Vince Cyrus M.

Serio
Related Literature (3Foreign and 3Local)

Foreign-1.)Public speaking is when you stand before an audience and deliver a speech
on a topic. This could be at a formal or an informal occasion. For many people, speaking in front
of a large audience is a daunting task, so it is quite natural to become very nervous (with
effective training this fear could be overcome). As public speaking has become a serious career
option, many people are enrolling for public speaking classes where they are taught skills and
techniques to speak well and speak effectively before a gathering. However, to be a good
speaker, you should know the four types of public speaking and their peculiarities. There are
four types of Public Speaking according to Jonas Ezenaya (2013) First, Speaking to Inform. When
you give a speech before an audience to impart information on a particular topic or issue, it is
said to be an informative speech. Business presentations, seminars in colleges, class
presentations in schools are some examples of informative speeches. A person preparing for an
informative speech has to research the subject or topic very well. It should be short and precise
because long informative speeches (e.g. lectures) can easily bore your audience. The success of
an informative speech will depend on how much the audience could understand from the
speech. The burden of excellence here are the accuracy of your content and your credibility as
the messenger. People need to be able to trust the information that they're getting from you;
Second, Speaking to Persuade
Persuasive speeches are those where you try to change the way your audience views an idea or
product or person and so on. These speeches aim to influence and change their opinions to
either favour or disfavour the subject matter. This can be a difficult task, as you might be facing
a group of people who may hold very different views from your own. If you want to influence
other people's views and ideas, the most important point to keep in mind here is that you have
to show your enthusiasm while speaking. Yet, you must remember that you are not there to
wage a war and so you should speak without hurting their feelings. Persuasive speeches are
often given by sales and marketing people to attract interest in their products. They are also
used to influence political and religious views; Third, Speaking to Actuate
Speaking to actuate is a higher level of persuasive speaking. Here, the speaker goes a step
beyond persuasion and convincing. The aim is to motivate people enough to take a specific step
—to act. This is a powerful level of speaking. Very few people have achieved this level of
mastery of the art of persuasion where they could so deeply convince people to move into
action. This type of speech is useful in conflict situations like war. It is also seen in action when a
speaker not only tries to gather support for a cause or advocacy but also wants the people he’s
speaking to to join him in actualising it through concrete action. It is characterised by a show of
charisma, very vivid words, strong appeal to emotional triggers, and a display of personal
conviction. A speech to actuate typically does not rely on facts and figures, though they may be
offered. The speaker’s aim is to get his listeners so emotionally agitated that they wholesomely
adopt his idea, his principles, his reasoning, as theirs, and literally take up the cross and share
his burden. Sometimes, listeners may be so deeply moved that they take up the cause more
seriously than even the person who invited them into it! This is the pinnacle of persuasive
speaking and, indeed, of public speaking; Lastly, Speaking to Entertain
Ceremonial speeches are another form of public speaking usually given at weddings, funerals,
graduation parties, retirement parties etc. One very important factor to make these speeches
effective is to add a personal touch. You will likely give a ceremonial speech for people you
know. If it is a ceremony in honour of a person, such as a wedding or a birthday party or a send-
off party for a retiring colleague, it is useful to bring in personal stories or recall events about
the celebrant. The speech can be humorous or emotional, to suit the mood of the occasion. You
must take care not to hurt feelings by making snide remarks at this occasion. Remember, your
audience are gathered to have a good time. Do not ruin the atmosphere.

Public speaking is a way of an individual to inform, disseminate, spread and share informations,
ideologies, opinions and knowledge to an audience or a group of people but public speaking is
not for everyone, there are people who are feared to speak in public and it is called
"Glossophobia". Glossophobia, or a fear of public speaking, is a very common phobia and one
that is believed to affect up to 75% of the population. Some individuals may feel a slight
nervousness at the very thought of public speaking, while others experience full-on panic and
fear. They may try to avoid public speaking situations at all cost or if they must speak in public,
they endure shaking hands and a weak, quavering voice. How to overcome a fear of public
speaking? With persistence and preparation, it’s entirely possible to beat glossophobia.

“The fear of public speaking is more common in younger patients as compared to older ones
and may be more prevalent in females as compared to males,” says Jeffrey R. Strawn, MD,
FAACAP, associate professor of psychiatry and pediatrics and director of the Anxiety Disorders
Research Program in the Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience at the University
of Cincinnati. “We know that some individuals tend to have more anxiety related to certain
circumstances in which there may be a fear of evaluation and embarrassment.”

