UNIT 1

LEARNING PART OF SPEECH (Part 1)

Course Objectives:
1. Students are able to understand Noun, Verb, Adverb and Adjective.
2. Students are able to practice and implement these part of speech into sentences

There are eight parts of speech that learners of English language have to know and they also
have to be able to use those parts into their lesson or practice (Subandi et al, 2017: 5- 9). Those
eight parts of speech are: Noun, Verb, Adverb, Adjective, Pronoun, Preposition, Conjunction and
the Interjection. These are made up of how to combine those into sentence, simple sentences as
well as complex ones. Let us read these examples below that are made of those eight parts of
speech.
• Achmad is a student of Islamic Education Program. (this sentence includes “I” as a noun
as well as the word “student”, while “am” can be said as a linking verb. Then “a” is said
an article. Hence, “Achmad” is the subject so is “student of Islamic Education program”
• Hamim waits patiently while I try to queue on the line of the cinema’s ticket box. In this
sentence it is clear that the word “queue” can be said as a verb and “I” and “Hamim” are
the subject of this sentence; while “I” is a pronoun.
• We played Mobile Legend last night. This sentence a word “played” in the past form is
verb and the subject “WE” is a pronoun.
• The online driver is waiting for us at the building C. This example a prepositional phrase
“at the building” to describe the place.
Now let us try to discuss in detail about those eight parts of speech. These eight parts are said
to be important for us to study so that we know how to practice our study about English as
foreign language.

A. Noun
Noun is used to describe a thing as used in a person, people, animal, place, as a concrete ones
and even an abstract idea. A noun can be used as subject, a direct object or simply object, an
indirect object, a subject complement, and object complement. Let us have a look these
examples below:
• Our friend just bought a new motorcycle . Subject + predicate + object /direct object
• Ustadz Adi Hidayat gave his lecture in front of thousands of congregations. Subject +
predicate (to be/ linking verb) + object. + prepositional phrase[
• The bus inspector looked at all the passengers’ ticket. Subject + predicate + object
complement (passengers’ ticket)
• Islamic Education is one of several departments offered by the School of Education and
Teacher’s training.

1. Kinds of Noun
a. Noun related to Gender
In many common nouns, supposed like “soldier” and “nurse” can be referred as men
and women related to their common profession. Hence, in English noun would depend on
their gender classifications as in “waiter” and “waitress” also “actor” and “actress”.
These are related to gender classifications. However, the use of gender-specific nouns is
seldom used these days as the example of “chairman”, though the head of a company is
either man or woman, mostly used the word “CEO” or Chief Executive Officer. Hence
the use of gender-specific noun is not really a concern to identify one’s profession. Let us
see these examples below.
• Dimas Seto is one of the most prominent actors in the country; his wife is also
known as an actress, so both of them are actors.
• Sri Mulyani is our Financial Minister in President’s cabinet. (the word “minister’
can be used either man or woman).
• My father was an architect.
b. Noun Plurals
Noun can also change its form in order to indicate number by giving “s”, or “es” as
shown in the examples below:
• There are several boxes need to be removed to the house storage, but please leave a
box behind as we wait for his owner.
 • The property company offered seven houses that ready for sale two days ago, but
last I heard there is only one house left ready for sale.
• When you shout in a mountain, you can hear your echo.
• I never thought once I passed through a long road in the village, I could hear some
echoes in the distance.
Other nouns can form the plural by changing the last letter before adding “s”. Some
words also with ending “f” can change into “v” to form the plural; while other like “y”
can change into “ies” as the example below:
• Islam allows us, man, to marry two, three, or even four women to take as wives; but
if we cannot be just, a wife is better.
• He lives from one city to another city. He is moving around, many cities he has
lived so far.
• My friends started his business by opening a home industry in his hometown. After
years of his struggle to run his business, now they have got many home industries.
English language also has plural irregularity as we know the word “mouse” turns
into “mice”, “sheep” turns still “sheep” as well as “fish” turns still into “fish”. There are
other irregularities as we can find in the dictionary.
c. Possessive Nouns
A possessive noun is to show the possessiveness of someone or things. It changes the
form to show that it owns or closely related to something else. It becomes possessive by
adding a combination of an apostrophe and the letter is “s”. it can be formed in the case
of singular noun that does not end in “s” by adding an apostrophe and “s” as in the
example below:
• These are Mayang’s books; she left them in her locker.
• Those books in the locker are Mayang’s.
• The online driver’s face looks pale as he has been driving around for almost more
than twelve hours.
• The men’s volley ball team is going to play soon as the women’s team is done.
• Christina Rossetti’s poem was more popular than the Lord Byron’s.

