In
as research, data, statistics or doing so, they transfer values and
beliefs from one culture to the
7. Creativity other.
- Means having the ability to craft Communication Shapes Culture and
interesting messages in terms of Vice Versa
sentence structure and word - Communication is a cultural
choice practice like any other shaped to a
large degree by personal
8. Consideration experience and tradition
- Sender must consider the - Like multicultural communication,
receiver’s profession, level of intercultural communication
education, race acknowledges the existence of
multiple cultures in a single space,
9. Cultural Sensitivity be it physical or virtual. Training in
- Emphasis must be given language is one integral part.

10. Captivating Advantages of Communication in a

Global Setting
 1. Intercultural competence in Lesson 2: Understanding
communication resulting in
Communication in the Digital
productivity and proficiency at
work. Age
2. Promotes teamwork because
backgrounds do not matter. Intercultural Communication – refers to
3. Global edge in business and interaction with people from diverse
familiarization of the global market. cultures
4. Understanding foreign audiences
benefiting effective leadership Forms of Intercultural Communication
skills Interracial Communication
- able to communicate with people
Possible Cultural Barriers to Effective with different races
Communication in Global Environment International communication
1. Cultural Relativism - communication occurs worldwide
2. Lack of knowledge of other’s - Able to communicate with different
culture races and culture
3. Discrimination and harassment Intra-cultural Communication
4. Language - Involve ourselves in terms of our
natives and culture
Strategies to Become an Effective
Global Communicator Issues on Intercultural Communication
1. Reviewing communication - Linguistic competence is an
principles important part of intercultural
2. Analyzing the message receiver communication. It requires understanding
3. Accepting other cultures and perception of different cultures.
4. Learning their cultures and Effective intercultural communication is a
applying what is learned vital skill, along with language knowledge,
5. Considering language needs for multinational countries, companies and
people.

3 Main Issues of Intercultural

Miscommunication
1. Language Barrier
2. Cultural Diversity
3. Ethnocentrism
- Some of the most talked about issues
include gender equality, political views,
associated with specific cultures,
observance of religious holidays and
ethnic stereotyping.