A fear of public speaking often is present in individuals with social anxiety disorder, Dr. Strawn
says, and these social anxiety disorders may affect 5 to 9% of Americans. “However, it is
important to point out that not all individuals with a fear of public speaking have social anxiety
disorder or another psychiatric disorder,” he explains. “For a diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder,
clear functional impairment is generally required.”
(https://www.psycom.net)
2.)According to Timothy J. Legg, Phd, PsyD, Glossophobia isn’t a dangerous disease or chronic
condition. It’s the medical term for the fear of public speaking. And it affects as many as four
out of 10 Americans.

For those affected, speaking in front of a group can trigger feelings of discomfort and anxiety.
With this can come uncontrollable trembling, sweating, and a racing heartbeat. You may also
have an overwhelming urge to run out of the room or away from the situation that is causing
you stress.

Glossophobia is a social phobia, or social anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders go beyond

occasional worrying or nervousness. They cause strong fears that are out of proportion to what
you’re experiencing or thinking about.

Anxiety disorders often get worse over time. And they can interfere with your ability to function
under some circumstances.

What does glossophobia feel like?

When faced with having to give a presentation, many people experience the classic fight-or-
flight response. This is the body’s way of preparing to defend itself against perceived threats.

When threatened, your brain prompts the release of adrenaline and steroids. This causes your
blood sugar levels, or energy levels, to increase. And your blood pressure and heart rate rise,
sending more blood flow to your muscles.

Common symptoms of fight-or-flight include: rapid heartbeat, trembling, sweating

nausea or vomiting, shortness of breath or hyperventilating
dizziness, muscle tension urge to get away. Glossophobia isn’t a dangerous disease or chronic
condition. It’s the medical term for the fear of public speaking. And it affects as many as four
out of 10 Americans.
For those affected, speaking in front of a group can trigger feelings of discomfort and anxiety.
With this can come uncontrollable trembling, sweating, and a racing heartbeat. You may also
have an overwhelming urge to run out of the room or away from the situation that is causing
you stress.

Glossophobia is a social phobia, or social anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders go beyond

occasional worrying or nervousness. They cause strong fears that are out of proportion to what
you’re experiencing or thinking about.

Anxiety disorders often get worse over time. And they can interfere with your ability to function
under some circumstances.

What does glossophobia feel like?

When faced with having to give a presentation, many people experience the classic fight-or-
flight response. This is the body’s way of preparing to defend itself against perceived threats.

When threatened, your brain prompts the release of adrenaline and steroids. This causes your
blood sugar levels, or energy levels, to increase. And your blood pressure and heart rate rise,
sending more blood flow to your muscles.

Common symptoms of fight-or-flight include:

rapid heartbeat
trembling
sweating
nausea or vomiting
shortness of breath or hyperventilating
dizziness
muscle tension
urge to get away
Causes of glossophobia
Although the fight-or-flight response worked well when humans had to fear enemy attacks and
wild animals, it isn’t effective in a meeting room. Getting to the root of your fear may help you
take effective steps to manage it.

Many people who have a strong fear of public speaking fear being judged, embarrassed, or
rejected. They may have had an unpleasant experience, like having given a report in class that
didn’t go well. Or they’re been asked to perform on the spot with no preparation.

Though social phobias often run in families, the science behind this isn’t understood. A 2002
studyTrusted Source reported that breeding mice that show less fear and anxiety resulted in
offspring with less anxiety. But more research is needed to assess whether social phobias are
hereditary.

Testing conducted by the National Institute of Mental HealthTrusted Source found that the
brains of people with social anxiety have a heightened response when negative comments were
read to them. The affected areas were those responsible for self-evaluation and emotional
processing. This heightened response wasn’t seen in people without the disorder.

3.)The National Social Anxiety Center (NSAC), an organization that is dedicated in providing &
fostering effective evidence-based services for those struggling with social anxiety; Learn to
Relax
Remember to breathe. We can reduce anxiety by breathing differently. Take slow inhalations
and even slower exhalations with brief pauses in between. We’ll be more likely to use this
technique if practiced in times of low stress.

Speak slowly. It’s natural to speed up our speech when we are anxious. Practice slowing speech
while rehearsing. When we talk quickly, our brain sees it is a threat. Speaking slowly and calmly
gives the opposite message to our brain.

Make eye contact with the audience. Our nerves might tell us to avoid eye contact. Making
deliberate eye contact with a friendly face will build confidence and slow our speaking.
Join a group. Practice builds confident in public speaking. Groups like Toastmasters
International provide peer support to hone our public speaking skill. Repeated exposure allows
us to develop new beliefs about our fear and ability to speak in public.