2. Types of Noun
 Nouns are identified by their types as to indicate their usage. There are proper noun,
common noun, concrete noun, abstract noun, countable noun, uncountable noun, and
collective noun. Let us discuss these types as follows:
a. Proper Nouns
We can start to write proper noun by using capital letter as these nouns can represent the
name of specific person, people, place or things. Names of person, days of the week,
cities, regions, months, institutions, events or religious events, religions are proper nouns.
Let us have a look at the examples below:
• UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim is the name of the state university in Malang, East
Java.
• There is no god but Allah, and the prophet Muhammad is His last Messenger.
• Prof. Dr. H. Abd. Harris is our rector in this university.
• Surabaya is the capital city of East Java.
b. Common Nouns
These nouns are referred to a person, place, or thing in general sense. These are used
without using capital letters as in proper nouns. Let us pay attention to these examples
below:
• My brother and his friends are planning to ride motorcycle to the beach.
• Some of our workers choose to take their overtime job during the holiday.
• There are many beautiful flowers in our school gardens.
• Many students do not really care about their take-home quizzes.
We can also make proper nouns out of common nouns, as in these following examples:
• The students of UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang start his community
services in the villages around Malang region.
• Some Shakespeare’s poems were known as the best works of literature in the
Elizabethan era.
• The meals in Warung Nelangsa are quiet delicious and cheap for students.
• The War and Peace was said to be the autobiographical novel by Leo Tolstoy.
(though these nouns, war and peace, are said as common nouns; however since it is a
novel, this can be categorized as proper noun of novel).
c. Concrete Nouns
 These nouns are names of anything or anyone that can be sensed through our physical
senses: sight, touch, taste, hearing, and smell. Let us take these examples as follows:
• Look at this sign on the fence, “beware of dogs”.
• The former head of language center handed over his mandate to his successor.
• The property agent gave his detail explanation to his potential customer.
• There are new houses built at this cluster.
• The fried chicken made by your mother tastes like those made from the fast food
restaurant.
• Where do your students put the assignment books?
d. Abstract Nouns
These nouns are the opposite of concrete nouns. Names of things we cannot see,
touch, smell, hear, or taste. Nonetheless, we can feel or understand them. We can take
these examples as follows:
• We need a leader with high integrity.
• This university has got four pillars that can be the advantages among other
universities.
• Noble morality, deep spirituality, broad knowledge, and mature professionalism
are the four pillars of our institution.
• This university is trying to build the image to become the best role model for the
Islamic civilization.
• Every man is equal before the law.
e. Countable Nouns
These forms of nouns consist of both singular and plural. It mentions everything or
anything (anyone) that can be counted. These are the examples:
• Every class is provided with a whiteboard, a desk, and thirty arm chairs.
• There are forty passengers, a ticket inspector, two bus assistants, and a bus
driver in every autobus.
• She carried more two backpacks during her visit in India.
• The Sengon tree broke four branches in last month’s hurricane.
• There was only an office boy left behind in the office last night.
 f. Uncountable Nouns
This noun does not have plural forms. It can refer to something in the form of mass
noun such as: rice, sugar, water, etc. however these words sugar, rice, sand can be said to
have countable if they are combined with collective noun such as a kilo of rice, a bundle
of sand, two kilograms of sugar. Let us pay attention these examples below:
• Mickey Mouse likes to eat cheese.
• We have managed to harvest rice in the end of this year.
• The astronauts can breathe by using oxygen in outer space.
• We haven’t got enough water supplies for this coming dry season.
• Would you like some sugar for your tea? – I am sorry the sugar is running out.
• The building material needs cement and sand.
g. Collective Nouns
The collective noun is used to identify a group of things, persons or people, and
animals. We can use this to state individual group members in order to be counted as one
unit. There are group of people, for instance, to name the collective nouns such as:
family, crew, team, club, community, committee, choir, company, crowd, band, gang,
orchestra, government, audience, army, and etc. while for animal, there are also name of
collective nouns such as: herd of cattle, flock of birds, drove of sheep, gaggle of geese,
pack of wolves, pride of lions, pod of dolphins, school of fish, litter of puppies, troop of
monkeys, brood of chickens, swarm of bees, and etc. Let us take a look into these
examples as follows:
• The flock of birds flew to the west as the sun goes down.
• The band brings along its crew members in every show.
• Every family in this neighborhood is invited to the gathering party.
• There are twelve football teams taking part in the student competition.
B. Verbs
Verbs are one of the important things to form sentences. Sentences, especially, for English
sentences formed by the subject and predicate in order to make sentences are used to describe
the action, events or state that can complete the sentence. Let us take the example below:
• We have the English class every Tuesday morning.
• I went to Surabaya; when some of my friends were waiting in our lodging house.
 • Professor Wahyudi teaches test of English as a foreign language in the university.
• The sun rises in the east and goes down in the west, etc.