Cultural Diversity in the Workplace

- Diversity benefits the workplace
because people from various backgrounds
have different perspectives. Their
contribution to the business allows the
group to look at the problems from all
different angles, the results are often 1. Can reach a large audience
innovative. 2. Direct connection with the
audience
How to Improve Intercultural 3. Create organic content
Communication Competence 4. Access to paid advertising services
1. Recognize the validity and 5. Can build brand
differences of communication 6. Drive traffic to your website
styles among people 7. Evaluate your performance
2. Learn to eliminate personal biases
and prejudices Disadvantage
3. Strive to acquire communication 1. Promote negative experiences
skills necessary in an intercultural such as inadequacy about your life
world or appearance
2. Negative effect on teens like
The Impact of Communication on distracting them, disrupting their
Society and the World sleep, exposing them to bullying
Communication Portal – a service that 3. Rumor Spreading
allows individuals, businesses, schools 4. Unrealistic views of other people’s
and government agencies to share lives and peer pressure
information from diverse sources using 5. Link to unhealthy dispositions in
unified communication (US) media. life, feelings of envy, and less
satisfaction with life
Features of a Cultural Portal 6. Can lead to ADHD symptoms,
1. Call answering and disconnect depression, anxiety, and sleep
2. Call waiting and call holding deprivation
3. Caller identification
4. Capability for voice-enabled email Impact of Fake News on Social Media
5. Contact whitelisting and - Fake news is quickly becoming an
blacklisting epidemic and has been playing a vital role
6. Ability to dial any number in a in campaign politics, influencing votes and
document or message dominating the media.
7. Dynamic contact availability and
status display How to Combat Fake News
8. Automatically updated address 1. Consider the journalist or media
book 2. Research
9. Messaging shortcuts for favored 3. Find the source
contacts
10. Ability to set up and modify Varieties and registers of Spoken and
conference calls Written Language
11. Detailed messaging and contact 2 Modes of Language
histories 1. Spoken Language – (Sometimes
12. Compatibility with all popular web called oral language) is a language
browsers and among multiple which is spoken by people and is
service providers used in conversation
2. Written Language – is the written
Advantages/Disadvantages of Using form of communication which
Social Media Platforms includes both reading and writing
Advantages
Varieties of Spoken and Written Lesson 3: Exploring Tools For
Language
Local and Global
1. Varies when communicating with
people within (local) and outside Communication
(global) our community
2. Varies in speaking and writing Text
3. Varies in everyday and socialized - A form of written, spoke, or media
discourses work conveying meaning to an audience
- May use words, graphics sounds,
8 Domain in which Language Varies and images in presenting information
1. Local Everyday Written – include - May also be in oral, print, visual, or
instances of local everyday written electronic forms
usage found in the neighborhood
posters Evaluation of a Text
Ex. Bedspacers Posters 1. Message
2. Local Everyday Oral – occur in 2. Purpose of the message
local communication among 3. How is the message conveyed
neighbors in everyday, informal 4. Target audience of the message
and local variety of language 5. Effect of the message being
Ex. Filipino dialect conveyed
3. Local Specialized Written – local
specialized written usage can be Media Literacy
found in the publication and - The ability to identify different
websites of local societies such as types of media and messages they are
the Baguio Millan Courier sending. Therefore we, as the reader or
4. Local Specialized Oral – Involved viewers, need to view the media
specialized discourses objectively, with the goal to find out or
5. Global Everyday Written – avoids analyze what is being presented.
local colloquialism to make the text
accessible to wider communities of Key Concepts of Media Literacy
readers 1. All media messages are
Ex. International Edition of constructed
newspaper and magazines 2. Media have embedded values and
6. Global Everyday Oral – occur in points of views
interactions between people 3. Each person interprets message
coming from different parts of the differently
world when they talk about 4. Media have commercial,
everyday casual topics ideological or political interests
7. Global Specialized Written – 5. Media messages are constructed
expands to as many readers using a creative language having
international, hence the non-usage its own rules
of local call
8. Global Specialized Oral – occurs
when people from different parts of
the world discuss specialized
topics in spoken form
Lesson 4: Communication for - If your audience is unfamiliar with
the topic, you should consider how
Various Purposes
you might tap into their natural
curiosity.
A. Speech to Inform - What things about my topic do the
● Informative Speech is one whose listeners probably know about?
goal is to explain or describe facts, 2. Relevant
truths and the principles in a way - Do not assume that your listeners
that stimulates interest, facilitates will recognize how the information
understanding and increases the you share is relevant to them.
livelihood of remembering. - Remember to incorporate listener’s
● Designed to educate audiences. relevant links throughout the
● The goal is to simply achieve speech.
mutual understanding about an 3. Creative
object, person, place process, - Starting informative speeches
idea, concept and issues. through research develops
creativity.
Techniques on Presenting Informative - For the creative process to work,
Speech you have to give yourself time to
1. Presentational Aids think.
- To provide the opportunity for the 4. Productive Thinking
audience to retain a visual as well - Happens when you ponder
as as audio memory of important something from an array of angles.
or difficult material. - With many ideas to pick from, you
2. Repetition can choose the ones that are most
- To give the audience a second or appropriate to a particular
third chance to retain information audience.
by repeating or paraphrasing it.
3. Transitions Thinking Like a Genius (Micael Micalko)
- To increase the likelihood that the ● Rethink a topic, issue, or problem
audience will retain the from many perspective
relationships among the ● Make your thoughts visible by
information being presented, sketching, drawings, diagrams,
including which information is and graphs
primary and which is supporting. ● Set regular goals to actually
4. Humor and Other Emotional produce something
Anecdotes ● Memorable
- To create an emotional memory ● Diverse Learning Styles
link to important ideas.
5. Mnemonics and Acronyms Methods of Informing
- To provide an easily remembered 1. Description
memory prompt or shortcut to - A method used to create a precise,
increase the likelihood that a list is vivid, verbal, picture of an object,
retained. setting, event, person, or image.
- Descriptions are easier if you have
Characteristics of Effective Informative a presentation laid, but vivid verbal
Speaking descriptions can also create
1. Intellectually Stimulating informative mental pictures.
 2. Definition
event,
- A method that explains the phenomenon or
meaning of something. concept overtime
- The first method is to define a word
by classifying it and differentiating Spatial You want to help
it from similar words and ideas. the audience
visualize
- The second method is to define a
something you are
word by explaining its derivation or describing
history.
- The third method is to define a Categorical You want to
word by explaining its use and emphasize the
function significance of the
categories or
- The fourth method is to define
divisions in some
something by using familiar way
antonyms and synonyms.
3. Comparison Casual You want the
- A method of informing that centers audiences to
on how something is similar to and understand those
factors that have
different from other things.
contributed to
- Comparisons and contrasts can be some outcome
figurative or literal.
4. Narration Problem Solution You want to make
- A method that retells an your audience
autobiographical or biographical understand
problem more
event, myth, or another story. fully, while
- Features of narration comprise a acknowledging
good story line. solutions
5. Demonstration
- A method that shows how
B. Speech To Persuade
something is done, displays stages
● Persuasion is the process of
of a process, or exhibits how
altering or reinforcing attitudes,
something works.
beliefs, values, or behaviors.
- Expertise gives you the necessary
● Knowing your listener’s attitudes,
background to supplement bare
beliefs, and values would help you
bones instructions with personally
write this speech.
lived experiences.
● Mental outlook is a learned choice
- Practice is the key to a successful
to reply positively or negatively
demonstration speech.
toward something.
● Persuasive speech can also
Guidelines for Choosing an
modify or strengthen belief.
Organizational Pattern
● A persuasive speech can also see,
to change or to reinforce value.
PATTERN USE WHEN ● Adapting the content of your
persuasive speech will do much in
Chronological You want to show the successes of your talk.
step by step
progression or you
want to discuss an
WAYS TO PRESENT YOUR IDEAS 1. Attention
1. Cognitive Dissonance 2. Need
- Telling listeners about existing 3. Satisfaction
problems or information that is 4. Visualization
inconsistent with their currently 5. Action
held beliefs or known information,
creates psychological discomfort. Propositions
2. Hierarchy of Needs - Figuring out which type your
- People are motivated by unmet persuasive proposition fits into not
needs. The most basic needs are only can help classify your central
psychological, followed by safety idea but can also give you ideas on
needs, social needs, self esteem how to select specific persuasive
needs, and finally, strategies that will help you
self-actualization needs. achieve your purpose.
3. Positive Motivation
- People will more likely change their C. Speech to Entertain
thinking or pursue a particular - Usually happens in an after-dinner
course of action if they are situation, or at a time when the
convinced that good things will audience does not expect to be
happen to them if they support asked to think very hard or to take
what the speaker advocates. a very serious action
4. Negative Motivation - Help listeners enjoy themselves
- People seek to avoid pain and - Most speakers seek to import
discomfort. They will be motivated some memorable message
to support what a speaker - Humor is hard to plan, professional
advocates if they are convinced humorist are likely to employ team
that bad things will happen to them of writers and they can even flop
unless they do. themselves

