Introduction To Power Supply

Introduction to Power Supply
 The power supply is an electric instrument that used to deliver electrical energy
to the electrical load connected with it.
 The basic operation of a power supply is that it transforms electrical current
received from the input source to such level of current, voltage and frequency
that can operate load.
 Due to that power supplies also denoted as electrical energy converters.
 Power supplies are available in two forms first is a separate supply that delivers
power to load and the other is built-in that is assembled with the device that has
to use power.
 Examples of built-in power supplies are computers, laptops, mobiles, etc.
 There are some other functions that power supply do are to remains current used
by the load at the safe level, cut off the use of the current in case of any fault,
improvement in the P.F store the power for further use.
 In power supplies there are 2 main connections first is an input that received
electric current from the source and second is the output that has more than one
terminals and provides power to the load.
 The input current of power supply can be obtained from the grid station, battery,
cells, generators, solar cells or other power supply.
The power supply industry dates back to the early 1920s, when crude devices were first
developed to serve as "B" battery eliminators to power radios in both the commercial
and consumer markets.
The market for separate power supplies evaporated around 1929, when most radios
manufactured included a built-in power supply. The need for stand-alone power
supplies remained relatively small in the 1930s and into the 1940s. The dominant
technology during this period consisted of vacuum tube linear regulators.
Power supplies used vacuum tubes for both the power and control elements. Typically,
a voltage regulator (VR) tube, the predecessor to today's zener diodes, was used to
produce a stable reference. Control was pretty much limited to the manual twisting of
knobs. In those days we did not care too much about dissipation. Under normal
circumstances, vacuum tubes ran pretty hot -- and unless the plate of the tubes glowed
red, or glass started to melt, no one worried much about it.
POWER CONVERSION
 Power supplies convert the formats of electricity pulled from power
sources to match the format required by the machines they power. There
are two main types of power supplies that differ according to the
conversion. The most common type of power supply converts alternating
current (AC) from the power source to direct current (DC), called AC-DC
power supplies. DC-DC power supplies are less common. They are often
used to plug electrical devices into battery power sources, such as car
outlets, or other sources that supply DC current. Overall, the majority of
power sources supply AC.
Types of Power Supply

DC(Direct Current) Power Supply
 The power supply that delivers the constant value of DC voltage to its output is
known as DC power supply.
 The input source of dc power supply can be either DC or AC such as the main
power supply.
 DC power is widely used in low voltage applications such as charging
batteries, automotive applications, aircraft applications and other low voltage,
low current applications. All solar panels nowadays produce DC power.
AC(Alternating Current) Power Supply

 AC adapter is also called plug pack, plug-in adapter, or wall wart is built in the
ac main power plug.
 Its output is either AC or DC that transfers to the load through the wire some
adapter provides more than one outputs that can be delivered through more
than one wire.
 Universal types of AC adapters have switchable input connectors to get
different AC mains voltages.
 The ac adapters are also called electricity vampires as they use power when
there is no load attached to them.
 Alternating Current (AC) is a type of electrical current, in which the
direction of the flow of electrons switches back and forth at regular
intervals or cycles. Current flowing in power lines and normal household
electricity that comes from a wall outlet is alternating current.
Linear Power Supply
 Linear power supplies are used when precise regulation and the removal of noise
is most important. While they are not the most efficient power source, they
provide the best performance. The name is derived from the fact that they do not
use a switch to regulate the voltage output.
 Linear power supplies have been available for years and their use is widespread
and reliable. They are also relatively noise-free and commercially available. The
disadvantage to linear power supplies is that they require larger components,
hence are larger and dissipate more heat than switched power supplies.
Compared to switched power supplies and batteries, they are also less efficient,
sometimes exhibiting only 50% efficiency.
Uninterruptible Power Supply
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that allows a computer to keep

running for at least a short time when incoming power is interrupted. As long as utility
power is flowing, it also replenishes and maintains the energy storage. The more energy
stored, the longer power can be maintained, with practical limitations that will be
discussed later. The differences among UPS systems lies in the technology that
enables them to do their jobs.
Advantages of Uninterruptible power supplies
 Emergency power supply