C. Adverbs
Adverb functions to modify or explain verbs, adjectives, another adverb, phrase or clauses.
This is used to indicate manner, place, time, cause, and degree as to answer based on the “how”,
“when”, “how many/ much”, “where”. Other adverbs can also be identified the use of suffix
“ly” as this is used to describe how things are done or undergone, or even to describe the
manners as well as the situation. The examples are as follows:
• Mrs. Tia can speak English fluently as she just finished her study in England.
(manner)
• She ran quickly to catch the last bus heading to her hometown. (manner)
• He plays the guitar beautifully. (manner)
• The head coughed loudly to catch our attention. (manner)
• Mrs. Prima promises that she will be in the class tomorrow morning. (time)
• I forgot to tell her that yesterday was my birthday. (time)
• Mr. Sam went to Padang yesterday to attend the international Seminar. (time)
• Please come in and have a seat. (place)
• There are several houses built around my hometown. (place)
• Please do not waste here. (place)
• The city traffic can be organized smoothly as there are many traffic signs
everywhere. (manner and place)
• Yesterday’s weather was extremely cold; I couldn’t even feel the heater. (degree)
• The students’ performance was quiet fascinating; I could see the audiences’ clap.
(degree)
• He has just arrived couple minutes ago. ( degree/ time)
• I almost finished my job here. (degree & place)
• He definitely finishes his thesis by the end of this month. (certainty)
• She is probably in the lodging house. (certainty)
 • Buya Hamka was undoubtedly known as the great Islamic cleric during the Soekarno
and Soeharto era. (certainty)
Some words such as: also, finally, furthermore, hence, therefore, however, instead,
likewise, meanwhile, nonetheless, next, otherwise, still, then, therefore, thus, indeed, are
said belong to CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS. The uses of them are to connect the
dependent or independent clause in order to explain time sequence or addition, cause
effect, result, and contrast. To connect these dependent and independent sentences, the
mark (;) or semicolon is applied to join them. We shall take a look as these examples
below:
• The press budget has been cut down; consequently, the numbers of pages affected.
• He cannot finish his study on time; therefore, the university has decided to re-
number or extended his credit semester.
• You can slice the union, garlic, and pickles, and then you can put them all together
into the frying pan and stir them well until they smell good.
• Our guests are still having conversation in the living room; meanwhile, some of our
relatives are preparing the lunch.
• She kept talking during Prof. Djakfar’s class; therefore, she was asked to leave the
class earlier.
• It is said the country’s budget has managed to reach five percent this year; however,
the economic sector cannot be reached by the middle-sector.
• Tomorrow is the latest assignment submission; otherwise, the score will be
cancelled.
• We prepared the dinning for the celebration of our country’s independence day, and
other neighbor likewise.