Organizational Patterns for Persuasive Enjoyment VS Humor

1. Problem-Solution - In most successful speeches to
- Present the problem; then present entertain, it will probably include a
the solution lot of informative material that will
- Literate the problem stick to the central theme or point,
2. Refutation and however lighthearted, may
- Anticipate your learner’s key like a good table will have a good
objections to your proposal and moral at the end.
then address them
- To refute a certain concept Preparing and Presenting the Speech
3. Cause and Effect to Entertain
- First, present the cause of the 1. Aim to stimulate enjoyment in your
problem then note how the audience
problem affects the listeners 2. Make your presentation brief
- Identify a known effect, then 3. Provide a memorable message
document what causes the effect
4. Motivated Sequence Basic Parts of Speech
- A five step pattern organizing 1. Introduction
speech;
- Stimulate the audience's attention,
setting the mood, and creating the
main point
- Do not attempt to present a serious
or complicated concept/idea
2. Body
- Always remember the kind of
audience you have, the occasion
and your speaking skill as well as
limitations when you plan your
speech.
1. A topical order or
chronological order is
especially appropriate.
2. Descriptions also can be
used in the body of speech
to entertain.
3. Conclusion
- Usually very short and maintains to
carry robust and joyful mood that
was maintained throughout the
speech.
Lesson 5: Communication Upward Communication
Networks - Messages flowing from
subordinates to superiors. Many
Formal Communications Networks
leading businesses attributes their
- These are systems designed by success to the emphasis on
management to dictate who should upward communication in their
talk to whom to get the job done. business.
- This could be intricate in larger
Upward Communication can convey four
organizations.
(4) types of:
- The most common way of
describing formal networks is with 1. What subordinates are doing?
organizational charts.
“We’ll have that job done by closing time
Downward Communication today.”