The fear of our mind going blank during a speech is common. Job advancement or college
degree completion may be hampered by not addressing this fear (John R. Montopoli, LMFT,
LPCC Cofounder, National Social Anxiety Center; Director, NSAC San Francisco)

Local-1.)From the study "Glossophobic Experience Amongst MPSPC Philippines Pre-service

Teachers Through Oral Speech" there are Factors that cause Glossophobia.
Glossophobia has been studied under three main
approaches, namely, an individual’s trait, a momentary
emotional state, and situation-specific anxiety. The first approach is defined as an “individual’s
likelihood of
becoming anxious in any situation” (Spielberger, 1983, in
MacIntyre & Gardner, 1991, p. 87). This perspective
considers anxiety to be a characteristic of the individual’s
personality, affecting not only language learning but also
other situations. The second perspective understands
anxiety as “apprehension experienced at a particular moment in time, for example, before
taking examinations”
(Spielberger, 1983, in MacIntyre & Gardner, 1991, p. 90),
and “[It] is interested in the here-and-now experience of
anxiety as an emotional state” (MacIntyre & Gardner, 1991,
p. 87). The name of the third approach, “situation-specific
anxiety”, was coined by MacIntyre and Gardner (as cited in
Horwitz, 2001, p. 113) and it refers to the diverse and
consistent nature of certain anxieties, e.g. public speaking
or participating in class (Ellis, 2008). Glossophobia has also
been shown to be heavily influenced by the confidence or
self-efficacy that students might have when performing a
given task, eventually influencing the academic outcome
and language proficiency. With these approaches, the
following themes were derived.
4.1 Linguistic Obstacles
To date, good communication skills are needed in every
walks of life. Raja (2013) mentioned that, “[using]
communication through the use of language has developed
social harmony, social
status, and professional
competencies [among men],” (p. 154). Languagecommunication plays a major role in
developing a
relationship. It can also affect the relationship between
teachers and students in any classroom setting. More
specially, communication inspires the usefulness of
teaching, performance assessment, and the management of
discipline problems. It should also be direct even though
there are barriers that make it complex, difficult, and
frustrating to ensure. Some linguistic barriers of
communication common to students in MPSPC are the
following: pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary.
4.1.1 Pronunciation
It is important to accept the existence of a type of
anxiety specific to the language learning process because it
can represent an emotionally and physically uncomfortable
experience for some students. Some students majoring in
English who were observed possess such pronunciation
problems. This problem is commonly called “regional
defect” in pronunciation which is common in some places
in the local area. It was accepted that this “regional defect”
affects expressing such English words while delivering
lessons. Ironically, these [pre-service] students are majoring
in English that problems regarding pronunciation heighten
their glossophobic dilemma. As students expressed their
sentiments during the face-to-face session, one laments:
“I am sorry, sir, I know that you are disappointed with my
pronunciation…Pronouncing the words during the oral
demonstration is difficult for me because of my regional
defect. The fact that I am a future English teacher, this is
[really] my worst problem that I don’t know how to solve.
This problem [really] affects my confidence executing
prepared lessons in class especially when I am being
observed by somebody such as a critic teacher like you
and the principal.”
(Interview with a teacher,Barlig National High School, Barlig, Mt. Province,
January 2019)

2.)Speaking is an interactive and complex process of

constructing meaning that involves producing, receiving,
and processing the information as mentioned by Brown
(1994) as well as Burns and Joyce (1997). However, Burns
and Joyce (1997), considered that speaking’s forms and
meanings are still dependent on the context in which it
occurs, that includes the participants and their collective
experiences, also the physical environment, and the purpose
of speaking. Cited from Perveen et al. (2018), Strahan
(2003) explored that very unsatisfactory grades in studies
also are the outcome of public speaking fear among
students, relatively in overcoming this fear, they escape to
be familiar to these circumstances, eventually, and this fear
is a problem in the students’ career chance which might
involve public speaking.
The mastery of a public speaking skill is a priority for
every teacher because speaking can be regarded as the
mode of communication which is mostly used to express
opinions, transmit information, and make impressions on
others as cited from Busbus (2015). It is the process of
building and sharing meaning through the use of symbols
verbally and non-verbally. Fluency in English speaking is
important to minimize the speaking phobia. Students should
have fluency in this language to communicate

3.)Another participant made a revelation and expressed

(changes on the structure were done by the researchers):
“[…] when I finished my speech as my final examination,
the room was unobtrusive. I was so dumb dead when some
of my classmates frankly said that, that was my very poor
oral performance. Maybe because I felt nervous
immediately. Today, I considered that [experience] to be
my most traumatic one because obviously, I received very
low merit from my teacher.”
Interview with a student,
Oral Communication Subject,
May 2019
As far as this linguistic obstacle is concerned, it is
absolutely a common dilemma among students in other
places in the hinterlands as cited from Busbus (2015), who
made mention Subasi’s study in 2010 claiming that the
more influential factors leading to high anxiety cover are
the attention to intonation and pronunciation, the
motivation, and the interference of mother tongue.