D. Adjectives
Adjectives are used to modify nouns or pronoun, and to make more specific, by describing or
calculating the words. Adjectives can be categorized into two categories: descriptive and
limiting. These can be identified to describe colors, size, or quality of a person or thing.
 Descriptive Limiting
Beautiful Cardinal numbers (one, two, three..)
Large Ordinal numbers (first, second, third,..)
Red Possessives (my, your, her)
Interesting Demonstratives (this, that, these, those)
Important Quantity (few, many, much)
Colorful Articles (a, an, the)
etc
Taken from Toefl Preparation Guides (2002: 134)

An adjective comes before the noun or pronoun as they can be seen as follows:
• There are big trucks passing by Tanjung Perak port.
• Ahmad and Ifa have got a lovely baby girl.
• That small boat was found floating near the seashore.
• The ambassador gave the president an antique vase.
• Those cupboards will be placed in every room at building A.
• Many shopping malls in the city have started to play peaceful Islamic music this
holy month of Ramadhan.

1. Possessive Adjective
Possessive adjectives are: my, your, his, its, our, their, similar to a possessive pronoun;
nonetheless, it is used as an adjective and modifies a noun or a noun phrase, as in the
following examples:
• He should complete his thesis by the end of this month.
• May I know your phone number? In case I have something to let you know so I can
contact you immediately.
• Mr. Eko has finally returned to our institution as he has completed his PhD’s
dissertation in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
• Never lose our way to get close to Allah as He is The One and Only God in the
universe.
• Your cat probably looked for female cat for mating; so we can just wait for it.
 • Many children are neglected by their parents as this modern era both parents also
work to make ends meet.

2. Demonstrative Adjectives
The demonstrative adjectives are “this” and “that” used for singular; while “these” as
well as “those” are used for plural. These demonstrative adjectives are identical to
demonstrative pronoun in order to modify nouns or noun phrase. Let us take a look the
examples below:
• Those were the days of our lives, nothing compares as we are all grateful for these
achievements we have gone so far.
• Where did you put all of those plates for our dinner last night? – I still remember to
put all of them into that cupboard.
• This room needs cleaning, how long you have been away from your room?

3. Interrogative Adjectives
Interrogative adjectives are: “which” and “what” can be the same as interrogative
pronoun, except it can modify a noun or noun phrase rather than standing alone. These can
be seen in the following examples:
• Which books I should read for relevant references for my research?
• What kind of wood we can use for making the furniture?

4. Indefinite Adjectives
This is similar to an indefinite pronoun, except it can modify a noun, pronoun, or noun
phrase as in the following example:
• Many Indonesians are convinced that the economic inflation will not affect the
micro-economy sector.
• I did not find any notification from my bank account this morning.
• There is only a few reasons that the committee will not consider any of it.

E. Brief Summary
 Noun is used for person, animal, place, thing, abstract idea. There are types of noun:
proper noun, common noun, concrete noun, abstract noun, countable noun, uncountable
noun, and collective noun.
Verb is very essential part of sentence. It can assert things about subject of the sentence.
Then adverb is to modify verb, adjective, phrases or clauses. They can indicate manner, time,
place, cause, degree, and answer the questions.
While adjective is used to modify noun or pronoun by describing, identifying, or even
quantifying words. Adjective consists of: possessive adjective, demonstrative adjective,
interrogative adjective and indefinite adjective.