- It occurs whenever superiors 2. Unsolved Work Problems

initiate messages to their
subordinates. “We’ll still having trouble with the air
conditioner in the accounting office.”
Job Instructions – Directions about what to
do or how to do it. 3. Suggestions for Improvement

“When you restock the shelves, put the “I think I’ve figured out a way to give
new merchandise behind the old stock.” people the vacation schedules they want
and still keep our staffing up.”
Job Rationale – Explanations on how one
task relates to other tasks. 4. How subordinates feel about each
other and the job?
“We rotate the stock like that, so the
customers won’t wind up with state “I’m having a hard time working with
merchandise.” Louie. He seems to think I’m mad at him,”
or “I’m getting frustrated. I’ve been in the
Procedures and Practices – Information same job for over a year now, I’m itching
about rules and regulation, policies, and for more responsibility.”
benefits.
Horizontal Communication
“Don’t try to argue with unhappy
customers, if you can’t handle them - It consists of messages between
yourself, call the manager.” members of an organization with
equal power. It serves five
Indoctrination – Information aimed at purposes
motivating employees by impressing the ● Task Coordination
organization’s mission upon them and ● Problem Solving
specify how should they relate to it. ● Sharing Information
● Conflict Resolution
“You’re really catching on fast. If you keep
● Building Rapport
up the good work, you’ll be an assistant
manager by the end of the year.”
Informal Communication Networks are written for the exchange of
information, messages, and thoughts.
- The pattern of interaction is based
on friendships, shared personal or Business Letters – are written to an
career interests, and proximity individual, an authority, an office, an
between workers. institution, or a company. They are written
- Personal friendships also create for business purposes.
connections that can lead to
increased communication. BUSINESS / COMMERCIAL LETTER

Functions of Informal Networks Nature: The Commercial letter is

impersonal and universal in one. It helps a
1. Conforming – Some informal great deal in maintaining professional
communication confirms formal relationships and developing contacts
messages. within your network. Generally, it contains
2. Expanding – Informal business-related information.
communication can fill the gaps left
by incomplete formal messages. Purpose: This letter is written for
3. Expediting – Informal networks can exchanging various business-related
often deliver messages more information.
quickly than official channels.
4. Contradicting – Informal networks Scope: Since, it can contain various types
contradict official messages. of business information, its scope is vast
5. Circumventing – Informal contacts and wide. These letters are normally kept
can sometimes help you bypass short and to the point.
official channels t6hat are
Use of Structure: The Business letter is
unnecessarily cumbersome and
written by strictly following officially
time consuming.
recognized structure, rules, and
6. Supplementing – Sometimes even
procedures.
the management realizes that
informal communication can get Size: Generally, the size of the business
the job done better than the formal letter is concise as it avoids irrelevant
variety can. matters. They have single spacing, are
left-justified with no paragraph indentation.
Cultivating Informal Networks
They strictly have to be typed.
- Seek exposure to people at all
Salutation: Specific salutations such as
levels of organizations.
Mr., Sir, Dear, Sir, Dear Madam, etc. are
- Seek mentor.
used to open the description of the letter.
- Discuss hobbies.
The use of salutation depends on the
- Don’t flaunt informal shortcuts.
formal relationship between the sender
Communication Materials in the and the receiver.
Workplace
Language: No emotional or poetic
Personal Letter VS. Business Letter language can be used in the business
letter. The language is kept very formal in
Personal Letters – are written to friends, business letters.
family, relatives, and acquaintances. They
Characteristics Of Good Business should reach a particular office by
Letter name or a particular department,
then attention line is typed below
1. Clarity the inside address. This line is
2. Conciseness generally underlined.
3. Completeness
4. Correctness
5. Courtesy
6. Cheerfulness 5. Salutation: salutation means
7. Promptness greetings. It shows the respect or
8. Appropriateness affection or politeness which you
9. The “You” Attitude introduce in a letter. The choice of
10. Integral salutation depends upon the
personal relationship between the
Basic And Optional Parts Of Business writer and reader.
Letters