 Maintain battery life
 Provide surge protection
 Protect some uncertain data loss
 Use gives a huge power back in the industries
 Reliable power source
 Trusted power solution provider
 Uncertain data loss can be prevented
 Protect the voltage-sensitive device from bad electricity
Disadvantages of Uninterruptible power supplies
 Maintain cost is difficult

 The startup cost is too much high
 Commercial uses require a large number of batteries
Switched Power Supply
 Switched mode power supplies (SMPS) are more complicated to construct but
have greater versatility in polarity and, if designed properly, can have an
efficiency of 80% or more. Although they have more components, they are
smaller and less expensive than linear power supplies.
Switched-mode power supplies are classified according to the type of input and output
voltages. The four major categories are:
 AC to DC
 DC to DC
 DC to AC
 AC to AC
A basic isolated AC to DC switched-mode power supply consists of:
 Input rectifier and filter

 Inverter consisting of switching devices such as MOSFETs
 Transformer
 Output rectifier and filter
 Feedback and control circuit
The input DC supply from a rectifier or battery is fed to the inverter where it is turned on
and off at high frequencies of between 20 KHz and 200 KHz by the switching MOSFET
or power transistors. The high-frequency voltage pulses from the inverter are fed to the
transformer primary winding, and the secondary AC output is rectified and smoothed to
produce the required DC voltages. A feedback circuit monitors the output voltage and
instructs the control circuit to adjust the duty cycle to maintain the output at the desired
level.
There are different circuit configurations known as topologies, each having unique
characteristics, advantages and modes of operation, which determines how the input
power is transferred to the output.
Most of the commonly used topologies such as flyback, push-pull, half bridge and full
bridge, consist of a transformer to provide isolation, voltage scaling, and multiple output
voltages. The non-isolated configurations do not have a transformer and the power
conversion is provided by the inductive energy transfer.
Advantages of switched-mode power supplies:
 Higher efficiency of 68% to 90%

 Regulated and reliable outputs regardless of variations in input supply voltage
 Small size and lighter
 Flexible technology
 High power density
Disadvantages:
 Generates electromagnetic interference

 Complex circuit design
 Expensive compared to linear supplies
Switched-mode power supplies are used to power a wide variety of equipment such as
computers, sensitive electronics, battery-operated devices and other equipment
requiring high efficiency.
Battery-based
 Battery-based power is a third type of power supply and is essentially a mobile

energy storage unit. Battery-based power produces negligible noise to interfere
with electronics, but loses capacity and does not provide constant voltage as the
batteries drain. In most applications using laser diodes, batteries are the least
efficient method of powering the equipment. Most batteries are difficult to match
the correct voltage to the load. Using a battery that can exceed the internal
power dissipation of the driver or controller can damage your device.
PARTS OF POWER SUPPLIES

 Transformer: The transformer changes the incoming voltage to the
needed outgoing voltage level. These devices may step up or step
down the voltage. Typically, the DC voltage required is much less
than the incoming AC voltage from the primary power source.
 Rectifier: To convert the incoming power from AC to DC, the power
supply uses a rectifier, which may be half-wave, full-wave, or bridge.
 Filter: When AC power changes to DC, it still has distinct waves that
need smoothing out. The filter does not completely smooth out the
waves to nothing, but it does reduce them considerably. The output
from this part is unregulated power.
 Regulator: A voltage regulator reduces the ripple voltages left by the
filter, getting rid of any voltage surges or drops that could damage
devices plugged into the power supply.

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Introduction To Power Supply

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Introduction to Power Supply

Types of Power Supply

AC(Alternating Current) Power Supply

Uninterruptible Power Supply

An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that allows a computer to keep

Advantages of Uninterruptible power supplies

 Emergency power supply

 Maintain cost is difficult

A basic isolated AC to DC switched-mode power supply consists of:

 Input rectifier and filter

Advantages of switched-mode power supplies:

 Higher efficiency of 68% to 90%

 Generates electromagnetic interference

 Battery-based power is a third type of power supply and is essentially a mobile

PARTS OF POWER SUPPLIES

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