Practice 1
Fill in the blanks with the best verb from the following lists. Most of these verbs
precedes with ”to”.
Ride visit see buy cry speak learn go start be play continue look

1. I do really wish to buy a house or build it.

2. Mayang continues __________ her old motorcycle to go teaching.
3. Hasna intends __________ to graduate school after she finishes her bachelor degree.
4. A: She seems ____ exhausted. B: Yes, she took overtime job these days.
5. Mr. Hamim likes ____ tennis at the weekend.
6. She will probably learn _______ English fast as she starts to stay in Singapore.
7. Bagas expects ______ his own business once he completes his study.
8. A few students continue _______ their teacher after they are all graduated.

Practice 2
Complete these sentences below with the given nouns by adding “s” or “es” or not
depends on the every subject and predicate. The answers are in the box below
1. There are many cars , motorcycles at this rush hour, I guess we are trapped in the ____
2. Last night my friend took me to the Rock concert in Rampal, in fact I didn’t really enjoy
it because I don’t like that kind of ______.
3. I need some ____ to repair the plum. I need screw driver, glues, pipes, and cutters.
4. Why do you always put a lot of ____ in your bags? whose pens, scissors, clothes here?
5. I’d like to have some coins or _____ just in case there many street musicians inside the
bus.
6. Most of us got shocked when we accidentally heard _____ during the hard rain this
afternoon.
7. My uncle likes to fix things in his garage. There are rusty car, broken magic com, old
televisions, and some refrigerators in his living room. His house is full of ____.
8. Mahakam, Kapuas, Brantas, and Barito are well-kwon ______ in the country.

Screwdriver Hardware Junk Stuff Music Garbage Traffic Change River Thunder Strom
 UNIT 2
LEARNING PART OF SPEECH (Part 2)

Course Objectives:
1. Students are able to understand Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection.
2. Students are able to practice and implement these parts of speech (part 2) into sentences.

A. Preposition
A preposition can connect nouns, pronouns, as well as phrases to words within the
sentence (Subandi et al, 2017: 25-27). The words or phrase of the preposition introduces is
named object of the preposition. It identifies the temporal, spatial or logical order or relation
between object and the rest of the sentences. Let us see the examples as follows:
▪ The clock is on the wall
▪ The teacher’s books are under the table.
▪ Most students lean on their chairs during the class.
▪ He was taking a nap during the class.
The above examples are prepositional place. The prepositional phrase is made up of the
preposition, the object and any associated adjectives or adverbs. The prepositional phrase can
be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. These are the common preposition used in
English language: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, before,
behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but, by, despite, down, during, except, for,
from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, out, outside, over, past, since, through,
throughout, to, towards, under, underneath, until, up, upon, with, within, and without.
Those prepositions above can be applied in these examples as follows:
▪ The stuntmen jumped into the roof without fear.
▪ Any kind of news can be viewed throughout the world by the social media nowadays.
▪ The students walked along the beach as they were instructed to collect the garbage
scattered around them by their teacher.
▪ Their cat lay under the dining table, gnawing some food leftover.
▪ The examiner looked for another answer by the student.
▪ We were walking through that aisle when you passed us.
 There are other types of prepositional phrases, that is, preposition of time. This can be
distinguished by its usage. The common prepositions of time are: “in”, “on” and “at. The
common usage for time can be seen as these examples below:
▪ She was born on January the 10th in 2000. (“on” is used if the information of days,
months and years are included by adding “in”)
▪ I was born in December/ I was born in 1980. (“in” is used if the information only
names the month or year)
▪ The food stalls on Sunan Kalijaga Street mostly open at 9.00 a.m. (“on” is used for
name of the street; while “at” is used to mention the time.
▪ I’ll see you on next Tuesday. (on is used to mention days)
▪ When did you take the English proficiency test? – I am sorry, I don’t really
remember, I think I took it in the middle of June, on 10th, maybe. (“in” is also used to
name only the month, then when the exact day is mentioned, it is added with “on”)
Other expression by using preposition can be more precise and often confusing for non-
native speaker of English. However, they—prepositions—can be studied carefully. As in
Pyle and Page (2002: 276-8) have stated that preposition can be difficult as almost every
definition for a preposition has exceptions. It depends on how to function in comparison
with other prepositions and study the common expression used with preposition. Let us take
a look at this diagram taken from Toefl preparation guide,