1. Headings: Many business

organizations use printed 6. Subject: The purpose of subject
letterhead for business line is to let the reader know
correspondence. The letterhead immediately what the message is
contains the name, the address, about. By seeing this the reader
the line of business, telegraphic can understand at a glance what
address, telephone numbers, telex the letter is about.
numbers, e-mail address etc.

7. Reference: In a reply to an earlier

2. Date: The date should be indicated letter reference numbers, date, etc.
in the upper righthand corner of the may be mentioned below the
letter sheet. It is generally written subject. Subject and reference
two or three spaces below the last must be separate and must stand
line of the letterhead. out clearly to get the attention of
the reader.

3. Inside Address: The inside address

consists of the names and address 8. Body of the letter: The body is the
of the person or firm to whom the most important part of a letter. The
letter is written. It is generally purpose of this part is to convey
written two spaces above the the message and to produce a
attention line it is given above the suitable response in the reader. It
salutation in the left margin. Details is, therefore, important to organize
should not be abbreviated. and arrange the material very
carefully. Generally, the body
consists of the following:

4. Attention Line: When a letter is (i) Opening Paragraph

addressed to a company so that it
 (ii) Main Paragraph Example:

(iii) Closing Paragraph ● Dear Mr. Frazier: [Body of Letter]

● Sincerely, (your name)
9. Complimentary Close: The
complimentary close is a polite Types Of Business Letter
way of ending a letter. It is typed
two spaces below the last line of Cover Letters: Sent with a package,
the body of the letter. report, or other item, the purpose of a
cover letter is to describe what is enclosed
and provide a description of what the
receiver should do with it.
10. Signature: Signature is the assent
of the writer to the subject-matter Thank you Letters: these can be great for
of the letter. It is placed below the networking and relationship building. Don’t
complimentary close. just write a “Thanks for,” and leave it at
that.

Complaint Letters: The key to these types

11. Enclosure: Sometimes, papers of letters is to demonstrate that you are
such as price list, catalog, draft, displeased without being over-the-top
may be attached to the letter. This angry.
is indicated after the signature and
at the left-hand margin. Adjustment Letters: this is a response to a
complaint letter. The point is to be humble
Business Letter Punctuation And in the response and to offer potential
Styles solutions.

Open Punctuation – open punctuation is a Bad News Letters: The key with bad news
relatively new concept in English grammar letters is to soften the blow. Being direct is
and has been popularized by the use of valued in business writing. But when
computers due to the ability to review writing bad news letters, it’s best to remind
spelling and grammar content the receiver about what actually works in
electronically, the open punctuation style your business relationship before breaking
has become more and more accepted. the bad news to him or her.

Example of Open Punctuation: Acknowledgement Letters: They are

meant to acknowledge that you received
● JT Doe PhD instead of J.T. Doe, an item from someone, or that you are
Ph.D., aware of a fact or error they pointed out.
● Sincerely instead sincerely,
● Dear Mr Rodriguez instead of Dear Memos: Often used to spread important
Mr. Rodriguez: news and directives inside a company, the
point with memos is to be fast and to the
Mixed Punctuation – If you prefer a more point with your communications.
conventional style, consider using mixed
punctuation. This letter formats the bridge Congratulatory Letters: The point with
between open and closed punctuation. these types of letters is to stay on point
You will add a colon after the salutation and avoid sounding over-the-top or
and a comma after the closing line.
mocking. Describe what motivated you to
send a congratulations and the positive
feedback that you have already heard.

Response Letters: This is about explaining

or listing off how a request was fulfilled.

Letter of Request: They key with these

types of letters is to ask for help without
groveling or being overly emotional. Take
a hard look at the adjectives you’re using
in the letter.

Sales letters: These letters require a

strong call to action or hook at the
beginning so that the receiver continues to
read and discovers the benefits of
whatever you are selling.

Resignation Letters: This is about giving

notice that you are leaving a position,
providing a last day of employment, and
explaining what is causing you to leave.
 Lesson 6: Resume and 3. Resume Profile – this resume
introduction includes a list of your
Interview
qualifications, experience and
Resume – It is a structured summary of a educational background in terms of
person's education, employment the company’s needs and values
background, job qualification, and that can be presented as a
accomplishments which highlights the paragraph or as a list of bullet
aspects that would be of interest to a points.
prospective employer.
Key Skills and Strength
Types of Resumes
- Jobs you had
1. Chronological Resume – This - Educational background
format represents the traditional - Any work placements you have
type of resume that emphasizes done
career progression that provides a - Any volunteering you have done
quick, orderly overview of your - References
candidate’s work and educational
General Rules in Making a Resume
experience.
2. Functional Resume – This format - Font style and Font size
focuses on the abilities and skills of - Numbers of Pages
a candidate. It emphasizes the - Margins
applicant’s qualification.
- Functional format is more Interview
suitable for those
candidates with an expert - Is a two-party conversation in
level of experience. which at least one person has a
specific, serious purpose.
Order of Information - Interviews also have an element of
control not present in casual
1. Name (largest font on page) interaction.
2. Mailing Address (you can list both - The interviewer's job is to keep the
permanent and temporary conversation moving toward a
address) predetermined goal.
3. Telephone Number
4. Email Address Planning the Interview

Choose a Resume Introduction - Identify and Analyze the Other

Party
1. Resume Objectives - this resume
introduction is best for entry level 1. The other’s self-concept
candidates or candidates who are
switching industries. 2. Knowledge Level
2. Resume Summary – this resume
introduction includes a brief 3. Your Image
overview of work experience that
4. Attitude
matches the requirements for the
position.
Prepare a List of Topic
 - Objective – To have the 1. Explain the reasons for the
interviewers see me as a bright, interview
ambitious, articulate person who
knows about and can serve the 2. Explain what information is
company’s needs. needed and how it will be used
- List of Topics
● Discuss my short-term and 3. Mention the approximate
long-term career goals length of the interview
● Answer all questions
- Motivation
completely and in an
- Body
organized way
● Share my knowledge of the Responsibilities of the Interviewer
company’s products and
financial condition 1. Control and focus the
conversation
Choose the Best Interview Structure 2. Listen actively
3. Use secondary questions to probe
1. Highly Scheduled Interview – It
for important information
consists of a standardized list of
questions. The answers to closed Closing
questions such as these are easy
to tabulate, which makes this - Review and clarify the results of
approach convenient for surveying the interview
a large number of respondents. - Establish future actions
2. Non-scheduled Interview – It - Conclude with pleasantries
consists of topical agenda without
specific questions Obligations of Interviewer
- The conversation may be generally
directed at finding out how the - Make only promises you are willing
employees are doing with their and able to keep.
work, whether they are satisfied - Keep Confidence
with their jobs or are they having - Allow the interviewee to make free
problems with their work. responses
- Treat every interviewee with
Consider Possible Questions respect

- Open vs Closed Questions Obligations of the Interviewee

- Factual vs Opinion Questions
- Primary vs Secondary Questions - Do not misinterpret the fact or your
- Direct vs Indirect Questions position
- Hypothetical Questions - Don’t waste the interviewer’s time
- Leading Questions
Types of Interviews
Conducting an Interview
1. Face-to-face – This is the most
- Opening common type and often called a
- Greeting and Building Rapport “personal interview”. The
- Orientation interviewer gets to see the
interviewee up close and personal.
2. Panel Interview – This type of the
interview involves two or more
interviewers. They try to gauge the
group management and group
presentation skills of the
interviewee.
3. Group – It involves bringing an
applicant with several other
candidates vying for the same
position.
4. Serial/Sequential – in this type of
interview, the interviewee is being
interviewed by different
interviewers sequentially.
5. Telephone – This type of interview
is conducted via telephone.