Above, Over
On
To From
out in
Through

Into During out of

By
Below, Under
Figure 1 (Toefl Preparation Guide, 2002: 277)
 That figure above can help us to identify, at least, the general idea about the use of
preposition. Nonetheless, other assistant in learning these prepositions can be studied by the
examples of some sentences below:
▪ We didn’t enough time to visit the traditional market there during our seminar.
▪ Some friends are diligent to fill their holiday by preparing the teaching material;
while others choose to enjoy their time going abroad for vacation during our
holiday.
▪ I lived and studied in Surabaya from 2001 to 2009.
▪ He likes reading about history from time to time. (this may be meant that the
person always or occasionally does the activity)
▪ Professor Wahyu cannot see us this week; she is still out of town. (this phrase can
mean that the person is leaving and he or she is not present)
▪ Don’t use this printer, it is out of order. (this phrase out of order can be meant that
the tool is not working or broken, not functioning)
▪ The Laskar Pelangi Tetralogies novel was written by Andrea Hirata. (the word
“by” here means as the agent of passive form)
▪ Professor Syam usually arrives by eight thirty in the morning. (this is used to
indicate specific time)
▪ The meeting will be held on Monday in the afternoon at 1.00 p.m. (“on” is stated
specifically on the day while “in” and “at” are used to mention the exact time and
hours)
▪ Mrs. Winata goes to campus by bus. (“by” here is used to mention how he or she
makes the trip)
▪ Please come on time unless your payment will be cut. (this means to be punctual,
more specific in mentioning the time required)
▪ The English course at language centre was not a compulsory in the past; however,
today, all students at this university must attend it.
▪ Everybody is asked to come in time so that we can prepare anything necessary.
(this can be meant as being early enough before on time or specific time)
▪ Mrs. Prima expects all students to come in time before the class starts at 9.00.
▪
B. Conjunction
Conjunction is also used to connect words, phrases as well as clauses. It is divided into
three: coordinating conjunction, subordinating conjunction, and correlative conjunction. Let
us take a look into these following examples:
▪ We had a talk and dinner last night
▪ We ate fries and had a cup of tea.
▪ We’ll leave when everybody is ready.
▪ He not only serves as a barista but he is also the owner of the coffee shop.

1. Coordinating Conjunctions
These coordinating conjunctions are: and, but, or, nor, for, so, and yet can be joined with
individual words, phrases, and independent clause. In addition, we can also use the words
“but” and “for” as prepositions. Here are some examples as follows:
▪ Tom and Jerry are known for cartoon characters.
▪ “How are you?" "Fine, and all the better for seeing you!
▪ She doesn’t eat meat for various reasons.
▪ I received replies from everybody but Zulvy. (this can be meant that everybody
replies to the speaker, while Zulvy alone does not reply to the speaker)
▪ He had an opportunity to get higher education and yet he is still working as a garbage
collector. (This “yet” here can be meant that even though he got higher education, he
is still working as a garbage collector)
▪ Leave the keys out so I can easily remember to take them home.

2. Subordinating Conjunctions
These subordinating conjunctions are used to state a dependent clause and show the
nature of the relationship among the independent clause and dependent clause. These are the
common subordinating conjunctions: after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once,
since, than, that, though, until, when, where, whether, and while. Let us see the examples
below:
▪ Three weeks after we moved out, the house was still empty.
 ▪ Shortly after he joined the English conversation club, he feels more confident to try
to speak English.
▪ If they can pass the administration procedure, they will soon contact us for further
test.
▪ Iqbal has to complete his thesis by the end of this month when he finishes with the
entire requirement.
▪ Once she has found somewhere to live she will send you her new address.

3. Correlative Conjunctions
These correlative conjunctions frequently appear in pairs as they are used to connect
equivalent sentence elements. These are the common correlative conjunctions: “both..and”,
“either…or”, “neither..nor.”, “not only…but also”, and “whether..or”. These are the
examples of correlative conjunctions:
▪ Both Hasna and Shinta used to be my classmate in the class of 2016.
▪ Neither Mayang nor Kiky can speak Arabic fluently so both of them retake the
Arabic intensive course this semester.
▪ If this project fails it will affect not only our department, but also the whole
organization.
▪ Danang is still thinking whether to continue his study in graduate school or to apply a
job as a civil servant in his hometown.
▪ We got caught in a pouring rain without either raincoats or umbrellas.

C. Interjection
Interjection functions to exclaim, protest, or command. It sometimes stands alone;
however, it is often contained with structure. Interjection is sometimes to express emotion as
it is also not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence. Let us have a look at
these examples below:
▪ Oh my God! It was you who hiding on that wall!
▪ Please leave the class!
▪ Astarghfirullah hal adzim…how could you do that!
▪ Please go away! I’ve had enough!
 ▪ I don’t know what is going on!
▪ Look at me! Now I am telling you the truth.

D. Brief summary
This unit is still related to the first unit as we still discuss the basic part of speech.
Preposition can connect nouns, pronouns and phrases in a sentence. Then conjunction can be
used to combine words, phrases as well as clauses. Conjunctions are: coordinating
conjunction, subordinating conjunction, and correlative conjunction. Finally, interjection is
used in words, phrases in order to exclaim, protest, and command where the emotional factor
can be used in interjection.

Practice 1
Fill these sentences below with the appropriate preposition
1. They put all the flower vases ___ the desk ___ the hotel’s lobby
2. Masha traveled _____ Jombang ____ Lamongan_____a month.
3. The water is poured ____ the jar.
4. Most students took a nap ____ the History class.
5. Where is the cat? Do you see it? – it is hiding _____ your bed.
6. He was born ___ September the 4th __ 1988.
7. Let us go _____ the house; I think it is going to rain.
8. Most food stalls __ Sunan Kalijaga Street open ___ 7 o’clock __ the morning.
9. We can arrange the meeting __ 13 January next week.
10. Prof. Syam will not be available these days; he is _____ town.

Practice 2
Try to combine these sentences below by using coordinating conjunctions or
subordinating conjunctions.
1. Ustadz Abdul Somad is an Islamic scholar. He is a famous Moslem cleric in the country.
2. Mayang doesn’t eat vegetables. She has got many reasons not to eat vegetables.
3. He doesn’t have any cars. He doesn’t have a house.
4. Wawan isn’t sure about his future. He hasn’t decided to go to college. He hasn’t decided
to get a job.
5. I cannot hear this television volume, can you please raise it? Can you fix the volume
equalizer?
6. The movie was quite interesting. The screen writer was Christopher Bale, a famous
screen writer.
7. My uncle works in Singapore. His father works in Singapore.
8. The infection of that disease has spread throughout the village. The infection spreads in
the surrounding village.
9. He did not bring any equipment for the journey. He didn’t wear proper outfits.
10. She likes to tell funny stories for children. She can take care of them.

Practice 3 (Reviewing Part of Speech)

Try to make any simple sentences containing eight parts of speech (noun, verb, adverb,
adjective, pronoun, preposition, conjunction and interjection). Once sentences are
made, try to explain their composition as the example below.
Examples:
• We have an English course every Wednesday in the afternoon. (pronoun: “we”; verb:
“have”; noun or countable noun: “an English course” ; adverb of frequency: “every”,
proper noun of day: “Wednesday”, preposition phrase or preposition of time: “in the
afternoon”.)
• Mrs. Uswah is our English teacher in this institution. (Proper noun: “Uswah”, linking
verb: “is” , possessive :”our” , object noun: “English teacher”, prepositional phrase:
“in this institution”.
• ________________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________________